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En la segunda mitad del siglo XIX se articuló un programa utópico en torno a la idea de un mundo bajo la influencia y la autoridad moral del pontífice. Tras la pérdida del poder temporal del papa, los católicos imaginaron nuevas formas de reinscribir su autoridad en el seno de la Iglesia católica, así como fuera de ella. Uno de los elementos centrales de esta utopía ultramontana fue el proyecto de hacer del papa el árbitro internacional de la paz. Para legitimar este programa utópico volvieron la vista atrás, hacia un pasado medieval idealizado, y trataron de encontrar referentes que demostraran su autoridad moral fuera de los marcos confesionales del catolicismo. Para estudiar estos proyectos utópicos, el presente trabajo se centra en los discursos y las solicitudes de arbitraje internacional realizados por los católicos en los congresos celebrados en España entre 1889 y 1899. During the second half of the 19th century, a utopian project was composed around an idea of the world under the influence and the moral authority of the Pope. After the Pope’s loss of power, Catholics imagined new ways to restore his authority both within ad outside the Catholic Church. Central to this ultramontane utopia was the project of turning the pope into an international peace mediator. In order to legitimise that utopian programme, they looked back to an idealised medieval past, and tried to find references to prove his moral authority outside the confessional frameworks of Catholicism. In order to study these utopian projects, this paper focuses on the speeches and requests for international arbitration made by Catholics at the congresses held in Spain between 1889 and 1899. Esta investigación ha sido posible gracias al programa Ramón y Cajal (RYC2019-026405-I/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) y los proyectos de investigación «La dimensión popular de la política en la Europa Meridional y América Latina, 1789-1889» PID2019-105071GB-I00 y «La España global. Las identidades españolas, en perspectiva trasnacional (1780-1936)» PID2019-108299GB-C21.

El SARS-CoV-2 (Síndrome respiratorio agudo severo relacionado a coronavirus 2) es un nuevo patógeno descubierto relacionado con la familia de los beta-coronavirus. Su enfermedad se denominó COVID-19 (Enfermedad por coronavirus 2019). Se informó por primera vez en la ciudad de Wuhan, provincia de Hubei, República Democrática de China a fines de diciembre de 2019, y es el responsable de la pandemia actual declarada por OMS en marzo de 2020. SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus 2) is a new discovered pathogen belonged to the beta-coronavirus family. Its disease was named COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019). It had been first reported on the city of Wuhan, Province of Hubei, Democratic Republic of China by the end of December of 2019, and it is the responsible of the current pandemic declared by WHO by March 2020.

En junio de 1973, un grupo de familias de aparceros productores de tabaco del Paraje Ifrán (Goya, Corrientes), amenazados por la expulsión de las tierras que laboraban durante años, acordaron sostener su permanencia en las mismas por la fuerza, dando lugar a una disputa que alcanzó dimensiones notables. De inmediato, esta decisión, fue clasificada como un acto de ocupación de tierra, por parte de los propietarios del campo y otros sectores de poder de la provincia; lo que invistió a la acción de los aparceros de un evidente sentido transgresor y, por ende, ilegal. El presente trabajo se propone una primera aproximación al curso de eventos que constituyen lo que denominaré el "conflicto de Ifrán". Entre las dimensiones a analizar, interesa focalizar en cómo la ilegalización del acto de desobediencia de los aparceros, suscitó la participación de un conjunto de instituciones y agentes de gobierno que, habiendo sido definidos históricamente como el Estado, han representado la presencia estatal capaz de viabilizar la intervención de una serie de fuerzas tendientes a solucionar el conflicto, encaminándolo por los cauces previstos por las leyes y organigramas (agencias, organismos, funcionariado, etc.) que hacían al Estado y su lógica. In June 1973, a group of tobacco sharecropper families from Ifrán (Goya, Corrientes), threatened by the expulsion from the lands they worked for years, agreed to maintain their permanence by force, leading to a dispute that reached remarkable dimensions. Immediately, this decision was classified as an act of land occupation, by the owners of the field and other sectors of power in the province; which endowed the sharecroppers with an evident transgressive and, therefore, illegal sense. The present work proposes a first approach to the course of events that constitute what I will call the "Ifran conflict". Among the dimensions to be analyzed, it is interesting to focus on how the illegalization of the act of disobedience of sharecroppers led to the participation of a group of institutions and government agents that, having been historically defined as the State, have represented presence capable of making viable the intervention of a series of forces tending to solve the conflict, directing it through the channels provided by the laws and organizational charts (agencies, organizations, civil servants, etc.) that made the State and its logic. Fil: Ferragut, Javier Ramón Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Estudios Sociales y Humanos. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Estudios Sociales y Humanos; Argentina

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common hereditary myopathy in the adult population. The disease is characterized by progressive skeletal muscle degeneration that produces severe disability. At present, there is still no effective treatment for DM1 patients, but the breakthroughs in understanding the molecular pathogenic mechanisms in DM1 have allowed the testing of new therapeutic strategies. Animal models and

Las políticas conmemorativas desarrolladas por el Vaticano y las diversas jerarquías católicas nacionales en la segunda mitad del siglo xix constituyen un terreno prácticamente inexplorado por la historiografía. Sin embargo, esta cuestión presenta un interés capital ya que nos permite abordar cómo la Iglesia pensó su relación con el pasado. Además, para el estudio de las políticas conmemorativas el análisis de este tipo de celebraciones católicas resulta particularmente interesante ya que escapan al terreno propiamente de la política estatal y combinan al mismo tiempo fidelidades nacionales y transnacionales. Para analizar esta cuestión, nos centraremos en las celebraciones católicas del IV Centenario desarrolladas en América latina. Impulsada por León XIII en su encíclica Quarto abeunte saeculo como una conmemoración americana, española e italiana, la fiesta adquirirá en América un carácter de reivindicación de la herencia hispánica, así como de promoción de una identidad católica latinoamericana. Les politiques de commémoration développées par le Vatican et les différentes autorités catholiques nationales dans la seconde moitié du xixe siècle constituent un terrain pratiquement inexploré pour l’historiographie. Cependant, cette question est d’un intérêt majeur car elle permet d'aborder la manière dont l'Église a pensé sa relation avec le passé. En outre, pour l’étude des politiques commémoratives, l’étude de ce type de célébration catholique est particulièrement intéressante car elle échappe au domaine propre de la politique de l’État et combine en même temps des loyautés nationales et transnationales. Afin d’analyser cette question, nous nous concentrerons sur les célébrations catholiques du IVe Centenaire qui ont eu lieu en Amérique latine. Promue par Léon XIII dans son encyclique Quarto abeunte saeculo comme une commémoration américaine, espagnole et italienne, la célébration acquerra en Amérique un caractère de revendication de l'héritage hispanique, ainsi que de promotion d'une identité catholique latino-américaine. The politics of commemoration developed by the Vatican and the different national Catholic hierarchies during the second half of the 19th century is a new and hitherto uncharted field of inquiry. However, this question is of great interest to understand how the Catholic Church dealt with the past. Furthermore, in order to study the politics of commemorations, the analysis of this sort of Catholic celebrations is particularly relevant since they went beyond the politics of commemoration combining national and transnational allegiances. To address this question, this article focuses on the Catholic celebrations of the IV Centenary developed in Latin America. Fostered by Leo XIII in his encyclical Quarto abeunte saeculo as an American, Spanish and Italian commemoration, this celebration became in America a vindication of the Spanish heritage as well as a way to promote a Latin American Catholic identity.

Muscular dystrophies are a group of highly disabling disorders that share degenerative muscle weakness and wasting as common symptoms. To date, there is not an effective cure for these diseases. In the last years, bioengineered tissues have emerged as powerful tools for preclinical studies. In this review, we summarize the recent technological advances in skeletal muscle tissue engineering. We identify several ground-breaking techniques to fabricate in vitro bioartificial muscles. Accumulating evidence shows that scaffold-based tissue engineering provides topographical cues that enhance the viability and maturation of skeletal muscle. Functional bioartificial muscles have been developed using human myoblasts. These tissues accurately responded to electrical and biological stimulation. Moreover, advanced drug screening tools can be fabricated integrating these tissues in electrical stimulation platforms. However, more work introducing patient-derived cells and integrating these tissues in microdevices is needed to promote the clinical translation of bioengineered skeletal muscle as preclinical tools for muscular dystrophies.

En el presente trabajo se pretende analizar un fenómeno histórico que, a pesar de su relativa distancia temporal, se ofrece esquivamente a su tratamiento científico, a saber, el de las Ligas Agrarias Correntinas (las LAC). Creadas a principios de 1972 por un grupo de productores tabacaleros autodefinidos como campesinos, las LAC han adquirido, a lo largo de la lucha de esos agentes, una existencia histórica objetivada (material y discursiva) e incorporada, que necesita ser desmontada al momento de plantearse su construcción como "objeto científico". Precisamente, a esta labor está dedicado este artículo, en el que se busca avanzar en la comprensión del proceso formativo del sujeto colectivo liguista correntino, concebido en los términos de un campesinado en representación. Para ello, se propone una aproximación a partir de datos estadísticos que permiten revelar la heterogeneidad inherente al sujeto colectivo de las LAC y las consecuencias que supone su aprehensión como expresión política de una 'clase en sí'. Asimismo, a partir de algunos documentos de la organización, fuentes hemerográficas y entrevistas a ex militantes liguistas, se busca reconstruir analíticamente algunos sentidos de las clasificaciones nativas que han estado en juego en la creación de las LAC. This article aims to analyze a historical phenomenon which is elusively offered to its scientific treatment despite its relative temporal distance, namely the Correntinian Agrarian Leagues (CAL). Created at the beginning of 1972 by a group of tobacco producers self-defined as peasants, CAL have acquired throughout the struggle of these agents an objectified (material and discursive) and incorporated historical existence, which needs to be dismantled when we consider its construction as a "scientific object". Precisely, this article brings insights into the formative process of the correntinian collective subject of the leagues, conceived as a peasantry in representation. To this end, an approach based on statistical data is proposed to reveal the heterogeneity which is inherent to the collective subject of CAL and the consequences of their apprehension as a political expression of a 'class in itself'. Also, using some documents of the organization, newspapers and interviews to the former militants of the leagues, we tried to reconstruct analytically some senses of the native classifications that have been at stake in the creation of CAL. No presente trabalho prentende-se analisar um fenômeno histórico que, apesar da distância temporal relativa, naõ é alvo frequente tratamento científico. Se trata das Ligas Agrárias Correntinas (LAC). Conformadas no início de 1972 por um grupo de produtores de tabaco definidos por si mesmos como os camponeses, as LAC adquiriram através da luta destes agentes, uma existência histórica incorporada e objetivada (tanto material quanto discursiva). Tal existência precisa ser analisada para poder construir apartir dela o "objeto científico" que será objeto da pesquisa. Precisamente, a essa tarefa é dedicado este artigo, que procura avançar na compreensão do processo de formação do sujeito coletivo “liguista” correntino, concebido em termos de um campesinato em representação. Para este fim, é proposta uma aproximação baseada em dados estatísticos que permite revelar a heterogeneidade do sujeito coletivo inerente as LAC, assimo como também as consequências resultantes da sua apreensão como uma expressão política da 'classe em si'. Além disso, a partir de alguns documentos da organização, fontes de jornais e entrevistas com ex-militantes liguistas, procura-se reconstruir analiticamente alguns dos sentidos das classificações nativas que fizeram parte da conformação das LAC. Fil: Ferragut, Javier Ramón Antonio. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Secretaría de Investigación y Postgrado. Programa de Postgrado en Antropología Social; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina

Laminopathies are causally associated with mutations on the Lamin A/C gene (LMNA). To date, more than 400 mutations in LMNA have been reported in patients. These mutations are widely distributed throughout the entire gene and are associated with a wide range of phenotypes. Unfortunately, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the effect of the majority of these mutations. This is the case of more than 40 mutations that are located at exon 4. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we generated a collection of Lmna exon 4 mutants in mouse C2C12 myoblasts. These cell models included different types of exon 4 deletions and the presence of R249W mutation, one of the human variants associated with a severe type of laminopathy, LMNA-associated congenital muscular dystrophy (L-CMD). We characterized these clones by measuring their nuclear circularity, myogenic differentiation capacity in 2D and 3D conditions, DNA damage, and levels of p-ERK and p-AKT (phosphorylated Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/3 and AKT serine/threonine kinase 1). Our results indicated that Lmna exon 4 mutants showed abnormal nuclear morphology. In addition, levels and/or subcellular localization of different members of the lamin and LINC (LInker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complex were altered in all these mutants. Whereas no significant differences were observed for ERK and AKT activities, the accumulation of DNA damage was associated to the Lmna p.R249W mutant myoblasts. Finally, significant myogenic differentiation defects were detected in the Lmna exon 4 mutants. These results have key implications in the development of future therapeutic strategies for the treatment of laminopathies. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Acción estratégica en Salud intramural PI16III/00017-TPY1348/16). Fundación Andrés Marcio, niños contra la laminopatía (TPY-259/19). 6.600 JCR (2020) Q2, 53/195 Cell Biology 1.220 SJR (2020) Q1, 51/254 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous) No data IDR 2020 UEM

Currently, the fabrication of scaffolds for engineered skeletal muscle tissues is unable to reach the millimeter size. The main drawbacks are the poor nutrient diffusion, lack of an internal structure to align the precursor cells, and poor mechanical and electric properties. Herein, we present a combination of gelatin-carboxymethyl cellulose materials polymerised by a cryogelation process that allowed us to reach scaffold fabrication up to millimeter size and solve the main problems related to the large size muscle tissue constructs. (1) By incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNT), we can improve the electrical properties of the scaffold, thereby enhancing tissue maturation when applying an electric pulse stimulus (EPS). (2) We have fabricated an anisotropic internal three-dimensional microarchitecture with good pore distribution and highly aligned morphology to enhance the cell alignment, cell fusion and myotube formation. With this set up, we were able to generate a fully functional skeletal muscle tissue using a combination of EPS and our doped-biocomposite scaffold and obtain a mature tissue on the millimeter scale. We also characterized the pore distribution, swelling, stiffness and conductivity of the scaffold. Moreover, we proved that the cells were viable and could fuse in three-dimensional (3D) functional myotubes throughout the scaffold. In conclusion, we fabricated a biocompatible and customizable scaffold for 3D cell culture suitable for a wide range of applications such as organ-on-a-chip, drug screening, transplantation and disease modelling.

During repair of DNA double-strand breaks, resection of DNA ends influences how these lesions will be repaired. If resection is activated, the break will be channeled through homologous recombination; if not, it will be simply ligated using the non-homologous end-joining machinery. Regulation of resection relies greatly on modulating CtIP, which can be done by modifying: i) its interaction partners, ii) its post-translational modifications, or iii) its cellular levels, by regulating transcription, splicing and/or protein stability/degradation. Here, we have analyzed the role of ALC1, a chromatin remodeler previously described as an integral part of the DNA damage response, in resection. Strikingly, we found that ALC1 affects resection independently of chromatin remodeling activity or its ability to bind damaged chromatin. In fact, it cooperates with the RNA-helicase eIF4A1 to help stabilize the most abundant splicing form of CtIP mRNA. This function relies on the presence of a specific RNA sequence in the 5′ UTR of CtIP. Therefore, we describe an additional layer of regulation of CtIP—at the level of mRNA stability through ALC1 and eIF4A1., This work was financed by an R+D+I grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity (SAF2016-74855-P) and by the European Union Regional Funds (FEDER). FM-N was funded with an FPU fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education, and JR and GR-R were supported by the Regional Government of Andalucía (Junta de Andalucía) with a contract of the program “GARANTÍA JUVENIL EN LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA”. CABIMER is supported by the regional government of Andalucía (Junta de Andalucía).

El objetivo de este trabajo será recopilar las iniciativas que han surgido en el campo de la impresión 3D para fabricar elementos necesarios en esta crisis del coronavirus, localizando todos los diseños y características de los productos fabricados. Además se revisará el uso de cámaras termográficas y los procedimientos de desinfección y esterilización tanto de personas como de material sanitario. Así, se podrá definir la infraestructura básica de un hospital ante estas crisis.

espanolLas politicas conmemorativas desarrolladas por el Vaticano y las diversas jerarquias catolicas nacionales en la segunda mitad del siglo xix constituyen un terreno practicamente inexplorado por la historiografia. Sin embargo, esta cuestion presenta un interes capital ya que nos permite abordar como la Iglesia penso su relacion con el pasado. Ademas, para el estudio de las politicas conmemorativas el analisis de este tipo de celebraciones catolicas resulta particularmente interesante ya que escapan al terreno propiamente de la politica estatal y combinan al mismo tiempo fidelidades nacionales y transnacionales. Para analizar esta cuestion, nos centraremos en las celebraciones catolicas del IV Centenario desarrolladas en America latina. Impulsada por Leon XIII en su enciclica Quarto abeunte saeculo como una conmemoracion americana, espanola e italiana, la fiesta adquirira en America un caracter de reivindicacion de la herencia hispanica, asi como de promocion de una identidad catolica latinoamericana. EnglishThe politics of commemoration developed by the Vatican and the different national Catholic hierarchies during the second half of the 19th century is a new and hitherto uncharted field of inquiry. However, this question is of great interest to understand how the Catholic Church dealt with the past. Furthermore, in order to study the politics of commemorations, the analysis of this sort of Catholic celebrations is particularly relevant since they went beyond the politics of commemoration combining national and transnational allegiances. To address this question, this article focuses on the Catholic celebrations of the IV Centenary developed in Latin America. Fostered by Leo XIII in his encyclical Quarto abeunte saeculo as an American, Spanish and Italian commemoration, this celebration became in America a vindication of the Spanish heritage as well as a way to promote a Latin American Catholic identity. francaisLes politiques de commemoration developpees par le Vatican et les differentes autorites catholiques nationales dans la seconde moitie du xixe siecle constituent un terrain pratiquement inexplore pour l’historiographie. Cependant, cette question est d’un interet majeur car elle permet d'aborder la maniere dont l'Eglise a pense sa relation avec le passe. En outre, pour l’etude des politiques commemoratives, l’etude de ce type de celebration catholique est particulierement interessante car elle echappe au domaine propre de la politique de l’Etat et combine en meme temps des loyautes nationales et transnationales. Afin d’analyser cette question, nous nous concentrerons sur les celebrations catholiques du IVe Centenaire qui ont eu lieu en Amerique latine. Promue par Leon XIII dans son encyclique Quarto abeunte saeculo comme une commemoration americaine, espagnole et italienne, la celebration acquerra en Amerique un caractere de revendication de l'heritage hispanique, ainsi que de promotion d'une identite catholique latino-americaine.

Cell fitness and survival upon exposure to DNA damage depends on the repair of DNA lesions. Interestingly, cellular identity does affect and finetunes such response, although the molecular basis of such differences between tissues and cell types is not well understood. Thus, a possibility is that DNA repair itself is controlled by the mechanisms that govern cell identity. Here we show that the KLF4, involved in cellular homeostasis, proliferation, cell reprogramming and cancer development, directly regulates resection and homologous recombination proficiency. Indeed, resection efficiency follows KLF4 protein levels, i.e. decreases upon KLF4 downregulation and increases when is overexpressed. Moreover, KLF4 role in resection requires its methylation by the methyl-transferase PRMT5. Thus, PRMT5 depletion not only mimics KLF4 downregulation, but also showed an epistatic genetic relationship. Our data support a model in which the methylation of KLF4 by PRMT5 is a priming event required to license DNA resection and homologous recombination., This work was funded by R+D+I grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity (SAF2013-43255-P, SAF2016-74855-P). FR-B is funded by the University of Sevillathrough a postdoctoral contract of the V PPIT-US. CABIMER is supported by the regional government of Andalucia (Junta de Andalucía).

El objetivo de este articulo es analizar las relaciones entre religion y politica durante el Trienio liberal (1820-1823) desde una perspectiva local y eclesiastica. Tras un breve repaso historiografico sobre las relaciones entre religion, ilustracion y liberalismo, nos centraremos en las reacciones del Cabildo zaragozano a la instalacion del regimen constitucional y como contribuyeron a la legitimacion de este cambio politico. En una segunda parte, abordaremos la actividad conspirativa de la jerarquia eclesiastica zaragozana, su impacto en los medios asi como las diversas estrategias para defender su honor ante la opinion publica. Finalmente, veremos como a pesar de sus diferencias con las nuevas autoridades, el Cabildo no dudo en participar en los nuevos rituales politicos cuando fue requerido por las autoridades. Este articulo plantea la hipotesis de que esta colaboracion fue vista por el Cabildo como algo natural y que haberse negado a tomar parte hubiera contribuido paradojicamente a la secularizacion del espacio politico

Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) is a metabolic disorder related to a chronic lipid accumulation within the hepatocytes. This disease is the most common liver disorder worldwide, and it is estimated that it is present in up to 25% of the world&rsquo, s population. However, the real prevalence of this disease and the associated disorders is unknown mainly because reliable and applicable diagnostic tools are lacking. It is known that the level of albumin, a pleiotropic protein synthesized by hepatocytes, is correlated with the correct function of the liver. The development of a complementary tool that allows direct, sensitive, and label-free monitoring of albumin secretion in hepatocyte cell culture can provide insight into NAFLD&rsquo, s mechanism and drug action. With this aim, we have developed a simple integrated plasmonic biosensor based on gold nanogratings from periodic nanostructures present in commercial Blu-ray optical discs. This sensor allows the direct and label-free monitoring of albumin in a 2D fatty liver disease model under flow conditions using a highly-specific polyclonal antibody. This technology avoids both the amplification and blocking steps showing a limit of detection within pM range (&asymp, 0.26 ng/mL). Thanks to this technology, we identified the optimal fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentration to maximize the cells&rsquo, lipid accumulation. Moreover, we discovered that the hepatocytes increased the amount of albumin secreted on the third day from the lipids challenge. These data demonstrate the ability of hepatocytes to respond to the lipid stimulation releasing more albumin. Further investigation is needed to unveil the biological significance of that cell behavior.

The principal aim of this article is to analyse the rise of a Latin American Catholic identity during the mid- to late nineteenth century. It examines the institutionalisation of this collective project via the foundation of the Latin American College in Rome in 1858 and the initiatives that led to the Latin American Plenary Council in 1899. This article also explores how this collective religious identity was imagined and how its limits were drawn. In doing so a new insight into how religions contributed to the imagining and defining of geographical spaces is offered.

The impregnation with boron salts is a technological alternative for the protection of wood to biodeterioration. The objective of the research was to determine the density of the wood, the retention and the penetration of boron salts in the wood of three angiosperm species: Spathodea campanulata, Fraxinus americana and Albizia plurijuga. Small specimens were impregnated with the hot-cold bath method and concentrations of 1%, 2% and 3% of boron trioxide and sodium tetraborate, and a control group was reserved without treatment. After impregnation, the densities of S. campanulata and A. plurijuga did not vary for the different concentrations. Different case was the density of the control group of F. americana whose density was different from the concentrations of 1%, 2% and 3%. The amounts of the retentions and the penetrations of the salts were different for each species. The retention of boron salts in the three woods decreases as their density and salt concentration increase La impregnación con sales de boro es una alternativa tecnológica para la protección de la madera al biodeterioro. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la densidad de la madera, la retención y la penetración de sales de boro en la madera de tres especies angiospermas: Spathodea campanulata, Fraxinus americana y Albizia plurijuga. Con el método baño caliente-frío, se impregnaron probetas de pequeñas dimensiones en concentraciones de 1%, 2% y 3% de trihidróxido de boro y tetraborato de sodio, y se reservó un grupo de control sin tratamiento. Después de la impregnación, las densidades de S. campanulata y A. plurijuga no variaron para las diferentes concentraciones. En cambio, la densidad del grupo de control de F. americana fue diferente a las de las concentraciones de 1%, 2% y 3%. Las cantidades de las retenciones y de las penetraciones de las sales fueron diferentes para cada especie. La retención de sales de boro en las tres maderas disminuye a medida que su densidad y la concentración de sales se incrementan.

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación fue informar sobre los efectos del densificado por compresión mecánica en maderas de Cedrela odorata, Cupressus lindleyi, Swietenia macrophylla, Dalbergia paloescrito, Tabebuia donnell-smithii, Fraxinus uhdei, Fagus mexicana y Guazuma ulmifolia. Las variables de respuesta fueron la densidad y el módulo dinámico, que fue determinado con vibraciones transversales. Ambos parámetros se midieron antes y después del tratamiento. El coeficiente de densificado fue, en promedio, de 30 % y similar entre especies. Tanto las densidades como los módulos dinámicos aumentaron como efecto del densificado. Esta ganancia tecnológica es particular a cada especie. Si bien los resultados están restringidos a las especies densificadas en esta investigación, sugieren una mejora en estas características físico-mecánicas que son importantes para el diseño y cálculo de productos y estructuras de madera. Para mejorar el tratamiento se recomiendan estudios sobre los cambios en la anatomía de la madera y en sus propiedades físicas. Abstract The objective of the research was to report the effects of densified by mechanical compression in woods of Cedrela odorata, Cupressus lindleyi, Swietenia macrophylla, Dalbergia paloescrito, Tabebuia donnell-smithii, Fraxinus uhdei, Fagus mexicana and Guazuma ulmifolia. The response variables were density and dynamic module, which was determined with transverse vibrations. Both parameters were measured before and after the treatment. The densified coefficient was, on average, 30 % and similar between species. Both densities and dynamic modules increased as a result of densification. This technological gain is particular to each species. Although the results are restricted to densified species in this research, they suggest an improvement in these physical-mechanical characteristics that are important for the design and calculation of wood products and structures. To improve the treatment, studies on changes in wood anatomy and physical properties are recommended.

The objective of the research was to report the effects of densified by mechanical compression in woods of Cedrela odorata, Cupressus lindleyi, Swietenia macrophylla, Dalbergia paloescrito, Tabebuia donnell-smithii, Fraxinus uhdei, Fagus mexicana and Guazuma ulmifolia. The response variables were density and dynamic module, which was determined with transverse vibrations. Both parameters were measured before and after the treatment. The densified coefficient was, on average, 30 % and similar between species. Both densities and dynamic modules increased as a result of densification. This technological gain is particular to each species. Although the results are restricted to densified species in this research, they suggest an improvement in these physical-mechanical characteristics that are important for the design and calculation of wood products and structures. To improve the treatment, studies on changes in wood anatomy and physical properties are recommended. Keywords: Wood density, densification coefficient, technological gain, Mexico. El objetivo de la investigación fue informar sobre los efectos del densificado por compresión mecánica en maderas de Cedrela odorata, Cupressus lindleyi, Swietenia macrophylla, Dalbergia paloescrito, Tabebuia donnell-smithii, Fraxinus uhdei, Fagus mexicana y Guazuma ulmifolia. Las variables de respuesta fueron la densidad y el módulo dinámico, que fue determinado con vibraciones transversales. Ambos parámetros se midieron antes y después del tratamiento. El coeficiente de densificado fue, en promedio, de 30 % y similar entre especies. Tanto las densidades como los módulos dinámicos aumentaron como efecto del densificado. Esta ganancia tecnológica es particular a cada especie. Si bien los resultados están restringidos a las especies densificadas en esta investigación, sugieren una mejora en estas características físico-mecánicas que son importantes para el diseño y cálculo de productos y estructuras de madera. Para mejorar el tratamiento se recomiendan estudios sobre los cambios en la anatomía de la madera y en sus propiedades físicas. Palabras clave: Densidad de la madera, coeficiente de densificado, ganancia tecnológica, México.

Paradigma de las ensoñaciones del progreso, aquellas bulliciosas ciudades de comienzos del siglo XX fascinaron a sus contemporáneos. Las multitudesque diariamente las atravesaban fueron objetos de sinfonías fílmicas como el Berlin: Die Sinfonie der Großstad (1927) de Walter Ruttmann. Incluso los mecanismos narrativos de las novelas se modificaron para dar cuenta de la multiplicidad de voces que se escondían en aquellas vibrantes ciudades como enel Manhattan Transfer (1925) de John Dos Passos o en el Berlin Alexanderplatz (1929) de Alfred Döblin. El carácter de estas gigantescas urbes también generóreflexiones y respuestas en el marco del catolicismo. La moderna ciudad fue vista como una nueva Babilonia, un terreno de tentación y descontrol,de corrupción moral. Al mismo tiempo, desde el otro lado de la “trinchera”, los anticlericales vieron en ella el triunfo de sus ideales, el desmoronamientodel imperio religioso sobre las conciencias del ser humano. Esta visión de la ciudad como espacio secular fue reproducido en las ciencias sociales porla clásica tesis de la secularización que pasaría a asociar irremediablemente declive religioso con urbanización.

El artículo aborda el terreno casi inexplorado de las relaciones entre las fiestas patronales, secularización y turismo. Para analizar dichas cuestiones, me centraré en las fiestas patronales del Pilar en Zaragoza así como las peregrinaciones regionales anuales que durante el primer tercio del siglo XX se realizaron a subasílica en conmemoración de la coronación de la imagen del Pilar en 1905. La modernización de ambos festejos produjo un efecto paradójico. La insistencia tanto de una parte del catolicismo local como del Ayuntamiento en modernizar ambos festejos conllevó a la larga una progresiva desvinculación de la celebración misma del marco propiamente religioso- devocional. Sin embargo, a su vez, esta renovación ilustró los límites de un proceso secularizador que fue incapaz de romper unaidentidad local/regional de matriz religiosa.

Simulation activities are a useful tool to improve competence in industrial engineering bachelors. Specifically, fluid simulation allows students to acquire important skills to strengthen their theoretical knowledge and improve their future professional career. However, these tools usually require long training times and they are usually not available in the subjects of B.Sc. degrees. In this article, a new methodology based on short lessons is raised and evaluated in the fluid-mechanical subject for students enrolled in three different bachelor degree groups: B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering, B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering and B.Sc. in Electronic and Automatic Engineering. Statistical results show a good acceptance in terms of usability, learning, motivation, thinking over, satisfaction and scalability. Additionally, a machine-learning based approach was applied to find group peculiarities and differences among them in order to identify the need for further personalization of the learning activity.

The densified of wood is a mechanism of deformation that occurs during the manufacture of composite products. This technology aims at the dimensional stabilization of wood and increases its mechanical properties. The objective of the research was to densify Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq. wood and to evaluate the effect of the treatment on density and modulus of elasticity. Initially, the wood was hydrated in water for 72 h and at a temperature of 20 °C. Subsequently, the specimens were softened for 4 h in hot water at a temperature of 93.5 °C. The specimens were then pressed with a device made especially for the investigation. The research strategy was to determine density and perform static flexion tests before and after treatment. The compression and densification coefficients were evaluated after treatment. Thirty-two standardized specimens were prepared and static flexural tests were performed before and after densification. For the before and after densified results tests of mean differences for independent samples were performed. The regressions between the values of the modulus of elasticity as a dependent variable were calculated as a function of the independent variable density. The compression coefficient was 56.3% and the densification coefficient was 50.3%. After treatment, the density of G. americanus increased 102% and its modulus of elasticity increased by 113%. The densified, elastic and quality indices confirmed that the densified hygrothermo- mechanical treatment produced good results for low-density wood.

La madera laminada potencialmente puede sustituir a la madera sólida para elaborar un material de ingeniería menos variable y más homogéneo. Existe poca información que compare simultáneamente, y en una misma especie, las velocidades del ultrasonido y los módulos dinámicos en madera sólida versus laminada. El objetivo de la investigación fue verificar experimentalmente, en probetas de pequeñas dimensiones, si las características de la madera laminada de Pinus pseudostrobus son similares a las de la madera sólida. Para ello, se calcularon sus densidades y se realizaron pruebas de ultrasonido en las direcciones radial, tangencial y longitudinal. También, se determinaron las velocidades y los módulos dinámicos. Los resultados indican que la densidad de la madera laminada aumenta en comparación con la de la madera sólida. Las velocidades y los módulos dinámicos disminuyen en las direcciones radial y tangencial; en cambio, aumentan para la dirección longitudinal. Se verificó experimentalmente que las magnitudes de la densidad, la velocidad y el módulo dinámico en madera laminada son similares a las de madera sólida de esta especie. La variabilidad en las características estudiadas disminuye como efecto de reconstituir madera sólida. Para las velocidades y los módulos dinámicos de la madera sólida, sus relaciones de anisotropía muestran proporciones similares a las encontradas en la literatura, pero las magnitudes son particulares a cada especie. La investigación aporta datos de referencia y demuestra que la madera sólida y laminada, de P. pseudostrobus puede ser caracterizada con un método no destructivo.

El objetivo de este articulo es analizar el hispanoamericanismo catolico anterior a la Primera Guerra Mundial a traves del estudio de la ofrenda de banderas hispanoamericanas a la Virgen del Pilar. Desde sectores catolicos latinoamericanos se comenzo a reivindicar la herencia espiritual de Espana como una forma de conjurar el pasado revolucionario de las Independencias y articular un discurso nacionalcatolico. Por ultimo, reflexionaremos sobre como la creacion de redes horizontales entre jerarquias eclesiasticas de diferentes paises contribuyo al proceso de romanizacion de la Iglesia.

Microphysiological systems (MPS) or organs-on-chips (OoC) can emulate the physiological functions of organs in vitro and are effective tools for determining human drug responses in preclinical studies. However, the analysis of MPS has relied heavily on optical tools, resulting in difficulties in real-time and high spatial resolution imaging of the target cell functions. In this study, the role of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) as an analytical tool for MPS is evaluated. An access hole is made in a typical MPS system with stacked microchannels to insert SPM probes into the system. For the first study, a simple vascular model composed of only endothelial cells is prepared for SPM analysis. Changes in permeability and local chemical flux are quantitatively evaluated during the construction of the vascular system. The morphological changes in the endothelial cells after flow stimulation are imaged at the single-cell level for topographical analysis. Finally, the possibility of adapting the permeability and topographical analysis using SPM for the intestinal vascular system is further evaluated. It is believed that this study will pave the way for an in situ permeability assay and structural analysis of MPS using SPM.