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Amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOS) have unique advantages in transparent and flexible thin film transistors (TFTs) applications, compared to low-temperature polycrystalline-Si (LTPS). However, intrinsic AOS TFTs are difficult to obtain field-effect mobility (μ FE) higher than LTPS (100 cm2/(V·s)). Here, we design ZnAlSnO (ZATO) homojunction structure TFTs to obtain μ FE = 113.8 cm2/(V·s). The device demonstrates optimized comprehensive electrical properties with an off-current of about 1.5 × 10–11 A, a threshold voltage of –1.71 V, and a subthreshold swing of 0.372 V/dec. There are two kinds of gradient coupled in the homojunction active layer, which are micro-crystallization and carrier suppressor concentration gradient distribution so that the device can reduce off-current and shift the threshold voltage positively while maintaining high field-effect mobility. Our research in the homojunction active layer points to a promising direction for obtaining excellent-performance AOS TFTs.

The yellowfin seabream, Acanthopagrus latus, is widely distributed throughout the Indo-West Pacific. This species, as a euryhaline Sparidae fish, inhabits in coastal environments with large and frequent salinity fluctuation. So the A. latus can be considered as an ideal species for elucidating the evolutionary mechanism of salinity stress adaption on teleost fish species. Here, a chromosome-scale assembly of A. latus was obtained with PacBio and Hi-C hybrid sequencing strategy. The final assembly genome of A. latus is 685.14 Mbp. The values of contig N50 and scaffold N50 are 14.88 Mbp and 30.72 Mbp, respectively. 29,227 genes were successfully predicted for A. latus in total. Then, the comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis were employed for investigating the different osmoregulation strategies of salinity stress adaption on multiple whole genome scale of Sparidae species. The highly accurate chromosomal information provides the important genome resources for understanding the osmoregulation evolutionary pattern of the euryhaline Sparidae species.

BACKGROUND: In China, laparoscopic splenectomy and esophagogastric devascularization (LSED) are effective and safe tools that are used to treat esophageal-fundic variceal bleeding with portal hypertension (PHT) with minimal trauma; however, due to the increased difficulty of operation, their application in massive splenomegaly (MS) remains limited. This study sought to determine the efficacy and safety of LSED in treating MS patients with PHT. METHODS: The data of 124 patients who underwent LSED by a single surgical team at our department from January 2015 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The characteristics of the patients, perioperative parameters, and long-term follow-up data were examined. RESULTS: A total of 61 MS and 63 mild-to-moderate splenomegaly (MMS) patients underwent LSED. Much larger spleen and significant lower of white blood cells and platelets was found in MS group compared the MMS group preoperation (P

Thermal conductivity of soils is significant on the thermal simulations in cold region engineering. Based on the generalized thermal conductivity for geotechnical materials, a thermal conductivity model for saline soil was proposed in this paper. At the micro level, the microstructure composition of sodium sulfate soils in the proposed model was redefined. Macroscopically, the variation of salt crystals and ice crystals with temperature and the relationship between the arrangements of components (i.e., liquid water, ice, soil particles) of saline soil were studied. Shape parameters α, β, τ were adopted to define the volume proportion of needle shape soil particles, spherical shape soil particles and disk shape soil particles, respectively. Besides, the proposed thermal conductivity model considered the heat loss due to the heat radiation in the measurement process. Furthermore, the accuracy of the proposed model was verified by the experimental data. The results showed that the soil particles can be defined as SWCA (i.e., soil particles, water, crystals mixture of salt and ice, air) four-layer concentric structure in the calculation of the thermal conductivity model of saline soil. Shape parameters have significant influence on simulation results. By comparing test data with calculated values, it can be found that at positive temperature, silty clay soil particles are mainly spherical (β = 0.5) and disc-shaped (τ = 0.5), while the sandy soil and soil-rock particles are more similar to the needle shape (α = 1.0). With the decrease of temperature, the particle parameters of silty clay soil change, β decreases to 0, τ increases to 0.75, and α increases to 0.25. However, at negative temperature, the soil particles of sandy soil and loess are still mainly needle-shaped (α = 1.0).

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been identified as one of the promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, direct observation of the electrocatalytic behavior of MOF-based electrocatalysts remains extremely challenging, which is of great significance to understand their electrocatalytic mechanism. Herein, we developed a vertically oriented Ni-based MOF nanosheet array doped with 2.09 wt% Ce (denoted as Ce–NiBDC/OG). Ce–NiBDC/OG displayed a low overpotential of 265 mV to deliver a 10 mA cm−2 current density for the OER. In situ spectroscopy and operando microscopy visualized the phase transformation behavior of Ce–NiBDC/OG to Ce-doped NiOOH induced by electrochemical activation, which was regarded as the real active site. Mechanistic studies revealed that, for the Ce–NiBDC/OG-derived catalyst, the doping of Ce species in NiOOH significantly increased the adsorption of *OH, and further reduced the energy barriers of the rate-determining step (*OH→*O).

Invertebrate shrimp are one of the dominant benthic macrofaunae in the deep-sea environment. The microbiota of shrimp intestine can contribute to the adaptation of their host. The impact of surrounding sediment on intestinal microbiota has been observed in cultured shrimp species, but needs to be further investigated in deep-sea shrimp. The characterization of bacterial, archaeal, and fungal community structure and their interrelationships is also limited. In this study, wild-type deep-sea shrimp and the surrounding sediment were sampled. Shrimp individuals incubated in a sediment-absent environment were also used in this study. Microbial community structure of the shrimp intestine and sediment was investigated through amplicon sequencing targeting bacterial 16S rRNA genes, archaeal 16S rRNA genes, and fungal ITS genes. The results demonstrate distinct differences in community structure between shrimp intestine and the surrounding sediment and between surface and deep (5 mbsf) sediment. The composition of the intestinal microbiota in shrimp living without sediment was different from that of wild-type shrimp, indicating that the presence or absence of sediment could influence the shrimp intestinal microbiota. Carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism (carbon fixation, methane metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and sulfur metabolism), amino acid metabolism, and xenobiotic biodegradation were the most commonly predicted microbial functionalities and they interacted closely with one another. Overall, this study provided comprehensive insights into bacterial, archaeal, and fungal community structure of deep-sea shrimp intestine as well as potential ecological interactions with the surrounding sediment. This study could update our understanding of the microbiota characteristics in shrimp and sediment in deep-sea ecosystems.

The yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) is a very important aquaculture species distributed in freshwater area of China. All-male yellow catfish is very popular in aquaculture because of their significant sex dimorphism phenomena. The males grow much faster than females in full-sibling family. However, the sex dimorphism mechanism is still unclear in yellow catfish. In order to better understand the genetic basis of yellow catfish sexual dimorphism, it is vital to map the sex-related traits and localize the candidate genes across yellow catfish whole genome. Here, we constructed a high-density linkage map of yellow catfish using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) strategy. A total of 5705 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were mapped to 26 different linkage groups (LGs) using 184 F1 offspring. The total genetic map length was 3071.59 cM, with an average interlocus distance of 0.54 cM. Eleven significant sex-related QTLs in yellow catfish were identified. Six sex-related genes were identified from the region of reference genome near these QTLs including amh, gnrhr, vasa, lnnr1, foxl2, and bmp15. The high-density genetic linkage map provides valuable resources for yellow catfish molecular assistant breeding and elucidating sex differentiation process. Moreover, the comparative genomic study was analyzed among yellow catfish, channel catfish, and zebrafish. It revealed highly conserved chromosomal distribution between yellow catfish and channel catfish.

Influence of folate metabolism has long been studied in cancer and copies evidences have suggested that the key genes involved were correlated with GC risk and prognosis. However, their genetically association and contribution for GC prognosis are still elusive. To evaluate the effect of folate metabolism related genes polymorphisms on the prognosis of gastric cancer (GC), the genotype of seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of three genes were selected and genotyped in a cohort of 664 GC patients, including genes of Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), and Methionine synthase (MTR). Kaplan-Meier Curve, long-rank tests and multivariate Cox proportional hazard model were used for prognosis analysis. The results demonstrated that TT or CT/TT genotypes of SNP rs1532268 in MTRR gene coding region are significantly associated with a poorer overall survival (OS) when compared with CC genotype (HR=2.340, 95% CI: 1.240-4.414, p=0.009; or HR=1.502, 95% CI: 1.083-2.085, p=0.015, respectively). Furthermore, comparing to that of the CC genotype, the detrimental effect of rs1532268 TT genotype was also evident in the special subgroups of GC patients, especially in patients with BMI

Significant efforts have been made to seek technologies to resolve water shortages. Among these efforts, seawater desalination and wastewater purification are considered mainstream strategies. Photothermal materials and adsorbents are the main components of solar-driven seawater desalination and wastewater purification, respectively. Herein, we propose MoO3-x (0

The general relationship indicating that biomass decreases with individual body size is referred to as size spectra. This is consistent with the power law that characterizes size frequency distributions. While many previous studies have used the estimated exponent in size spectra as a metric to assess external perturbations, limited empirical studies have focused on the fitting methods. Here, we compared the effects caused by fitting methods and distribution models based on one-year pelagic fish data from Daya Bay, China. Our empirical results showed that maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is more suitable than traditional normalized biomass spectra (NBS), and that a power law is not always the best model when using MLE. Moreover, we found significant size structure variation in different seasons. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear mixed effects model (LMM) results showed that temperature was the major factor in seasonal environmental variation, and fish migration might be the essential response strategy causing size structure changes. The estimated exponents and nonlinear structure indicated that the Daya Bay is under intensive human impact. Our results suggest that MLE methods are recommended in future size-based studies, and that environmental variation and migration patterns are crucial in understanding seasonal community structure changes.

Seeking for superior electrode materials is a significant project in lithium-ion battery research interests. In this paper, pure MnSe was synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method, which exhibits high crystalline and lamellar plate microstructure by systematical characterization analysis. Further, the as-synthesized MnSe was investigated for electrochemical performance as anode material of lithium-ion battery via correlative measurements. In the half-cell tests, the MnSe lithium-ion battery has delivered large specific capacity (302.7 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C), proper voltage platform, excellent rate performance, satisfactory reversibility, and outstanding ionic conductivity. It should be noted that the capacity retention of battery can reach up to 70.8% even after 3000 times cycle at 5.0 C current density, demonstrating remarkable cycle stability. This work not only reveals superior performance of MnSe materials from a different perspective but also provides a potential practical candidate for lithium-ion battery anode.

Memristors based on amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOSs) have attracted considerable attention recently. Here we present the study of amorphous ZnSnO (a-ZTO) memristors. The a-ZTO memristors were fabricated with Al layers as the bottom and top electrodes. The a-ZTO thin films, deposited by pulsed laser deposition, could be formed on the Al layer uniformly, and the Al layers were effective electrodes for a-ZTO memristors. It was verified that the a-ZTO memristors had obvious resistive switching (RS) behaviors, with a high ratio (∼103) of high-resistance and low-resistance states. Almost the same current-voltage curves were observed for five cycles, revealing the stable and reliable nature of devices. Our study demonstrated the a-ZTO memristors is a potential candidate to produce high-quality resistive random-access memories, which may open a path to applications of memristors based on indium-free AOSs.

Evaluation of calculation models for the unfrozen water content of freezing soil is very important for numerical simulations. Based on the published 250 laboratory data and around 5 years field observed data, this paper evaluated the five widely used unfrozen water content models, i.e., the Zhang et al. (2017a) model, the Anderson and Tice (1972) model, the Michalowski (1993) model, the Mckenzie et al. (2007) model, and the Kozlowski (2007) model. The results show that the five models can all be used to calculate the unfrozen water content of laboratory soil samples. The Anderson and Tice (1972) model, the Michalowski (1993) model, and the Kozlowski (2007) model are descripted by gravimetric unfrozen water content. However, it is difficult to directly measure the gravimetric unfrozen water content during the freezing process. The Mckenzie et al. (2007) model and the Zhang et al. (2017a) model are descripted by volumetric unfrozen water content which can be directly measured during the freezing process. Besides, the parameters of the Zhang et al. (2017a) model are relatively simple, although the model slightly overestimates the volumetric unfrozen water content for some laboratory soils. Therefore, the Zhang et al. (2017a) model is more convenient for numerical simulations. Furthermore, all the models have great potential to calculate unfrozen water content of freezing soils in field observations. This paper would provide significant reference for the selection of unfrozen water content models in the description of hydro-thermo coupling process in cold regions.

Tin diselenide (SnSe2 ), as an anode material, has outstanding potential for use in advanced lithium-ion batteries. However, like other tin-based anodes, SnSe2 suffers from poor cycle life and low rate capability due to large volume expansion during the repeated Li+ insertion/de-insertion process. This work reports an effective and easy strategy to combine SnSe2 and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to form a SnSe2 /CNTs hybrid nanostructure. The synthesized SnSe2 has a regular hexagonal shape with a typical 2D nanostructure and the carbon nanotubes combine well with the SnSe2 nanosheets. The hybrid nanostructure can significantly reduce the serious damage to electrodes that occurs during electrochemical cycling processes. Remarkably, the SnSe2 /CNTs electrode exhibits a high reversible specific capacity of 457.6 mA h g-1 at 0.1 C and 210.3 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles. At a cycling rate of 0.5 C, the SnSe2 /CNTs electrode can still achieve a high value of 176.5 mA h g-1 , whereas a value of 45.8 mA h g-1 is achieved for the pure SnSe2 electrode. The enhanced electrochemical performance of the SnSe2 /CNTs electrode demonstrates its great potential for use in lithium-ion batteries. Thus, this work reports a facile approach to the synthesis of SnSe2 /CNTs as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

Ultrathin amorphous InZnO ( ${a}$ -IZO) films and the corresponding ultrathin-film transistors (UTFTs) have been prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) for the first time here. With ultrathin amorphous ZnSnO ( ${a}$ -ZTO) films and the related UTFTs as a comparison, the properties of ultrathin a-IZO films and behaviors of the corresponding UTFTs were studied in detail. Also, we have taken a new approach to compare the content of oxygen vacancies ( ${V}_{\textit {O}}$ ) in amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOSs) of different systems, which explains their different properties and behaviors well. The thickness of the ultrathin a-IZO film is approximately 3.1 nm. Compared to ultrathin a-ZTO films, ultrathin a-IZO films depict lower ${V}_{O}$ content and lower carrier concentration. In addition, ultrathin ${a}$ -IZO films display very high transmittance over 95% in the visible region. Furthermore, a-IZO UTFTs exhibit better performance than a-ZTO UTFT, such as a lower off-current of 3.3 $\times \,\,10^{-10}$ A, a larger ${I} _{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}/{I} _{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ ratio of $1.5\times 10^{7}$ , a larger $\mu _{\text {sat}}$ of 20.7 cm $^{2}\,\,{V} ^{-1}\,\,{s} ^{-1}$ , a smaller ${V} _{\text {th}}$ of 1.2 V (operating in the enhancement mode), a lower subthreshold swing (SS) of 0.303 V/decade, and a lower ${N} _{t}$ of $8.9\times 10^{11}$ cm−2. Meanwhile, the long-term stability of a-IZO UTFT is similar to a-ZTO UTFT. Above all, a-IZO UTFTs exhibit excellent performance and may be a promising candidate for future displays.

Tin oxide (SnO2) is an attractive anode in lithium ion batteries (LIBs), but its applications have been significantly hampered by the huge volume change during the electrochemical cycling. In this work we demonstrate a rational design of crystalline SnO2 @ amorphous TiO2 core-shell nanostructures, where the crystalline SnO2 core was synthesized by a hydrothermal method and the amorphous TiO2 shell was deposited by atomic layer deposition. The SnO2@TiO2 nanostructures deliver excellent performances during the electrochemical process, having a high reversible capacity of 1259 mAh g−1 at cycling rate of 80 mA g−1, which is still up to 703 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles. The acceptable rate capacity is also revealed with 412 mAh g−1 at 400 mA g−1. The coulombic efficiency is stable at around 100% regardless of cycling rates and numbers. The electrochemical performances of the SnO2@TiO2 batteries are better than those of the SnO2 ones without TiO2 coating. In the SnO2@TiO2 nanostructures, the amorphous TiO2 shell layer can experience an isotropic stress, having the ability to evidently reduce the volume change, lattice stress and so the risk of fracture during the cycling process, which is responsible for their outstanding behaviors. The strategy provided in our study is expected to be a precious guideline for designing an ideal electrode for energy storage devices.

The hydro-thermal properties of the ground affect the thermal regimes and surface energy balances. A field experiment in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was carried out to analyze the hydro-thermal boundaries, and the variations of the ground temperatures, volumetric unfrozen water contents and matric suctions for different surfaces (i.e., asphalt surface, concrete surface and natural gravel surface). The results show that the asphalt surface significantly changes the permafrost table and ground temperature. The mean annual temperature under the asphalt surface is 2.40 °C higher than that under the concrete surface, and 2.77 °C higher than that under the natural gravel surface. Therefore, the permafrost table under the asphalt surface is deeper than that under the natural gravel and concrete surfaces. In addition, the freezing and thawing processes of the ground under different surfaces are significantly different. Moreover, the volumetric unfrozen water content changes quickly near the ice-water phase transition zone, while the matric suction seldom changes until the volumetric unfrozen water reaches a certain value during the cold seasons, and the volumetric unfrozen water content dramatically changes due to the rainfall during the warm seasons. Furthermore, the volumetric unfrozen water content first decreases, and then increases with depth in the cross sections of the embankments during the cold seasons. The minimum volumetric unfrozen water content lies at the depth of 0.40 m for the natural gravel surface, and 0.90 m for the asphalt and concrete surfaces.

Although numerous studies have investigated the association between air pollution and hospitalization, few studies have focused on the health effect of air pollution on populations with hypertension. In this study, we conducted a time-series study to investigate the acute adverse effect of six criteria ambient air pollutants (fine particulate matter [PM2.5], inhalable particulate matter [PM10], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], sulfur dioxide [SO2], ozone [O3], and carbon monoxide [CO]) on hospitalization of patients for hypertension in Shijiazhuang, China, from 2013 to 2016. An over-dispersed Poisson generalized addictive model adjusting for weather conditions, day of the week, and long-term and seasonal trends was used. In addition, we evaluated the effect of modification by season, sex, and age. A total of 650,550 hospitalization records were retrieved during the study period. A 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 (lag06), PM10 (lag06), NO2 (lag03), O3 (lag6), and CO (lag04) corresponded to 0.56% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.28–0.83%), 0.31% (95% CI: 0.12–0.50%), 1.18% (95% CI: 0.49–1.87%), 0.40% (95% CI: 0.09–0.71%), and 0.03% (95% CI: 0.01–0.05%) increments in hospitalization of patients for hypertension, respectively. We observed statistically significant associations with PM2.5, PM10, NO2, O3, and CO, while positive but insignificant associations with SO2. The effects of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, O3, and CO were robust when adjusted for co-pollutants. We found stronger associations in the cool season than in the warm season. Moreover, there were non-significant differences in the associations between air pollution and sex or age group. This study suggests that patients with hypertension had an increased risk of hospital admission when exposed to air pollution.

Motivation Drug repurposing is a potential alternative to the traditional drug discovery process. Drug repurposing can be formulated as a recommender system that recommends novel indications for available drugs based on known drug-disease associations. This article presents a method based on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF-DR) to predict the drug-related candidate disease indications. This work proposes a recommender system-based method for drug repurposing to predict novel drug indications by integrating drug and diseases related data sources. For this purpose, this framework first integrates two types of disease similarities, the associations between drugs and diseases, and the various similarities between drugs from different views to make a heterogeneous drug–disease interaction network. Then, an improved non-negative matrix factorization-based method is proposed to complete the drug–disease adjacency matrix with predicted scores for unknown drug–disease pairs. Results The comprehensive experimental results show that NMF-DR achieves superior prediction performance when compared with several existing methods for drug–disease association prediction. Availability and implementation The program is available at https://github.com/sshaghayeghs/NMF-DR. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

The advent and development of genome editing technology has opened up the possibility of directly targeting and modifying genomic sequences in the field of life sciences with rapid developments occurring in the last decade. As a powerful tool to decipher genome data at the molecular biology level, genome editing technology has made important contributions to elucidating many biological problems. Currently, the three most widely used genome editing technologies include: zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), transcription activator like effector nucleases (TALEN), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). Researchers are still striving to create simpler, more efficient, and accurate techniques, such as engineered base editors and new CRISPR/Cas systems, to improve editing efficiency and reduce off-target rate, as well as a near-PAMless SpCas9 variants to expand the scope of genome editing. As one of the important animal protein sources, fish has significant economic value in aquaculture. In addition, fish is indispensable for research as it serves as the evolutionary link between invertebrates and higher vertebrates. Consequently, genome editing technologies were applied extensively in various fish species for basic functional studies as well as applied research in aquaculture. In this review, we focus on the application of genome editing technologies in fish species detailing growth, gender, and pigmentation traits. In addition, we have focused on the construction of a zebrafish (Danio rerio) disease model and high-throughput screening of functional genes. Finally, we provide some of the future perspectives of this technology.

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer with higher incidence, the difficulty considered in PTC therapeutic process could be the property. Therefore, it is so important to know the factors that may indicate the progression course of cancer. In this study, we dissect the PTC intra-tumor microbiota and its role in influencing the tumor progression by 16S RNA sequences. The role of the PTC intra-tumor microbiome composition in 80 PTC patients was explored in this study. Overall substantial abundance of microbiome in PTC tumors from all patients were detected. We found that PTC patients with advanced lesion (T3 or T4) had significantly higher tumor bacteria diversity than the patients with relative mild lesion (T1/T2). Importantly, we identified a signature of three tumor bacterial taxa (Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Sphingomonas) highly predictive of PTC tumor invasion status. These data suggest that microbial host factors, independent of the genomic composition of the tumor, may determine tumor behaviors and patients’ outcomes. Furthermore, the correlation between specific bacterial genus and thyroid hormones or autoimmune thyroid disease-related antibodies may also indicate the potential contribution of microbiome in the relation between autoimmune thyroid disease or the irregular thyroid function and PTC progression.

Deep-sea mussels are widely distributed in marine chemosynthetic ecosystems. Bathymodiolus platifrons and B. japonicus, occurring at both cold seeps and hydrothermal vents, have been reported to house exclusively methanotrophic symbionts in the gill. However, the comparison of microbiota associated with different tissues between these two species from two contrasting habitats is still limited. In this study, using B. platifrons and B. japonicus collected from the adjacent cold seep and hydrothermal vent environments, we sampled different tissues (gill, adductor muscle, mantle, foot, and visceral mass including the gut) to decipher the microbial community structure at the tissue scale by employing 16S rRNA gene sequencing strategy. In the gill of both seep mussels and vent mussels, the symbiont gammaproteobacterial Methylomonaceae was the predominant lineage, and methane oxidation was identified as one of the most abundant putative function. In comparison, abundant families in other tissues were Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae in seep mussels and vent mussels, respectively, which may get involved in element cycling. The results revealed high similarity of community structure between two mussel species from the same habitat. The gill showed distinctive bacterial community structure compared with other tissues within the same environment, while the gill communities from two environments were more similar. Remarkably structural variations of adductor muscle, mantle, foot, and visceral mass were observed between two environments. This study can extend the understanding on the characteristics of tissue-associated microbiota of deep-sea mussels from the adjacent cold seep and hydrothermal vent environments.

Background: Ambient particulate matter (PM), a principal component of air pollutant, is harmful to human health in many ways. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are non-catalytic transmembrane protein that can identify conservative molecules from microorganisms. However, the regulatory mechanism of TLR4 and its effects on lung and liver inflammation induced by PM are unknown presently. Method: Wild type mice and TLR4-/- mice (C57BL/10JNju, mixed gender, 8-10 weeks old,), both were randomly divided into two groups. The mice were intratracheally instilled with saline or PM2.5 (4 mg/kg) every other day and continued for 10 days. Result: PM2.5 increased the BCA and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) level and TLR4 KO mice showed lower BCA compared to wild type mice(P=0.08). PM2.5 treatment increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines (HMGB1, TNFα, MCP-1/CCL2, CCR2) significantly compared to the saline treatment (PConclusion: Our findings suggest that, TLR4 plays an important role in regulating lung and liver inflammatory response caused by PM2.5.