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The granite massif in the Tjarnesjo area, southwestern Sweden, was deformed and metamorphosed under granulite facies conditions in late Sveconorwegian time. The intrusive is dominated by a coarse-grained, megacrystic orthoclase granite. Pb-Pb evaporation datings on single zircons from the granite yield an age of ca. 1.36 Ga, interpreted as the intrusion age. A similar age was obtained on zircons from quartz-monzonitic pyroxene bearing parts within the granite, here referred to as charnockitoids. Correlations with the ca. 1.38 Ga Torpa granite and its charnockitic associations in the Varberg region further to the west are supported by the intrusion-age of the Tjarnesjo granitoids, as well as the textural and chemical character of the two intrusives. Rocks within the Tjarnesjo massif vary from almost massive, to intensely deformed, sometimes even mylonitic rocks. Within large parts of the intrusive, the orthoclase megacrysts are recrystallized and transformed into mixed crystalline aggregates with components of intermediate microcline, where the proportion of microcline component is increased by the degree of deformation. However, in other deformed parts of the intrusive, the orthoclase is stable and the K-feldspar megacrysts may appear as fractured, surrounded by fine grained recrystallized domains of quartz, plagioclase and myrmekite. The different appearance of the K-feldspar megacrysts associated with deformation suggests an early event of deformation where orthoclase was stable, at high T-conditions, followed by a later deformational phase in which orthoclase was transformed into a mixed crystalline state with components of intermediate microcline. Furthermore, rocks with stable orthoclase appear homogeneously foliated whereas rocks that display a distinct structural change within the K-feldspar megaerysts mainly occur as discrete deformation zones. Zircons from an undeformed pegmatitic dyke, intersecting the gneissosity in a strongly deformed part of the granite, yield an age of ca. 955 Ma by Pb-Pb evaporation. This age is the minimum age of the regional deformation that affected the Tjarnesjo massif. The maximum age is set by the ca. 1.36 Ga intrusion age of the granite massif. The granulite facies mineral assemblages present in the charnockitoids define a high grade foliation at deformed sites. This high-grade event is interpreted to be late Sveconorwegian.

We demonstrate a case of eclogite exhumation in a partially molten, low-viscosity fold nappe within high-grade metamorphosed crust in the Eastern Segment of the Sveconorwegian orogen. The nappe formed during tectonic extrusion, melt-weakening assisted exhumation and foreland-directed translation of eclogitized crust, and stalled at 35-40 km depth within the collisional belt. The eclogites are structurally restricted to a regional recumbent fold in which stromatic orthogneiss with pods of amphibolitized eclogite make up the core. High-temperature mylonitic gneiss with remnants of kyanite eclogite (P > 15 kbar) composes a basal shear zone 50 km long and

The specific roles of the chlorophyll a/b binding proteins CP29 and CP26 in light harvesting and energy dissipation within the photosynthetic apparatus have been investigated. Arabidopsis was transformed with antisense constructs against the genes encoding the CP29 or CP26 apoprotein, which gave rise to several transgenic lines with remarkably low amounts of the antisense target proteins. The decrease in the level of CP24 protein in the CP29 antisense lines indicates a physical interaction between these complexes. Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that removal of the proteins affected photosystem II function, probably as a result of changes in the organization of the light-harvesting antenna. However, whole plant measurements showed that overall photosynthetic rates were similar to those in the wild type. Both antisense lines were capable of the qE type of nonphotochemical fluorescence quenching, although there were minor changes in the capacity for quenching and in its induction kinetics. High-light-induced violaxanthin deepoxidation to zeaxanthin was not affected, although the pool size of these pigments was decreased slightly. We conclude that CP29 and CP26 are unlikely to be sites for nonphotochemical quenching.

Contains fulltext : 110625.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) BACKGROUND: To ascertain good and appropriate healthcare for both women and men implementation of gender perspectives in medical education is needed. For a successful implementation, knowledge about students' attitudes and beliefs about men, women, and gender is crucial. The aim of this study was to compare attitudes to gender and gender stereotyping among Dutch and Swedish male and female medical students. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we measured the attitudes and assumptions about gender among 1096 first year medical students (616 Dutch and 480 Swedish) with the validated Nijmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale (N-GAMS). The response rate was 94% in the Netherlands and 93% in Sweden. Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the scores between Dutch and Swedish male and female students. Linear regressions were used to analyze the importance of the background variables. RESULTS: There were significant differences in attitudes to gender between Dutch and Swedish students. The Swedish students expressed less stereotypical thinking about patients and doctors and the Dutch were more sensitive to gender differences. The students' sex mattered for gender stereotyping, with male students in both countries agreeing more with stereotypical statements. Students' age, father's birth country and mother's education level had some impact on the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: There are differences between cultures as well as between men and women in gender awareness that need to be considered when implementing gender in medical education.This study suggests that to arouse the students' interest in gender issues and make them aware of the significance of gender in medical work, the examples used in discussions need to be relevant and challenging in the context of the specific country. Due to different levels of knowledge and different attitudes within the student population it is important to create a climate for dialogue where students feel permitted to disclose their ideas and attitudes in order to become aware of what these are as well as their possible consequences on interaction and decision-making in medical work. 10 p.

We have studied the intratumor HER-2/neu heterogeneity in 78 consecutive and population-based primary invasive breast carcinomas. Within the invasive component, heterogeneity was detected in only 1 of 78 tumors. In 48 tumors (62%), we found both in situ and invasive components in analyzed tissue sections. Twelve of these 48 tumors had a difference of at least 2 arbitrary units in the in situ compared with the invasive part of the tumor with regard to the HER-2/neu status analyzed by HercepTest (immunohistochemistry). Eight of these 12 tumors were reanalyzed with fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry with and without a new Automated Cellular Imaging System. In this limited material, immunohistochemistry in combination with the Automated Cellular Imaging System seemed to have a better correlation with fluorescent in situ hybridization than immunostaining analyzed manually. In conclusion, HER-2/neu expression is not seldom heterogeneous in invasive compared with in situ components within a tumor. This finding should be considered in the choice of evaluation method. To avoid heterogeneity as a confounding factor in HER-2/neu analyses, detection methods such as immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization, which can provide evaluation in a preserved tissue architecture, should be used. Perhaps the intratumor HER-2/neu heterogeneity can explain some of the unexpected failures of trastuzumab therapy.

IT IS the purpose of this paper to demonstrate the potential contributions of a particular experimental technique to an understanding of the emotional aspects of peptic ulcer. The method involved has been elaborated upon previously in a number of papers, both as to theory 1-5 and application to various clinical populations. 6-9 To date, however, it has not been applied to psychosomatic problems. Briefly, the technique involves a successive fractionating of the visual perceptual process from lesser to greater exposure times to a given stimulus (in this experiment, the silhouette of a human figure). An attempt is then made to reinforce the stabilized percept ultimately evolving from this stimulus fractionation. Finally, there is gradually introduced into this stabilized percept a second stimulus, complementary in nature, but at the same time somewhat provocative in character (in this experiment, the internal viscera and musculo

Accès restreint à la communauté Sciences Po; This dissertation examines the political thought of contemporary transhumanism. It brings together political theory, the history of political thought, and science and technology studies (STS). Transhumanism involves biological, technological, and political ideas and practices meant to transform the human condition. This dissertation proposes a contextualist analysis of transhumanism, focusing on American, British, and transnational sites of liberal thought from the early 1960s onwards, and connecting the history of postwar Anglo-American liberal political thought with the history of Cold War science and technology.This research contributes to ongoing scholarship on three ways: first, by providing a detailed empirical study of transhumanist discourse, which remains under-studied in political theory and history; second, by demonstrating how transhumanist projects and arguments drew from, appropriated, and departed from conventional repertoires of liberal discourse, but also retraced the boundaries of liberalism in a set of contexts of knowledge production and claims over expertise. Second, this dissertation traces the inscription of notions of the posthuman future into languages of liberalism in moral and political theory, as well as policy analysis and machine learning. As such, it sheds new light on the contemporary ideological features of liberalism. Third, it offers a methodological contribution to the history of political thought, by highlighting how technoscientific practices and imaginaries reshape political concepts, as well as in contemporary languages of liberal theorizing.; Cette thèse examine la pensée politique du transhumanisme à travers une étude croisant la théorie politique, l’histoire de la pensée politique et l’étude des sciences et technologies (STS). Le transhumanisme inclut un ensemble d’idées et de pratiques biologiques, technologiques et politiques visant à transformer la condition humaine. Ce travail propose une étude contextualiste, visant à resituer les projets transhumanistes contemporains dans une série de controverses libérales américaines, britanniques et transnationales, entre le début des années 1960 et la période actuelle.Cette thèse contribue tout à l’étude empirique d’un discours encore peu analysé dans le champ de la science politique. Croisant l’histoire de la pensée anglo-américaine libérale depuis la période d’après-guerre avec l’histoire et des sciences et technologies de la guerre froide, elle montre comment les projets et argumentaires transhumanistes contribuent à retracer les frontières du libéralisme à travers l’appropriation de répertoires libéraux et anti-libéraux dans une série de contextes de production d’expertise. La thèse retrace ensuite l’inscription de notions du futur posthumain dans la théorie morale et politique, l’analyse des politiques technologiques, et l’intelligence artificielle. Enfin, ce travail propose une contribution méthodologique à l’histoire de la pensée politique, soulignant l’importance des pratiques et imaginaires technoscientifiques dans la transformation des concepts politiques, et plus spécifiquement, de la théorisation politique libérale.

This chapter reconnects modes of futures-making with the requirements of democracy by focusing on the naturalization of nuclear weapons and their removal from the realm of democratic choice at a particular point in time. The chapter revolves around the concept of ‘nuclear eternity’ as a means of reducing public choices about the use of nuclear weapons. It critiques the idea that nuclear weapons have always been perceived as ‘here to stay’ and reassesses the dominant narrative about the 1960s as an emancipatory decade by arguing that the decade actually witnessed a significant shrinking of future political possibilities. Finally, the chapter identifies three shapes of the future which produce ‘nuclear eternity’—an absent post-nuclear future, an inconsistent post-nuclear future, and a disconnected post-nuclear future—and illustrates them with historical examples

From Boundless Expansion to Existential Threat: Transhumanists and Posthuman Imaginaries," in Futures, edited by Jenny Andersson and Sandra Kemp, 333-348. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021): This essay examines visions of the future of human life in transhumanist imaginaries of the posthuman, ranging from utopian figurations to catastrophist warnings. Focusing on libertarian, liberal, and conservative posthuman imaginaries, it argues that the posthu­man condition is defined by changing scientific, moral, and political narratives, including ideas of revolutionary change, progressive evolution through the ethical use of human en­hancement technologies, and the mitigation of existential risk for the preservation of in­telligence and civilization in the long term. Changing posthuman imaginaries, it shows, reshape spaces of present and future political imagination

After the Second World War, in particular from the 1960s to the 1980s, several futures studies projects were conducted by international teams. Their goal was to promote the shaping of a « global consciousness » : the sense of belonging to a unique human community sharing a common destiny. This dissertation analyzes some of those projects, particularly those that were conducted within the united nations system. It shows that futurology created new ways of envisioning the world during the Cold War., Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, surtout à partir du début des années 1960, et jusqu’à la fin des années 1980, plusieurs projets de recherche sur le futur ont été menés par des équipes internationales avec pour objectif la promotion d’une « conscience globale », soit un sentiment d'appartenance à une communauté humaine unique partageant un destin commun. Cette thèse examine certains de ces projets, en particulier ceux qui sont menés au sein d’organisations internationales appartenant au système des Nations Unies. Elle démontre que la pratique de la prospective a été, pendant la guerre froide, source de nouvelles conceptions du monde.Les recherches menées se situent à la croisée de plusieurs champs historiographiques dont les trois principaux sont l’histoire du futur, l’histoire intellectuelle transnationale et l’histoire de la globalité. Elles s’articulent autour de la problématique suivante : comment les études sur le futur menées au sein du système onusien pendant la guerre froide ont-elles contribué à faire émerger et à défendre certaines conceptions du global, faisant du futur du monde à la fois une catégorie d’exploration scientifique et une catégorie d’action pour un ensemble d’acteurs internationaux ?

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This chapter traces the rise of futurism in the immediate post war period in the ideas of a number of intellectuals central to its making: the American urbanist Lewis Mumford; the Dutch sociologist Fred Polak; the economist Kenneth Boulding and his equally prominent wife, peace activist Elise Boulding; the German journalist Robert Jungk; the Norwegian international relations theorist Johan Galtung; and the former RANDian, systems theorist Hazan Ozbekhan. In this chapter, I argue that through the ideas of these intellectuals and scientists, the future reemerged as a utopian category.

This book reconsiders the power of the idea of the future. Bringing together perspectives from cultural history, environmental history, political history and the history of science, it investigates how the future became a specific field of action in liberal democratic, state socialist and post-colonial regimes after the Second World War. It highlights the emergence of new forms of predictive scientific expertise in this period, and shows how such forms of expertise interacted with political systems of the Cold War world order, as the future became the prism for dealing with post-industrialisation, technoscientific progress, changing social values, Cold War tensions and an emerging Third World. A forgotten problem of cultural history, the future re-emerges in this volume as a fundamentally contested field in which forms of control and central forms of resistance met, as different actors set out to colonise and control and others to liberate. The individual studies of this book show how the West European, African, Romanian and Czechoslovak "long term" was constructed through forms of expertise, computer simulations and models, and they reveal how such constructions both opened up new realities but also imposed limits on possible futures.

The chapter tells the story of energy transformation (Energiewende) scenarios in West Germany. Based on abandonment of nuclear energy and its replacement by energy savings and renewable energy sources, as well as transformation of energy systems from centralized to decentralized production, transition scenarios profoundly influenced and transformed the German energy debate, while at the same time losing some of their more radical implications in the process of institutionalization in official expertise. By retracing this history, the chapter shows how energy forecasting in postwar Germany was embedded in political struggles over energy and economic policy, and how the use of scenarios by the environmental movement led to a politicization and pluralization of energy futures.

International audience; The chapter tells the story of energy transformation (Energiewende) scenarios in West Germany. Based on abandonment of nuclear energy and its replacement by energy savings and renewable energy sources, as well as transformation of energy systems from centralized to decentralized production, transition scenarios profoundly influenced and transformed the German energy debate, while at the same time losing some of their more radical implications in the process of institutionalization in official expertise. By retracing this history, the chapter shows how energy forecasting in postwar Germany was embedded in political struggles over energy and economic policy, and how the use of scenarios by the environmental movement led to a politicization and pluralization of energy futures.

In the late 1980s, the Czechoslovak public was enthralled by prognostika. Scholars and experts, mainly economists who were involved in the forecasting project of the Academy of Sciences (CSAS) Forecasting Institute (Prognostický ústav) and in other more informal expert activities, constituted an important part of the newborn critically minded intelligentsia, which was composed of professionals increasingly dissatisfied with growing economic and political malaise; their field of inquiry became a political phenomenon of Czechoslovak perestroika.

This chapter argues that computer-based global modelling produced particular long-term horizons which played an important, transformative role in Soviet governance by opening it up to East–West cooperation. Global modellers conceptualized the planet as a complex, interconnected system, the understanding of which required transnational scientific cooperation, enabling both scientists and data to cross national boundaries and Cold War divisions. In turn, Soviet scientists forged and used the idea of the long-term future of the world to reveal and criticize problems being experienced, but not always acknowledged, in the Soviet Union. A history of computer-based global modelling is, therefore, a history of intertwining globalization, the transformation of the Soviet regime, and East–West transfer. [First paragraph]