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Semiempirical models for gas-turbine combustor emissions distinguish between the dominant subprocesses of combustion related to pollutant emissions. They assign characteristic times, which are based on combustor geometry, fuel characteristics, and operating conditions, to these subprocesses. Linear ratios of these characteristic times, or of sums of the times weighted with empirical constants, are proportional to the emissions indices of oxides of nitrogen and of carbon monoxide (CO). The capability of a semiempirical model to predict and correlate CO emissions from two heavy-duty, dual-fuel (natural gas and fuel oil) diffusion flame combustors without inert injection is assessed. The model is termed the characteristic time model. Since the characteristic time model had not been used to correlate or predict CO emissions from stationary, heavy-duty combustors prior to this study, application of the models to the heavy-duty emissions data was not expected to, and did not yield acceptable predictions or correlations. Thus, modification of the characteristic time model was performed. A new algorithm determines the CO oxidation quench position in the combustor and provides a reasonable correlation of the CO data.

The extensive hydrogen-bonded networks of the title compounds, C 7 H 10 O 6 , (I), NH 4 + .C 6 H 7 O 6 - .1/2H 2 O, (II), and 4NH 4 + .C 8 H 6 O8 4- .H 2 O, (III), have been analyzed. In compound (I), layers are formed by eight-membered and 16-membered hydrogen-bonded rings. In compound (II), the anions are arranged into double chains of 30-membered rings through short hydrogen bonds. These chains are cross-linked by weaker hydrogen bonds to H 2 O and NH 4 + . In compound (III), stacks of centrosymmetric anions are connected by hydrogen bonds to H 2 O and NH 4 + .

Moffitt’s (1993) developmental theory has garnered an extensive amount of attention from scholars across a range of disciplines, and the results generated from this body of literature have been consistently supportive. Specifically, the segment of the population predicted by Moffitt to be chronically aggressive—called life-course persistent offenders—has been found to account for a disproportionate number of serious crimes. What remains less certain, however, is whether this same group of offenders are also responsible for perpetrating acts of forced sex. The authors examined the tendency for life-course persisters to sexually assault using a nationally representative sample of individuals. Our findings suggest that life-course persisters are disproportionately more likely to be sexually coercive compared to other individuals.

The study of human crime and violence represents a flashpoint for discussion across academia. Multiple theories exist pertaining to the topic, all aimed at organizing numerous findings surrounding correlates of antisocial behavior. Along these lines, Moffitt’s developmental taxonomy has emerged as a theory well supported by empirical research. Noticeably absent, though, has been an effort to apply an evolutionary framework to Moffitt’s dual taxonomy of offending. With this in mind, the current study is intended to examine Moffitt’s different typologies in the context of Rushton’s Differential K theory (an adaptation of r–K selection from life history theory). Our findings suggest that life-course persistent offending may represent a viable reproductive strategy characterized by higher levels of sexual involvement over the life-course.

Driving under the influence (DUI) and driving while intoxicated (DWI) are related to a range of serious health, legal, and financial costs. Given the costs to society of DUIs and DWIs, there has been interest in identifying the causes of DUIs and DWIs. The current study added to this existing knowledge base by estimating genetic and environmental effects on DUIs and DWIs in a sample of twins drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). The results of the analyses revealed that genetic factors explained 53% of the variance in DUIs/DWIs and the nonshared environment explained 47% of the variance. Shared environmental factors explained none of the variance in DUIs/DWIs. We conclude with a discussion of the results, the limitations of the study, and how the findings might be compatible with policies designed to reduce DUIs and DWIs.

This study considers a biosocial explanation of why johns, the purchasers of commercial sex exchanges, are almost exclusively male. Trivers's theory of parental investment and sexual selection predicts that differential parental investment by biological sex will lead to divergent sex-based reproductive instincts. The sex bearing the larger parental investment will tend to be choosier, whereas the sex bearing the lesser investment will tend to be relatively indiscriminate and competitive for access to sexual resources. We hypothesized that men are more likely than women to offer objects of value in exchange for access to sexual resources. Using self-reports of sex-purchasing from Add Health data (N = 14,544), we found that maleness was a robust predictor of john behavior even after controlling for well-known criminogenic risk factors.

Previous reports have suggested that tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of morphine does not develop in the formalin test. To re-examine these findings, morphine was administered via multiple injections or continuous infusion from 0 to 4 days prior to testing with either the formalin or tail-flick test. Following twice daily injections (5.0 mg kg-1 s.c.), significant tolerance developed within 2 days with the formalin test but not until day 4 with the tail-flick test. Significant tolerance was noted with both tests 4 days following the implantation of osmotic mini-pumps (10 mg kg-1 day-1, s.c.). We conclude that in mice, tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine develops rapidly with the formalin test.

Objective. The relationship between race and crime has been contentious, focusing primarily on offending and incarceration patterns among minorities. There has been some limited work on public perceptions of criminal punishment, and findings show that while minorities believe in the role and rule of law, they simultaneously perceive the justice system as acting in a biased and/or unfair manner. Two limitations have stalled this literature. First, research has focused mainly on criminal punishments to the neglect of noncriminal punishments. Second, most studies have not examined whether race remains salient after considering other demographic variables or discrimination and legitimacy attitudes.Methods. Using data from 400 adults, we examine how race affects perceptions of criminal punishment and subsequent reinstatement into the National Football League in the case of Michael Vick, a star professional quarterback who pled guilty to charges of operating an illegal dog-fighting ring.Results. Findings show that whites are more likely to view Vick's punishment as too soft and that he should not be reinstated, while nonwhites had the opposite views. Race remained significant after controlling for other variables believed to be related to punishment perceptions.Conclusion. Attitudes toward both criminal punishment and NFL reinstatement vary across race such that there exists important divides in how individuals perceive the system meting out punishment and subsequently reintegrating offenders back into society. These results underscore that white and nonwhites perceive the law and its administration differently.

A line of research has revealed that the influence of genes on behavioral development is closely tied to environmental experiences. Known as gene–environment interaction, research in this area is beginning to reveal that variation in parenting behaviors may moderate genetic influences on antisocial behaviors in children. Despite growing interest in gene–environment interaction research, little evidence exists concerning the role of maternal disengagement in the conditioning of genetic influences on childhood behavioral problems. The current study is intended to address this gap in the literature by analyzing a sample of twin pairs drawn from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B). Analysis of the ECLS-B provided evidence that maternal disengagement moderates genetic influences on the development of externalizing problems.

A large body of research has linked spanking with a range of adverse outcomes in children, including aggression, psychopathology, and criminal involvement. Despite evidence concerning the association of spanking with antisocial behavior, not all children who are spanked develop antisocial traits. Given the heterogeneous effects of spanking on behavior, it is possible that a third variable may condition the influence of corporal punishment on child development. We test this possibility using data drawn from a nationally representative dataset of twin siblings. Our findings suggest that genetic risk factors condition the effects of spanking on antisocial behavior. Moreover, our results provide evidence that the interaction between genetic risk factors and corporal punishment may be particularly salient for males.

Objectives To explore the link between low self-control during adolescence and health problems in early adulthood. Methods Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examined the relationship between varying levels of self-control and the likelihood of being diagnosed with a variety of physical and brain-based health conditions. Results Results from logistic regression analyses indicated that subjects with lower levels of self-control had significantly higher odds of being diagnosed with 9 of the 10 health outcomes. Conclusions Targeting the development of self-control in childhood and adolescence may be valuable in preventing future health problems.

Summary: A new simple procedure for the production of protoplasts of Penicillium cyclopium with high regeneration rates and efficient transport activity is described, involving the use of a preparation of Novozym 234 with very low protease activity. The combination of a heat pretreatment at 55 °C for 15 min with the use of the protease inhibitor aprotinin resulted in a 97% reduction of Novozym 234 protease activity with respect to untreated controls. Polysaccharide-hydrolysing activity was inhibited much less, to 60% of the untreated Novozym 234 level. Protoplasts could be successfully produced with the new low-protease Novozym 234 preparation, showing a threefold increase in regeneration capacity compared to control protoplasts obtained with the original preparation. The rates of 3-O-methylglucose uptake and the capacity to accumulate this sugar analogue were also higher in protoplasts obtained by the new method.

Reaction of 5,5-dimethylcyclohexan-1,3-dione with ammonia in ethanol gave a trimer, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,11,12,13,14-dodecahydro-3,3,8,8,12,12-hexamethyl-1,6,14- trioxobenzo[b]benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-d]oxoninium hydroxide, C24H31O5+.0.41OH−, containing a nine-membered lactone ring and a furan as well as two cyclohexane groups. The furan ring is partially protonated at the O atom with a disordered hydroxide counterion.

The title compound, C 38 H 42 N 4 O 6 Si, is a key intermediate in the preparation of inhibitors for bovine β-1,4-galactosyl transferase. The configuration of the sugar was as expected. Libration of the tert-butyldiphenylsilyl group about an axis normal to the glucose ring is not coupled to the glucose. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding at the acetamido group leads to a sixfold screw axis

Summary form only given. Recently, the spectroscopic, laser, and nonlinear optical properties of doped and undoped tungstates have been investigated. Raman laser action in lead tungstate, PbWO/sub 4/, in the picosecond regime was reported in this earlier research with conversion efficiencies as high as 40%. Tetragonal lead tungstate crystals have an active SRS vibration mode with frequency 901 cm/sup -1/ and a gain factor of 8.4 cm/GW when the pump polarization is parallel to the c-axis. From an applications point of view, an attractive feature of lead tungstate is that single crystals are already being produced commercially in large sizes with good optical properties at comparatively low cost. In this paper, we believe we report on a first set of measurements of Raman laser action in lead tungstate crystals when optically pumped by the fundamental and the first harmonic of Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers.

A body of empirical research has revealed that there are associations among language skills, peer interactions, and behavioral problems in childhood. At the same time, however, there has been comparatively less research devoted to exploring the mutual unfolding of these factors over the first few years of life. The current study is designed to partially address this gap in the literature by examining how language skills, negative peer interactions, and behavioral problems are interrelated in a sample of twins drawn from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort (ECLS-B). Employing a quantitative genetic framework, the results of the current study revealed that variance in language skills, negative peer interactions, and externalizing behavioral problems were all due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Bivariate Cholesky models indicated that most of the covariance among language skills, negative peer interactions, and externalizing behavioral problems was due to common genetic factors. Additional analyses using a modified DeFries–Fulker approach nested within a path model revealed a bidirectional association between negative peer interactions and externalizing behavioral problems, wherein there appeared to be feedback loops between the two. Implications of the results are discussed and avenues for future research are offered.

Lean premixed combustor manufacturers require premixer concepts that provide homogeneity (mixedness) of the fuel which burns in the main flame. Ideally premixer evaluation would be conducted under realistic combustor operating conditions. However, current techniques typically are limited to cold—flow, low pressure (

The characteristic time model (CTM) represents the dominant physical subprocesses related to combustor performance in terms of characteristic times. Properly formulated, these characteristic times account for variations in combustor geometry, fuel characteristics, and operating conditions. Here, a CTM for piloted–lean premixed combustor NOx emissions is used to investigate the sensitivity of NO formation in such combustors to fuel/air unmixedness and suggests an experimental method of evaluating premixed performance under fired conditions that is discussed in the companion paper.Copyright © 1997 by ASME

This case is unusual due to its extended clinical course. Clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings are presented.

Barnes J. C., Boutwell, B. B., & Fox, K. A. (2012). The Effect of Gang Membership on Victimization: A Behavioral Genetic Explanation. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 10(3), 227-244. Original DOI: 10.1177/1541204011429948. A coding error in wave IV data was recently detected by Add Health researchers. The authors ana- lyzed some of the variables affected by this error and, in the paper, reported that gang membership impacted wave IV victimization but genetic factors did not. When the coding error is corrected, the pattern of results changes so that genetic factors do influence wave IV victimization and gang mem- bership does not. The corrected findings, organized by table and order of appearance in the text, are presented below.... Open Access via DOI Keywords: Juvenile justice Language: en

Rats were trained to nose poke into illuminated holes to perform 1 of 2 different spatial working memory tasks (relative recency or reward history) in a 5-choice operant chamber. A series of experiments indicated that choice accuracy on both tasks depended on (a) the holes' spatial separation, and (b) their relative rather than absolute positions. The results suggest that accurate choice depended on using a motor mediation strategy to turn, so as to encounter the target (correct) hole before encountering the alternative (wrong) hole. The drugs administered to the rats, d-amphetamine, scopolamine, and CGP-37849 impaired choice accuracy on these tasks, even though task performance had not appeared to depend on explicit memory for the sample responses. This suggests that parallel drug effects obtained on other operant matching- or nonmatching-to-position tasks may not have reflected truly amnesic effects of the drug treatments.

Cytosolic free calcium concentration [Ca2+]c of protoplasts from Penicillium notatum was measured using the permeant acetoxy ester (quin-2-AM) of the calcium-chelating fluorescent dye quin-2. Low uptake of the ester occurred at pH 5.8-7.0 and its subsequent hydrolysis was low. Uptake was promoted by an external pH of 5.0 and significant hydrolysis to quin-2 achieved by adjustment of the internal pH to 7.2, which was near the optimum of the carboxylic esterases responsible for the hydrolysis. Uptake of Ca2+ was biphasic with the average cell calcium concentration of protoplasts increasing from an initial value of 2 mumol to 50 mumol (kg cell water)-1, during attainment of the steady state after 30 min, at which time [Ca2+]c was unchanged at 20 nM but increased to 182 nM at 2-6 h exposure to 2.5 mM-Ca2+. Broadly similar changes in [Ca2+]c were found in protoplasts derived from mycelium samples exposed to Ca2+ over the same period of time. The location of Ca2+ was determined in subfractionated organelles and characterized using enzyme markers and electron microscopy. In 32 h mycelium preloaded with Ca2+ for 6 h, Ca2+ was located principally in the mitochondria with lower concentrations associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, vacuoles and plasma membrane components. Calcium was not released by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate or the calcium ionophore A23187 from any subcellular fractions obtained from mycelium on Percoll gradients, nor from preparations of vacuoles or plasmalemma vesicles, except in the case of mitochondria where rapid release of the ion was achieved by the addition of 2-5 microM-A23187. The anti-calmodulin agent calmidazolium (R24571) greatly reduced sporulation when addition preceded that of Ca2+. Calcium-induced cultures showed massive novel protein phosphorylation 2 h after addition of the ion which was virtually eliminated by R24571, whilst 1 h and 4-6 h protein phosphorylations, which were also present to some degree in vegetative controls, were substantially reduced. Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE analysis of phosphoproteins confirmed that Ca(2+)-induced mycelium had enhanced capacity for calmodulin-mediated phosphorylation relative to corresponding vegetative cells and that complex differential changes in such phosphorylations occurred during Ca(2+)-induction of the sporulation process.

An adult long-haired domestic cat native to South Texas developed signs consistent with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania mexicana, was initially diagnosed from lesions confined to the left ear. A radical pinnectomy was done and the cat was returned to its owner. Two years later, lesions developed at the stump, and lesions later developed on the cat's muzzle and nasal mucosa. All of the lesions contained numerous L mexicana amastigotes. Several treatment regimens were attempted, but without evidence of resolution. The cat was tested multiple times for evidence of impaired immunologic competence and was found to be normal. The cat failed to respond to Leishmania antigen given interdermally (Montenegro test) on several occasions. On one occasion, however, there was partial regression of the lesions following the Montenegro test. Cats in areas endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis (South Texas) may serve as sentinels for the agent. The epidemiology of the infection in this area is largely unknown, as is the importance of cats in the spread of disease.

A plasma membrane fraction was obtained by the combined use of differential centrifugation and aqueous polymer two-phase partitioning techniques. Vanadate-inhibited ATPase and glucan synthase activities were highly enriched in this fraction, although the presence of ATPase activity which was not inhibited by vanadate, nitrate, molybdate, anyimycin A or azide was also detected. Other intracellular membrane marker activities were present at very low or undetectable levels. A further separation step using Percoll density gradient centrifugation resulted in the separation of a fraction which exclusively contained vanadate-inhibited ATPase activity, and was enriched with silicotungstic-acid-staining membrane material. Latency tests performed on the plasma membrane markers showed that the membrane vesicles were in the right-side-out orientation.

High pulse energy (100–150 mJ) high spectral purity (>99.7%) injection seeding is reported for a pulsed unstable resonator Ti:sapphire laser using a cw single-mode 100-mW diode laser in the 820-nm region. The laser characteristics meet the strict requirements of a NASA Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment mission in differential absorption lidar (DIAL) remote sensing of water vapor. Long and short term laser frequency stability is obtained by locking the diode laser frequency to an absorption line of water vapor in a reference cell using a frequency modulation technique. Operation on and off the water vapor absorption lines for the DIAL measurements is achieved by applying current pulses to the diode laser, which greatly simplifies the DIAL system. The spectral purity of laser output is measured using two White cells with a total path length of 400 m. Diode laser side mode seeding was found to be the major limitation to higher spectral purity. By suppressing the diode laser side mode with a solid etalon, spectral purity higher than 99.7% has been obtained.

The title compound, C 11 H 16 N + .Cl - , packs to give nonpolar and polar regions in the crystal. In the polar region each proton of the NH 3 + group points towards a Cl - ion; the average N...Cl separation is 3.183 A

Bis(diethylenetriammonium) trioxalate tetrahydrate, (C4H16N33+)2.(C2O42−)3.4H2O, is polymorphic. The all-trans conformation of the cation in the monoclinic form of the title compound leads to a less compact hydrogen bond network and an increase in unit cell volume of 5% compared with the triclinic form in which the cation adopts a trans-gauche conformation.

In Na2 Cu(C3H2O4)2 2H2O, the copper atom lies on an inversion centre and has two coplanar bidentate malonato groups (Cu—O 1.942 (3) and 1.950 (3) A). These units are combined into a three-dimensional network by out-of-plane Cu—O contacts (2.597 (3) A) to adjacent malonate groups and by hydrogen bonds between malonate groups and water molecules. The sodium ion is 6-coordinate, including two water molecules (Na···O 2.361 (4)–2.576 (3) A).