946 results on '"Johansson Nils"'
Search Results
152. Prevention of simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVsm, or HIV-2 infection in cynomolgus monkeys by pre- and postexposure administration of BEA-005
- Author
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Böttiger, Disa, Johansson, Nils-Gunnar, Samuelsson, Bengt, Zhang, Hong, Putkonen, Per, Vrang, Lotta, and Öberg, Bo
- Published
- 1997
153. Social and ecological entrepreneurship in a circular economy: the need for understanding transitional agency
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Henriksson, Malin, Hultman, Martin, Johansson, Nils, Kaijser, Anna, Wallsten, Björn, Henriksson, Malin, Hultman, Martin, Johansson, Nils, Kaijser, Anna, and Wallsten, Björn
- Abstract
Ways of organizing matter to circulate longer in societies are gaining much political and business interest. Simultaneously, research has seen an upsurge. In this chapter we argue that this focus on circulating matter is welcome, but that the practice of Circular Economy, might greenwash destructive industrial modern production. Current research into Circular Economy is mainly done at a large industrial scale, thereby focusing on re-circulating waste into resources. We propose that research needs also to be done on a more human, down to earth, scale in which forms of Social Entrepreneurship and Ecopreneurship might help show how to organize transitional agency towards living within planetary boundaries. From this perspective decentralized and small-scale solutions can be illuminated that will be part of re-designing systems, making circular flows not only focusing on waste, but also display choices about what matter could circulate more and what should not., QC 20191011
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- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
154. CFD-beräkningar vid brandteknisk dimensionering - En Round Robin studie
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Johansson, Nils, Pelo, Christian, Anderson, Johan, McNamee, Robert, Johansson, Nils, Pelo, Christian, Anderson, Johan, and McNamee, Robert
- Abstract
I studien utförde nio deltagande aktörer samma beräkningsuppgifter utan att veta vad de andra kommit fram till. Resultatsammanställningen visar en relativt stor spridning som till största delen kan förklaras med att deltagarna gör olika ingenjörsmässiga val. Läs den och fundera på vilka ingenjörsmässiga val du gör i vardagen., Utfördes med stöd av kompetensplattformen för Computational Modelling and Validation (CoMoVa).
- Published
- 2019
155. Enkätstudie om användning av värmekamera vid brand i byggnad
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Johansson, Nils and Johansson, Nils
- Abstract
Thermal cameras can be used in building fires, for example, to locate people or find concealed fires. In this report, the result from a questionnaire study, on the use of thermal cameras in the fire service, is presented. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions and it was answered by a total of 88 people from fire services in Sweden. The questions can be divided into the following three areas: training and experience with thermal cameras, use of thermal cameras, and self-assessment of knowledge level. The result from the questionnaire indicates that the thermal camera is used to a great extent in Swedish fires services. The thermal camera is used by virtually all positions in the force. Although most of the respondents have practical training and training on interpretation of data, most believe that they need additional training on the thermal camera. It is obvious that theoretical and practical training is required and that a good knowledge in heat transfer and the function of the thermal camera is necessary in order to be able to interpret data and uses the thermal camera correctly.
- Published
- 2019
156. Avfallsförebyggande handlar om effektiv produktion och genomtänkt konsumtion – inte om avfall. : Sju lärdomar från forskningsprojektet från avfallshantering till avfallsförebyggan
- Author
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Corvellec, Hervé, Ek, Richard, Johansson, Nils, Svingstedt, Anette, Zapata, Patrik, and Zapata-Campos, María-José
- Subjects
Avfallsförebyggande ,Avfallshierarkin ,Social Sciences Interdisciplinary - Abstract
Denna rapport sammanfattar de viktigaste lärdomarna från forskningsprojektet ”Från avfallshantering till avfallsförebyggande”. I forskningsprojektet har forskare från Lunds universitet och Göteborgs universitet, men också Umeå Universitet och Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, studerat avfallsförebyggande.Syftet med projektet har varit att identifiera och förklara svårigheterna med att förverkliga de avfallsförebyggandepolitiska målen. Forskarna har närmat sig projektets syfte genom innehållsanalys av avfallsplaner, kvantitativa och kvalitativa studier av avfallsförebyggandeinitiativ, teoretisk kritik av stadsplanering, och kartläggning av hinder för avfallsförebyggande.Projektet har bedrivits i tät samverkan med kommuner, kommunala avfallsbolag, myndigheter, sociala rörelser och företag. Det har finansierats av forskningsrådet Formas (Dnr 259-2013-210).På projektets webbplats www.ism.lu.se/mtp redogörs i detalj för projektet, till exempel de workshopar som har organiserats inom projektets ram.
- Published
- 2018
157. How can conflicts, complexities and uncertainties in a circular economy be handled? : A cross European study of the institutional conditions for sewage sludge and bottom ash utilization
- Author
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Johansson, Nils
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Public Administration Studies ,Studier av offentlig förvaltning ,Circular economy ,Policy ,Conflicts ,Risk ,Uncertainties ,Waste ,Naturresursteknik - Abstract
The circulation of waste, where waste is given a new chance as a resource, can potentially replace the environmentally harmful extraction of virgin resources from the Earth crust. But at the same time, waste often contains higher levels of contamination than the corresponding material from the bedrock. Increased use of waste brings thus benefits at the global level, for example by reducing mining and carbon dioxide emissions, but at the same time, the disadvantages of increased levels of contamination affects primary locally. This conflict has been exemplified in this study by looking closely at two different waste residues: bottom ash and sewage sludge, which contain both resources and hazards. In Sweden, the utilization of these residues is limited. In central Europe, on the other hand, several countries demonstrate a high utilization of waste. The purpose of this study is to map the institutional conditions in Europe that may facilitate the use of waste, without increasing the risk. How can waste in terms of both its resources and hazards be handled in the best way? First, the challenges facing the use of bottom ash and sewage sludge are identified in Sweden. After that, the challenges are brought to Central Europe to see how they have handled the challenges in achieving a higher use of waste. Finally, the lessons learned from Europe are brought back to Sweden to discuss how the use of waste can increase through different political trajectories. The study is based on interviews with three different actors: waste producers, waste recipients and the authorities, mainly in three different countries: Sweden, Denmark and Germany. CHALLANGES Trust in the regulation is missing. All stakeholders express that current policy for using waste in Sweden is insufficient. The policy for using bottom ashes are too strict, and for the use of sewage sludge too liberal. Uncertainty about future policies. There are uncertainties about how future polices for bottom ashes and sewage sludge will be reformulated. Therefore, actors await costly investments. Lack of institutional capacity. The capacity to handle resources is low, as municipalities apply the policies differently. Unbalanced resources policy. Waste-based materials face much tougher requirements than conventional materials from the Earth's crust. Lack of interest from the customer. Potential customers see few reasons to use waste-based material instead of conventional virgin material. Available alternatives. There are other waste-based alternatives more interesting to customers than sewage sludge and bottom ash. FAVORABLE INSTITUIONAL CONDITIONS Liberal guidelines. Liberal requirements for using waste may potentially increase its use, since a larger proportion of the generated waste will fall within the regulatory requirements. Strict guidelines. Strict requirements can potentially lead to increased use of waste, as reliability in the quality of the waste may increase among costumers. Differentiated guidelines. The use of waste can potentially increase with a flexible regulatory framework with requirements depending on the risk and level of pollution. Political will and objectives. An outspoken political vision can create the necessary predictability for involved actors to meet, invest in learning and technology. Neutral and coherent resource policy. A neutral resource policy that does not differ geographically and geologically creates better market conditions for waste. Cooperation between government and business. Cooperation between government and business can increase the use of waste, if the authorities support the market, while business invest in learning and technology. Acceptance and customer interest. Economically favorable conditions and technical qualifications can increase costumers’ acceptance and interest in waste. POLICY TRAJECTORIES How can trust in the regulation increase? - Hazards in relation to masses or resources. The limit values of contaminations for using waste can either be expressed according to masses (mg/kg) or according to resources (mg/ kg P). - Leaching concentrations or total concentrations. The limit values of contamination can either be measured in terms of leaching concentrations and/or total concentrations. - Differentiated conditions based on the material or context. Differentiated requirements for waste can be based on the context of the use and/or on the properties of the waste. - Limit values based on the risk or the waste. The limit values can be constructed based on either a risk assessment or the characteristics of the waste. How can the security increase for future policies? - Bottom-up or top-down formulated policies. Policies for using waste can either be formulated between involved actors or formulated top down by authorities. - End of pipe or preventive solutions. Solutions to increase the use of waste are typically either end of pipe, directing pollution away, or preventive, focusing on avoiding the generation of pollution at the source. - Incremental changes or social transitions. The relationship of the solutions to the existing system can either be incremental or require a radical transformation of the system. - Requirements according to capacity or risk. The requirements for using waste may be the same for all stakeholders (based on risk), or based on the capacity for investment. How can the institutional capacity for waste as a resource increase? - Centralized or decentralized authority. Criteria for using waste can either be decentralized where each region sets their own criteria or be centralized, where the same rules apply across the country. - Differentiated or similar policies for primary and secondary resources. The requirements for primary and secondary resources can be shared or different. - Institutional fragmentation or coherence. The responsibility of primary and secondary resources are typically divided between two different ministries (industry and environment), but can be shared under the same institutional structure. - Resource or waste oriented organizations. There could be tradeoffs between cleaning the flows as effective as possible and acquire residues of good quality. - National or multilateral policy. Waste polices are normally a national issue, but waste is traded in the international market. Waste polices in one country might thus affect the situation in another country. How can costumers’ willingness increase? - Financial compensation or investment. Compensation is often required for costumers to accept waste, but the money could also be invested upstream in preventive work, to increase the quality. - Direct or indirect political governance. The authorities normally interfere in the waste market by enforcing rules, but might also become an active part on the waste market as a costumer or through public procurement. - Waste as a hot topic or asleep. Despite the same scientific understanding, the use of waste seems in some region to be politically debated while in other regions the debate is missing, which could affect the acceptance of using waste. How can access to alternatives be handled? - A material or social challenge. The transition to circular economy can be driven by uncertain resource availability or be a political decision. - Alternatives: primary material or secondary material. Primary material with a high environmental impact can be substituted with either another primary material or by secondary material. - Same or different requirements for secondary material. The requirements for using waste based resources can either be the same, like for waste used in constructions, or differ like between sewage sludge, manure and digestate. QC 20180926. QC 20200121
- Published
- 2018
158. Gruvdrift eller återvinning av metaller? En politisk fråga
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Johansson, Nils
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Public Administration Studies ,Studier av offentlig förvaltning ,Mineral and Mine Engineering ,Mineral- och gruvteknik - Published
- 2018
159. Estimating gas temperatures in large enclosures
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Johansson, Nils
- Subjects
Building Technologies - Abstract
A case study is used in this paper to study and analyse drawbacks and advantages of three different numerical fire models when used to model horizontal and vertical gas temperature distributions in a 1200m 2 large enclosure. The three methods are: a CFD model, a two-zone mode l and a multi-layer zone model. This is the first time the three models are used and compared in a large enclosure situation. The problem with using the two-zone model in the studied case is underlying assumption that the hot gas layer has a uniform temperature. Results from both the CFD and the multi-layer zone models shows that there is a vertical temperature distribution and it cannot be modelled in a conventional two-zone model. The multi-layer zone model has several benefits; however, the model requires further development and evaluation.
- Published
- 2017
160. Dödsbränder i bostäder 2012-2015 : En studie av fastighetsinformation
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Johansson, Nils
- Subjects
nervous system ,byggnadstekniska faktorer ,Residential fires ,musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology ,building characteristics ,Bostadsbränder ,taxeringsinformation ,Building Technologies ,property information - Abstract
The purpose of this work is to study fatal residential fires and see if they are correlated with any specific building characteristics. In this report, data on fatal fires are paired with data about the properties where the fires occurred. The analysis has shown that apartment buildings are overrepresented among properties with fatal fires compared to single-family units and agricultural units. It also shows that more fatal fires occur in rented apartments than condominiums. Moreover, it appears that some construction periods are over-represented in fatal fires. It can thus be seen that there are differences in the number of fatal fires in terms of various building characteristics. However, it is doubtful whether it is the building characteristics that explain this, or if there is other underlying factors, e.g. socioeconomic factors. It may in any case be important to know what building characteristics that is over-represented in fatal fires when working with or deciding on different preventative strategies.
- Published
- 2017
161. A Case Study of Far-Field Temperatures in Progressing Fires
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Johansson, Nils, primary
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
162. Review of the Use of Fire Dynamics Theory in Fire Service Activities
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Johansson, Nils, primary and Svensson, Stefan, additional
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- 2018
- Full Text
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163. Response of stone wool–insulated building barriers under severe heating exposures
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Andres, Blanca, primary, Livkiss, Karlis, additional, Hidalgo, Juan P, additional, van Hees, Patrick, additional, Bisby, Luke, additional, Johansson, Nils, additional, and Bhargava, Abhishek, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
164. Vi måste minska mängden avfall
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Johansson, Nils, Ek, Richard, Svingstedt, Anette, Zapata, Patrik, Johansson, Nils, Ek, Richard, Svingstedt, Anette, and Zapata, Patrik
- Abstract
Oförmågan att förebygga avfall leder till att miljövinsten i effektiviseringar äts upp av de växande avfallsmängderna. Tvärtemot vad som behövs för att minska klimatpåverkan och miljögifterna, skriver bland andra miljöstrateg Nils Johansson., qc 20180604
- Published
- 2018
165. Rationalize the manufacturing of sheet-metal parts in low-volume production
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Haraldsson, Daniel and Johansson, Nils
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Sammanfogningsmetoder ,Plåtformning ,Plåtdetaljer ,Mechanical Engineering ,Skogsmaskin ,Effektivitet ,Lågvolymsproduktion ,Design For Manufacturing ,Flexformning ,Maskinteknik ,Tillverkningsmetoder - Abstract
Tillverkningsföretag med lågvolymsproduktion måste hitta lösningar för att förbättra effektiviteten som inte kräver stora investeringar för att göra verksamheten lönsam. I denna studie undersöks hur effektiviteten kan förbättras för plåtdetaljer genom förändring av tillverkningsmetoder samt omkonstruktion med avseende på produktion. Genom undersökning av ett specifikt fall behandlar studien hur konventionella tillverkningsmetoder såsom svetsning och kantpressning kan ersättas med plåtformningsmetoder. Metoderna tryckformning, flexforming och djuppressning har studerats och utvärderats. Studien visar att flexformning och sammanfogning med skruvförband resulterar i kortare tillverkningstid, lägre tillverkningskostnader och lägre kompetens samtidigt som god kvalitet erhålls. Däremot kan ersättningen av kantpressning medföra en kostnadsökning till förmån för arbetsmiljön.
- Published
- 2017
166. Ojnareskogen en möjlighet för industrin
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Feiz, Roozbeh, Broström, Anders, Heshmati, Almas, Hultman, Martin, Johansson, Nils, Lööf, Hans, Metzger, Jonathan, Stephan, Andreas, and Wallsten, Björn
- Abstract
Ett Natura 2000-område på Gotland – som sätter stopp för kalkbrytning – kan öppna upp för en omställning av svensk basindustri. Kalk är viktig för industrin. Men mineralerna behöver inte nödvändigtvis tas från jordskorpan, skriver nio forskare. Artikel i tidskrift, Dagstidning (Övrig (populärvetenskap, debatt, mm)) Published
- Published
- 2016
167. Avfall kan omvandlas till en ny resurs
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Feiz, Roozbeh, Broström, Anders, Heshmati, Almas, Hultman, Martin, Johansson, Nils, Lööf, Hans, Metzger, Jonathan, Stephan, Andreas, and Wallsten, Björn
- Abstract
Om gruv- och stålindustrin menar allvar med att öka det egna medvetandet om vad som är cirkulärt, så måste omställningen börja nu. Det skriver debattörer i en slutreplik om kalkbrytningen på Gotland. Publicerad 29 januari 2016
- Published
- 2016
168. The effectiveness of specific fire prevention measures for different population groups
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Runefors, Marcus, primary, Johansson, Nils, additional, and van Hees, Patrick, additional
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- 2017
- Full Text
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169. The institutional capacity for a resource transition : A critical review of Swedish governmental commissions on landfill mining
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Johansson, Nils, Krook, Joakim, Eklund, Mats, Johansson, Nils, Krook, Joakim, and Eklund, Mats
- Abstract
Recycling of minerals from waste deposits could potentially double the recycling flows while offering an opportunity to address the many problematic landfills. However, this type of activity, i.e., landfill mining, brings many advantages, risks and uncertainties and lacks economic feasibility. Therefore, we investigate the capacity of the Swedish authorities to navigate the environmental, resource, and economic conditions of landfill mining and their attitude to support such radical recycling alternatives towards a resource transition. By analyzing three governmental commissions on landfill mining, we show how the authorities seem unable to embrace the complexity of the concept. When landfill mining is framed as a remediation activity the authorities are positive in support, but when it is framed as a mining activity the authorities are negative. Landfill mining is evaluated based on how conventional practices work, with one and only one purpose: to extract resources or remediation. That traditional mining was a starting point in the evaluation becomes particularly obvious when the resource potential shall be evaluated. The resource potential of landfills is assessed based on metals with a high occurrence in the bedrock. If the potential instead had been based on metals with low incidence in the Swedish bedrock, the potential would have been found in the human built environment. Secondary resources in landfills seem to lack an institutional affiliation, since the institutional arrangements that are responsible for landfills primarily perceive them as pollution, while the institutions responsible for resources, on the other hand, assume them to be found in the bedrock. Finally, we suggest how the institutional capacity for a resource transition can increase by the introduction of a broader approach when evaluating emerging alternatives and a new institutional order., QC 20180116
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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170. A new dawn for buried garbage? : An investigation of the marketability of previously disposed shredder waste
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Johansson, Nils, Krook, Joakim, Frändegård, Per, Johansson, Nils, Krook, Joakim, and Frändegård, Per
- Abstract
This paper examines the market potential of disposed shredder waste, a resource that is increasingly emphasized as a future mine. A framework with gate requirements of various outlets was developed and contrasted with a pilot project focusing on excavated waste from a shredder landfill, sorted in an advanced recycling facility. Only the smallest fraction by percentage had an outlet, the metals (8%), which were sold according to a lower quality class. The other fractions (92%) were not accepted for incineration, as construction materials or even for re-deposition. Previous studies have shown similar lack of marketability. This means that even if one fraction can be recovered, the outlet of the other material is often unpredictable, resulting in a waste disposal problem, which easily prevents a landfill mining project altogether. This calls for marketability and usability of deposited waste to become a central issue for landfill mining research. The paper concludes by discussing how concerned actors can enhance the marketability, for example by pre-treating the disposed waste to acclimatize it to existing sorting methods. However, for concerned actors to become interested in approaching unconventional resources such as deposited waste, greater regulatory flexibility is needed in which, for example, re-deposition could be allowed as long as the environmental benefits of the projects outweigh the disadvantages., Funding agencies: Swedish Innovation Agency, VINNOVA
- Published
- 2017
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171. Effektivisering av tillverkningen för plåtdetaljer vid lågvolymsproduktion
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Haraldsson, Daniel, Johansson, Nils, Haraldsson, Daniel, and Johansson, Nils
- Abstract
Tillverkningsföretag med lågvolymsproduktion måste hitta lösningar för att förbättra effektiviteten som inte kräver stora investeringar för att göra verksamheten lönsam. I denna studie undersöks hur effektiviteten kan förbättras för plåtdetaljer genom förändring av tillverkningsmetoder samt omkonstruktion med avseende på produktion. Genom undersökning av ett specifikt fall behandlar studien hur konventionella tillverkningsmetoder såsom svetsning och kantpressning kan ersättas med plåtformningsmetoder. Metoderna tryckformning, flexforming och djuppressning har studerats och utvärderats. Studien visar att flexformning och sammanfogning med skruvförband resulterar i kortare tillverkningstid, lägre tillverkningskostnader och lägre kompetens samtidigt som god kvalitet erhålls. Däremot kan ersättningen av kantpressning medföra en kostnadsökning till förmån för arbetsmiljön.
- Published
- 2017
172. Validering av ämnesdidaktik inklusive metodik
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Furberg, Kerstin, Johansson, Nils, Olsson, Ingrid, Furberg, Kerstin, Johansson, Nils, and Olsson, Ingrid
- Published
- 2017
173. Developing technologies open door to future closure of bleach plant
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Johansson, Nils G., Clark, Fredrick M., and Fletcher, David E.
- Subjects
EKA Nobel Inc. -- Research -- 00246165 ,Chemical industry -- Research ,Pulp industry -- Environmental aspects ,Wood-pulp -- Bleaching ,Business ,Forest products industry - Abstract
The pulp and paper industry could probably achieve total effluent-free (TEF) bleaching by using either the TCF or the ECF bleaching method. Of the two methods, ECF's environmental possibilities are the most extensively documented by scientific data. Scientists have demonstrated that residual chlorinated organics resulting from ECF bleaching are nontoxic and that chlorate formed by ECF bleaching can be easily removed. An Eka Nobel ECF-based TEF pilot project is described., The U.S. pulp and paper industry is challenged not only by compliance with future Cluster Rules, but also the need to remain competitive in a very difficult global market that [...]
- Published
- 1995
174. Layout and typography in research articles : A survey of graphic design conventions in Mathematics, Medicine and Education research
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Johansson, Nils
- Subjects
descriptive graphic design ,layout ,typography ,visual stylistics ,conventions ,research article ,academic journal ,deskriptiv grafisk formgivning ,typografi ,visuell stilistik ,konventioner ,forskningsartikel ,vetenskaplig tidskrift ,Media and Communication Technology ,Medieteknik - Abstract
En deskriptiv visuell innehållsanalys genomfördes med en korpus bestående av vetenskapliga artiklar från 30 topprankade tidskrifter jämnt fördelade på de tre disciplinerna matematik, medicin och utbildningsvetenskap, med syfte att undersöka om det fanns ett samband mellan tidskrifternas disciplintillhörighet och den grafiska formgivningen. Kartläggningen omfattade layout (bl.a. sidformat, spalter, marginalstorlek, användning av grafiska element, placering av tabeller, figurer och pagina) och typografiskt utseende hos titel, rubriker, brödtext och abstrakt (t.ex. teckenstorlek, textjustering, teckengrovlek, typsnitt, färg och radavstånd). Resultaten visar att disciplinerna använde olika men även gemensamma konventioner i sitt grafiska utseende. Matematik uppvisade enkelspaltig layout med liten typografisk variation, genomgående användning av typsnitt från familjen Transitional eller Transitional/Didone för hela dokumentet, avsaknad av kulört färg och sällan användning av grafiska element. Medicin uppvisade större variation med användning av kulört färg, icke-centrerad typografi med både sansseriff- och seriff-typsnitt, grafiska element och ramar som förstärker det ofta använda dubbelspaltiga gridsystemet. Utbildningsvetenskap uppvisade en grafisk design som återfanns i båda disciplinerna, men påminde mest om matematik till utseendet. Kodbok ingår i sin helhet som bilaga. Uppsatsen i sig är delvis formgiven med utgångspunkt i de erhållna resultaten. A descriptive visual content analysis was conducted on research articles from 30 academic journals with highest impact factor equally distributed between Mathematics, Medicine and Education research, to examine whether a correlation could be established between academic discipline and graphic design conventions used. The survey included layout aspects (e.g. size of pages and margins, text columns, use of graphic elements, placement of tables, visuals and page numbers) and typographical appearance of title, sub-headings, body copy and abstract (e.g. character height, weight, alignment, typeface, use of colour and inter-line distance). The results show that the disciplines used different but also shared some common graphic design conventions. In Mathematics often a single-column layout was used, with a small typographic variation, using a single Transitional or Transitional/Didone typeface for the entire document, not using any colour and seldom using any graphical elements. Medicine showed greater variation, using colour, non-centered typography combing sans-serif and serif typefaces, graphical elements and frames emphasising the often used double-column grid system. Education research shared appearance common for both disciplines, leaning mostly towards Mathematics. This thesis is in its entirety written in Swedish and is typeset partially in accordance with the findings from this survey. Code book is included.
- Published
- 2015
175. Characteristics of fatal residential fires in Sweden
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Andersson, Petra, Johansson, Nils, and Strömgren, Michael
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nervous system ,Naturvetenskap ,Natural Sciences - Abstract
About 90 persons die every year in Sweden as a result of residential fires. The decrease has been very limited over the last two decades despite safety measures as smoke detectors and the more recent regulations on self-extinguishing cigarettes. In order to decrease the number of fatalities it is important to find characteristics of residential fires that results in fatalities. A comparison between the characteristics of residential fires and fatal residential fires is therefore made in this work where mainly publicly available statistics is used. Further characteristics are found by the use of some additional data made accessible to the research project from the Swedish Civil Contingency Agency.The data shows that fatal residential fires are often large when the rescue service arrive involving several rooms, there is usually only one person in the fire compartment when the rescue service arrive, the fire occurs in the night/early morning and it starts often in a sofa or bed and is in many cases caused by smoking.
- Published
- 2015
176. Omformulera Svensk metallpolitik
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Johansson, Nils
- Abstract
I form av produkter som elektronik, infrastruktur och konstruktionsmaterial, flyttar människan enorma mängder metaller från gruvor i jordskorpan in i våra samhällen. Människan har blivit en geologisk kraft och en del forskare menar att vissa metallmängder i den byggda miljön är jämförbara i storlek med de mängder som finns kvar i jordskorpans reserver. I Sveriges samlade el- och telenät finns till exempel lika mycket koppar som det finns kvar i Aitikgruvan utanför Gällivare, en av Europas största koppargruvor. En stor del av metallerna är alltjämt i användning, men lika stora mängder har förlorats i olika avfallshögar som gruvavfall och soptippar. Utöver återvinningen av metaller från det årliga avfallsflödet, till exempel pantburkar, finns det således en stor potential att uppnå en bättre samhällelig resurseffektivitet. I dagsläget återvinns dessutom endast ungefär hälften av alla metalltyper som samlas in som avfall. Kritiska metaller som sällsynta jordartsmetaller återvinns inte alls, vilket innebär att medan prospekterare letar efter dessa metaller i jordskorpan låter vi de som redan finns nära oss gå förlorade. Debattartikel publicerad i Landets Fria 2015-01-05
- Published
- 2015
177. Layout och typografi i vetenskapliga artiklar : En kartläggning av konventioner gällande grafisk formgivning inom matematik, medicin och utbildningsvetenskap
- Author
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Johansson, Nils
- Subjects
descriptive graphic design ,layout ,typography ,visual stylistics ,conventions ,research article ,academic journal ,deskriptiv grafisk formgivning ,typografi ,visuell stilistik ,konventioner ,forskningsartikel ,vetenskaplig tidskrift ,Media and Communication Technology ,Medieteknik - Abstract
En deskriptiv visuell innehållsanalys genomfördes med en korpus bestående av vetenskapliga artiklar från 30 topprankade tidskrifter jämnt fördelade på de tre disciplinerna matematik, medicin och utbildningsvetenskap, med syfte att undersöka om det fanns ett samband mellan tidskrifternas disciplintillhörighet och den grafiska formgivningen. Kartläggningen omfattade layout (bl.a. sidformat, spalter, marginalstorlek, användning av grafiska element, placering av tabeller, figurer och pagina) och typografiskt utseende hos titel, rubriker, brödtext och abstrakt (t.ex. teckenstorlek, textjustering, teckengrovlek, typsnitt, färg och radavstånd). Resultaten visar att disciplinerna använde olika men även gemensamma konventioner i sitt grafiska utseende. Matematik uppvisade enkelspaltig layout med liten typografisk variation, genomgående användning av typsnitt från familjen Transitional eller Transitional/Didone för hela dokumentet, avsaknad av kulört färg och sällan användning av grafiska element. Medicin uppvisade större variation med användning av kulört färg, icke-centrerad typografi med både sansseriff- och seriff-typsnitt, grafiska element och ramar som förstärker det ofta använda dubbelspaltiga gridsystemet. Utbildningsvetenskap uppvisade en grafisk design som återfanns i båda disciplinerna, men påminde mest om matematik till utseendet. Kodbok ingår i sin helhet som bilaga. Uppsatsen i sig är delvis formgiven med utgångspunkt i de erhållna resultaten. A descriptive visual content analysis was conducted on research articles from 30 academic journals with highest impact factor equally distributed between Mathematics, Medicine and Education research, to examine whether a correlation could be established between academic discipline and graphic design conventions used. The survey included layout aspects (e.g. size of pages and margins, text columns, use of graphic elements, placement of tables, visuals and page numbers) and typographical appearance of title, sub-headings, body copy and abstract (e.g. character height, weight, alignment, typeface, use of colour and inter-line distance). The results show that the disciplines used different but also shared some common graphic design conventions. In Mathematics often a single-column layout was used, with a small typographic variation, using a single Transitional or Transitional/Didone typeface for the entire document, not using any colour and seldom using any graphical elements. Medicine showed greater variation, using colour, non-centered typography combing sans-serif and serif typefaces, graphical elements and frames emphasising the often used double-column grid system. Education research shared appearance common for both disciplines, leaning mostly towards Mathematics. This thesis is in its entirety written in Swedish and is typeset partially in accordance with the findings from this survey. Code book is included.
- Published
- 2015
178. A NEW DAWN FOR THE BURIED GARBAGE? : AN INVESTIGATION OF THE MARKETABILITY FOR PREVIOUSLY DISPOSED WASTE
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Johansson, Nils, Krook, Joakim, and Frändegård, Per
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Environmental Management ,Technology ,Environmental Engineering ,Landfill mining ,Case study ,Naturresursteknik ,Institutional conditions ,Miljöledning ,Marketability - Abstract
This paper examines the market potential of disposed waste, a resource that is increasingly emphasized as a future mine. A framework with gate requirements of various outlets was developed and contrasted with excavated waste sorted in an advanced recycling facility. Only the smallest fraction by percentage had an outlet, the metals (8%), which were sold according a lower quality class. The other fractions (92%) were not accepted for incineration, construction materials or even re-deposition. Previous studies have shown similar lack of marketability. This means that even if one fraction can be recovered, the outlet of the other material is often unpredictable, resulting in a waste disposal problem, which easily prevents a landfill mining project altogether. However, the potential in landfills could better be exploited if technology and regulations adapts to disposed garbage. Deponier som gruvor
- Published
- 2015
179. Experimentalizing the organization of objects: Re-enacting mines and landfills
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Johansson, Nils, Metzger, Jonathan, Johansson, Nils, and Metzger, Jonathan
- Abstract
In this article, we draw upon ‘After-ANT’ scholarship to generate openings for a shift from purely deconstructive studies of object organization to a more straightforward generation of concrete and specific alternative trajectories towards the future by way of ontological experimentation. Through careful empirical investigation of a mine and a landfill, and how these are enacted in practice in different topological registers, we show how mines and landfills are intertwined; enacted sometimes as similar and in other cases as different types of objects, thus shaping the paths of becoming for those bundles of relations that become enacted as either a ‘mine object’ or a ‘landfill object’. Mapping these practices generates openings for interventions suggesting how things could be made different in some specificity; in this case, for example, the appreciation of what constitutes ‘natural resources’. The overarching purpose of this article is to intervene in current debates regarding the potential merits of drawing upon Object-Oriented Philosophy as an inspiration in critical organizational studies. While we are highly sympathetic to calls for more experimental object studies, we are hesitant towards Object-Oriented Philosophy as a source of inspiration due to its specific metaphysical underpinnings. To clarify what we find to be at stake here, we conclude the article by situating After-ANT in a wider landscape of thought, discussing the contrast between broadly pragmatist research approaches, such as After-ANT, and Object-Oriented Philosophy. Finally, we try to spell out how we believe this contrast reverberates upon how we understand the purpose and potential of critical social science., QC 20161213
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- 2016
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180. Landfill Mining : Institutional challenges for the implementation of resource extraction from waste deposits
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Johansson, Nils and Johansson, Nils
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The overall aim of the thesis is to examine the institutional conditions for the implementation and emergence of landfill mining. The result shows that current policy makes it difficult for landfill mining operators to find a market outlet for the exhumed material, which means that landfill mining may result in a waste disposal problem. Regulations also restrict accessibility to the material in landfills. Therefore, it has generally been municipal landfill owners that perform landfill mining operations, which directs learning processes towards solving landfill problems rather than resource recovery. Landfill mining is not, however, necessarily to be perceived as a recycling activity. It could also be understood as a remediation or mining activity. This would result in more favorable institutional conditions for landfill mining in terms of better access to the market and the material in the landfill. The regulatory framework surrounding landfills is based on a perception of landfills as a source of pollution, a problem that should be avoided, capped and closed. Extracting resources from landfills, challenges this perception and therefore results in a mismatch with the regulatory framework. On the other hand, the material in mines is typically regarded in the formal institutions as a positive occurrence. Mining activities are regarded as the backbone of the Swedish economy and therefore receive various forms of political support. This favorable regulatory framework is not available for secondary resource production. Based on the identified institutional conditions, institutional challenges are identified. The core of these challenges is a conflict between the policy goal of increased recycling and a non-toxic environment. Secondary resources are typically punished through strict requirements for marketability, while primary resources are supported through subsidies such as tax exemptions. The authorities lack capacity to manage the emergence of unconventional and com
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- 2016
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181. Hjälpsådd av vall
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Johansson, Nils and Johansson, Nils
- Abstract
Arbetet är en litteraturstudie där jag har undersökt hur vallen påverkas av hjälpsådd och vilka faktorer som är mest avgörande i ett system med långliggande vallar. Arbetet innefattar inte några egna försök däremot har jag granskat andras försök både i Sverige och internationellt. En stor kostnad uppkommer i samband med att vallen ska anläggas. Denna kostnad ska sedan fördelas på vallens totala liggtid som ofta är ca tre år vid intensiv vallodling. Vallens avkastning minskar i regel med ökad ålder och en metod för att öka avkastningen skulle kunna vara att årligen hjälpså med en mindre mängd vallfrö. Vallens liggtid skulle på så vis kunna förlängas och den dyra anläggningskostnaden spridas på fler år. Det som talar mot hjälpsådd är att det är en förhållandevis ny teknik i Sverige. Det är viktigt att respektive vallfröart hamnar på rätt sådjup om etableringen ska lyckas. Om optimala förutsättningar råder kan mängden vallfrö halveras utan att avkastningen påverkas. Om vallen sås i rader eller bredsprids har ingen betydelse. Kemisk bekämpning under insåningsåret har negativ påverkan på klövern och ger ingen merskörd hos vallen. Valet av skyddsgröda har ingen betydelse så länge insådden får tillräckligt med ljus. Vallen gynnas av att skyddsgrödan tas som helsäd. Vad som är optimal vallålder beror på vilken vallart som är mest dominerande i blandningen. Många högavkastande arter tappar snabbt i avkastning efter de två första åren och i ett system med extensiva långliggande vallar bör man redan från början tänka igenom vilka arter som är mest lämpliga. Hjälpsådd kan ske med befintlig såmaskin. Både släp- och skivbillar fungerar. En vanlig vält utrustad med frölåda går också bra. Det finns även ogräsharvar utrustade med frölåda och speciella direktsåmaskiner. Granskningen av försöksresultaten ger olika svar. Fem av försöken visar att hjälpsådd ökar avkastningen medan två försök visar att metoden inte fungerar. De försök som visar att hjälpsådd inte ökar vallens avkastning, The work is a literature review in which I have examined how the yield of grass is affected by the influence of help seeding and which factors are the most crucial in a system with permanent grassland. This work does not include any own experiments, however, I have examined other trials both in Sweden and abroad. A major cost occurs in the construction of the grassland. This cost will then be distributed on the pastures total time, often about three years in an intensive system. The grass yield usually decreases with age and a method to reduce the yield could be annual help seeding with a minor amount of grass seed. The pastures lying time would thereby be extended and the expensive construction cost could be spread on more years. What speaks against help seeding is that it’s a relatively new method in Sweden. It is important that each seed is places at the correct sowing depth if the establishment is to be successful. If the optimal conditions prevail, the amount of grass seed can be halved without the yield is affected. If the seeds are spread evenly over the entire field or in lines, have no meaning. Chemical control during the year of the establishment have negative effect on the clover and give no extra yield later on. The choice of protecting crop has no importance as long as the grass and clover gets enough light. The grass benefits if the protecting crop is taken as whole crop silage. The optimal age for the specific grass species depends on the grass type that is most dominant in the mixture. Many high-yielding species drops rapidly after the first two years. In a system with extensive grassland you should from the start carefully decide which species are most suitable. Help seeding can be done with existing drill. Both trailer and coulters are functioning. A common roller equipped with a seed box is also possible. There are also harrows provided with some form of seed boxes and special direct drilling machines. The review of the studies gives different ans
- Published
- 2016
182. The pre-flashover compartment fire and fire safety engineering – a review of hand-calculation methods
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Johansson, Nils and Johansson, Nils
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- 2016
183. How could the fire fatalities have been prevented? An analysis of 144 cases during 2011–2014 in Sweden: An analysis
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Runefors, Marcus, primary, Johansson, Nils, additional, and van Hees, Patrick, additional
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- 2016
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184. Experimentalizing the organization of objects: Re-enacting mines and landfills
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Johansson, Nils, primary and Metzger, Jonathan, additional
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- 2016
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185. Hur blir politiska skapelser virala succéer? : En komparativ argumentationsanalys
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Johansson, Nils
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Political Science (excluding Public Administration Studies and Globalisation Studies) ,Political Science ,Political Arena ,Argumentation Analysis ,Political Actors ,Political Communications Theory ,Social Media ,Statsvetenskap (exklusive studier av offentlig förvaltning och globaliseringsstudier) - Abstract
Since the beginning of the 1990s, Swedish society has gone through a great change. Firstly with the personal computer and then with the internet moving in to everyday life, a new arena for interaction with society evolved. Work, education, doing bank errands and reading or discussing the news, just to name a few, now all take place in the virtual world online. Not to mention social media sites such as twitter, instagram or facebook, the last of which has over half of the Swedish population represented as members. Companies, corporations, interest groups, political parties and politicians must be aware of the massive impact that a post spread through social media can have. This thesis will, with the text analyzing tool, argumentation analysis, and on the theoretical platform of political communications theory, analyze three of the most viral Swedish political posts spread over 120 000 times each, to see if there are any combined qualities that point to the fact that there is a formula for getting a post to become a viral success on social media. The main result showed that of the three posts analyzed, all were built up around a factual thesis, argued for with foremost example arguments, not only appealing to the logical branch of argumentation but also to the ethical, and that they tended to be of high relevance and sustainability. The conclusion must therefore be that these are all qualities that tend to be of relevance for making a political post on social media into a viral success.
- Published
- 2014
186. Framtidens gruva är hållbar
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Johansson, Nils
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Sveriges mineralpolitik är ensidigt fokuserad på att förbättra förutsättningarna för traditionell gruvnäring. Trots det växer intresset för att utvinna metaller från rivna byggnader, omodern teknisk utrustning, soptippar och infrastruktursystem. Debattartikel publicerad i Svenska Dagbladet 2014-06-24
- Published
- 2014
187. Hållbarhetsredovisning – för vem och vad? : Hur ser analytiker, konsulter och förvaltare på hållbarhetsredovisning?
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Johansson, Nils and Thomasfolk, Hannes
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signalteori ,Hållbarhetsredovisning ,värderelevans ,intressentteorin ,Business Administration ,Företagsekonomi - Abstract
Title: Sustainability reporting- For whom and what? What is the opinion of analysts, consultants and fund managers on sustainability reporting? Level: Bachelor thesis in business administration, 15 university credits Authors: Nils Johansson and Hannes Thomasfolk Supervisor: Sarah Philipson Date: 20140108 Keywords: Sustainability reporting, value relevance, stakeholder theory, signaling theory. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study how different professional groups in the Swedish financial market in 2013 use sustainability reporting and explore how professional groups look at the future development of sustainability reporting. Limitations: The study focuses only on organizations that are members of SWESIF. Method: In this study we chose a multiple case study design, inspired by well grounded theory. The study's empirical data was obtained through ten semi-structured interviews with analysts, consultants and fund managers. Results and conclusions: It was revealed by the study that companies producing a sustainability report demonstrates transparency and are perceived as a company that is aware of risk, both economic risks as well as external risks. The study also shows that among the study's respondents, there is a strong belief that sustainable business in the long term is a good investment. The study also indicates that this is no concrete evidence of an association between the use of sustainability reporting and either increased or decreased profitability. Our impression of sustainability reporting is that it is so far more or less used mostly as a supplement. We believe that if the sustainability report today would contain more important information it would not be used as a supplement, but to a greater extent used as a tool. Suggestions for future research: We would like to see a study of the incentives that exist for companies to voluntarily publish information such as sustainability. A central question in this is: Why do companies chose to voluntarily publish sustainability reports? Is it to satisfy the primary stakeholders' needs or to avoid negative publicity in relation to the secondary stakeholders?
- Published
- 2014
188. Deponier som gruvor : Förekomst och förutsättningar för att utvinna basmetaller från svenska deponier
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Johansson, Nils
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Ända sedan den första gruvan i de paleolitiska samhällena för 450 000 år sedan (Lewis och Clark, 1964) har människan successivt flyttat metallresurser från jordskorpan in till samhället i byggnader, infrastruktur, produkter och avfallshögar. Det pågår således ett geologiskt skifte (Johansson, 2013), som accelererade i samband med industrialiseringen, där metaller omlokaliseras till den bebyggda miljön på bekostnad av de geologiska reserverna. Vissa forskare menar att människan har blivit en geologisk kraft så till den grad att för vissa metaller som järn och koppar är mängderna jämförbara i samhället med reserverna i jordskorpan (Lichtensteiger, 2002;. Elshkaki et al, 2004; Spatari et al. 2005, Müller et al, 2006; Halada et al, 2009; Johansson, 2013). Soptippar, eller mer formellt deponier, är ett av förråden ovanför jordytan som har fått allt mer uppmärksamhet, eftersom de i sin roll av att vara i slutet av materialflödet fångar upp en stor andel av metallerna på ett avgränsat område. Om deponier definieras i vid mening till att inkludera alla former av avfallsupplag, dvs. även till exempel gruvavfall, så återfinns troligen 50 % av alla uppgrävda metaller i dessa inaktiva förråd (Johansson et al., 2013; Kapur, 2006; Graedel and Kapur 2006). Ur ett globalt perspektiv innebär detta att exempelvis mängden koppar i avfallsupplag motsvarar hälften av de kvarvarande mängderna i jordskorpans reserver (Johansson et al., 2013). Även om avfallsupplag avgränsas till inflöden av industriellt avfall (exklusive gruvavfall) och hushållsavfall så är metallinnehållet signifikant. Materialflödesanalyser av koppar och järn har påvisat att mellan 10-20 % av metallerna ovanför jordytan finns i dessa förråd (Johansson et al., 2013). Visserligen är deponering av hushållsavfall idag begränsad, men sedan industrialiseringen har deponeringen varit den vanligaste avfallshaneringsmetoden i Sverige. Detta innebär att i stort sett varje by har sin egen soptipp med stora mängder metaller och andra resurser placerade på hög. Uppskattningsvis finns över 4000 kommunala soptippar i Sverige med varierande storlek (Frändegård et al., 2013). Vid sidan av kommunala soptippar finns det även industriella soptippar som är placerade direkt i anknytning till en verksamhet. Uppskattningar har antytt att det finns upp till 1000 industriella soptippar i Sverige. Till skillnad från hushållsavfall deponeras fortfarande signifikanta mängder industriellt avfall i form av till exempel schaktmassor och aska (Naturvårdsverket, 2012a). Det saknas dock mer detaljerade studier av mängderna av olika metaller i industriella och kommunala deponier samt de tekniska och institutionella förutsättningarna för att bryta dessa metaller. Kan deponier vara framtidens gruvor? Denna text är en del av ett regeringsuppdrag för Naturvårdsverket och SGU.
- Published
- 2014
189. Politikerna hämnar metallåtervinning
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Johansson, Nils
- Abstract
Indirekt stödje staten gruvsektorn med enorma summor pengar varje år. Det leder till ojämna marknadsvillkor och att återvinningsbranschen inte utvecklas i den takt som den skulle kunna, exempelvis via landfill mining. Debattartikel publicerad i Avfall och Miljö 2014 (3)
- Published
- 2014
190. Defensiv strategi för återvinning av metaller
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Johansson, Nils
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Regeringen satsar på gruvor i stället för återvinning. Mindre än 1 procent av de flesta sällsynta metallerna återvinns när de tas ur drift. I stället hamnar de på soptippar eller i naturen, skriver sju forskare i en slutreplik. Replik publicerad i Svenska Dagbladet 2014-06-29.
- Published
- 2014
191. Review of the Use of Fire Dynamics Theory in Fire Service Activities.
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Johansson, Nils and Svensson, Stefan
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WATER supply for fire service , *FIRE prevention , *INDUSTRIAL safety , *KNOWLEDGE transfer - Abstract
The work of the fire service has changed during the last decades from being essentially operational to include a larger variety of activities to increase fire safety in society. Also, the theoretical understanding of fire development, fire dynamics in buildings and fire safety engineering have improved. There are several good examples of areas were fire dynamics theories have supported and improved the fire service activities associated with building fire safety during the last decades. Despite such examples the quality of knowledge transfer between theory and research, and the more practical arena, such as fire service activities is sometimes questionable. This paper includes a systematic literature review and an interview study that is used to discuss how fire dynamics is used to support fire service activities today and where the use of fire dynamics theory could or should be increased in the future. It is found in the paper that fire dynamics theories are currently used more in the preventative and investigative areas than in the operational area of fire service activities. The primary reasons for this is that the timeframe is much shorter in the latter and that there are established procedures and tactics that work well for the common operational situations. However, there is a potential to use fire dynamics theories more in the operational area when it comes to events that occurs less frequent and with a longer duration than for example the normal compartment fire. In general, there is room for improvement of the use of fire dynamics in the fire service and a way forward could be a stronger link between theory and practice in education and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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192. Waste policies gone soft: An analysis of European and Swedish waste prevention plans.
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Johansson, Nils and Corvellec, Hervé
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- *
WASTE management , *INDUSTRIAL wastes , *NONGOVERNMENTAL organizations , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis - Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of European and Swedish national and municipal waste prevention plans to determine their capability of preventing the generation of waste. An analysis of the stated objectives in these waste prevention plans and the measures they propose to realize them exposes six problematic features: (1) These plans ignore what drives waste generation, such as consumption, and (2) rely as much on conventional waste management goals as they do on goals with the aim of preventing the generation of waste at the source. The Swedish national and local plans (3) focus on small waste streams, such as food waste, rather than large ones, such as industrial and commercial waste. Suggested waste prevention measures at all levels are (4) soft rather than constraining, for example, these plans focus on information campaigns rather than taxes and bans, and (5) not clearly connected to incentives and consequences for the actors involved. The responsibility for waste prevention has been (6) entrusted to non-governmental actors in the market such as companies that are then free to define which proposals suit them best rather than their being guided by planners. For improved waste prevention regulation, two strategies are proposed. First, focus primarily not on household-related waste, but on consumption and production of products with high environmental impact and toxicity as waste. Second, remove waste prevention from the waste hierarchy to make clear that, by definition, waste prevention is not about the management of waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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193. Why don’t we mine the landfills?
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Johansson, Nils
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Environmental Engineering ,Naturresursteknik ,Tvärvetenskapliga studier inom samhällsvetenskap ,Social Sciences Interdisciplinary - Abstract
There are many reasons to mine landfills. For example, metals are increasingly shifting location from the Earth’s crust through human society into landfills. These new mines are located closer to the market, in contrast to traditional mines in the countryside where the metals are deep inside the crust requiring huge amounts of energy to be extracted. In addition, metals in the landfill pose a potential threat to humans, nature, and the environment. Despite this, landfills are not commonly mined. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to answer the question, Why don’t we mine the landfills? This question has been approached by analyzing different factors, such as the resource potential, institutional conditions, and to some degree technical methods considered important in order to realize a mining operation, above as well as below ground. In addition, the potential of landfills as mines will be contrasted with other metal stocks currently mined in order to understand what drives resource extraction from some metal stocks but not others. Information was mainly gathered through interviews, document studies, and literature reviews between 2010-2013. Metals are currently extracted from the Earth’s crust, in-use as they successively turn into waste, and tailing ponds. These stocks have greater mining potential than landfills. For example, there are more metals in the Earth’s crust as well as in-use. Single tailing ponds contain more metals than landfills. Furthermore, the waste in tailings is homogeneous and has a similar composition to ore, thus similar technology already in ownership to process the ore can be used to reprocess old tailings. Landfills, on the other hand, are usually heterogeneous and contain a mix of various wastes. At the same time, there are no methods to uncover the contents of a landfill and thereby identify particularly valuable ores, which makes it difficult to estimate the resource potential of single landfills. Metals in-use are also situated in a heterogeneous environment, but through state regulation on source separation are made more homogenous and predictable. However, there are homogeneous landfills with fairly predictable content. But these landfills are not mined either, which largely can be explained by institutional conditions. Researchers, officials, legislators, and policy makers have long manifested the idea of landfills as the end station for worthless rubbish, and if landfills have any value it is negative, as a dump. For this reason, mining the landfill is a mismatch with the current strategy to isolate, cap, and close landfills and thereby becomes a challenging operation. At the same time as landfills are closed, mines are opened up with the support of the government. For example in 2010, the Swedish mining sector was subsidized with € 4 billion. This support is one of many factors that contribute to keeping the price of metals as a commodity down, which could make metal extraction from other stocks indirectly unfeasible. In addition, metals in landfills are not available on demand, although they lack a function, since landfills are owned by someone. The metals in the Earth's crust as well as in-use, on the other hand, are made available by exempting the ownership. If the demand for metals continues to increase, while being depleted in the Earth’s crust, additional sources for recycling need to be accessible. Compared to the risk associated with the schemes in outer space and the deep sea, the metals in the landfills seem less distant. However, there is no pressure today from policies to initiate something so awkward, unorthodox and “dirty” as extracting metals from landfills. The metal prices are too low and what is profitable and thus possible to mine from the Earth’s crust, i.e., reserves, is constantly redefined, with the help of governmental support through research funding of technological development and subsidization of the mining operation, which reduces costs. Det finns många anledningar att gräva ut deponierna. Till exempel flyttas allt fler metaller från jordskorpan via samhället in till deponierna, där de befinner sig relativt nära marknaden till skillnad från metaller i ödemarken långt nere i jorden. Väl i deponierna utgör dessa metaller dessutom ett hot mot människa, natur och miljö. Trots detta är det sällan deponier grävs ut. Därför syftar denna uppsats till att svara på frågeställningen: Varför utvinns inte metaller från deponier? Detta syfte har studerats genom att analysera olika faktorer som anses viktiga för att realisera ett gruvprojekt, ovan så väl som under jord, såsom resurspotential, institutionella förutsättningar och delvis tekniska metoder. Dessutom har deponier kontrasterats mot andra metallförråd som för närvarande utvinns för att därigenom förstå vad som driver resursutvinningen från vissa metallförråd, men inte andra. Informationen har i huvudsak samlats in igenom intervjuer, dokumentstudier och litteraturstudier mellan åren 2010 och 2013. För närvarande utvinns metaller från jordskorpan, från användning i takt med att de successivt blir till avfall, och från gruvavfall. Förutsättningarna för att utvinna metaller från dessa förråd är bättre än från deponier. Till exempel finns det mer metaller i jordskorpan såväl som i användning. Enskilda gruvavfallshögar innehåller mer metaller än deponier. Dessutom är gruvavfallshögar homogena, med en likartad komposition som malmen, vilket gör att samma teknik redan i ägandet kan användas för att reprocessera gruvavfallet. Deponier däremot är i regel heterogena med en blandning av många olika typer av avfall. Samtidigt saknas metoder för att genomlysa och analysera innehållet i deponier för att därigenom identifiera värdefulla resurser, vilket gör det svårt att uppskatta resurspotentialen i enskilda deponier. Metaller i användning befinner sig också i en heterogen miljö, men genom lagstiftning om källsortering görs flödena homogena och förutsägbara. Det finns dock homogena deponier med ett någorlunda förutsägbart innehåll. Men inte heller dessa deponier grävs ut, vilket till stor del kan förklaras av de institutionella förutsättningarna. Forskare, tjänstemän, lagstiftare och beslutsfattare har länge manifesterat tanken på deponier som slutstation för sopor och om deponier har något värde så är det framförallt negativt; de utgör en soptipp. Därför står utvinning av mineraler från deponier på många sätt i konflikt med den nuvarande strategin att isolera, täcka och stänga soptippar och blir därigenom en utmanande operation. Medan allt fler deponier stängs i Sverige, öppnas allt fler gruvor med stöd från staten. Bara under 2010 subventionerades gruvsektorn med 35,5 miljarder kronor. Detta stöd är en av många faktorer som hjälper till att hålla nere priser på metaller, vilket gör att utvinningsprojekt från andra metallförråd indirekt blir svåra att genomföra. Dessutom är metallerna i deponierna inte tillgängliga för efterfrågan, trots att de inte fyller någon funktion, eftersom deponier vanligen ägs av någon. Metallerna i jordskorpan såväl som i användning görs emellertid tillgängliga, genom att ägandeskapet undantas med hjälp av olika lagar. Om efterfrågan på metaller fortsätter att öka samtidigt som metallernas tillgänglighet i jordskorpan minskar, måste ytterligare metallförråd tids nog komplettera återvinningen. Jämfört med riskerna att bryta metaller från havsbottnen och rymden borde deponier ligga närmare till hands. Men idag finns det inga politiska påtryckningar att inleda något så krångligt, okonventionellt och "smutsigt" som att utvinna metaller från deponier. Metallpriserna är för låga och vad som är lönsamt och därför möjligt att bryta från jordskorpan, dvs. reserverna, omdefinieras ständigt med hjälp av statliga forskningsanslag till teknisk utveckling och statliga subventioner av gruvdrift som håller nere kostnaderna.
- Published
- 2013
194. Numerical experiments - a research method in fire science
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Johansson, Nils
- Subjects
fire dynamics ,models ,accuracy ,experiments ,Other Civil Engineering ,experimental uncertainty ,compartment fires ,Numerical experiments ,Building Technologies - Abstract
Fires are complex and it is hard to derive relationships from theory in fire science. Full-scale and small-scale experiments have been used with great success in order to increase the understanding of fire chemistry and fire dynamics. But, there are shortcomings and difficulties with conducting these traditional fire experiments. In this thesis, numerical experiments are explored as a research method and put into the context of traditional compartment fire experiments. Both pros and cons of numerical experiments compared to traditional compartment fire experiments and prerequisites for numerical experiments are presented and summarised in the thesis. Numerical experiments are promising as a method in fire science research. However, it is currently not considered satisfying to solely use a numerical experiment to study a certain fire phenomena. The different experimental methods should not be regarded as competitive but as complementary, and a combination of traditional and numerical experimental methods are in many cases appropriate in order to analysis a certain fire phenomena.
- Published
- 2013
195. Tekniska system för att förhindra och begränsa anlagd brand -- Slutrapport
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Johansson, Nils, Hees, Patrick Van, McNamee, Margaret Simonson, and Strömgren, Michael
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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196. Phenethylthiazolethiourea (PETT) Compounds, a New Class of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. 1. Synthesis and Basic Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of PETT Analogs
- Author
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Johansson Nils Gunnar, F W Bell, Marita Högberg, Rolf Noreen, Jaskunas, C. L. Jordan, Cantrell As, Peter Thomas Lind, J. M. Jun. Morin, and Kinnick
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Stereochemistry ,Antiviral Agents ,Chemical synthesis ,Cell Line ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Isothiocyanates ,Drug Discovery ,Animals ,Humans ,Structure–activity relationship ,IC50 ,biology ,Chemistry ,Thiourea ,Reverse transcriptase ,Rats ,Thiazoles ,Enzyme inhibitor ,Trovirdine ,HIV-1 ,biology.protein ,Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors ,Molecular Medicine ,Lead compound - Abstract
A novel series of potent specific HIV-1 inhibitory compounds is described. The lead compound in the series, N-(2-phenethyl)-N'-(2-thiazolyl)thiourea (1), inhibits HIV-1 RT using rCdG as the template with an IC50 of 0.9 microM. In MT-4 cells, compound 1 inhibits HIV-1 with an ED50 of 1.3 microM. The 50% cytotoxic dose in cell culture is > 380 microM. The chemical structure-activity relationship (SAR) was developed by notionally dividing the lead compound in four quadrants. The SAR strategy had two phases. The first phase involved optimization of antiviral activity through independent variation of quadrants 1-4. The second phase involved the preparation of hybrid structures combining the best of these substituents. Further SAR studies and pharmacokinetic considerations led to the identification of N-(2-pyridyl)-N'-(5-bromo-2-pyridyl)-thiourea (62; LY300046.HCl) as a candidate for clinical evaluation. LY300046.HCl inhibits HIV-1 RT with an IC50 of 15 nM and in cell culture has an ED50 of 20 nM.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
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197. Discovery of 4′-azido-2′-deoxy-2′-C-methyl cytidine and prodrugs thereof: A potent inhibitor of Hepatitis C virus replication
- Author
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Nilsson, Magnus, Kalayanov, Genadiy, Winqvist, Anna, Pinho, Pedro, Sund, Christian, Zhou, Xiao-Xiong, Wähling, Horst, Belfrage, Anna-Karin, Pelcman, Michael, Agback, Tatiana, Benckestock, Kurt, Wikström, Kristina, Boothee, Mirva, Lindqvist, Anneli, Rydegård, Christina, Jonckers, Tim H.M., Vandyck, Koen, Raboisson, Pierre, Lin, Tse-I, Lachau-Durand, Sophie, de Kock, Herman, Smith, David B., Martin, Joseph A., Klumpp, Klaus, Simmen, Kenneth, Vrang, Lotta, Terelius, Ylva, Samuelsson, Bertil, Rosenquist, Åsa, and Johansson, Nils Gunnar
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
198. Nivågruppering i praktiken : Praktiskt arbete med nivågruppering inom fordonsprogrammet
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Johansson, Nils-Gunnar
- Subjects
elevgrupper ,nivågruppering ,differentiering ,motivation - Abstract
Sammanfattning Tänk dig att du står som yrkeslärare och ska planera och fördela arbetsuppgifter till dina elever i en verkstad. Vilka val skall du göra för att uppnå den optimala studiemiljön för dina elever med avseende på gruppering och val av arbetsuppgifter? Som lärare har du vissa ramfaktorer som du knappas kan råda över då du skall genomföra din undervisning i din klass. Dessa faktorer kan härledas till möjligheter att förändra ekonomiska ramar, lokaler, tillgång på undervisnings material och så vidare. De du som lärare dock kan påverka är, hur du lägger upp din undervisning och på vilket sätt du påverkar eleverna i klassrummet. Du har möjlighet att påverka gruppindelning, val av arbetsuppgifter, hur du använder de material som finns tillgängligt med mera. Den här studien handlar om användandet av nivågruppering i den praktiska delen av fordonsutbildningen och på vilket sätt det påverkar elevgruppen och den enskilde eleven. På vilket sätt skall läraren tänka när han grupperar elever med avseende på elevers inbördes kunskapsnivåer och möjligheter att tillgodogöra sig kunskap. Studien visar på de fördelar som nivågruppering ger för den enskilde eleven då varje elev får den utmaning och undervisning som är anpassad för den enskilde eleven, men även vilka svårigheter som kan kopplas samman med nivågruppering. Studiens empiriska grund bygger på en enkätundersökning med fordonslärare inom fyra fordonsprogram i norra Sverige.
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- 2012
199. Fyrverkeripjäser som antändning vid bränder
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Klason, Lars-Gunnar and Johansson, Nils
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Naturvetenskap ,Natural Sciences - Published
- 2011
200. On the Lifecycle Management of Standards
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Johansson, Nils
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ENGDAT ,PDQ ,Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics ,SASIG ,PDM ,EDI ,OFTP ,ODETTE ,eXchange and Management of Technical Data ,LMS ,Standard - Abstract
Standards are used everywhere in the modern world and are a fundamental part of a functioning society. But the creation and maintenance of international standards is not an easy task. In addition to the technical prerequisites that must exist to create a standard, there are also political, economic and cultural aspects that must be considered. The present thesis does not interpret all these aspects in the creation and maintenance of international standards. The goal of the thesis is to assist the technical specialist who will participate in the process of creating a new global standard, with a map that describes the various steps involved in a standards life cycle, but also the interaction of the development team. A composite model was created based on the work described in (Söderström, 2004) supplemented with the D-S-N process described in (Fomin, 2003). The composite model was then further developed into a modelling process using Six-Sigma methodology (Brassard, 2002), with requirements for input and output conditions for each process step. To standardize the development process model each process step was complemented with suggested methods for the completion of each process step. The developed process model, LMS-Lifecycle Management of Standards, can be applied for the development of global EDI standards in the automotive industry. The model can also be generalized to describe the standardization process where the development of software is included. The author has been active in international standardisation groups as representative of the Swedish car industry for nine years. The elaborated model for a standardization lifecycle has been verified using the SASIG and Odette Sweden protocols from 2000-2007 and by the author's own experiences during standardization work on the global EDI standards ENGDAT V3, OFTP2 and PDQ V2. Globala internationella standards har stort inflyttande i var nutida teknikorienterade värld. Exemplen är många: vi kan importera och exportera produkter och tjänster i de flesta andra länder, vi kan kommunicera med andra personer var de än befinner sig, vi kan även resa snabbt och effektivt. Men skapande och underhåll av internationella standarder är ingen enkel process. Förutom de tekniska förutsättningar som måste finnas för att skapa en standard finns även politiska, ekonomiska och kulturella aspekter som måste beaktas. Föreliggande avhandling gör inget anspråk för att tolka alla dessa aspekter i skapande och underhåll av internationella standarder. Målet med avhandlingen är att bistå teknikern som kommer att delta i processen för att skapa en ny global standard, med en karta som beskriver de olika steg som ingår i en standards livscykel, men även samspelet i utvecklingsgruppen. I avhandlingen används en modell, utvecklad i (Söderström, 2004). Modellen kompletteras med D-S-N processen som beskrivs i (Fomin, 2003). Den sammansatta modellen har sedan utvecklats till en modellprocess genom införande av krav på ingångs- och utgångsvillkor av respektive processteg i modellen med hjälp av Six-Sigma metoden (Brassard, 2002). För att standardisera även detta processarbete har respektive processteg kompletterats med förslag på metoder att använda för fullgörande av de olika processtegen. Denna processmodell har fått namnet LMS - Lifecycle Management of Standards och ska kunna appliceras för global utveckling avseende EDI standardisering inom bilindustrin. Modellen kan vidare generaliseras för standardiseringsarbete där utveckling av programvara ingår som ett verktyg för standarden. Författaren har varit aktiv i internationella standardiseringsgrupper som representant för svensk bilindustrin under nio år. Den framtagna modellen för en standardiseringslivscykel har verifierats dels genom att studera protokoll från SASIG och Odette Sweden åren 2000-2007 dels genom författarens egna erfarenheter från global standardisering avseende ENGDAT V3, OFTP2 och PDQ V2.
- Published
- 2011
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