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This discursive literature review was originally produced for the Leverhulme Trust in 2007 by the William Temple Foundation as a part of a research project to test the concept of religious capital (along with associated ideas of spiritual, faithful and religious social capital) with new empirical research. The research project aims also to explore emerging alternative paradigms to “capital” as a way of describing and evaluating the role and contribution of faiths to civil society. To that end, the article traces the historical development of the concept of social capital and its use by three influential thinkers in the field, namely Pierre Bourdieu, James Coleman and Robert Putnam. It then proceeds to map emerging developments in the construction of definitions of religious and spiritual capital (and including ideas of religious social and faithful capital). It concludes with an extended discussion concerning some of the public policy implications of this research field, including the emerging concept of secular spiritual capital and its contribution to discerning common core values within the public domain.

With the increased use of metal-on-metal as a bearing surface, complications and side effects are being recognised more frequently. We present a small series of a previously unreported complication, which appears specific to metal-on-metal bearing surface arthroplasties: three cases of infection in the presence of local metal debris and histological features of aseptic lymphocytic vasculitis associated lesions (ALVAL). Each case is associated with significant soft tissue loss and bone destruction to such an extent that pelvic discontinuity has occurred.We postulate that the combination of metal debris, ALVAL and tissue necrosis provides a unique environment for peri-prosthetic bacterial growth and rapid spread of infection.

Machine learning is now widely studied as the basis for artificial intelligence systems within computer games. Most existing work focuses on methods for learning static expert systems, typically emphasizing candidate selection. This paper extends this work by exploring the use of continuous and reinforcement learning techniques to develop fully-adaptive game AI for first-person shooter bots. We begin by outlining a framework for learning static control models for tanks within the game BZFlag, then extend that framework using continuous learning techniques that allow computer controlled tanks to adapt to the game style of other players, extending overall playability by thwarting attempts to infer the underlying AI. We further show how reinforcement learning can be used to create bots that learn how to play based solely through trial and error, providing game engineers with a practical means to produce large numbers of bots, each with individual intelligences and unique behaviours; all from a single initial AI model.

Myolipoma is a rare, benign, lipomatous tumour which most commonly occurs in the retroperitoneum, pelvis, and abdomen. A 4-year-old boy presented with a painless enlarging mass in the left paraspinal region. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed a soft tissue lesion with high fat content and areas of calcification. Excision and histopathological analysis revealed a tumour composed of lobules of mature adipose tissue and broad septa of well-differentiated smooth muscle tissue. The smooth muscle nature of the nonfatty component was demonstrated by a diffuse and strong immunoreactivity for smooth muscle actin and desmin. The mass was reported as a myolipoma. The patient made an unremarkable recovery from surgery and remains healthy with no signs of recurrence at seven years. This paper represents the youngest patient diagnosed with this rare soft tissue tumour which is normally confined to the adult population. A newly reported site of the tumour is also highlighted.

Several decades of research have shown that lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) adults are at high risk for substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs). These problems may often start prior to young adulthood; however, relatively little is known about risk for substance use in LGB adolescents. The primary aims of this paper were to conduct a meta-analysis of the relationship between sexual orientation and adolescent substance use and a systematic review and critique of the methodological characteristics of this literature.Medical and social science journals were searched using Medline and PsychInfo. Studies were included if they tested the relationship between sexual orientation and adolescent substance use. Eighteen published studies were identified. Data analysis procedures followed expert guidelines, and used National Institutes of Health (NIH)-sponsored meta-analysis software.LGB adolescents reported higher rates of substance use compared to heterosexual youth (overall odds ratio = 2.89, Cohen's d = 0.59). Effect sizes varied by gender, bisexuality status, sexual orientation definition and recruitment source. None of the studies tested mediation and only one tested moderation. One employed a matched comparison group design, one used a longitudinal design, and very few controlled for possible confounding variables.The odds of substance use for LGB youth were, on average, 190% higher than for heterosexual youth and substantially higher within some subpopulations of LGB youth (340% higher for bisexual youth, 400% higher for females). Causal mechanisms, protective factors and alternative explanations for this effect, as well as long-term substance use outcomes in LGB youth, remain largely unknown.

This article was updated on March 27, 2015, because of a previous error. In Table IV, the heading that had previously read “High risk” now reads “Low risk” and vice versa. An erratum has been published: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97(9):e42. Background: Over one million patients worldwide are estimated to have a metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty. To improve the management of these patients and reduce surgeon uncertainty regarding decision-making, we designed an Internet-enhanced multidisciplinary team (iMDT) working approach. Methods: From August 2012 to April 2014, the iMDT discussed 215 patients with 266 metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties. Of these, 236 primary arthroplasties (132 hip resurfacing and 104 total hip) were analyzed. The remaining thirty cases involved problematic revised hips and were therefore excluded. The possible recommendations of the iMDT were monitoring, further investigation, or surgery. The concordance between the recommendation and the actual management was used to assess the usefulness of this approach in reducing uncertainty in surgeon-level decision-making. Results: The median Oxford Hip Score was 35 (range, 4 to 48), and median cobalt and chromium levels in whole blood were 3.54 ppb (range, 0.18 to 161.46 ppb) and 3.17 ppb (range, 0.20 to 100.67 ppb), respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed abductor muscle atrophy in ninety-two (39%) of the hips and a pseudotumor in eighty (34%). The iMDT recommended monitoring of 146 (61.9%) of the hips, further investigation of thirty (12.7%), and surgery in sixty (25.4%). The actual outcome was concordant with the recommendation in 211 (91.7%) of the hips. Conclusions: Our iMDT approach to the metal-on-metal hip burden combines the tacit knowledge of an expert panel, regulatory guidance, and up-to-date evidence to improve decision-making among surgeons. The high level of concordance between the recommendation and the actual outcome, combined with the feasibility of the methods used, suggest that this method effectively reduces uncertainty among surgeons and may lead to improved patient outcomes.

Initial steps in the development of a suite of triple-resonance (1)H/(13)C/(15)N solid-state NMR experiments applicable to aligned samples of (13)C and (15)N labeled proteins are described. The experiments take advantage of the opportunities for (13)C detection without the need for homonuclear (13)C/(13)C decoupling presented by samples with two different patterns of isotopic labeling. In one type of sample, the proteins are approximately 20% randomly labeled with (13)C in all backbone and side chain carbon sites and approximately 100% uniformly (15)N labeled in all nitrogen sites; in the second type of sample, the peptides and proteins are (13)C labeled at only the alpha-carbon and (15)N labeled at the amide nitrogen of a few residues. The requirement for homonuclear (13)C/(13)C decoupling while detecting (13)C signals is avoided in the first case because of the low probability of any two (13)C nuclei being bonded to each other; in the second case, the labeled (13)C(alpha) sites are separated by at least three bonds in the polypeptide chain. The experiments enable the measurement of the (13)C chemical shift and (1)H-(13)C and (15)N-(13)C heteronuclear dipolar coupling frequencies associated with the (13)C(alpha) and (13)C' backbone sites, which provide orientation constraints complementary to those derived from the (15)N labeled amide backbone sites. (13)C/(13)C spin-exchange experiments identify proximate carbon sites. The ability to measure (13)C-(15)N dipolar coupling frequencies and correlate (13)C and (15)N resonances provides a mechanism for making backbone resonance assignments. Three-dimensional combinations of these experiments ensure that the resolution, assignment, and measurement of orientationally dependent frequencies can be extended to larger proteins. Moreover, measurements of the (13)C chemical shift and (1)H-(13)C heteronuclear dipolar coupling frequencies for nearly all side chain sites enable the complete three-dimensional structures of proteins to be determined with this approach.

Solid-state NMR spectra with single-site resolution of CXCR1, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), were obtained in magnetically aligned phospholipid bicelles. These results demonstrate that GPCRs in phospholipid bilayers are suitable samples for structure determination by solid-state NMR. The spectra also enable studies of drug-receptor interactions.

The results of the management of 115 patients with intradural spinal tumours are presented. Data was collected retrospectively from the case notes. Tumours were categorized as intramedullary or extramedullary for statistical analysis. Meningioma, schwannoma and ependymoma accounted for 70% of tumours. Complete macroscopic excision was achieved in 84% of extramedullary and 54% of intramedullary tumours. There were two post-operative deaths, one of which was secondary to methacillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid leak (10%) and meningitis (7%) were the commonest complications. Ninety-six percent of patients with extramedullary tumours improved or remained unchanged on the Frankel scale. In the intramedullary group, 82% remained unchanged or improved after treatment. Pre-operative functional status was a predictor of good post-operative function for intra- and extramedullary tumours and for intramedullary tumours a good post-operative Frankel score predicted long-term survival.

We report the determination of the global fold of human ubiquitin using protein backbone NMR residual dipolar coupling and long-range nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) data as conformational restraints. Specifically, by use of a maximum of three backbone residual dipolar couplings per residue (Ni-H N i, Ni-C'(i-1), H N i - C'(i-1)) in two tensor frames and only backbone H N -H N NOEs, a global fold of ubiquitin can be derived with a backbone root-mean-square deviation of 1.4 A with respect to the crystal structure. This degree of accuracy is more than adequate for use in databases of structural motifs, and suggests a general approach for the determination of protein global folds using conformational restraints derived only from backbone atoms.

Head-down tilt models have been used as ground-based simulations of microgravity. Our previous animal research has demonstrated that there are significant changes in fluid distribution within 2 h after placement in a 45° head-down tilt (45HDT) position and these changes in fluid distribution were still present after 14 days of 45HDT. Consequently, we investigated changes in fluid distribution during recovery from 16 days of 45HDT. Changes in radioactive tracer distribution and organ/body weight ratio were examined in rats randomly assigned to a 45HDT or prone control group. The 45HDT rats were suspended for 16 days and then allowed to recover at the prone position 0, 77, 101, or 125 h post-suspension. Animals were injected with technetium-labeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (99mTcDTPA, MW =492 amu , physical half-life of 6.02 h ) and then killed 30 min post-injection. Lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, and brain were harvested, weighed, and measured for radioactive counts. Statistical analyses included two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) that compared 45HDT versus controls at the four experimental time points. The organ weight divided by the body weight ratio for the brain, heart, kidneys and liver in the 45HDT rats was significantly different than the control rats, regardless of time (treatment). There was no difference between the different time points (time). The average 99mTcDTPA count divided by the organ weight ratio values for the heart, liver, and spleen were significantly higher in the 45HDT group than the control group. The average counts for the heart and spleen were significantly higher at 77, 101, and 125 h than at time zero. We conclude that the major organs have different recovery patterns after 45HDT for 16 days in the rat.

The implementation of [13Calpha,13C',15N,2Halpha] labelled amino acids into proteins allows the acquisition of high resolution triple resonance experiments. We present for the first time resonance assignments facilitated by this new labelling strategy. The absence of 1JCalpha,Cbeta couplings enables us to measure 1JCalpha,C' scalar and 1DCalpha,C' residual dipolar coupling constants using modified HNCA experiments which do not suffer from sensitivity losses characteristic for 13C constant time experiments.

self-selected speed along a 15mwalkway. A spearman correlation coefficient (r) was used to examine the association between ipsilateral trunk lean and the mean external knee and hip adduction moment. The significance level was set at p

We report a case of severe fixed flexion deformity of the knee, following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, due to protrusion of the bone block and fixation screw into the knee joint above the tibial tunnel. This was treated successfully after a latent period of 6 years with surgical intervention. This case highlights the importance of critical review of radiographic imaging when faced with a fixed flexion deformity of the knee after ACL surgery and the ability to achieve a good outcome from simple surgical intervention even after a long latent period.

Most secreted eukaryotic proteins are modified by glycosylation, and it has been difficult to solve their structures by crystallographic or NMR techniques because of problems posed by the presence of the carbohydrate. The structure of a chemically deglycosylated form of the human pregnancy hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), has been solved by crystallographic methods. Since chemical deglycosylation may have induced changes in the structure, and since it is known that deglycosylated hCG is biologically inactive, the crystallographic structure requires confirmation by NMR techniques. Also, it has not been possible to determine the structures of the isolated subunits, nor the nature of interactions between the carbohydrate side chains and the protein back bone by crystallographic methods. Structural information via NMR techniques can be obtained from proteins in solution if they can be uniformly labeled with 13C and 15N isotopes. We report the first such uniform labeling of a glycoprotein using a universal 13C-and 15N-labeling medium to express 13C, 15N-labeled hCG, suitable for solving the structure in solution of the native, biologically active form of hCG as well as that of its free subunits. The 13C, 15N-labeled recombinant hCG and its separated subunits are shown to be nearly identical to urinary hCG reference preparations on the basis of protein chemical studies, immunochemistry, biological activity, and the capability of isolated hormone subunits to recombine to form biologically active hormone. Mass spectrometric analysis and preliminary NMR studies indicate that the isotopic labeling is uniform and greater than 90% after only two growth passages in the labeling media. One unexpected finding during subunit purification was that lyophilization of glycoproteins from trifluoroacetic acid HPLC buffers may result in the loss of a significant portion of sialic acid.

In humans, maintenance of pregnancy requires extending the lifetime of the corpus luteum, which produces essential steroids. The signal for this maintenance is provided by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a dimeric glycoprotein hormone produced by the trophoblast cells of the early embryo. The absence of hCG would result in rapid termination of early pregnancy.

Summary. We present the results of 34 total hip arthroplasties performed, on haemophiliac patients, between 1983 and 2005. The haematological diagnoses and management are discussed, emphasizing their impact on keeping complication levels to a minimum. The orthopaedic diagnoses and treatment methods are also highlighted, discussing the survivorship and reasons for their failures.

The recent Commonwealth Games opening ceremony aimed to showcase the places and people of India to the world. The image it sought to project (of a united yet diverse place, where the past and the present sat comfortably together) was at odds with the image that Western-based media companies had projected in the weeks building up to the games. This latter vision was of India as a chaotic and wild place, where hygiene was questionable and planning imprecise. This is no surprise, for these elements of the modern Indian landscape often attract the Western gaze. This summer a group of academics came together at the annual meeting of European social anthropologists in an attempt to somewhat rectify the selective nature of this gaze through a presentation of different reflections on (and of ) landscapes of contemporary India. The group, which consisted of both Indian and Western academics, gathered together for two panels, connected by the workshop title ‘Indiascapes: reflections of contemporary India’.1 It was part of a larger academic conference, the 11th biennial conference of the European Association of Social Anthropologists (EASA), which attracted over 1,100 academics. Most participants came from Europe but there were also delegates from Asia, Africa, Latin America and North America. The theme of the conference was ‘Crisis and Imagination’ and Professor Talal Asad gave the keynote speech. The conference was hosted by the National University of Ireland, Maynooth; the organising team included the local department of anthropology, EASA and NomadIT (a professional event organising team).