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The nucleotide sequence of the melanocortin-1-receptor (MC1R) gene was studied with the help of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in which the protein structure in Chinese Holstein was predicted, and the molecular mechanism of the red coat color was investigated. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was performed to genotype the individuals. The bioinformatics and biotechnology softwares were used to predict the secondary structure of MC1R. The results showed that the EE genotype was the dominant genotype in Chinese Holstein Black and White herd, whereas, it was ee in Chinese Holstein Red and White herd. The secondary structure of the mutational MC1R protein was changed and the deletion mutation caused an earlier termination in translation, which led to the formation of the red coat color. The allele E was mainly associated with the black coat color, whereas, e was associated with red.

To explore the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of the inner centromere protein (INCENP) gene and bovine semen quality, the haplotypes in 250 Chinese Holstein bulls were detected using PCR-RFLP method in this study. Two SNPs (g.-556 GT, rs 136823901 and g.-692 CT, rs 211010999) and three haplotypes (CG, TT, TG) were identified in the promoter region of INCENP. The genotype frequency and allele frequency of these two SNPs as well as the correlation between different SNP haplotype combinations and bovine semen quality were then analyzed. Our results showed that fresh sperm motility of the GT genotype was significantly higher than that of the GG genotype (P0.05) at the SNP site g.-556 GT, while fresh and frozen-thawed sperm motilities of the haplotype combinations H1H1(CCGG), H1H3(CTGT), H2H3(TTGT) and H3H3(TTTT) were significantly higher than that of H1H2 (P0.05). To further study the possible mechanisms by which g.-556 GT and g.-692 CT affect semen quality, three haplotype plasmids were respectively transfected into MLTC-1 cells. The TG haplotype demonstrated the highest luciferase activity, suggesting that g.-556 GT and g.-692 CT are functional mutations which could regulate INCENP gene expression by affecting promoter activity and thus affect semen quality.

A novel highly selective chemosensor S1 for cyanide based on unsymmetrical azine derivative was successfully designed and synthesized, which showed both colorimetric and fluorescence turn-on responses for cyanide ions in aqueous. This structurally simple chemosensor could detect CN(-) anion over other anions in aqueous solution DMSO/H2O (v/v=3:2) undergo deprotonation reaction. Results showed that the chemosensor S1 exhibited 50 fold enhancement in fluorescence at 530nm and showed an obvious change in color from colorless to yellow that could be detected by naked eye under the UV-lamp after the addition of CN(-) in aqueous solution. Moreover, the detection limit on fluorescence response of the sensor to CN(-) is down to 6.17×10(-8)M by titration method. Test strips based on S1 were obtain, which could be used as a convenient and efficient CN(-) test kit to detect CN(-) in aqueous solution.

Familism refers to “a culturally grounded way of valuing family that emphasizes an ideal for family relationships to be warm, close, and supportive and that family be prioritized over self”. It is considered a core value of Latino culture and a crucial protective factor of psychological health among Latino populations. However, scant research has addressed the possible value of familism and the association between familism and psychological health and the underpinning mechanisms among Italian adolescents. The current study aimed to test the relation of familism to depressive symptoms and the mediating effect of parental attachment in an Italian adolescent sample. Participants (N = 513) completed self-report measures assessing familism, parental attachment, and depressive symptoms. Results of the total effect model showed that familism was negatively related to depressive symptoms. In the indirect effect model, it was found that the relationship between familism and depressive symptoms was mediated by both maternal attachment and paternal attachment. Moreover, results of multi-group path analyses revealed that the associations among familism, parental attachment, and depressive symptoms did not differ by sex but by developmental period (i.e., early- vs. middle adolescence). In conclusion, this research suggests the protective role of familism in Italian adolescents' depressive symptoms.

Previous work has found that self-control is positively associated with life satisfaction. The current study aimed to replicate this relation and extend this line of research by examining the mediating effect of coping in the Chinese context. Five hundred and twenty-five university students (Sample 1) and two hundred ninety-four employees (Sample 2) participated in the study completing self-report measures that assessed self-control, coping, and life satisfaction. Results of both samples provided converging evidence that self-control was positively related to life satisfaction and that this relation was partially mediated by positive coping. In conclusion, using more positive ways to cope partly explains how people high in self-control are more satisfied with life. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

The Affect in Play Scale-Preschool version is a semi-structured measure of cognitive and affective pretend play processes using a 5 min standardized play task devised for preschool children. This study investigated an extension of the scale in a sample of 333 children, aged 6–10 years. Participants were assessed using another measure of play processes, the Affect in Play Scale, a divergent thinking task, the Alternate Uses Test, a measure of school coping, the School Coping measure, and a measure of empathy, the Index of Empathy for Children. External validity with these measures was investigated, using correlational analyses. Construct validity of the scale was assessed using a confirmatory factor analysis approach. A correlated two-factor structure with a cognitive and an affective factor demonstrated the best fit. Implications for the use of this extension to assess cognitive and affective processes in pretend play and developmental outcomes were discussed.

Ten anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-sambubioside, 3-glucoside and their acylated derivatives, cyanidin 3-lathyroside and cyanidin 3-galactoside, were isolated from red flowers of Camellia reticulata. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, and the chemotaxonomic distribution of the accumulated anthocyanins in the petals of wild Camellia reticulata and C. pitardii var. yunnanica is discussed.

In order to estimate the influence of TYR and MC1R on the color of the cattle hide, the MC1R and TYR in Luxi Yellow, Bohai Black, China Holstein black-white and China Holstein red-white cattle (20 animals of each of the four breeds) were sequenced. The comparison of TYR among the four hide color phenotypes revealed no sequence difference. The sequences of the MC1R coding region revealed three alleles (ED, E+ and e), which were previously reported. Furthermore, we found an important single nucleotide polymorphism at 725 position of the MC1R coding region, which may help in cattle breed identification. A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed to investigate the gene frequencies of the four breeds. Most China Holstein black-white cattle had ED and E+ alleles (ED = 0.12, E+ = 0.80) and no homozygous e/e and most Bohai Black cattle had ED and E+ alleles (ED = 0.52, E+ = 0.47). Therefore it is consistent with the hypothesis that ED and E+ induce black pigment synthesis. On the other hand, most of the China Holstein red-white cattle and Luxi Yellow cattle had the e allele (e/e = 0.95). Unexpectedly, the E+/e genotype was present in China Holstein red-white cattle and Luxi Yellow cattle.

Incorporating single-periodic and static vehicle routing problem, the article analyzes multi-periodic vehicle fleet size and routing problem, and model dynamic vehicle fleet size. Furthermore, the authors decompose the model with Dantzig-Wolf decomposition method, and derive an exact algorithm for the model based on simplex method, dynamic programming method and branch and bound method. Finally, the authors use numerical example to obtain the optimal solutions for different demand distribution.

The current study aimed to validate the parent-version of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS-P) among Chinese and Italian community adolescents and to compare adolescents' anxiety symptoms in these two countries. Chinese (N = 456) and Italian (N = 452) adolescents and their parents participated in the study. Results showed that: (1) the six correlated-factor structure was demonstrated and invariant across countries. (2) The reliability of the total scale was good in both samples, whereas reliabilities of subscales were acceptable and moderate in Chinese and Italian samples, respectively. (3) The SCAS-P showed good convergent and divergent validity. (4) Adolescent-parent agreement was from low to medium while mother-father agreement ranged from medium to high. (5) There were cultural and gender differences in levels of parent-report anxiety symptoms. In conclusion, SCAS-P seems to be a promising parent-report instrument to assess Chinese and Italian adolescents' anxiety symptoms.

Purpose: To compare planning target volume (PTV) defined by PET combined with 4DCT to 3DCT and 4DCT. Methods: Eighteen (18/30) esophageal cancer patients who underwent 3DCT, 4DCT and 18F-FDG PET-CT thoracic simulation with SUVmax≥2.0 of the primary volume were enrolled. CTV3D was formed on 3DCT by adding a margin of 30 mm in cranial-caudal direction and 5 mm in transversal direction. PTV3D was defined using a 10 mm margin to CTV3D and CTV4D was obtained by fusion of CTV from ten phases of 4DCT. A 5 mm margin for setup errors to CTV4D was to form PTV4D. BTVPET was generated with the assumption that motion was captured in PET images using a thresholding methods: 20% SUVmax. CTVPET 4DCT was calculated by the union of BTVPET and CTV4D, and a 5 mm margin to CTVPET 4DCT was used to form PTVPET 4DCT. The geometrical differences of the targets were evaluated. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed among CTV3D, CTV4D and CTVPET 4DCT (CTVPET 4DCT>CTV4D>CTV3D, P=0.000-0.038). PTV3D, PTV4D, and PTVPET 4DCT also differed significantly from each other (PTVPET 4DCT>PTV4D>PTV3D, P=0.000-0.048). The DI of PTV3D in PTVPET 4DCT was significantly larger than that of PTV3D in PTV 4D (P=0.042). There were no significant differences between the DI of PTV4D in PTV3D and PTVPET 4DCT in PTV3D (P=0.118). Conclusions: As demonstrated by the assessment of the geometrical differences in PET/4DCT-based and 3DCT-based PTV, PET/4DCT could affect not only the volume of PTV but also its shape.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in acute spinal cord following a thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) and to determine the optimal time of examination. Sprague-Dawley rats were used as experimental animals and contusion injuries were made at the T10 vertebral level. The rats were divided into control, mild injury, moderate injury and severe injury groups. Spinal magnetic resonance DTI was scheduled at 6, 24 and 72 hours (h) post-SCI and the DTI parameters such as fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were calculated and the diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) of the spinal cord was also generated. We observed a significant decrease of FA in all the three injured groups and the FA at 24 h post-SCI exhibited the greatest decrease among different set times. For ADC, only the group of severely injured rats saw a significant decrease at 24 and 72 h compared with the control group. DTT showed interruption of nerve fiber tracking in the injured groups. This study demonstrates that FA can differentiate various grades of SCI in the early stage and 24 h after injury might be the optimal time for identifying injury severity.

This study investigated the factor structure of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), the differences in mean level of self-esteem and its association with depression in adolescents in three different cultures. The RSES and the Children’s Depression Inventory were administered to Chinese (N = 350), Italian (N = 352), and Costa Rican (N = 343) adolescents. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the two-factor model of the RSES and it was demonstrated to be invariant across cultures using multi-group confirmatory factor analyses. MANOVA results indicated that Costa Rican adolescents scored higher on positive and negative self-esteem than their Chinese and Italian counterparts. Furthermore, both positive and negative self-esteem was related to depression across cultures. In conclusion, there are both cultural differences and similarities in self-esteem.

The current study investigated the relationship between parental attachment and depressive symptoms as well as the mediating effect of self-control in two different cultures. Samples were 1305 Chinese and 1327 Italian adolescents. They completed the Inventory of Parental and Peer Attachment, the Self-Restraint Subscale of the Adolescents' Self-Consciousness Scale, and the Children's Depression Inventory that assessed parental attachment, self-control, and depressive symptoms, respectively. Results showed that: (1) Few cultural differences in depressive symptom were observed. (2) Parental attachment and self-control were negatively related to depressive symptoms in both cultures. (3) Self-control mediated the relations between parental attachment and depressive symptoms in both cultures. (4) The direct and indirect effects were invariant across cultures. In conclusion, parental attachment and self-control are important for adolescents' depressive symptoms in Chinese and Italian adolescents.

I(3) theory assumes that aggressive behavior is dependent on three orthogonal processes (i.e., Instigator, Impellance, and Inhibition). Previous studies showed that Impellance (trait aggressiveness, retaliation tendencies) better predicted aggression when Instigator was strong and Inhibition was weak. In the current study, we predicted that another Impellance (i.e., normative beliefs about aggression) might predict aggression when Instigator was absent and Inhibition was high (i.e., the perfect calm proposition). In two experiments, participants first completed the normative beliefs about aggression questionnaire. Two weeks later, participants' self-control resources were manipulated either using the Stroop task (study 1, N = 148) or through an "e-crossing" task (study 2, N = 180). Afterwards, with or without being provoked, participants played a game with an ostensible partner where they had a chance to aggress against them. Study 1 found that normative beliefs about aggression negatively and significantly predicted aggressive behavior only when provocation was absent and self-control resources were not depleted. In Study 2, normative beliefs about aggression negatively predicted aggressive behavior at marginal significance level only in the "no-provocation and no-depletion" condition. In conclusion, the current study provides partial support for the perfect calm proposition and I(3) theory.

To investigate the influence of registration based on different reference markers on the displacement of the geometry consisted of all clips in the cavity for external-beam partial breast irradiation at moderate deep inspiration breath holding assisted by active breathing control device.Twenty-seven early stage breast cancer patients feasible for external beam partial breast irradiation (EB-PBI) were selected. The patients undertaken three-dimensional computed tomography (3DCT) simulation scan at moderate deep inspiration breath holding (mDIBH) assisted by active breathing control device, and two sets of mDIBH CT images were got and transferred to the Pinnacle 3 planning system. All of the silver clips were delineated and a geometry consisted of all clips were generated. On the account of automatic registration of mDIBH CT images, manual registration was carried out based separately on the topside clip in the cavity, the labeled skin at anterior surface of the cavity at central level and the metal mark on the body surface near the cavity, then the displacements of center of the geometry in left-right (LR), anterior-posterior (AP) and superior-inferior (SI) directions based separately on the three registrations were measured.The displacements of center of the geometry in LR, AP and SI directions based on registration of the clips, the labeled skin and the metal mark were (0.61 ± 0.62)mm vs. (1.11 ± 1.21)mm vs. (1.31 ± 1.55)mm, (0.63 ± 0.59)mm vs. (0.92 ± 0.93)mm vs. (1.19 ± 1.24)mm and (0.91 ± 0.96)mm vs. (2.13 ± 2.12)mm vs. (1.93 ± 1.55)mm, respectively. Compared the displacements of center of the geometry in the same direction between the three registrations, significant differences were found only in SI direction between clip registration and skin registration, clip registration and mark registration (t = 5.045, 7.210 and P = 0.025, 0.007) . Compared the displacements of center of the geometry between three dimensional directions for each reference registration, there was no significant difference (all P0.05).When EB-PBI is carried out in state of mDIBH, measurement of the intrafraction displacement based on registration of the clip in the cavity is a reasonable selection. Otherwise, excessive margin enlargement of PTV in SI direction will be generated if the regional skin or metal mark is selected as registration reference.

To compare the position, displacement, degree of inclusion (DI) and matching index (MI) of the gross tumor volume (GTV) for peripheral lung cancer based on 4-dimensional CT (4D CT) and 3-dimensional CT (3D CT) assisted with active breathing control (ABC).Eighteen patients with peripheral lung cancer underwent 4D CT simulation scan during free breathing and 3D CT simulation scans in end-inspiratory hold (CTEIH) and end-expiratory hold (CTEEH) in turn. The 4D CT images from each respiratory cycle were sorted into 10 phases. phase 0 was defined as end-inspiratory phase (CT0), and phase 50 was defined as end-expiratory phase (CT50). The GTVs were delineated separately on CT0, CT50, CTEIH and CTEEH images, and then GTV0, GTV50, GTVEIH and GTVEEH were constructed, respectively.The median distances between the centroids of GTV0 and GTVEIH, GTV50 and GTVEEH were 3.9 mm and 3.4 mm in all patients, 3.2 mm and 3.1 mm in the upper lobe group, and 5.0 mm and 4.7 mm in the lower lobe group, respectively. In the upper lobe group, the GTV0 and GTVEIH were 65.9% and 63.1%, and the median mutual DIs of GTV50 and GTVEEH were 67.5%, 63.1%, respectively. In the lower lobe group, the GTV0 and GTVEIH were 35.3% and 21.4%, and the median mutual DIs of GTV50 and GTVEEH were 27.8% and 24.8%, respectively. In the upper lobe group, the median MI of GTV0 and GTVEIH was 0.5, and the median MI of GTV50 and GTVEEH was 0.6. In the lower lobe group, the median MI of GTV0 and GTVEIH was 0.2, and the median MI of GTV50 and GTVEEH was 0.3. Whether in the upper or lower lobe groups, all the differences between displacements of centroid positions of GTVEIH and GTVEEH (ABC displacement) and GTV0 and GTV50 (4D displacement ) were1 mm in three dimensional directions (all P0.05).The target displacement of tumors based on 3D CT scanning in end-inspiratory hold and end-expiration hold can be used to construct internal target volume instead of that based on 4D CT scanning in extreme phase for peripheral lung cancers, but spatital mismatches of GTVs are obvious between extreme phases in 4D CT and corresponding phases in 3D CT assisted with ABC, especially for tumors of smaller volume and with larger motion amplitude.

The present work focused on a rapid enrichment and cultivation of denitrifying phosphate-removal bacteria (DPB) in a membrane bio-reactor(MBR) by using A2/O anaerobic sludge from a wastewater treatment plant as seed, as well as providing an identification method. In the experiments, sodium acetate was used as the carbon source and a certain amount of nitrate was added to the MBR in the anoxic stage. Results showed that, with the efficient trap of the hollow-fiber membrane module, the proportion of DPB in all the phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) increased from 24% to 93% within 35 days after two-stage's cultivation including anaerobic/aerobic and anaerobic/anoxic, during which the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus reached more than 90%. The activated sludge was identified by combining a regular method and the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, which demonstrated that Pseudomonas sp. and Rhodocyclus sp. were the dominant bacteria in the used bioreactor.

Self-consciousness is considered as a multifaceted and hierarchical construct that includes self-evaluation, self-experience, and self-control. This study assumes that self-consciousness is a preventative factor of internalizing and externalizing problems among Chinese adolescents. 1202 Chinese adolescents from grade 7 to grade 12 participated in this study by completing a battery of questionnaires that assessed self-consciousness and internalizing/externalizing problems. The results showed that, after controlling demographic variables, some lower-order factors (i.e., sense of satisfaction, sense of anxiety, social self, self-restraint, self-esteem, and self-monitoring) and higher-order subscales (i.e., self-evaluation and self-experience) of self-consciousness significantly predicted internalizing problems, while externalizing problems were predicted by several lower-order factors (i.e., self-restraint, sense of satisfaction, and self-monitoring) and higher-order subscales (i.e., self-control and self-experience). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Chinese adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems are related with different aspects of self-consciousness, which sheds light on the prevention into adolescents' problem behaviors.

To explore the dosimetric variance in forward intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) based on 4D CT and 3D CT after breast conserving surgery.Seventeen patients after breast conserving surgery underwent 3D CT simulation scans followed by respiration-synchronized 4D CT simulation scans at free breathing state. The treatment plan constructed using the end inspiration (EI) scan was then copied and applied to the end expiration (EE), and 3D scans and dose distribution were calculated separately. Dose-volume histograms (DVHs) parameters for the CTV, PTV, ipsilateral lung and heart were evaluated and compared.The CTV volume difference was biggest between T0 and 3D CT, and the volume difference was 4.10 cm(3). Mean dose of PTV at EE was lower than that at EI (P = 0.019), but there were no statistically significant difference between 3D and EI, EE (all P0.05). The homogeneity index (HI) at EI, EE, 3D plans were 0.149, 0.159 and 0.164, respectively, and a significant difference was only between EI and EE (P = 0.039). The highest conformal index (CI) was at EI phase (P0.05), and there was no significant difference between EE and 3D (P = 0.758). The V(40) and V(50) of ipsilateral lung at EE phase were lower than that at EI (P0.05). There were no significant differences in all the indexes for heart (P0.05).The breast deformation during respiration may be disregarded in whole breast IMRT. PTV dose distribution is significantly changed between EI and EE phases, and the differentiation of the lung high dose area between EI and EE phases may be induced by thorax expansion. 3D treatment planning is sufficient for whole breast forward IMRT, but 4D CT scans assisted by respiratory gating ensures more precise delivery of radiation dose.

This study aimed at validating a Chinese questionnaire on self-consciousness for Italian adolescents. Self-consciousness is a hierarchical construct of self which comprehends self-evaluation, self-experience and self-monitoring. 1138 Italian adolescents filled in the Adolescent Self-Consciousness questionnaire and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis with cross-validation procedure was adopted to strengthen the findings. Results confirmed the second-order factor structure proposed by the authors showed good psychometric properties and discrete criteria validity, suggesting that the ASC could be a reliable and suitable measure to assess self-consciousness in Italian youths.

To measure the intrafraction displacement of the mediastinal metastatic lymph nodes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) based on four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT), and to provide the basis for the internal margin of metastatic mediastinal lymph nodes.Twenty-four NSCLC patients with mediastinal metastatic lymph nodes confirmed by contrast enhanced CT (short axis diameter ≥ 1 cm) were included in this study. 4D-CT simulation was carried out during free breathing and 10 image sets were acquired. The mediastinal metastatic lymph nodes and the dome of ipsilateral diaphragma were separately delineated on the CT images of 10 phases of breath cycle, and the lymph nodes were grouped as the upper, middle and lower mediastinal groups depending on the mediastinal station. Then the displacements of the lymph nodes in the left-right, anterior-posterior, superior-inferior directions and the 3-dimensional vector were measured. The differences of displacement in three directions for the same group of metastatic lymph nodes and in the same direction for different groups of metastatic lymph nodes were compared. The correlation between the displacement of ipsilateral diaphragma and mediastinal lymph nodes was analyzed in superior-inferior direction.The displacements in left-right, anterior-posterior and superior-inferior directions were (2.24 ± 1.55) mm, (1.87 ± 0.92) mm and (3.28 ± 2.59) mm for the total (53) mediastinal lymph nodes, respectively. The vectors were (4.70 ± 2.66) mm, (3.87 ± 2.45) mm, (4.97 ± 2.75) mm and (5.23 ± 2.67) mm for the total, upper, middle and lower mediastinal lymph nodes, respectively. For the upper mediastinal lymph nodes, the displacements in left-right, anterior-posterior and superior-inferior directions showed no significant difference between each other (P0.05). For the middle mediastinal lymph nodes, the displacements merely in anterior-posterior and superior-inferior directions showed significant difference (P = 0.005), while the displacements were not significantly different in the left-right and anterior-posterior, left-right and superior-inferior directions (P0.05). The displacements of the total and the lower mediastinal lymph nodes in left-right and superior-inferior, or anterior-posterior and superior-inferior directions were significantly different (P0.05), but was not significantly different in left-right and anterior-posterior directions (P0.05). The displacements of different group of mediastinal lymph nodes in a single direction or vector showed no significant difference (P0.05). In the superior-inferior direction, the correlation between the displacements of ipsilateral diaphragma and mediastinal lymph nodes were not statistically significant (P0.05).During free breathing, the differences between the intrafractional displacement of mediastinal metastatic lymph nodes in the same direction and its station were not statistically significant. The displacements of the total mediastinal metastatic lymph nodes in the superior-inferior direction were greater than that in the left-right and anterior-posterior directions, especially for the middle and lower mediastinal metastatic lymph nodes. There was no significant correlation between the displacements of ipsilateral diaphragma and the mediastinal metastatic lymph nodes in the superior-inferior direction, so it was unreasonable to estimate and predict the displacement of mediastinal metastatic lymph nodes by the displacement of ipsilateral diaphragma.

To compare the position and magnitude of internal target gross volume (IGTV) of primary hepatocarcinoma delineated by three methods based on four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) and to investigate the relevant factors affecting the position and magnitude.Twenty patients with primary hepatocarcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) underwent big bore 4D-CT simulation scan of the thorax and abdomen using a real-time position management (RPM) system for simultaneous record of the respiratory signals. The CT images with respiratory signal data were reconstructed and sorted into 10 phase groups in a respiratory cycle, with 0% phase corresponding to end-inhale and 50% corresponding to end-exhale. The maximum intensity projection (MIP) image was generated. IGTVs of the tumor were delineated using the following three methods: (1) The gross tumor volume (GTV) on each of the ten respiratory phases of the 4D-CT image set was delineated and fused ten GTV to produce IGTV10; (2) The GTVs delineated separately based on 0% and 50% phase were fused to produce IGTV(IN+EX); (3) The visible tumor on the MIP image was delineated to produce IGTV(MIP). Twenty patients were divided into groups A and B based on the location of the target center,and were divided into groups C and D based on the tumor maximum diameter. The patients were divided into groups E and F based on the three-dimensional (3D) motion vector of the target center. The position of the target center, the volume of target, the degree of inclusion (DI) and the matching index (MI) were compared reciprocally between IGTV10, IGTV(IN+EX) and IGTV(MIP), and the influence of the tumor position and 3D motion vector on the related parameters were compared based on the grouping.The average differences between the position of the center of IGTVs on direction of X, Y and Z axes were less than 1.5 mm, and the difference was statistically not significant. The volume of IGTV10 was larger than that of IGTV(IN+EX), but the difference was not significant (t = 0.354, P = 0.725). The volume of IGTV10 was larger than that of IGTV(MIP) but the difference was not significant (t = -0.392, P = 0.697). The ratio of IGTV(IN+EX) to IGTV10 was 0.75 +/- 0.15 and the ratio of IGTV(MIP) to IGTV10 was 0.78 +/- 0.14. The DI of IGTV(IN+EX) in IGTV10 was (74.85 +/- 15.09)% and that of IGTV(MIP) in IGTV10 was (68.87 +/- 13.69)%. The MI between IGTV10 and IGTV(IN+EX), IGTV10 and IGTV(MIP) were 0.75 +/- 0.15 and 0.67 +/- 0.13, respectively. The median of ratio of IGTV(IN+EX)/ IGTV10 was 0.57 in group A versus 0.87 in group B, statistically with a significant difference between the groups A and B (Z = -3.300,P = 0.001). The median of ratio of IGTV(MIP)/IGTV10 was 0.51 in the group A and 0.72 in group B, with a significant difference between the groups A and B (Z = -3.413, P = 0.001). The median of ratio of IGTV(IN+EX)/IGTV10 was 0.79 in group C versus 0.74 in group D, with a difference not significant (Z = -0.920, P = 0.358). The median of ratio of IGTV(MIP)/IGTV10 was 0.85 in group C versus 0.80 in group D, with a non-significant difference (Z = -0.568, P = 0.570). The median of ratio of IGTV(IN+EX)/IGTV10 was 0.87 in group E versus 0.68 in group F, with a significant difference between the two groups (Z = -2.897, P = 0.004). The median of ratio of IGTV(MIP)/IGTV10 was 0.85 in the group E versus 0.81 in the group F, with a non-significant difference (Z = -0.568, P = 0.570).The center displacement of the IGTVs delineated separately by the three techniques based on 4D-CT images is not obvious. IGTV(IN+EX) and IGTV(MIP) can not replace IGTV10, however, IGTV(IN+EX) is more close to IGTV10 comparing with IGTV(MIP). The ratio of IGTV10 and IGTV(MIP) is correlated to the 3D motion vector of the tumor. When the tumor is situated in the upper part of the liver and with a 3D motion vector less than 9 mm, IGTV10 should be the best IGTV.

To explore the displacement of the selected clips and the center of the geometry consisted of all the clips in the surgical cavity measured on the basis of four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) simulation images.Fourteen breast cancer patients after breast-conserving surgery were recruited for external beam partial-breast irradiation (EB-PBI), and received large aperture CT simulation. The 4D-CT image data sets were collected when the patient was in the free breathing state. Using the Varian Eclipse treatment planning system, the selected four clips in the cavity were separately delineated on the CT images from 10 phases of the breath cycle, and all of the clips in the cavity were marked to obtain the geometry. Then the displacement of the four selected clips and the center of the geometry in the left-right (LR), anterior-posterior (AP), and superior-inferior (SI) directions were measured. The differences of the displacement were compared.The displacements in the AP and SI directions were always greater than the displacement in LR direction for the same selected clip. The difference of the displacements in the same direction of the different selected clips was not statistically significant (P0.05). The displacements of the geometry center consisted of all of the clips in the LR, AP, SI directions were (1.34±0.39) mm, (2.01±1.02) mm and (1.89±1.03) mm, respectively, and the difference of the displacements between LR and AP, LR and SI were all statistically significant (P0.05). In the same directions (LR, AP and SI), the displacement of geometry center was always greater than the displacement of the selected clips, and the difference except SI direction was all statistically significant (P0.05). In the SI direction, the association between the displacement of geometry center and the upper clip, geometry center and the lower clip was statistically significant (P0.05).When the target for EB-PBI is defined on the basis of 4D-CT simulation images, the displacement of the selected clips at the border of the surgical cavity is not qualified to substitute the displacement of the target defined basing on all of the clips in the surgical cavity.

To explore the overlap ratio of the target volume in different respiratory statuses of active breath control (ABC) and their differences during external-beam partial breast irradiation (EB-PBI), and from the perspective of target volume overlap to determine the influence of the ABC-assisted breathing condition on intra-fractional target movement of EB-PBI.The patients, who received breast-conserving surgery with silver clips marked at the margins of the cavity and were suitable for EB-PBI, were immobilized on the breast bracket to undertake CT simulation assisted by ABC device, six sets of CT simulation images including two sets of image in state of moderate deep inspiration breathing control (mDIBH), two sets of images in state of free breath (FB) and two sets of images in state of deep expiration breathing control (DEBH) were obtained. The six sets of images were transferred to Pinnacle(3) treatment planning system (TPS), then automatic fusion and registration between two sets of mDIBH images, two sets of FB images, two sets of DEBH images and mDIBH image and DEBH image were achieved separately. Thereafter, the overlap ratios of GTV with GTV, CTV with CTV, PTV with PTV were calculated by the Pinnacle(3) TPS. The differences between the overlap ratios of the three kinds of targets in the same registered image and the difference between the overlap ratios of the same kind of target in the different registered images were statistically analyzed using statistical package of SPSS 11.5.Based on mDIBH/mDIBH registration, the overlap ratios of GTV/GTV, CTV/CTV and PTV/PTV were (83.54 ± 11.41)%, (93.00 ± 6.49)%, and (95.26 ± 4.90)%, respectively, and the differences of the overlap ratios between GTV/GTV and CTV/CTV, GTV/GTV and PTV/PTV were all statistically significant (P0.05), but statistically not significant between CTV/CTV and PTV/PTV (P0.05). Based on FB/FB registration, the overlap ratios of GTV/GTV, CTV/CTV and PTV/PTV were (72.55 ± 29.10)%, (89.36 ± 9.53)% and (92.47 ± 7.25)%, respectively, and the differences of the overlap ratios between GTV/GTV and CTV/CTV, CTV/CTV and PTV/PTV were all not statistically significant (P0.05), but statistically significant between GTV/GTV and PTV/PTV (P0.05). Based on DEBH/DEBH registration, the overlap ratios of GTV/GTV, CTV/CTV and PTV/PTV were (79.48 ± 22.31)%, (92.83 ± 6.77)% and (95.05 ± 4.81)%, respectively, and the differences of the overlap ratios between GTV/GTV and CTV/CTV (P = 0.000), CTV/CTV and PTV/PTV (P = 0.037), GTV/GTV and PTV/PTV (P = 0.000) were statistically all significant (P = 0.000). The differences of the overlap ratios of GTV/GTV, CTV/CTV, and PTV/PTV (P = 0.000) between mDIBH/mDIBH and DEBH/DEBH, mDIBH/mDIBH and FB/FB, FB/FB and DEBH/DEBH were all statistically significant (P = 0.000), and not statistically significant between mDIBH/mDIBH and mDIBH/DEBH, FB/FB and mDIBH/DEBH.During the delivering of EB-PBI assisted by ABC, the intra-fractional overlap ratios of the target volume between the same breathing state is increasing in the order of GTV/GTV → CTV/CTV → PTV/PTV. The difference of the overlap ratios of the target volumes between mDIBH and mDIBH, FB and FB, DEBH and DEBH is not significant, and the overlap ratios of PTV/PTV in the three breathing statuses of mDIBH, FB and DEBH reaches a higher level. Therefore, from the perspective of target volume overlap, if the setup error is corrected online before delivering, the necessity of breathing control during delivering of EB-PBI is worthy discussing.

The Chinese traditional folk-house provides a basic comfortable living-space for people since long time. The article focuses on the ecological strategy of choosing site in traditional folk-house. Base on a great deal of literature and examples, the author concludes some strategy from different angles, such as orientation, soil, water, wind, plant, topography and so on. Then, the article gains the ideal space pattern and it's characters.

The Chinese traditional folk-house provides a basic comfortable living-space for people since long time. The article focuses on the ecological strategy of site planning in traditional folk-house. Base on expounding the basic characters of folk-house,the author concludes some ecologic strategy from different angles, such as path design, design of key point in space, construction of assistant equipment, and so on, which will be benefited for the today's design.

This study was purposed to investigate the effects of 25 Gy gamma-ray irradiation on the CD62p expression, platelet count and the mean platelet volume (MPV) of manually enriched platelet suspension in different time of shelf life at 22 degrees C. Each of 16 bags with plasma-rich platelet was divided into two bags, one of which was exposed to 25 Gy gamma-ray of 137Cs and the other ones was not exposed. 16 bags then were preserved for 72 hours according to AABB standards. The irradiated platelets were regarded as the observation group, and the other ones were regarded as the control group, the expression of p-selectin (CD62p) in the above 2 groups was detected by flow cytometry before irradiation and at 24, 72 hours after irradiation respectively; at the same time, the platelet count and MPV were assayed by using blood cell counter. The results showed that the expression level of CD62p on platelet in irradiated and control groups increased along with the prolonging of preservation time, the expression rate of CD62p on the platelets preserved for 24 hours was higher than that on fresh platelets with significant difference (p0.05); the expression rate of CD62p on the platelets preserved for 72 hours obviously was enhanced as compared with platelets preserved for 24 hours (p0.01). There were no significant differences in CD62p expression rate, platelet count and MPV between irradiated and control groups preserved for 24 and 72 hours (p0.05), however the MPV of irradiated and control groups preserved for 72 hours was higher than that of fresh platelets (p0.05). It is concluded that the gamma-ray irradiation does not affect the quantity and quality of platelets, but the preservation time for manually enriched platelet suspension should be shortened as far as possible.

The Sun affects the Earth's physical phenomena in multiple ways, in particular the material in interplanetary space comes from coronal expansion in the form of inhomogeneous plasma flow (solar wind), which is the primary source of the interplanetary medium. Ground-based Interplanetary Scintillation (IPS) observations are an important and effective method for measuring solar wind speed and the structures of small diameter radio sources. We discuss one mode of ground-based single-station observations: Single-Station Single-Frequency (SSSF) mode. To realize the SSSF mode, a new system has been established at Urumqi Astronomical Observatory (UAO), China, and a series of experimental observations were carried out successfully from May to December, 2008.

To explore the influence of intrafraction and interfraction target displacement on the dose distribution in the target of forward whole-breast intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) assisted by active breathing control (ABC).Each of the selected patient who had received breast conserving surgery was immobilized and received the primary CT simulation assisted by ABC device to get five sets of CT images in three different breathing status, including free breathing (FB) (one set), moderate deep inspiration breathing hold (mDIBH)(two sets) and deep expiration breathing hold (DEBH) (2 sets). After 10 to 15 fractions of radiation, the repeated CT simulation was completed and the same five sets of CT images were obtained at FB, mDIBH, and DEBH, respectively. In the Pinnacle3 treatment planning system, the forward IMRT planning was completed on the first set of mDIBH CT images from the primary CT simulation, and the planning was separately copied by the special system order to the second set of CT images from the primary CT simulation and to the first set of CT images from the repeated CT simulation, keeping the primary angle, direction, size and shape of the MLC field and prescribed dose un-changed. the volumes covered by selected high dose area in the selected segment were compared.In the planning based on the first set of mDIBH CT images from the primary CT simulation, the volume irradiated by equal and more than 103% of prescribed dose in the segment was (1.16 +/- 0.39) cm3, and the volumes were (3.88 +/- 1.07) cm3 and (51.66 +/- 8.68) cm3 in the plannings copied from the first set of mDIBH CT images from the primary CT simulation respectively to the second set of CT images from the primary CT simulation and first set of CT images from the repeat CT simulation, the difference of the volume in the two plannings based on the two set mDIBH CT image from the primary CT simulation was not statistically significant (t = -1.672, P = 0.103). The difference of the volume in the two plannings based on the two sets of mDIBH CT images respectively from the primary and repeat CT simulations had a significant difference (t = -5.728, P0.01).If the same threshold of mDIBH is maintained during IMRT after breast conserving surgery, the influence of the intrafraction target displacement on the dose distribution is not significant. However, if set-up error is not adjusted, the interfraction change of position of the segment given to cover the high dose area in the IMRT planning will be significant, resulting in a significant change of dose distribution in the breast.

Mannan-binding lectin (MBL), a pattern recognizing serum protein, participates in the innate immune system of mammals as an opsonin. In humans, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MBL2 gene were found to cause various innate immune dysfunctions. In the present study, we discovered three single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the MBL1 gene in Chinese native cattle and analyzed their associations with milk traits. By screening the genetic variation of MBL1 in 1053 individuals of three Chinese native cattle breeds including China Holstein, Luxi Yellow and Bohai Black using created restriction site-polymerase chain reaction (CRS-PCR), PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing techniques, three new SNPs, g.855G>A, g.2651G>A and g.2686T>C, were found to have allele frequencies of 0-12.65%, 24.07-42.39% and 56.95-73.68%, respectively. While SNP g.855G>A is located within intron І, the other two SNPs reside in the exon II region with one mutation being non-synonymous (GTT (Val)>ATT (Ile)) and the other synonymous (GCT (Ala)>GCC (Ala)). Among the 596 Chinese Holstein cattle with at least 3 lactation Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) records, eight different haplotypes and 19 genotype combinations were detected. Statistical analyses revealed no correlation between either g.855G>A or g.2686T>C and somatic cell score (SCS), however significant association was found between g.2651G>A and SCS, suggesting a possible role of this SNP in the host response against mastitis. Our data also suggested that the combined genotypes of GGC/AAC with the lowest SCS, AAT/AAT with the highest protein content and AGC/AGC with the highest 305-d milk yield were favorable combinations for mastitis resistance and milk production traits. Therefore, GGC/AAC, AAT/AAT and AGC/AGC can be used as possible candidates for marker-assisted selection in the dairy cattle breeding program.

Bovine lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional glycoprotein found in milk, which acts mainly as a defense factor in the mammary gland. Polymorphism has been found in the bovine LF gene. However, there is no report on genetic polymorphism of LF gene and its associations with mastitis in dairy cattle. In this study, the promoter fragment of LF gene containing -926(G/A), -915(T/G), -478(/G), and +72(T/C) mutations were genotyped by the PCR-RFLP and CRS-PCR method. Two hundred and sixty-eight Chinese Holstein cows were screened. Least square linear model (LSM) analysis was applied to evaluate the associations of LF gene with somatic cell score (SCS). The results indicated that the SCS was significantly affected by -478(/G) and +72(T/C), but not by the other two loci (P0.05). The SCS of cow with genotype AB in +72(T/C) position was significantly lower than that of genotype AA (P0.01) or AB (P0.05). In position -478(/G), the cow with genotype CC showed significantly lower SCS in contrast to cow with genotype CD and DD (P0.01). In conclusion, genotype AB in position +72(T/C) and genotype CC in position -478(/G) of LF gene were advantageous genotype, which can be used as candidate markers for mastitis resistance selection in dairy cattle.

The polymorphisms of HSP70-1 gene in 253 Chinese Holstein dairy cows were studied, and the association between the polymorphisms and somatic cell score (SCS) were analyzed. PCR-SSCP, PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing were used to investigate mutations in the coding region of HSP70-1 gene. The G--A--C mutation at 1 623 bp and G--A mutation at 2 409 bp were found and both of them were silence mutations that caused no alteration in amino acid sequence. Chi-square test showed both loci were'nt at Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium in Chinese Holstein. In the meanwhile, the association of 2 409 locus and SCS was not significant. However, the polymorphism at 1623 locus affected SCS significantly (P0.05). The SCS of genotype CC was significantly lower than that of genotype AG and GG (P0.05), so genotype CC was mastitis resistant. These results suggest that genotype CC of HSP70-1 gene may be used as a molecular and genetic marker to improve the phenotype of anti-mastitis in Chinese Holstein dairy cows.

To explore the relationship of dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters and computed tomography grading of radiation-induced lung injury in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated by three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT).One hundred sixty-nine patients with stage I approximately III NSCLC, treated by 3D-CRT and followed by CT scan for more than six months after 3D-CRT, were divided into grade 0 to grade 4 based on the appearance of radiation-induced lung injury on CT image defined jointly by radiotherapist and radiologist. The patients were divided into CT positive group (grade 2 to grade 4) and CT negative group (grade 0 to grade 1), then the treatment planning shown to the patients were reviewed to compare and analyze the relationship of CT grading of radiation-induced lung injury and the DVH parameter selected.Regardless of whole lung or tumor-bearing lung, there was a statistically significant difference in normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) between the patients grouped with different CT grading of radiation-induced lung injury, and the mean of NTCP increased along with upgrade of CT grading. There was a statistically significant difference of mean lung dose (MLD) regardless of whole lung or tumor-bearing lung between the patients grouped with different CT grading of radiation-induced lung injury, and MLD increased along with upgrade of CT grading. There was a statistically significant difference of the volume received equal or more than 20 Gy (V(20)), 30 Gy (V(30)), 40 Gy (V(40)) of whole lung and tumor-bearing lung between the patients grouped with different CT grading of radiation-induced lung injury, and V(20), V(30), V(40) increased along with upgrade of CT grading. There were not statistically significant differences of the DVH parameters of the contralateral lung in the patients of different groups based on the CT grading. On statistical analysis, the DVH parameters of whole lung and tumor-bearing lung closely correlated with CT grading of radiation-induced injury of the tumor-bearing lung, and there was a relatively strongest relationship between NTCP and CT grading of the tumor-bearing lung (eta = 0.522).DVH parameters such NTCP, MLD, V(20), V(30), and V(40) are statistically correlated closely with CT grading of radiation-induced lung injury after radiotherapy for the patients with NSCLC treated by 3D-CRT. Therefore the parameters can be selected as the reference for evaluation after 3D-CRT for patients with NSCLC.

K-casein gene was regarded as a candidate gene for milk production traits of cows. In this study, a 779 bp fragment of k-casein gene of Chinese Holstein was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the polymorphisms of three loci of k-casein gene were detected by PCR-RFLP with restriction endonuclease Taq, Hind, Pst. After sequencing, T/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was identified at nucleotide 10 891C/A SNP was identified at nucleotide 10 927 and G/A SNP was identified at nucleotide 10 988 in exon4 of k-casein gene. Both alleles (A and B) of three loci were found in the population that showed low polymorphism. The gene frequencies of A and B were 86.03% and 13.97%, respectively. The genotype frequencies of AA, AB, and BB were 73.71%, 24.63%, and 1.66%, respectively. Statistical results of c2 test indicated that three polymorphism sites in the population fitted with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P0.05). Meanwhile, the effect of polymorphism of k-casein gene on milk production traits was analyzed. The results indicated that in the three loci, the different genotype of k-casein gene had no significant influence on milk yield and milk protein percent (P0.05). The cows with genotypes BB and AB showed higher milk fat percent than those with genotype AA ( P0.05 ) ; with genotype AB showed higher fat protein ratio than those with genotype AA ( P0.05 ). The polymorphism of the three loci in the experimental population is closely linked. The conclusion is that k-casein B allele can be used as the molecular genetic markers of modifying milk fat percent in Chinese Holstein cows.

Complex vertebral malformation (CVM), a lethal autosomal recessive inherited defect in Holstein calves, was newly reported worldwide. The molecular cause of CVM was a substitution of guanine by thymine (G--T) in a solute carrier family 35 member 3 gene (SLC35A3), encoding UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter. It was characterized by stillborn, abortion, and premature birth. The objective of this study was to study the actual carrier frequency of the CVM mutation in a population of Chinese Holstein (=Chinese Black-and-White) normal cattle. The normal 436 Holstein cows and 93 Holstein bulls were genotyping by using the Created Restriction Site PCR (CRS-PCR) and Allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) methods. There were two bulls and one cow in three observed CVM-carriers. In the Holstein dairy cattle and Holstein bull population, the percentages of CVM carriers were estimated as 0.60% and 2.20% respectively. This study provided a more reliable and useful method for extensive screening of CVM and also offers a theoretical basis for molecular diagnosis in Holstein calves.

To explore the displacement of surgical clip and cavity during different respiratory status, intrafraction and interfraction for the patients treated by external-beam partial breast irradiation (EB-PBI) assisted by active breathing control (ABC) device after breast-conserving surgery.After breast-conserving surgery, twenty-five patients with stage I/II breast cancer who was identified to be feasible for EB-PBI underwent CT-simulation positioning assisted with ABC device. Five series of CT images were done during three respiratory status, which included one series of images during free breathing status (FB), two series of images during moderate deep inspiration breath hold (mDIBH), two series of images during deep expiration breath hold (DEBH) at 75% maximum inspiration capacity, and all of the five series of images were transferred to ADAC Pinnacle3 treatment planning system. This procedure was repeated after 10 - 15 days. The targets were delineated and the first appeared clips were marked by the same radiotherapist on the CT images in mDIBH and DEBH status from the first CT simulation positioning to analyze the displacement of the targets produced by respiratory status. The targets were also delineated and all of the clips were marked by the same radiotherapist on another two series of CT images during mDIBH from the first and repeated CT-simulation positioning for analyzing the intrafraction and interfraction movement of cavity and clips, respectively.There was a significant difference between mDIBH and DEBH in the movement of the point of interest (POI) of the first appeared clip in the directions of X (0.22 cm), Y (1.27 cm) and Z axis (0.50 cm) (chi2 =9.558, P = 0.008); and this was also found to be present in the movement of POI of the cavity in the directions of X (0.10 cm), Y (1.08 cm) and Z axis (0.50 cm) (chi2 = 20.44, P0.01). Regardless of the clip and the cavity, the movement extent along the direction of Y axis was the biggest. However, no significant difference was found in the displacements of POI of the geometric form constructed by all clips in the directions of X (0.09 cm, 0.68 cm), Y (0.14 cm, 0.37 cm) and Z axis (0.25 cm, 0.50 cm) in the same respiratory status of mDIBH at different moment in the intrafraction and interfraction, respectively; and this was also found in the displacements of POI of the cavity in the direction of X (0.15 cm, 0.66 cm), Y (0.17 cm, 0.45 cm) and Z axis (0.25 cm, 0.75 cm)in the same respiratory status of mDIBH at different moment in the intrafraction and interfraction, respectively.The margin of planning target volume for external beam partial breast irradiation in different respiratory status is found to be different, the margin displacement along the different axis is also different in free breathing status. However, it can be controlled almost at the same extent in moderate deep inspiration breath hold if assisted by active breathing control device.

To investigate the impact of PET/CT on the clinical staging, target volume delineation and precise radiotherapy (PAR) planning for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).PET/CT scanning was performed in 58 histologically proven NSCLC patients for radical radiotherapy or surgery. The clinical staging of all patients was determined by PET/CT according to 1997 World Health Organization (WHO) staging system. The gross tumor volume (GTV) was delineated and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) planning was established with identical parameters based on CT image and PET/CT fused image, respectively. The indexes including volume of GTV (V(GTV)), percentage of the total lung volume which received more than 20 Gy (V(20)), mean lung dose (MLD), tumor control probability (TCP), normal tissue complication probability (NTCP), and dose to spinal cord (Ds) were selected and evaluated. The quality of the two plans and the impact of PET/CT on PAR planning was compare and analyzed.1. PET/CT image results changed the clinical stages in 21 of 58 (36.2%) patients with 14 upstaged and 7 downstaged, therefore, the management decisions were modified in 16 (27.6%) patients. 2. Among 32 patients who underwent surgery, PET/CT staging result was consistent with pathologic staging in 29 with one false negative and 2 false positive in lymph node staging. The sensitivity of PET/CT was 96.9% and accuracy 90.6%. 3. The differences of indexes including V(GTV) (P = 0.004), V(20) (P = 0.000) and MLD (P = 0.004) between the two radiotherapy plannings were statistically significant, whereas, the Ds, TCP and NTCP (left lung, right lung, skin and spinal cord) was not.1. The impact PET/CT on clinical staging of NSCLC and PAR planning was remarkable. 2. PET/CT is more consistent with pathology in staging than CT and, therefore, is an important compensatory staging measure. 3. Compared with CT, PET/CT can reduce the V(GTV) in patients with atelectasis and obstructive pneumonitis when contouring the target volume, so can provide better protection for normal surrounding lung tissue. On the other hand, PET/CT is more sensitive in detecting mediastinal lymph node metastasis than CT, and the V(GTV) can be more precise and guaranteed. 4. Radiopneumonitis may be more effectively prevented because of significant decrease in V(20) and MLD by more precise planning based on PET/CT results. 5. PET/CT not only can provide satisfactory Ds, TCP and NTCP within clinical demand, but also more precise delineation of the radiation target volume and precise radiotherapy planning for NSCLC.