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Nellore (Bos indicus) cows play an important role in Brazilian beef production. Here, we investigated whether modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) technology could contribute to improving the quality of Nellore cow steaks. To verify this, steaks obtained from Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) were stored at 2 °C for 28 days using different packaging systems, with one being vacuum and the others being three MAP systems: 75% O2/25% CO2 (75%O2-MAP), 60% CO2/0.2% CO/39.8% N2 and 40% CO2/0.4% CO/59.6% N2 (0.2%CO-MAP and 0.4%CO-MAP, respectively). Steaks packaged using the CO-MAP showed improved color stability of fresh meat. In turn, the 75%O2-MAP drastically affected the oxidative stability related to proteins and lipids compared to both anaerobic environments (CO-MAP and vacuum). The CO-MAP increased tenderization and ultrastructural changes when compared to the aerobic MAP without affecting pH, collagen or cooking loss, which were influenced by the storage time. In conclusion, MAP technology may improve the quality and appearance of fresh meat originating from Nellore cows, being a promising alternative for the Brazilian beef industry.

Staphylococcus spp. tiene la capacidad de adherirse y desarrollar biopeliculas sobre diferentes superficies de contacto. Asi el objetivo de la presente investigacion fue comparar la produccion de biopeliculas de Staphylococcus spp. sobre acero inoxidable empleando dos medios de cultivo, leche Ultra High Temperatura (UHT) y Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI). Se realizaron recuentos microbiologicos de las celulas adheridas en dos tiempos (12 y 24 h), en los dos medios de cultivo, incubados a 25 °C. Los recuentos de las celulas adheridas fueron analizados mediante ANOVA y comparacion de medias por el test de Duncan (p < 0,05). Las biopeliculas de dos cepas (cepa silvestre y cepa de tipo) cultivadas por 12 h en BHI, fueron observadas empleando microscopia electronica de barrido (MEB). Se obtuvieron recuentos microbiologicos entre 7 y 8 log UFC/cm2. Fue observada diferencia significativa entre las cepas evaluadas, mientras que, no hubo diferencia significativa en los tiempos y medios de cultivo evaluados. Fue comprobado a traves de la MEB que la cepa silvestre S.a2 presento considerable produccion de biopeliculas, como era esperado de acuerdo con los resultados encontrados en los recuentos microbiologicos. Esto indicaria que la leche proporciona condiciones adecuadas para la formacion de biopeliculas de Staphylococcus spp. sobre acero inoxidable.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary fat source with modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS) on beef tenderness through examination of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane fatty acid composition, changes in sarcoplasmic calcium concentration, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), sarcomere length, and proteolysis early postmortem. Steers (n = 256) were fed for 134 d on either corn, or a diet containing 40% full-fat MDGS, 40% de-oiled MDGS, or 38% de-oiled MDGS plus 2% corn oil. Twenty-four USDA Choice carcasses (three carcasses per pen; eight pens per treatment) were selected within each dietary treatment, and strip loins were collected and aged for 2, 9, 16, or 23 d postmortem and subject to retail display (RD) for an additional 7 d. Feeding MDGS increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of linoleic acid (18:2) and tended to increase (P = 0.06) total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the SR membrane. Steaks from cattle fed MDGS had greater sarcoplasmic calcium concentration than steaks from cattle fed corn at day 2 postmortem (P = 0.05). Steaks from steers fed de-oiled MDGS and de-oiled MDGS plus corn oil tended to have lower WBSF values (P = 0.08) than steaks from cattle fed corn at 2 d of aging with 0 d of RD. There were no differences among dietary treatments for sarcomere length (P = 0.92) and troponin-T degradation at 2 d postmortem (P = 0.60). Results suggest that feeding MDGS may increase early postmortem release of calcium into the sarcoplasm due to increased 18:2 and PUFA concentration in the SR membrane, which could result in increased beef tenderness early postmortem.

Las translocaciones han sido una importante herramienta de manejo para la restauración de poblaciones de borrego cimarrón (Ovis canadensis mexicana Merriam, 1901) en su rango histórico en Canadá, Estados Unidos y México. Estudios recientes han sugerido que la depredación del puma (Puma concolor stanleyana Goldman, 1938) tiene importantes efectos sobre la dinámica poblacional en grupos reintroducidos y nativos de borrego cimarrón en áreas donde esta especie es simpátrica con venado bura (Odocoileus hemionus crooki Mearns, 1897). Nuestra hipótesis es que, el tamaño de la población de venado bura determinará el tamaño de la población de los pumas que a la vez ejercerá presión sobre la población del borrego cimarrón. El estudio se basó en el monitoreo de 69 borregos cimarrones (28 machos, 41 hembras) capturados con una la técnica de rifle red desde un helicóptero; 43 borregos (3 machos, 40 hembras) fueron equipados con radio collares con sensores de mortalidad y liberados en 3 períodos entre los años 2009, 2012 y 2014; medimos la depredación por puma sobre borrego cimarrón instrumentados con radio collares de telemetría a través de MICROMORTS y la estimación de la densidad del venado bura a través de conteos físicos e índice de relativa abundancia de puma por medio de huella y/o signos en los años de 2009 al 2016. Analizamos las variables mediante un modelo de regresión múltiple encontrando una asociación lineal entre las variables, y la presión que ejerce sobre la población de borrego cimarrón.

Acute heat stress may affect the quality of broilers meat, however there are no reports considering thermal conditions commercially available in Brazil. In this way, the present work aimed to fill this gap of industrial relevance. Broilers of commercial strain (Cobb 500, n = 540) were randomly assigned to two thermal conditions: acute heat stress (AHS; 35°C; 75 – 85% relative humidity) and not-heat-stress (NS; 22ºC; 83 ± 6.6% relative humidity), for 2 hours prior to slaughter. The mortality rate for AHS broilers reached 37%, which was greater than 5.2% verified for NS. According to the mean values, the broiler chickens were not totally affected in the parameters of pH24h, lightness (L*), cooking loss, and shear force. However, the distributions of data show great variability in the values of pH24h, L* and water holding capacity (WHC) for AHS broilers. It is suggested that AHS broilers, at severe conditions which result in increased mortality, present breast meat with greater incidence of higher pH24h, and lower lightness and WHC values.

Background: Shoulder pain syndrome (SPS) is frequent and management in primary care is precarious, with a high rate of referral without adequate treatment, overloading rehabilitation and orthopedic services. Aim: To assess the effectiveness of a self-administered rehabilitation program in adults with shoulder pain syndrome in primary care. Patients and Methods: A randomized, single-blind clinical trial (evaluators) with an experimental group (self-administered rehabilitation) and a control group (standard physical therapy) was carried out in 271 adult patients aged 18 or older with unilateral shoulder pain lasting more than six weeks and less than three months. The primary outcome was the recovery perceived by the patient. Constant score for function, quality of life using SF-36, simple shoulder test (SST) and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score were also calculated at six, 12 and 24 weeks of follow-up. Results: The self-administered rehabilitation program showed an adjusted effectiveness of 51% at the end of treatment compared to 54% of the standard physical therapy (p > 0.05). No differences in the evolution of the other scores assessed were observed between groups. Conclusions: A self-administered rehabilitation program for painful shoulder was non-inferior than usual physical therapy.

This study aimed to develop chitosan films incorporating natural antioxidants from peanut skin (EPS) and pink pepper residue (EPP) extracts, as well as to evaluate their effects on lipid oxidation, pH, color, and microbial counts of a restructured chicken product. EPS had higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity compared to EPP. When both extracts were applied to chicken meat and the chitosan films, there were no differences for color, pH and total mesophilic counts compared to control at the end of the storage period. For lipid oxidation (peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), both extracts proved to be as effective as butylated hydroxytoluene to maintain the oxidative stability of the chicken product. The microbial counts of psychrotrophic microorganisms were significantly lower for treatments with active films. Chitosan active films with residue extracts may maintain the quality of chicken products due to their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential.

The winter home ranges, foraging habitats, and roost characteristics of migrant Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia) have not been described in central Mexico. This information is needed to prioritize habitat conservation measures because the species is in decline across much of western North America. We used VHF telemetry to describe the foraging range, habitat use, and roost sites of 17 Burrowing Owls in two study areas: Irapuato and Zapopan, Mexico. Burrowing Owls did not forage in the daytime. Cropland and grasslands made up the majority of the owls' foraging ranges, which averaged 70 ha. Burrowing Owls responded quickly and opportunistically to changes in land uses that removed tall dense vegetation, such as the harvest of tall crops, and fires. Distances from foraging areas to roost sites averaged 514–751 m, but varied widely from 32–1981 m. Roost characteristics were highly variable between study sites. Overall, Burrowing Owls incorporated anthropogenic land uses into their winter habitat n...

Microgravity ethylene/air laminar boundary layer diffusion flames were studied numerically. Two oxidizer velocities of 250 and 300 mm/s and three fuel injection velocities of 3, 4, and 5 mm/s were considered. A detailed gas-phase reaction mechanism, which includes aromatic chemistry up to four rings, was used. Soot kinetics was modeled by using a pyrene-based model including the mechanisms of nucleation, heterogeneous surface growth and oxidation following the hydrogen-abstraction acetylene-addition (HACA) mechanism, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) surface condensation and soot particle coagulation. Radiative heat transfer from CO, CO2, H2O and soot was calculated using the discrete ordinate method (DOM) coupled to a wide-band correlated-k model. Model predictions are in quantitative agreement with the available experimental data. Model results show that H and OH radicals, responsible for the dehydrogenation of sites in the HACA process, and pyrene, responsible for soot nucleation and PAH condensation, are located in a thin region that follows the stand-off distance. Soot is produced in this region and, then, is transported inside the boundary layer by convection and thermophoresis. The combustion efficiency is significantly lower than 1 and is reduced as the flow residence time increasing, confirming that these sooting micro-gravity diffusion flames are characterized by radiative quenching at the flame trailing edge. In particular, this quenching phenomenon explains the increase in flame length with the oxidizer velocity observed in previous experimental studies. The effects of using approximate radiative-property models, namely the optically-thin approximation and gray approximations for soot and combustion gases, were assessed. It was found that the re-absorption and the spectral dependence of combustion gases and soot must be taken into account to predict accurately temperature, soot volume fraction, flame geometry and flame quenching.

This study investigated consumers' perception of labels of burgers with sodium reduction and/or addition of mushroom flavor enhancer. Six visual stimuli were created using a factorial design with sodium content (regular, sodium-reduced, and sodium-reduced plus health claim) and flavor enhancer (monosodium glutamate (MSG) and mushroom extract) as factors. Consumers answered an attitudinal questionnaire and evaluated the stimuli through expected liking and check-all-that-apply (CATA) questions. Three consumers' clusters were identified, which associated positive attributes to labels of burgers with mushroom flavor enhancer and negative attributes to labels of MSG-burgers, regardless of sodium content. The main positive drivers of liking were “I would buy”, “attractive”, “innovative”, “tasty”, and “contain fewer additives”, which were associated with burgers with mushroom flavor enhancer, while “contain additives”, “processed”, “artificial”, “unhealthy”, and “not attractive” were the negative drivers of liking that should be modified in a reformulation to increase liking. This study provides valuable information for the development of healthier burgers and their positioning in the market.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensory characteristics of mortadellas with different fat contents using Descriptive Analysis (DA) and Check-all-that-apply (CATA) questions and their relationship with overall liking (OL). Five mortadella samples were studied. Sample 1, containing 16% fat. Sample 2 was formulated with 8% fat. Samples 3 and 4 were prepared by replacing 50% fat by a pre-emulsion composed of fish, canola and olive oil. A commercial fat-reduced sample was also studied. The sensory characteristics of the samples were evaluated by DA. Besides, eighty-four consumers evaluated their OL using a 9-point scale and answered the CATA questions. Replacement or reduction of fat caused changes in the sensory characteristics of the samples. Commercial mortadella was the most liked. CATA questions along with penalty analysis and partial least squares regression (PLSR) of dummy variables on the OL helped to identify the attributes to be changed in the mortadella formulations.

Research on natural cooling of buildings has produced an extensive scientific bibliography since 1980s. Nevertheless, few examples of complete experimental systems are registered, and rigorous procedures for their dimensioning are currently not available. This work analyses the performance of an air-based low energy radiative cooling system in Chile. The system is composed of a series of specialized radiative air collectors, a mechanical ventilation system, and a thermal storage wall, which is part of the indoor environment. The design has been tested in an experimental prototype where external and internal environmental conditions have been monitored during a full week in midsummer conditions. The data obtained is used to validate an analytical model designed to study the behavior of each component and the system’s performance. This work studies the relationship between the radiator surface, the air volume flow rate, and the thermal storage wall volume that serves to neutralize the thermal loads, maintaining comfortable temperature conditions throughout the day. Comparison of the simulations with and without thermal conditioning has been conducted. In term of the system sizing, a thermal wall of 2.55 m3 and a total air flow rate of 48 m3/h is required to reach the optimal operating point of the first floor of the house. A sensibility analysis indicated that increasing the number of collectors slightly reduces the wall’s size. Based on these conditions, the work concludes with the proposal of a simple procedure for the sizing of passive cooling systems installed in social housing developments.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Proton therapy plans for head and neck cancer patients receiving ipsilateral neck radiotherapy have limited angle options given desired avoidance of contralateral tissue and other at-risk organs. This may lead to dose enhancement at the mucosal surfaces at the end of range. Herein, we study the relationship between potential areas of mucosal toxicity and biological dose (BD). MATERIALS/METHODS The patient cohort comprised of 5 patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma treated between 2019 and 2020 with adjuvant proton therapy to doses of 60-66 Gy in 30-33 fractions to the tumor bed with/without ipsilateral neck treatment after radical resection. Monte-Carlo based linear energy transfer (LET), relative biological effectiveness (RBE), and BD distributions of clinical plans were generated using the research version of a commercial treatment planning system. BD and RBE were calculated using the McNamara (MCN) model, which includes dependencies with dose-weighted LET (LETd), alpha/beta ratio, and physical dose (PD). α/β = 3.1 Gy and a reference dose of 2 Gy per fraction, were used to perform RBE computations. 10 mm rings around the mucosal targets were used to quantify biological dose enhancement outside the target structure. Mean and max RBE, LETd Volume Histograms, as well as D2cc and near-maximum (D1%) values in comparison to conventional PD × 1.1 were analyzed. RESULTS As summarized in Table 1, the rings showed an increase of 8-10 % when comparing D2cc numbers between conventional PD × 1.1 and BD. The RBE predicted by the McNamara model showed an average of 1.207 and a maximum (RBE1%) of 1.358 for this group of patients. LETd2cc and LETd1% had average values of 5.998 and 6.413 keV/µm, respectively. CONCLUSION BD enhancement was observed at the periphery of mucosal targets in these patients. An additional study is needed to evaluate the correlation of this dose enhancement with clinical/radiologic outcomes. In the future, use of additional beam angles and/or incorporating LET in treatment planning may mitigate this effect.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) To quantitatively compare plan quality between mid-inspiration breath-hold (BH) MR-guided radiotherapy (MRgRTBH) and free-breathing (FB) CT-based intensity modulated radiotherapy (CT-IGRTFB) for the ablative treatment of adrenal malignancies. We hypothesized that MRgRTBH would provide improved target coverage and lower organ-at-risk (OAR) doses due to smaller target volumes compared to CT-IGRTFB. MATERIALS/METHODS Twenty adrenal metastasis patients were treated on a 0.35T MR-Linac with real-time sagittal tracking at four frames per second for gated BH delivery. All patients underwent IMRT planning to a median prescription dose of 50 Gy (range: 40-50 Gy) in 5 fractions. For MRgRTBH, the CTV was delineated on the primary 3D TRUFI scan with no internal target volume (ITV). Each patient was retrospectively replanned using a 3-arc, VMAT CT-IGRTFB treatment on a c-arm Linac (HD MLC). 4DCT respiratory evaluation was performed during MRgRTBH simulation. The average intensity projection CT was used to determine the ITV for the CT-IGRTFB plan. All plans used a 5 mm ITV to PTV margin. Target volume metrics used were: target coverage (TC) (PTV V100%/PTV vol), PTV D95%/Rx, PTV D90%/Rx, PTV D80%/Rx, homogeneity index (HI) (PTV D2%/ D98%), high dose conformity (PITV), low dose conformity (D2cm), and gradient (R50%). Additional dose metrics were evaluated for mean ipsilateral kidney and 0.5 cc gastrointestinal (GI) OARs. RESULTS The Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed a statistically significant increase (P 0.05). There were significant reductions (P 0.05) and significant GI OAR sparing (P < 0.05) resulted from the smaller target volumes and reduced OAR-to-PTV proximity. MRgRTBH was shown to be dosimetrically superior for OAR sparing to the small bowel, the large bowel and the duodenum (P < 0.05). Adaptive MRgRTBH was used for all patients, but only initial treatment doses were considered in quantifying the impact of gated BH versus ITV for this study.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Emerging data suggest that ablative stereotactic magnetic resonance-guided adaptive radiation therapy (SMART) for inoperable pancreas cancer (PCa) achieves favorable local control (LC) and overall survival (OS) compared to non-ablative dose. In the current SMART workflow, each adaptive fraction is reoptimized without accounting for previously delivered dose. Cumulative target volume (TV) dose from all SMART fractions has not previously been evaluated with respect to clinical outcomes. MATERIALS/METHODS We evaluated 44 inoperable PCa patients who were prescribed 50 Gy in 5 daily fractions on a 0.35T-MR LINAC. 33 patients (75%) were treated with elective nodal irradiation, typically including the celiac axis and superior mesenteric artery. PTV margin was 3 mm. On-table adaptive replanning was performed to primarily satisfy gastrointestinal (GI) organ at risk (OAR) constraints, and secondarily maximize TV coverage. Cumulative dose for all fractions was summed onto a TRUFI MR fractional scan (i.e., fraction 5). A rigid transformation was performed for fractions 1 to 4 scans onto the fraction 5 frame of reference (FOR) based on alignment of gross disease. Each fractional dose was transformed onto fraction 5 FOR and summed cumulatively for all 5 fractions. Locoregional failure (LRF) was delineated on follow-up imaging by a diagnostic radiologist with PCa expertise. Cumulative TV dose metrics (D80, D90, mean, max) were evaluated with respect to LRF. Diagnostic scans were rigidly registered to the fraction 5 FOR based on recurrence region to investigate recurrence characteristics and target dose metrics. A Spearman correlation was used to investigate LRF and (1) ENI vs. no ENI, (2) TV coverage metrics, (3) planning TV (PTV) volume. RESULTS The median PTV volume for all patients, with ENI, and without ENI was 125.9 cc (range: 20.6-356.8), 137.3 cc (range: 72.8-356.8, and 55.4 (range: 20.6-280.15), respectively. LRF occurred in 12 patients (27.3%); the median LRF volume was 10.9 cc (range: 1.1-145.5cc). The median Dice similarity coefficient taken to characterize LRF overlap with PTV was 0.05 (range: 0-0.45). Moderate negative correlation coefficients were noted between recurrence to ENI [-0.59 (P < 0.001)], recurrence to PTV volume [-0.41 (P < 0.001)] and recurrence to max PTV dose [-0.47 (P < 0.001)]. No correlation was observed for cumulative D80, D90, mean dose to recurrence. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first analysis of cumulative TV dose from 5-fraction SMART for PCa. While use of ENI is controversial, moderate and statistically significant correlations were noted between LRF and ENI, in addition to PTV volume and maximum dose. Additional investigation is warranted to better understand whether specific dose thresholds exist for gross disease and electively treated volumes with respect to long-term LC and OS.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Salivary glands are exquisitely sensitive to radiotherapy. Patients treated with radiotherapy to the head and neck region commonly develop salivary gland volume loss and associated xerostomia. Salivary volume loss is associated with salivary function loss, making it a useful surrogate indicator of xerostomia. Previous studies have correlated the degree of salivary gland volume loss with mean radiation doses in patients undergoing photon head and neck radiation. However, change in salivary gland volume relative to radiation dose has not been evaluated in patients undergoing proton therapy. Currently, a constant value of 1.1 is used to relate physical dose (PD) to biological dose (BD) for proton therapy. However, specific tissues may respond differently and thus require a different PD to BD conversion. Herein, we evaluate changes in salivary gland volumes relative to radiation dose in head and neck cancer patients receiving proton therapy to examine the validity of current PD to BD conversions for head and neck salivary glands. MATERIALS/METHODS Dosimetric data and pre-radiation parotid gland and submandibular gland (SMG) volumes were collected for 20 head and neck cancer patients that received proton therapy at our institution between 2018-2020. Pre-radiation volumes of the SMGs and parotids were collected from treatment planning scans. Post-treatment salivary gland volumes were contoured on 3-month post-treatment diagnostic scans. Mean doses to the glands were gathered from dose-volume histograms generated from treatment plans. Linear logistical regression was performed to measure the effect of dose on volume change. RESULTS Volume changes of 27 parotids and 38 SMGs were evaluated. Mean doses were 10.0 Gy (standard deviation (SD) 13.2) and 25.2 Gy (SD 25.0) for parotids and SMGs, respectively. Mean dose was < 1 Gy, < 30 Gy, and < 50 Gy in 59.3%, 92.6%, and 100% of parotids compared to 39.5%, 55.3%, and 81.6% of SMGs, respectively. Mean ratios of gland volumes at 3 months post-treatment relative to pre-treatment were 0.962 (SD 0.210) and 1.106 (SD 0.273) for parotids and SMGs, respectively. Effect of mean dose on gland volume change was not statistically significant for either parotids or SMGs. CONCLUSION The greater relative size reduction in parotids versus SMGs was consistent with previous photon data. The mean increase in SMG volume could represent post-treatment functional compensation in preserved glands, but this requires additional investigation. Also, determination of the effect of proton dose on salivary gland volume change requires further analysis. Currently, no conclusions can be drawn whether salivary glands are equally or differentially sensitive to proton therapy relative to photon therapy.

Flavor is one of the most important characteristics of smoked bacon, strongly affecting its liking by consumers. The smoking process, lipid oxidation and proteolysis contribute to bacon quality through the generation of odors and flavor compounds. In this study, the relationships between free amino acids (FAAs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and sensory characteristics of smoked bacon stored for 60 days at 5 °C were investigated. Smoked bacon stored for 30 days was characterized by VOCs associated with the smoking process and lipid oxidation. After 30 days of storage, the bacon samples presented an increase in FAAs produced mainly by proteolysis. Smoked bacon was characterized by the attributes smoky, crunchy, salty, soft and bright. This study demonstrated that VOCs, FAAs and their interactions are responsible for generating sensory attributes and increasing overall liking.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Historically, pencil beam algorithms (PBA), have been used for intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) dose calculation. Recently, improvements in calculation speeds and a desire to generate more accurate plans have led to wider adoption of Monte Carlo (MC) algorithms for IMPT. Our goal was to ascertain the impact of both PBA and MC calculation algorithms on the skin dose in breast cancer treated with IMPT by means of measurements. MATERIALS/METHODS Twenty-one comprehensive chest wall patients were included in this study with treatment planning performed using a treatment planning system. All IMPT plans were generated with 1 or 2 en-face fields. Single- and multiple-field-optimization were used in 19 and 2 patients, respectively. The prescription doses were 50.4 Gy for 15 and 45 Gy for 6 patients, all at 1.8 Gy/fraction. The skin OAR was defined as a 3 mm thick rind anterior to the chest wall target volume. For 12 patients, the skin dose was optimized with the objectives of V95%

Purpose/Objective(s) Post-radiation xerostomia is an important toxicity of head and neck radiotherapy, contributing to decreased quality of life and other adverse effects. Submandibular gland (SMG) transfer prior to radiation previously demonstrated a statistically significant benefit in xerostomia reduction in the 2/3 dimensional treatment era. In the procedure, the SMG is transposed anteriorly to the submental space. In patients receiving radiation to the level II but not level IB neck, this displacement removes the SMG from the treatment portal, thereby preserving gland function. Herein we evaluate the dosimetric implications of SMG transfer on intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) treatment plans. Materials/Methods We conducted a retrospective review of oropharynx cancer patients who underwent SMG transfer surgery followed by curative IMRT at our institution. Pre-surgery computed tomography (CT) scans had previously been fused with the planning CT. Separate scans were fused to the planning CT for 5 patients who had not had previous fusions. Pre-surgery SMG glands were contoured. Dose to the pre-surgery SMG was assessed on the treated clinical plan (TCP). A new plan (NP) was then generated, optimizing based on the pre-surgery SMG. Dosimetry attempted to meet all standard institutional constraints and match the salivary gland mean doses of the TCPs. Mean salivary gland, oral cavity, and larynx doses were collected. We evaluated the differences in plan outcomes using t-tests. Results 18 patients with median age 61.5 years (range 25-74) underwent SMG transfer between 2019 and 2021 (94.4% male and 94.4% received concurrent cisplatin). Mean SMG dose and mean total parotid and SMG gland (TPSG) dose post-transfer was 27.5 Gy and 26.1 Gy (standard deviation (SD) 6.9 and 3.3), respectively; pre-transfer SMG and TPSG mean dose was 40.4 Gy and 27.8 Gy (SD 9.4 and 3.5) and 29.6 Gy and 26.4 Gy (SD 7.7 and 3.9) in TCPs and NPs, respectively. Differences between pre- and post-transfer SMG and TPSG doses in TCPs were statistically significant, as were differences between pre-transfer SMG and TPSG doses in TCPs versus NPs (all P 0.1). Mean oral cavity and larynx doses were 32.9 Gy and 31.4 Gy (SD 6.8 and 9.9) and 33.5 Gy and 30.8 Gy (SD 7.5 and 9.6) in TCPs and NPs, respectively (all P > 0.1). Conclusion SMG mean dose was lower by ∼2 Gy in TCPs relative to the non-transferred SMG mean dose in reoptimized NPs, although this difference did not reach statistical significance. Inverse planning likely decreases the benefit of SMG transfer to reduce the risk of xerostomia. More investigation is needed to evaluate if patient subsets would benefit more than others based on tumor location (tongue base versus tonsil) and treatment modality (proton versus photon).

A dynamic model is presented to simulate a fermentation process for bioethanol production from banana rejected using a batch system. The critical model feature is using an inhibition function to relate substrate concentration and specific growth rate. Kinetic parameters were calculated based on previous experimental data, and the optimal substrate concentration is investigated. The Andrews kinetic model was adapted to the concentration profiles, indicating that it could describe the existence of substrate and product inhibition. Different initial substrate concentrations were evaluated (90-400 g/L), and simulated results suggest 200 g/L of rejected banana as a starting point to reach a high and efficient bioethanol production since a maximal ethanol production is reached with a value of 150 g/L. However, when using a higher banana, rejected concentration inhibition occurs, and therefore bioethanol production decreases to reach levels lower than 100 g/L. Based on results found, kinetic models allow obtaining important observations on microbial metabolic processes and facilitating a good approximation for further large-scale stages.

282 Background: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the use of telemedicine for evaluation and management visits in radiation oncology departments to decrease in-person interactions. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the utility of telemedicine for patient consultation and its effect on radiotherapy simulation and treatment processes. Methods: A standardized simulation requisition directive was used for all consults (telemedicine and in-person) undergoing simulation for external beam radiation therapy at a single tertiary care institution from January to December 2020. These directives were reviewed at daily multi-disciplinary peer review meetings; modifications occurring as a result of this review were prospectively recorded in a departmental quality database. Descriptive statistics were used to identify characteristics associated with consultation type. Mann Whitney and Chi-square tests were used to compare continuous and categorical variables. Results: 1500 consecutive patients were reviewed in this prospective peer review process; 444 (29.6%) had telemedicine visits preceding simulation and 1056 (70.4%) had in-person consults. The median time between physician simulation order and date of simulation was 5 days (IQR: 2-11 days) for telemedicine visits and 4 days (IQR: 1-8 days) for in-person consults ( p

For deeper insight into beef consumer experiences during consumption, sensory descriptions seem to be insufficient, and exploration of emotions evoked by this product are required. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the emotions evoked by beef consumption in different contexts. To that end, this work was structured as follows: 1) Emotional vocabulary development; 2) Selection of beef cuts; and 3) Emotional profiling of beef cuts. The emotional vocabulary was useful for characterizing emotions evoked by two beef cuts with different sensory profiles, in different contexts, considering a within-subjects design. Rump cap samples showed the highest liking and were associated with positive emotions, while outside flat samples were less liked and characterized by negative emotions. The evoked context had no effect on hedonic and emotional intensities, but increased the number of emotions elicited by consumers. The correlation of sensory, hedonic and emotional information indicated that tenderness and internal color of beef were correlated with positive emotions and higher liking scores.

The first contact between consumers and the food product is usually the packaging and it’s labelling. Therefore, it is the primary means to generate consumer’s expectations. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the influence of nutritional and health claims on acceptance of salami with reduced sodium content, aimed at finding guidance for the product reformulation. Sixt y consumers evaluated four samples of salami. The overall acceptance was evaluated using a nine - point hedonic scale, and the attributes color, tenderness, characteristic flavor and salt content, were evaluated by 7 – point just - about - right (JAR) scale. For the expectation test, overall liking of salami with reduced sodium content was evaluated by consumers under three conditions : (1) blind test (B); (2) expectation generated by nutritional and health claims (E), and (3) consumers re - tasted the salami having the nutrition and health claims available (R). Student’s t - tests performed on data indicated no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the mean acceptance under the blind (B) and real (R) conditions, although expectation ratings (E) were significantly higher than (B) (p ≤ 0.05). However, linear regression of (R - B) x (E - B) ratings revealed a major assimilation effect of expectation, especially under negative disconfirmation (E > B). Contrast effect was also observed, but to a lesser extent . The results showed that saltiness attribute was not decisive in decreased acceptance according to the JAR scale, but it was relevant in the aftertaste generated by adding salt substitutes. Finally, nutritional and health claims had little effect on consumer ac ceptance.

Introducción Las fracturas de clavícula distal desplazadas son manejadas generalmente de manera quirúrgica dada la alta probabilidad de no-unión con el tratamiento ortopédico. El propósito de este trabajo es evaluar el uso del sistema de fijación con doble botón cortical para la reducción y estabilización de la fractura de clavícula distal que presenten indemnidad de la cortical superior. Métodos Estudio retrospectivo observacional clínico-imagenológico de pacientes con fractura desplazada de clavícula distal operados con técnica mínimamente invasiva mediante reducción con sistema de fijación con doble botón cortical. Se describe como criterio radiológico de “Cortical Superior Indemne (CSI)” la presencia del rasgo de fractura a 1cm o más, hacia distal desde el tubérculo conoide, identificándose ese criterio como característica necesaria para la indicación del tratamiento propuesto. Se describen las complicaciones post-operatorias, progresión radiológica y resultados funcionales. Resultados 21 pacientes fueron tratados con esa técnica con un seguimiento promedio de 23,4 meses. No hubo casos de no unión, infección o herida dehiscente y ningún paciente requirió el retiro del dispositivo. Se encontró un Simple Shoulder Test (SST) promedio de 79,4 (66 - 91,7) y QuickDASH de 11 (6,8 - 15,9). El 87,5% de las fracturas desplazadas de clavícula distal tenían indemnidad de la cortical superior. Conclusión La técnica mínimamente invasiva para la reducción y fijación de la fractura de clavícula distal desplazada con botones corticales es una alternativa simple, reproducible, con pocas complicaciones y excelentes resultados funcionales. Nivel de Evidencia: Nivel IV.

In Chile, flate-plate solar water collector (FPSWC) plants have not yet been sufficiently developed despite the excellent solar conditions of the country's territory. Two of the main parameters affecting the behavior of these plants are the collection area and the water storage volume. In this paper, an energy performance model of an FPSWC plant is used along with genetic algorithms (GAs) to optimize the combination of these two parameters in order to produce the maximum life-cycle savings (LCS). This model is applied to 182 locations in Chile and 6 consumption profiles with the purpose of creating a solar map for this kind of plant throughout the country. The financial results show that the installation of an optimized FPSWC plant is convenient in all the analyzed locations. Furthermore, results are noteworthy in the northern zone of Chile with respect to the others due to excellent meteorological conditions. A sensitivity analysis was carried out at the locations with higher and lower LCS, showing that consumption temperature mainly affects zones with higher radiation. This study allows us to provide evidence that the utilization of FPSWC plants should be promoted in order to induce rapid growth and development of this important technology in Chile.

The aim of this study was to determine the diet of the neotropical otter in the upper San Diego River. Neotropical otters are predator considered as an indicator of the quality of the aquatic ecosystems, the species is listed as threatened in Mexico; therefore it is essential to conduct studies to understand their biology and ecology. The monitoring was carried out for 2 consecutive years (2012-2013), a longitudinal section of the river of 8 km was surveyed, it was divided into 3 equal sections. A total of 266 scats were collected, food items found in them were identified. Diet was conformed by 7 categories of prey, invertebrates and fish representing the highest percentage (39.45% and 34.86%, respectively), with a smaller presence plants, amphibians, mammals, birds, reptiles and 4.95% of unidentified items. Items in all categories were found in spring. Gila conspersa, Corydalus texanus and Abedus sp., were the most often species found in the diet. There were no significant differences in diet between seasons, or segments of the river (only between dry and rainy season for the year 2012).

In nature, water is present as a low-salt solution, thus we hypothesized that thirst would increase taste responses to low-salt solutions. We investigated the effect of thirst on the 2 different salt detection mechanisms present in the rat chorda tympani (CT) nerve. The first mechanism is dependent upon the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), is blocked by benzamil, and is specific to the cation sodium. The second mechanism, while undefined, is independent of ENaC, and detects multiple cations. We expected thirst to increase benzamil-sensitive sodium responses due to mechanistically increasing the benzamil-sensitive ENaC. We recorded CT whole-nerve electrophysiological responses to lingual application of NaCl, KCl (30, 75, 150, 300, 500, and 600 mM), and imitation rainwater in both control and 24-h water-restricted male rats. NaCl solutions were presented in artificial saliva before and after lingual application of 5µM benzamil. Water restriction significantly increased the integrated CT responses to NaCl but not to KCl or imitation rainwater. Consistent with our hypothesis, only the benzamil-sensitive, and not the benzamil-insensitive, CT sodium response significantly increased. Additionally, CT responses to salt were recorded following induction of either osmotic or volemic thirst. Both thirsts significantly enhanced the integrated CT responses to NaCl and KCl, but not imitation rainwater. Interestingly, osmotic and volemic thirsts increased CT responses by increasing both the benzamil-sensitive and benzamil-insensitive CT sodium responses. We propose that thirst increases the sensitivity of the CT nerve to sodium.

Modern society is facing serious problems with the transportation systems given the increase in traffic jams, accidents, fatalities and CO2 emissions. Thus, improving the safety and efficiency of transportation systems is imperative. Developing a sustainable transportation system requires a better usage of the existing infrastructure, the adoption of emerging technologies (e.g. embedded devices, sensors and short-range radio transmitters) and the development of applications capable of operating in wireless and spontaneous networks. In this paper, the authors give readers a global vision of the challenges and issues related to the development of applications for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET). It also presents a classification of applications and an overview of the top-level application domain. In addition, it investigates the importance of information in vehicular networks and analyses the requirements for different types of vehicular applications placing them in a table which summarized the findings. Finally, the communication schemes that underpin the operation of VANET applications as well as the security threats they are exposed to are studied.

Frailty is a geriatric syndrome characterized by diminished muscle strength, endurance, and weakened physical function. Physical frailty is often unaddressed clinically as it tends to manifest among chronic illnesses and sarcopenia, and consensus criteria for frailty diagnosis remains elusive. Whole-body vibration training (WBVT) has been used to improve deficits in lower body muscular strength and functional performance in healthy and high functioning older adults; therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of WBVT on physical frailty in skilled nursing home residents. This study compared the effects of 12 wks (2x/wk) of WBVT (n = 10) to standard care, which served as the control (CON: n = 10), on isometric knee extension strength (KE), body composition, and functional performance in 20 (16 female) pre-frail and frail skilled nursing home residents (82 ± 5 yrs). Frailty was assessed using the FRAIL scale and function was measured using the short physical performance battery (SPPB). WBVT consisted of 4 lower body exercises (partial squat, narrow squat, wide squat, calf raise) during vertical vibration (25 – 40 Hz). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA (group × time) and post-hoc paired and independent t-tests. Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. There were significant group-by-time interactions for KE and SPPB. Post-hoc paired t-tests revealed that WBVT improved KE (22.3 ± 4.0 to 29.0 ± 4.5 kg) and improvement in SPPB performance approached significance (4.5 ± 2.3 to 5.2 ± 2.1 units, p = 0.089). WBVT was well tolerated and occurred without adverse health complications. WBVT can be used to counteract losses in leg strength without adverse health complications in skilled nursing home residents.

BACKGROUND: While sex hormones and their receptors play well known roles in progression of primary tumors through direct action on sex steroid hormone-responsive cancer cells, emerging evidence suggest that hormones also play important roles in metastatic progression by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Estrogens and androgens synthesized in gonads and within the brain influence memory, behavior, and outcomes of brain pathologies. Yet, their impact on brain metastatic colonization and progression is just beginning to be explored. RECENT FINDINGS: Estradiol and testosterone cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and are synthesized de novo in astrocytes and other cells within the adult brain. Circulating and brain-synthesized estrogens have been shown to promote brain metastatic colonization of tumors lacking estrogen receptors (ERs), through mechanisms involving the upregulation of growth factors and neurotrophins in ER+ reactive astrocytes. In this review, we discuss additional mechanisms by which hormones may influence brain metastases, through modulation of brain endothelial cells, astrocytes and microglia. CONCLUSION: A greater understanding of hormone-brain-tumor interactions may shed further light on the mechanisms underlying the adaptation of cancer cells to the brain niche, and provide therapeutic alternatives modulating the brain metastatic niche.

International audience; The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of reducing the content and size of NaCl on the instrumental texture and dynamic sensory profile, and to determine the temporal drivers of liking (TDL). The reduction of the NaCl content decreased the hardness and chewiness parameters, and affected the dynamic sensory profile of the product. The NaCl reduction ( < 1.0% NaCl) was related to a higher incidence of the attributes off-flavor and dry. In general, the overall liking was driven by the juicy and tasty attributes, the latter being associated with the presence of the sensory attributes salty and seasoned and the texture parameters hardness and chewiness. According to the results, among the treatments with NaCl reduction, the beef burger added with 1.0% micronized salt stood out, since it did not affect considerably the texture parameters, the dynamic sensory profile during chewing and the consumers' liking.

This chapter focuses on the contribution of gustatory input in the control of specific appetites, with the understanding that taste is an important component of a set of signals that act in concert to initiate and control ingestion. The distinction between salt preference and salt appetite is somewhat subtle inasmuch as salt intake under both needy and need-free conditions acts in the service of sodium regulation. Salt appetite is under internal sensory control such that body sodium depletion sets in motion another set of physiological processes, largely hormonal, that ultimately influence or control salt consumption. The central autonomic system and gustatory and visceral inputs have been emphasized because of their involvement in affective states, motivation, and appetite. Salt taste receptors and fibers have been identified in a variety of organisms. The chorda tympani nerve innervates taste receptors in the fungiform papillae on the anterior region of the tongue.

The mainstream tradition of Western moral and political philosophy was perfectionist, that is, it believed law and government could and should contribute to the moral improvement of people. This article examines the perfectionist arguments of Aristotle, Saint Augustin and Aquinas, as well as John S. Mill’s “harm principle”, a classical reference for anti-perfectionists. It also reconstructs the controversy between Patrick Devlin and H.L.A. Hart on the matter of “morals laws”. Finally, it proposes Rawls’s work as a paradigm of contemporary anti-perfectionism, and Joseph Raz’s “perfectionist liberalism” and Robert P. George’s considerations on “moral ecology” as instances of a perfectionism that lives up to the needs and constraints of our time.

This study aimed to elucidate the effect of pink pepper extract and different types of packaging on the physicochemical characteristics, oxidative stability and dynamic sensory profile of chicken burger. Pink pepper extract was incorporated into chicken burgers, which were stored in aerobic and vacuum packaging for 7 days at 2 °C. A formulation with synthetic antioxidant (butylated hydroxytoluene - BHT) and a control (without antioxidants) were also analysed. Pink pepper extract was as effective as BHT to delay the lipid oxidation of chicken burger after 7 days of refrigeration. Vacuum packaging was effective in preventing myoglobin oxidation, avoiding sample discoloration during storage. Burgers manufactured with pink pepper extract stored under vacuum packaging showed sensory properties similar to those manufactured with synthetic antioxidant.

Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings. Methods A multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Results Of 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45·1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34·2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20·6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12·8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24·7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI. Conclusion The odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda. ©

This study aimed to evaluate the sensory and hedonic perceptions of chicken burger manufactured with pink pepper residue extract (PPE) added to the meat and to the chitosan film. Five samples were manufactured: CT: control, without antioxidant; DP and FP: addition of PPE to the meat batter and to the film, respectively; C1 and C2: commercial brands of chicken burgers. Consumers characterized the samples using the overall liking test and Check-all-that-apply questions. The samples showed a medium–high level of acceptance and no significant differences were found between them. DP was the farthest sample from the ideal and FP showed positive results, since its characteristics were like the commercial samples. The direct extract application may lead to a reduction in the liking of chicken burgers, demonstrating that the technology of active films is a viable alternative to the use of natural antioxidant extracts in meat products. © 2019, Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India).

The effect of Agaricus bisporus (AB) mushroom as a fat replacer in beef burgers was evaluated. Four treatments were compared: control (0% AB, 20% fat) and 3 treatments with partial fat replacement: AB 5% (5% AB, 15% fat); AB 10% (10% AB, 10% fat); AB 15% (AB 15%, 5% fat). Mushroom addition increased moisture content and yield and decreased cooking loss and diameter reduction of the burgers. Formulations with the highest AB concentrations were lighter and redder than the control. AB incorporation affected texture, resulting in less hard and less chewy products. In general, lipid oxidation increased during the storage time, however the lowest values were observed in AB 15%, i.e. the lowest fat content and the presence of AB increased the oxidative stability. AB 10% and AB 15% had good overall liking and were sensorially characterized as juicy, tender and flavorsome burgers. The partial replacement of animal fat by AB is a promising strategy for developing a low-fat burger.

Aim This study investigated the in vitro mechanism of action of a commercial citrus EO, Brazilian orange terpenes (BOT), on an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolated from pig gut and on Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Methods and results Firstly, bacteria were exposed sequentially to BOT every 3 h (three times) at sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations and results showed that sequential exposure to BOT provoked a higher reduction of bacteria viability than a single exposure and the reduction of ETEC viability was higher compared to that of L. rhamnosus. Then, evaluation of the BOT effects on the cell membrane permeability and integrity, indicated that BOT increased the membrane permeability and caused disruptive effects on the integrity of bacterial cells as reflected by an increase of the relative electric conductivity and the release of essential cell constituents. Interestingly, BOT effects were more pronounced on the ETEC than on L. rhamnosus. This was ratified by scanning electron microscopy, which showed more noticeable morphological damages and disturbances on ETEC cells than on the L. rhamnosus cells. Limonene was detected as the major compound in BOT by polar/nonpolar GC-MS (78·65%/79·38%). Conclusions Results revealed that the probable mechanism of the selective antibacterial action of the citrus EO, BOT, can be described as altering more remarkable the permeability and integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane as well as the external structure of ETEC cells than L. rhamnosus cells. Significance and impact of the study This study provides information about the mechanism of antibacterial action displayed by a citrus EO, a by-product of the citrus processing industry, as a natural alternative to antibiotics used in pig production sector to combat pathogens such as ETECs.

A survey was carried out in 51 households within a suburban area of Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, for 5 consecutive days. Adult collections were performed using Prokopack aspirators (indoors) and human-landing mosquito catches (HLC) outdoors, and larval sites (artificial containers) were revised for larvae collection. A total of 259

El tema de investigación que se presenta esta insertado en el contexto institucional de la educación superior tecnológica y tiene como propósito presentar aspectos importantes en el desarrollo de los estudiantes en una institución que paralelo a su desarrollo académico, les exige competencias diversas, sin embargo, poca importancia le da al desarrollo de las competencias emocionales de los estudiantes, estas ultimas, medidas sobre la percepción de la felicidad considerada como bienestar subjetivo. Se trata de un estudio de los factores que inciden en esta percepción por parte de los estudiantes, y se pretende considerar y dar seguimiento a la detección de estos factores desde el proceso de admisión, y dar seguimiento a su desarrollo dentro de la institución, hasta la consolidación a través de su estadía en el proceso de integración académica de su especialidad que desarrollen en esta institución.

Hepatic encephalopathy is a frequent complication in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and is associated with a high mortality rate. Costs attributed to the management of patients with cirrhosis are especially high due to complications, such as hepatic encephalopathy, given that they increase the number of days of hospital stay. Different drugs are currently used to treat hepatic encephalopathy, and the main ones are lactulose, L-ornithine L-aspartate (LOLA), and certain antibiotics, especially rifaximin-α (RFX). Even though many of them have been shown to be effective to greater or lesser degrees, it is important to understand the differences between them, so that every patient receives individualized treatment and the best option is chosen, in accordance with the different clinical scenarios. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze the evidence on the advantages and disadvantages of the individual or combined use of the 3 main treatments for hepatic encephalopathy, specifically taking into consideration their different degrees of efficacy, their impact on quality of life, prophylaxis, and cost reduction.

BACKGROUND To date, no studies have directly compared the differences between presleep and daytime protein (PRO) consumption on localized and systemic fat metabolism in active women. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of presleep compared with daytime PRO supplementation on subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT) lipolysis and whole-body substrate utilization in women. METHODS Thirteen young (mean ± SE age: 22 ± 1 y; BMI: 24.3 ± 0.8 kg/m2), resistance-trained [1 repetition maximum (1RM) squat percentage of body weight: 135% ± 6%; 1RM bench press percentage of body weight: 82% ± 4%] women volunteered. On overnight experimental visits, participants performed full-body resistance exercise (RE; 65% 1RM) and were randomly assigned to consume either daytime PRO (PRO, 30 g casein) 30 min post-RE and presleep (30 min before bed) noncaloric, sensory-matched placebo (PLA, 0 g casein) (PRO-PLA), or the opposite (PLA-PRO), switching the order of the supplements on the following visit. SCAAT lipolysis, resting metabolism (indirect calorimetry), and plasma biomarkers (glucose, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids, glycerol) were measured at baseline, overnight, and the next morning. RESULTS There were no differences in overnight SCAAT lipolysis between conditions indicated by interstitial glycerol concentrations (PRO-PLA: baseline, 669 ± 137; next morning, 321 ± 77.1; PLA-PRO: baseline, 524 ± 109; next morning, 333 ± 68.0 μM), fat oxidation (PRO-PLA: baseline, 5.70 ± 0.35; next morning, 5.00 ± 0.28; PLA-PRO: baseline, 6.59 ± 0.32; next morning, 5.44 ± 0.27 g/min), or any other measure. CONCLUSIONS There was no difference between the effects of daytime and presleep PRO supplementation on SCAAT lipolysis or whole-body substrate utilization in resistance-trained women. Presleep PRO is a viable option for increasing PRO consumption in resistance-trained women because it does not blunt overnight lipolysis, and will therefore likely not lead to increases in subcutaneous abdominal fat.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03573687.