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It aims to explain the motion law of simple harmonic vibration in phase space with the complex part of differential equation. Introduce and enumerate differential equations, classify and discuss each case, and finally get the appropriate formula. Angular velocity, phase, displacement, time, amplitude, acceleration and trigonometric function are connected by equation solution. It explains the rationality of physics in phase space, and does not restrict the limited operation with real space. Using the knowledge of second order differential equation, the formula of angular velocity of simple harmonic motion is successfully proved. According to the equation of motion, Displacement is a cosine function with respect to time t; The velocity is a sine function with respect to time t; and the acceleration is a sine function with respect to time t of two angular velocity multiples. The emergence of differential equations is equivalent to opening up a new way for the scientific community, so many problems in other disciplines need to be solved and proved. Therefore, it is a very reasonable behavior to combine physics with this method.

Oscar Wilde is one of the representative figures of aestheticism, and his poems were translated into China in the early 20th century. As a progressive female poet and translator of that time, Zhang Jinfen was one of the first translators to translate Wilde's poetry into China. This paper will analyze the selection and translation process of Zhang Jinfen’s translations of Wilde’s poetry, and compare other contemporaneous and modern translations to discover the unique features of Zhang's translations. Meanwhile, this paper will also study the impact of Zhang’s translations on herself as an individual and on the times.

Activity-dependent changes in protein expression are critical for neuronal plasticity, a fundamental process for the processing and storage of information in the brain. Among the various forms of plasticity, homeostatic synaptic up-scaling is unique in that it is induced primarily by neuronal inactivity. However, precisely how the turnover of synaptic proteins occurs in this homeostatic process remains unclear. Here, we report that chronically inhibiting neuronal activity in primary cortical neurons prepared from embryonic day (E)18 Sprague Dawley rats (both sexes) induces autophagy, thereby regulating key synaptic proteins for up-scaling. Mechanistically, chronic neuronal inactivity causes dephosphorylation of ERK and mTOR, which induces transcription factor EB (TFEB)-mediated cytonuclear signaling and drives transcription-dependent autophagy to regulate αCaMKII and PSD95 during synaptic up-scaling. Together, these findings suggest that mTOR-dependent autophagy, which is often triggered by metabolic stressors such as starvation, is recruited and sustained during neuronal inactivity to maintain synaptic homeostasis, a process that ensures proper brain function and if impaired can cause neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn the mammalian brain, protein turnover is tightly controlled by neuronal activation to ensure key neuronal functions during long-lasting synaptic plasticity. However, a long-standing question is how this process occurs during synaptic up-scaling, a process that requires protein turnover but is induced by neuronal inactivation. Here, we report that mTOR-dependent signaling, which is often triggered by metabolic stressors such as starvation, is “hijacked” by chronic neuronal inactivation, which then serves as a nucleation point for transcription factor EB (TFEB) cytonuclear signaling that drives transcription-dependent autophagy for up-scaling. These results provide the first evidence of a physiological role of mTOR-dependent autophagy in enduing neuronal plasticity, thereby connecting major themes in cell biology and neuroscience via a servo loop that mediates autoregulation in the brain.

Glass cultural relics are important material and cultural heritage of human beings and play an important role in the history of human civilization. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the chemical composition of glass artefacts and the glass type of the artefacts. The chemical composition of glass was analyzed and identified by using K-means clustering, multiple correspondence analysis, SOM model and random forest algorithm. In this paper, based on the given data, the physical properties and chemical composition of the high-potassium glass relics and the lead-barium glass relics were studied respectively, and the classification basis of the two was obtained. It is found that the content of silica and lead oxide can be used as an important basis for distinguishing the two types of glass cultural relics and based on this, a prediction model for further classification of cultural relics and inference of glass cultural relics is designed. This study answered the relationship between the chemical composition of glass relics and the glass type of relics, and further research is needed to obtain more relevant data to train the model to improve its applicability.

Long-term cigarette smoking causes various human diseases, including respiratory disease, cancer, and gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Alterations in gene expression and variable splicing processes induced by smoking are associated with the development of diseases. This study applied advanced machine learning methods to identify the isoforms with important roles in distinguishing smokers from former smokers based on the expression profile of isoforms from current and former smokers collected in one previous study. These isoforms were deemed as features, which were first analyzed by the Boruta to select features highly correlated with the target variables. Then, the selected features were evaluated by four feature ranking algorithms, resulting in four feature lists. The incremental feature selection method was applied to each list for obtaining the optimal feature subsets and building high-performance classification models. Furthermore, a series of classification rules were accessed by decision tree with the highest performance. Eventually, the rationality of the mined isoforms (features) and classification rules was verified by reviewing previous research. Features such as isoforms ENST00000464835 (expressed by LRRN3), ENST00000622663 (expressed by SASH1), and ENST00000284311 (expressed by GPR15), and pathways (cytotoxicity mediated by natural killer cell and cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction) revealed by the enrichment analysis, were highly relevant to smoking response, suggesting the robustness of our analysis pipeline.

First-principles calculations show a self-isomerization process of the nearly planar superatom, in which the maximum energy difference between different extreme points is below 0.1 eV and a crossing between singlet and triplet states is also involved. Further UV-Vis spectra reveal a correlation between the spectra and structures caused by self-isomerization.

N/F co-doped carbon materials prepared with an aniline-type benzoxazine as a carbon precursor show a better catalytic performance for the selective oxidation of 2-methylnapthalene.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of janagliflozin in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy.This multicenter phase 3 trial included a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled period, followed by a 28-week extension period. Patients (N=421) with HbAAt Week 24, the placebo-adjusted LS mean changes of HbAJanagliflozin 25 mg or 50 mg once-daily added to metformin therapy significantly improved glycemic control, reduced body weight and SBP, improved HDL-C and insulin sensitivity, and was generally well-tolerated by Chinese T2DM patients who had poor glycemic control with metformin monotherapy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The new xanthine dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor yogliptin has exhibited excellent hypoglycemic activity in experimental disease models. The present work aimed to assess the efficacy of yogliptin as a monotherapy in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).A 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study was performed. T2DM patients (new diagnosis or inadequately controlled) were randomly divided into groups (1:1:1:1) and administered either a placebo or weekly doses of 200, 300, or 400 mg yogliptin, respectively. The primary efficacy end point in this analysis was hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) change at 12 weeks relative to baseline. Relevant secondary outcomes were also examined, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 h-postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), body weight, and the rate of individuals who achieved the treatment goal of HbA1c ≤ 7% at 12 weeks from baseline.A total of 81 cases who received either the placebo (20 cases) or 200 (20 cases), 300 (20 cases), or 400 (21 cases) mg yogliptin were examined in the full analysis set. At 12 weeks, changes in HbA1c levels from baseline were 0.17 (-0.22, 0.57) in the placebo group, and -0.75 (-1.15, -0.35), -0.52 (-0.93, -0.11) and -1.02 (-1.41, -0.64) (mean % [95% confidence interval], p .001 vs. placebo) in the 200, 300, and 400 mg yogliptin groups, respectively. From week four, significant improvements in secondary efficacy outcomes among patients administered the yogliptin monotherapy were observed. FPG showed markedly more pronounced reduction after treatment with yogliptin at 200, 300, and 400 mg in comparison with placebo patients at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. At 12 weeks, goal attainment (HbA1c ≤ 7%) was reached in 0%, 20.00%, 15.80%, and 33.33% of the placebo and three Yogliptin dosage groups, respectively. Adverse events were comparable in all groups.This study demonstrated that yogliptin controlled glycemia in Chinese T2DM cases, with a great safety profile. The current findings supported that any of the three doses of yogliptin, administered once a week, could be used for phase III clinical studies.

Most previous studies reject the basic tenet of the Masters Hypothesis that the influx of financial index investments has pressured agricultural futures prices upwards substantially. However, the impact of index investment activities may be more complicated and nuanced than can be detected by the relatively simple linear Granger causality tests used in many previous studies. Our study applies a new cross-quantilogram (CQ) test to weekly index trader positions and returns in four agricultural futures markets. Overall, we find limited support for a significant relationship between extreme index trader position changes and returns, and even less support that increased index trading activities have pushed commodity prices higher.

Melanoma accounts for the majority of skin cancer deaths. Artificial intelligence has been applied in many types of cancers, and in melanoma in recent years. However, no systematic review summarized the application of artificial intelligence in melanoma.This study aims to systematically review previously published articles to explore the application of artificial intelligence in melanoma.PubMed database was used to search the eligible publications on August 1, 2020. The query term was "artificial intelligence" and "melanoma."A total of 51 articles were included in this review. Artificial intelligence technique is mainly used in the evaluation of dermoscopic images, other image segmentation and processing, and artificial intelligence diagnosis system.Artificial intelligence is also applied in metastasis prediction, drug response prediction, and prognosis of melanoma. Besides, patients' perspectives of artificial intelligence and collaboration of human and artificial intelligence in melanoma also attracted attention. The query term might not include all articles, and we could not examine the algorithms that were built without publication.The performance of artificial intelligence in melanoma is satisfactory and the future for potential applications is enormous.

To date, few effective treatments have been licensed for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which a kind of chronic liver disease. Mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1 (MST1) is reported to be involved in the development of NAFLD. Thus, we evaluated the suitability of a redox-unlockable polymeric nanoparticle Hep@PGEA vector to deliver MST1 or siMST1 (HCP/MST1 or HCP/siMST1) for NAFLD therapy. The Hep@PGEA vector can efficiently deliver the condensed functional nucleic acids MST1 or siMST1 into NAFLD-affected mouse liver to upregulate or downregulate MST1 expression. The HCP/MST1 complexes significantly improved liver insulin resistance sensitivity and reduced liver damage and lipid accumulation by the AMPK/SREBP-1c pathway without significant adverse events. Instead, HCP/siMST1 delivery exacerbates the NAFLD. The analysis of NAFLD patient samples further clarified the role of MST1 in the development of hepatic steatosis in patients with NAFLD. The MST1-based gene intervention is of considerable potential for clinical NAFLD therapy, and the Hep@PGEA vector provides a promising option for NAFLD gene therapy.

The total number of cancer patients who are eligible for and will benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in China has not been quantified. This cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the number of Chinese cancer patients with eligibility and response to ICIs based on the 2015 Chinese cancer statistics and the immune checkpoint inhibitor clinical practice guideline of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology. A total of 11 ICIs were recommended for 17 cancer types. The estimated number of eligible patients annually was 1 290 156 (55.18%), which included 888 738 males (60.05%) and 400 468 females (46.67%). The estimated number of responders annually was 448 972 (19.20%), which included 309 023 males (20.88%) and 139 764 females (16.29%). Gastric cancer (n=291 000, 12.45%), non-small-cell lung cancer (n=289 629, 12.39%), and hepatocellular carcinoma (n=277 100, 11.85%) were the top three cancer types with the highest number of eligible patients. Non-small-cell lung cancer (n=180 022, 7.70%), hepatocellular carcinoma (n=75 648, 3.24%), and small-cell lung cancer (n=64 362, 2.75%) were the top three cancer types with the highest number of responders. In conclusion, ICIs provide considerable benefit in Chinese cancer patients under optimal estimation.

In this paper, the theoretical model of the coupling efficiency of BG beams to few-mode fibers (FMFs) in the case of perfect alignment, lateral or vertical offsets, and random angular jitter is investigated and compared with that of sew-mode fibers (SMFs). Under the same conditions, FMF obtains a higher coupling efficiency with the BG beam and flatter response characteristics to deviations from ideal conditions compared with SMF. At the same time, the effects of the half-cone angle and topological charge of the BG beam on the coupling efficiency and response characteristics during nonideal conditions are studied. According to the precision of the coupling system, a higher coupling efficiency can be obtained by adjusting the half-cone angle, topological charge, and focal length. That makes them a more practical choice for information transmissions, such as mobile platform communication and the transmission of pedestrian data collected during transportation. The research results could help apply the BG beam and other orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams coupled with FMF.

Magnesium–lithium alloys are popular in the lightweight application industry for their very low density. However, as the lithium content increases, the strength of the alloy is sacrificed. Improving the strength of β-phase Mg–Li alloys is urgently needed. The as-rolled Mg-16Li-4Zn-1Er alloy was multidirectionally rolled at various temperatures in comparison to conventional rolling. The results of the finite element simulations showed that multidirectional rolling, as opposed to conventional rolling, resulted in the alloy effectively absorbing the input stress, leading to reasonable management of stress distribution and metal flow. As a result, the alloy’s mechanical qualities were improved. By modifying the dynamic recrystallization and dislocation movement, both high-temperature (200 °C) and low-temperature (−196 °C) rolling greatly increased the strength of the alloy. During the multidirectional rolling process at −196 °C, a large number of nanograins with a diameter of 56 nm were produced and a strength of 331 MPa was obtained.

Explosive dispersal of granular media widely occurs in nature across various length scales, also enabling engineering applications ranging from commercial or military explosive systems to the loss prevention industry. However, the complex particle–flow coupling makes the explosive dispersal behaviour of particles difficult to control or even characterize. Here, we study the central explosion-driven dispersal of dense particle layers using the coarse-grained computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method and present a comprehensive investigation of both macroscale dispersal behaviours and particle-scale pattern formation. Employing three independent dimensionless parameters that characterize the efficiency, homogeneity and completeness of explosive dispersal, we categorize the dispersal behaviours into ideal, partial, retarded and failed modes, and propose the corresponding thresholds. As the mass ratio of granular materials to central pressurized gases (M/C) spans four orders of magnitude, the dispersal mode transitions from ideal to partial, then to retarded and finally to failed mode. The transitions of dispersal modes correspond to the particle–flow coupling regime crossovers, which change from decoupling to weak, medium and finally to strong coupling as the dispersal mode undergoes corresponding transitions. We proceed to develop continuum models accounting for the shock compaction and the ensuing pulsation of the particle ring that are capable of identifying the ideal dispersal mode from various dispersal systems. We also provide insights into the origins of diverse particle-scale patterns that are strongly correlated with macroscale dispersal modes and critical for the accurate prediction of dispersal modes.