Search

Mass measurements of neutron-rich Cd and Ag isotopes were performed with the Penning trap mass spectrometer ISOLTRAP. The masses of ${}^{112,114\ensuremath{-}124}$Ag and ${}^{114,120,122\ensuremath{-}124,126,128}$Cd, determined with relative uncertainties between $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ and $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$, resulted in significant corrections and improvements of the mass surface. In particular, the mass of $^{124}\mathrm{Ag}$ was previously unknown. In addition, other masses that had to be inferred from $Q$ values of nuclear decays and reactions have now been measured directly. The analysis includes various mass differences, namely the two-neutron separation energies, the applicability of the Garvey-Kelson relations, double differences of masses $\ensuremath{\delta}{V}_{\mathit{pn}}$, which give empirical proton-neutron interaction strengths, as well as a comparison with recent microscopic calculations. The $\ensuremath{\delta}{V}_{\mathit{pn}}$ results reveal that for even-even nuclides around $^{132}\mathrm{Sn}$ the trends are similar to those in the $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ region.

The spin and configurational structure of excited states of Cd127, the two-proton and three-neutron hole neighbor of Sn132, has been studied. An isomeric state with a half-life of 17.5(3) μs was populated in the fragmentation of a Xe136 beam on a Be9 target at a beam energy of 750 MeV/u. Time distributions of the delayed γ transitions and γγ coincidence relations were exploited to construct a decay scheme. The observed yrast (19/2)+ isomer is proposed to have dominant configurations of ν(h11/2-3)π(g9/2-1,p1/2-1), ν(h11/2-2d3/2-1)π(g9/2-2), and ν(h11/2-2,s1/2-1)π(g9/2-2) and to decay by two competing stretched M2 and E3 transitions. Experimental results are compared with the isotone Sn129. The new information provides input for the proton-neutron interaction and the evolution of neutron hole energies in nuclei around the doubly magic Sn132 core. © 2010 The American Physical Society., Support of German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (06KY205I), the EU Access to Large Scale Facilities Programme (EURONS, EUContract No. 506065), the PolishMinistry of Science and Higher Education (1-P03B-030-30 and 620/E-77/SPB/GSI/P-03/DWM105/2004-2007), the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci´on (FPA2007-66069 and FPA2009-13377-C02-02), EPSRC/STFC (UK), the Swedish Research Council, the Bulgarian Science Fund VUF06/05, the US Department of Energy (DE-FG02-91ER-40609 and DE-AC02-06CH11357), the Hungarian Science Foundation

The astrophysical origin of a p-nucleus {sup 115}Sn has remained still an open question. The nucleus {sup 115}Sn may be produced by a weak branch of the s-process through a beta-unstable isomer in {sup 113}Cd. However, a neutron capture cross-section to this isomer has not been measured with high accuracy at any energy. A neutron capture cross-section for the {sup 112}Cd(n,gamma){sup 113}Cd{sup m} reaction has been measured with neutrons provided from a nuclear reactor. The nucleus {sup 115}Sn may be produced by a nucleosynthesis flow through {sup 113}Cd{sup m} in the s-process. We have obtained the thermal neutron capture cross-section of 0.028+-0.009[b] and the resonance integral of 1.1+-0.3[b] using a cadmium difference method. The cross-section ratio of the isomer to the ground state has been calculated as a function of the incident neutron energy, E, by using a statistical model. The calculated ratios are almost constant over a wide range of E

An experiment to search for 2b processes in 106Cd with the help of 106CdWO4 crystal scintillator (mass of 215 g), enriched in 106Cd up to 66%, is in progress at the Gran Sasso National Laboratories of the INFN (Italy). After 1320 h of data taking, limits on double beta processes in 106Cd have been established on the level of 1019–1020 yr, in particular (all the results at 90% C.L.): T1/2(0ν2e)>3.6×1020 yr, T1/2(2νeβ+)>7.2×1019 yr, and T1/2(2ν2β+)>2.5×1020 yr. Resonant 0ν2e processes have been restricted as T1/2(0ν2K)>1.4×1020 yr and T1/2(0νLK)>3.2×1020 yr. A possible resonant enhancement of the 0ν2e processes is estimated in the framework of the QRPA approach.

The decay properties of rp‐process nuclei in the vicinity of 100Sn have been studied at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL). The measured β‐decay half‐life for 100Sn is 0.55−0.31+0.70 s, in agreement with a previous measurement. In 98In, the β‐decay of the ground state plus that of a long lived isomer were observed with half‐lives of 47(13) ms and 0.66(40) s respectively. The half‐life of 96Cd, measured for the first time, is 1.03−0.21+0.24 s; however, the existence of a predicted isomeric state in this nucleus could not be confirmed. Additionally, a gamma cascade de‐exciting a μ‐isomer in the odd‐odd nucleus 96Ag was observed. The implications of the measured half‐life of 96Cd on the calculated rp‐process final abundances are discussed.

Mass attenuation for 109Cd radiation have been measured in mixtures of phases and in single phases of five chemical compounds. As anticipated, the mass attenuation coefficients are independent of the phases of the test chemicals. It is recommended that a slush hydrogen monitoring system based on low energy gamma ray attenuation be developed for utilization aboard the NASP.

Weak levels in the compound nucleus {sup 114}Cd were located by neutron time-of-flight spectroscopy techniques. Neutron capture measurements were performed with both a natural cadmium target and a highly enriched {sup 113}Cd target. A total of 22 new resonances were located in the neutron energy interval 20-500 eV and were assumed to be {ital p}-wave. Resonance parameters, {ital E}{sub 0} and {ital g}{Gamma}{sub {ital n}}, are given for the newly identified levels. The {ital p}-wave strength function was determined to be 10{sup 4}{ital S}{sub 1}=2.8{plus minus}0.8 and the average level spacing {l angle}{ital D}{sub 1}{r angle}=14 eV. Comparison of the reduced widths with a Porter-Thomas distribution is consistent with having missed 15% of the {ital p}-wave levels.

Our search for the Mossbauer Effect in109Ag using the self-absorption method is summarized. Measurements have been made using two different109Cd-doped single-crystal silver samples. In our method the silver Kα and Kδ x rays, as well as, the 88-keV γ rays are considered. The results are analyzed using the ratio of the number of x-ray to γ-ray counts. A positive effect is observed.

Independent experiments have been performed at two centers, to evaluate the dosimetric properties of their respective 109Cd K X-ray fluorescence (XRF) bone lead measurement systems. Measurements were made of the dose to several points on the skin on the lower leg, at the surface of the tibia, in the red marrow tibia cavity, at the midcalf, and in the abdominal region occupied by the conceptus. Overall agreement between the two data sets was found. Similarities and differences are discussed. The effective dose values for an in vivo measurement of tibia lead concentration in 1-, 5-, and 10-year-old and adult subjects were calculated from one data set to be 1100, 420, 190, and 34/38 (male/female) nSv, respectively, for an in vivo median precision (one standard deviation) of 4.9 micrograms Pb (g bone mineral)-1 for a 30-min adult measurement.

The binding of Cd2+ and Lu3+ to a parvalbumin isotype isolated from silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis), SHPV-B, has been studied by 113Cd nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Titration at pH 6.7, with 113CdCl2, of either apo SHPV-B or native SHPV-B (i.e. Ca2+ loaded) resulted in the emergence of two 113Cd resonances in the 113Cd NMR spectrum, one at about −94 ppm and another at about −97 ppm (relative to a 113 Cd2+ signal at 0 ppm arising from (unenriched) 2 M CdSO4, consistent with the presence of two distinct binding site environments on the protein for cadmium ion. Addition of Lu3+ to 113Cd2+ -substituted SHPV-B resulted in the preferential loss of the low field (i.e. −94 ppm) 113Cd NMR signal, consistent with the existence of one highly selective site on the silver hake parvalbumin (for the binding of ions that are very close to Ca2+ in their ionic radii and charge density, such as Cd2+ and a second, less selective site that can accommodate ions of slightly differing size (and charge density). Comparison of our Lu3+ addition results (on the silver hake parvalbumin) with the results of similar studies in the literature on pike and carp parvalbumin indicates significant similarities with the former and significant differences from the latter. These studies may bear on the evolutionary relatedness of parvalbumins from these three species.

The neutron-deficient nuclei100,101Cd were identified for the first time in — beam following the reactions58Ni +46,48Ti and58Ni +50Cr at 230 MeV and 245 MeV bombarding energy of the58Ni beams. Theγ-decay of the isotopes100,101,102Cd was studied inpγ, ppγ,nγ, nnγ, andnγγ prompt and delayed coincidence spectra. Isomers were found with spin and half life {ie1-01}=8+, T1/2=52(5) ns in100Cd, {ie1-02}=(19/2+), T1/2=4.6(4) ns in101Cd and {ie1-03}=8+, T1/2=56(4) ns in102Cd. In a PAD experiment theg-factor of the {ie1-04}=8+ isomer in100Cd was measured to be g=1.24(6). Using the reaction36Ar +70Ge at 135 MeV energy of the36Ar beam, theg-factor and the quadrupole moment of the {ie1-05}=8+ isomer in102Cd were measured to be g=1.29(3) and Q=87(10) fm2, respectively. The spectroscopic results are discussed within a shell model approach using a100Sn core, which accounts well for the electromagnetic properties of the proton aligned isomers. The structure of the spherical neutron states, dominated by the close lying vd5/2, g7/2 orbitals, and the gradually developing quadrupole collectivity are reproduced by the shell model calculations.

We have re-investigated the beta decay of the three isomers of $$^{116}$$Ag at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF). Through the use of half-life information, we have been able to construct individual decay schemes for each isomer, and correct what was a puzzling inconsistency with the published data, namely the beta feeding of 2$^+$ states by a 5$^+$ isomer. Our results indicate that the feeding of these levels arises from a 3$^+$ isomer in $$^{116}$$Ag. A total of 271 gamma-ray transitions (159 new) were assigned to 148 levels (94 new) from the beta-decay of $$^{116m1,m2,gs}$$Ag. Significant deviations are observed from expected U(5) symmetry in the 0$^+$ and 2$^+$ members of the previously assigned three-phonon quintuplet. Candidate states for the quadrupole-octupole quintuplet states and $$\pi$$g$$_{9/2}-\pi$$p$$_{1/2}$$, $$\pi$$g$$_{9/2}-\pi$$p$$_{3/2}$$, $$\nu$$h$$_{11/2}-\nu$$s$$_{1/2}$$, $$\nu$$h$$_{11/2}-\nu$$d$$_{3/2}$$, and $$\nu$$h$$_{11/2}-\nu$$d$$_{5/2}$$ broken pair states are assigned.

Thirty-seven cadmium isotopes have so far been observed; the discovery of these isotopes is discussed. For each isotope a brief summary of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented., to be published in Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables

The Cd-114(Ca-48, 6n gamma) reaction at 215 MeV has been investigated using the Gammasphere spectrometer to study the high-spin structure of the nucleus Er-156(68)88. Many new transitions have been established along with 68 definitive spin-parity level assignments from a high-fold angular-distribution analysis. In addition, absolute B(M 1) and B(E 1) strengths have been inferred from measured gamma-ray branching ratios. Strong B(E 1) strength (10(-3) W.u.) is discussed in terms of possible octupole collectivity at low spin. At high spin, this nucleus undergoes a Coriolis-induced shape transition from a prolate state of collective rotation to a noncollective, triaxial-oblate configuration. The yrast positive-parity structure ultimately terminates in an energetically favored oblate state at I-pi = 42(+). Several weak high-energy gamma-ray transitions have been discovered that feed this favored state. State-of-the-art cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky calculations are used to interpret the high-spin behavior of Er-156 and comparisons are made with other N = 88 isotones. (Less)

The aim of this research was (i) to compare the use of stable (111Cd) and radioactive (109Cd) isotopes for assessing the isotopically exchangeable pool of Cd (ECd), (ii) to evaluate a simpler alternative method, the extraction by 1 M CaCl2, (iii) to determine ECd in a wide range of soil and contamination types and (iv) to assess how ECd can be affected by the soil characteristics. Measurement with 111Cd gave equivalent but more repeatable results than those of 109Cd. Increasing the acidity of the spike solution led to an overestimation of ECd. Extraction by 1 M CaCl2 generally gave similar values to isotope dilution. Measured on 29 soil samples, ECd was on average 44% of the total Cd (CdT). The cultivated soils showed the highest relative cadmium availability (ECd/CdT = 46% on average) and the geochemically enriched soils the lowest (20%). For the whole sample set, ECd variance was mainly explained by the correlation with CdT (r = 0.86), while ECd/CdT was negatively correlated with pH (r = − 0.73). In the cultivated soils, ECd increased with CEC (r = 0.94), while ECd/CdT decreased with increasing iron content (r = − 0.91).

A systematics search for the nuclei in which the observation of discrete hyperdeformed (HD) bands may be feasible with existing detector facilities has been performed in the Cd isotopes within the framework of cranked relativistic mean field theory. It was found that the $^{96}$Cd nucleus is a doubly magic HD nucleus due to large proton Z=48 and neutron N=48 HD shell gaps. The best candidate for experimental search of discrete HD bands is $^{107}$Cd nucleus characterized by the large energy gap between the yrast and excited HD bands, the size of which is only 15% smaller than the one in doubly magic HD $^{96}$Cd nucleus., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review C

International audience; Search for double beta decay (β+β+, β+/EC, EC/EC) of 106Cd was performed at the Modane underground laboratory (4800 m w.e.) using a spectrometer TGV-2 with 32 HPGe detectors. New limits on the half-lives of 0vEC/EC resonant decay - T1/2 ≥ 1.6 × 1020 y, and on 2vEC/EC decay of 106Cd − T1/2 ≥ 4.1 × 1020 y (at 90% CL) were obtained from preliminary calculations of experimental data accumulated for 12900 h of measurement of ~13.6 g of 106Cd with enrichment of 75%. The limits on 2vEC/EC decay of 106Cd to the 2+,512 keV and 0+1,1334 keV excited states of 106Pd and on 2vβ+β+ and 2vβ+/EC decay of 106Cd were improved

An investigation on the level of some minor and trace elements in some varieties of meat (beef, mutton and chicken) consumed in Bangladesh is reported. In this study, protoninduced X-ray emission (PIXE) and radioisotope-induced X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques were used for analytical measurements. In PIXE measurements, the samples were exposed to the proton beam in air as 1 mm thick pellets and irradiated with 2.0 MeV protons having the beam intensity of 30 nA for characteristic X-ray excitation, whereas in XRF, the samples were excited for 5000 seconds with a 10 mCi109Cd annular X-ray source. The elemental concentrations of Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb and Sr were determined in the samples by comparison with X-ray yield curves constructed from IAEA and NBS standard reference materials. The significance of the results is dicussed in relation to human health and diseases.

An analysis of low-lying collective states in {sup 110,112,114}Cd has been performed within the framework of the interacting proton-neutron boson model. The influence of model parameters on level schemes and electromagnetic properties has been investigated, in particular, as far as the breaking of {ital F}-spin symmetry is concerned. The 2{sub 3}{sup +} state is suggested as a relatively pure {ital F}={ital F}{sub max}{minus}1 ( mixed-symmetry'') state in the three isotopes.

When109Cd is placed in a liquid scintillation counter, 146±1 counts are obtained for every 100109Cd nuclides which undergo decay. Thus, the average efficiency for each of the two steps in the decay process is ∼73%. In examining the distribution of energy among the windows available, it was noted that the distribution pattern is quite similar to that of14C. An average Cherenkov counting efficiency, in water, was found to be 0.0258±0.0005%. Both 0.010M K2Cr2O7 and CHCl3 quench the count rate, particularly in the lower energy channel, where count rates are suppressed by up to a factor of 20.

It was found that not only111mCd but also105Ag and106mAg sublimate at 1050 °C under a reduced pressure from Pd foils irradiated with α-particles. The sublimation method has enabled rapid separation of the isotopes and repeated use of valuable Pd foils. Adsorption onte α-Fe2O3 and coprecipitation with ferric hydroxide were studied by using radioactive tracers.

The experimental results from various decays and reactions for the A=121 mass chain have been compiled and evaluated. Adopted values for the level and decay properties are tabulated. Inconsistencies and discrepancies are noted.

Isotopic yields of neutron-rich light fragments were measured at the Coulomb barrier in the reaction 50 Ti+ 238 U and compared with earlier results obtained from deeply inelastic nucleon transfer. No light fragments complementary in mass to the recently observed heavy fragments in cold massive transfer were detected. We also measured isotopic yields for nickel-to-europium products from the fission of 13 MeV/u 20 Ne + 238 U. The application of these reactions for production of neutron-rich isotopes is compared with other methods.

New high-spin levels have been identified in the nucleus {sup 120}Pd from analysis of the coincidence gamma rays observed in the {sup 238}U({alpha}, f{gamma}{gamma}{gamma}) reaction. Recoiling fragments were detected with the Rochester heavy-ion detector array, CHICO, in coincidence with gamma-rays using Gammasphere. An A=110-130 mass-gated {gamma} - {gamma} - {gamma} cube from this experiment was constructed and analyzed for coincident gamma-rays in several nuclei near A=120. New results for neutron-rich {sup 118}Pd and {sup 120}Pd have been obtained. The {sup 120}Pd level scheme was extended to spin of 10{sup +} by building on the new low-energy gamma rays identified in decay studies of {sup 120}Rh. The details of the {sup 118}Pd level scheme derived from this work are compared to previous work. The systematics of the yrast levels in even-even Pd and Cd isotopes are presented and the symmetry of energy levels around N = 68 is discussed. A new 10{sup +} level in {sup 124}Cd has been observed. The population intensity of even-even neutron-rich Cd isotopes is deduced, indicating that nuclides near {sup 120}Cd are preferentially populated following alpha-induced fission of {sup 238}U.

We report on the ``safe'' Coulomb excitation of neutron-rich Cd, Xe, and Ba isotopes in the vicinity of the doubly-magic nucleus 132Sn. The radioactive nuclei have been produced by ISOLDE at CERN and postaccelerated by the REX-ISOLDE facility. The gamma-decay of excited states has been detected by the MINIBALL array. The presented preliminary results for the B(E2) values are consistent with expectations from phenomenological systematics and will be compared with theoretical calculations. Book subtitle: FINUSTAR 2 ispartof: pages:84-88 ispartof: AIP Conference Proceedings vol:1012 issue:1 pages:84-88 ispartof: Frontiers in NUclear STructure, Astrophysics and Reactions: FINUSTAR location:Kos, Greece date:10 Sep - 14 Sep 2007 status: published

The isotopic and elemental abundances of Zn, Pd, Ag, Cd, Sn, and Te have been measured in three acid-resistant residues extracted from the Allende meteorite. High-efficiency, low-contamination ion-exchange procedures were developed to separate and purify the nanogram amounts of these elements present. Elemental-abundance determinations performed by Mass Spectrometric Isotope Dilution agree with previously published work for similarly derived residues. No isotope anomalies similar to those found for Xe (Xe-HL) in these samples were detected for any of these elements, which is consistent with the residues not being derived directly from the Xe-HL carriers. The lack of major Te-isotope anomalies does not support earlier reports of {sup 126}Te and {sup 130}Te excesses which were measured by neutron activation in similar samples. Small excesses were detected in the minor isotopes of Sn and Te, but these may be due to measurement problems associated with the small ion currents obtained for these samples. Two of the residue solutions contain Cd with up to several percent excesses for {sup 106}Cd and {sup 108}Cd. Interpretations of these results are limited by the unknown nature of the carrier minerals in the residues but may indicate the presence of a p-process component in Allende residues.

Different techniques like implantation or in-diffusion have been applied to place the hyperfine probe111Cd at YBaCuO lattice sites. In this paper different experiments are reviewed which show that the standard PAC-probe can be placed at any regular site of YBaCuO. The PAC-parameters of these sites are collected and discussed.

A rapid and sensitive method for determining Cu-containing metallothionein (MT) is described. The main features of this Cd-saturation assay are: high-molecular-weight Cd-binding compounds are denatured with acetonitrile (50% final concentration), Cu bound to MT is removed with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate, excessive tetrathiomolybdate and its Cu complexes are removed with DEAE-Sephacel, apothionein is saturated with Cd, and excessive Cd is bound to Chelex 100. The thiomolybdate assay is capable of reliably detecting 14 ng MT and thus is particularly suitable for measuring MT in small tissue samples (e.g., biopsies), in extrahepatic tissues, and in cultured cells. Moreover, the combination of the thiomolybdate assay with the recently developed Cd-Chelex assay also makes it possible to determine the portion of MT which binds Cu (Cu load of MT), provided that the amount of non-Cu-thionein exceeds 100 ng, the detection limit of the Cd-Chelex assay.

The cadmium(II) derivatives of ovotransferrin and human serum transferrin have been investigated through {sup 113}Cd and {sup 13}C NMR spectroscopy. A sharp {sup 113}Cd signal due to the bound Cd(II) ion is observed at 21.6 and 11.7 ppM for ovotransferrin and human serum transferrin, respectively. These chemical shift values are consistent with the involvement of only one histidine in each metal-binding set of the protein, as indicated by the recent x-ray structure of human lactoferrin. In the {sup 13}C NMR spectra the protein-bound carbonate signal is found in both cases at 168.2 ppM, and it clearly splits into a doublet (J {approximately} 20 Hz) when the protein contains {sup 113}Cd-enriched cadmium, thus giving further evidence of direct metal-carbonate binding. The addition of the nonsynergistic anion perchlorate to the ovotransferrin derivative resulted in the removal of the bound cadmium. 29 refs., 5 figs.

A systematic investigation was carried out on115In to determine the contribution of different reactions to the total non-elastic cross-section in the 13.43 and 14.84 MeV incident neutron energy range. All the major components ofσ NE were measured with exception of theσ g(n, n′) cross section. An analytical expression is recommended to estimate theσ NE data as a function of mass number at En=14.1 MeV. By the knowledge ofσ NE, the energy dependence ofσ g(n, n′) could be deduced. The isomeric cross section ratios both for (n, 2n) and (n, n′) processes were also determined in the given energy range. The present experiment proves the dependence ofσ m/(σ g+σ m) ratio on the spin value (I m) of the isomeric state in the (n, 2n) reaction. Excitation functions of the (n, 2n), (n, n′) (n, p) and (n∶ p, α) reactions calculated by STAPRE code show good agreement with the experimental results.

The cadmium complex of an expanded five-coordinate porphyrin known as texaphyrin and its complexes with pyridine and benzimidazole have been investigated by solution- and solid-state {sup 113}Cd NMR spectroscopy, and the results are reported. The principle shielding tensor elements were determined for each complex and are discussed in terms of reported crystal studies of Cd-texaphyrin and in comparison to cadmium complexes with other porphyrin and similar macrocycle ligands. 18 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.

The orientation of the {sup 113}Cd chemical shielding tensors in single crystals of the dimer of diaquobis(2-hydroxybenzoato)cadmium(II), i.e. Cd-salicylate, and tetrakis(4-picoline)(nitrato-O,O{prime})(nitrato-O)cadmium(II), i.e. Cd-picoline, has been determined. The isotropic chemical shift was determined to be {minus}31 ppM for Cd-salicylate and +11 ppM for Cd-picoline. The space group symmetry of the Cd-salicylate crystal generates two magnetically distinct cadmium lattice sites. The assignment of each experimentally determined tensor to its respective lattice site was not possible due to the special geometry of the ligands in the lattice, which is discussed in the text. However, the two possible orientations differ only slightly and it is therefore possible to interpret the orientation with respect to the ligand identity and geometry. In either case, the most deshielded element is oriented nearly perpendicular to a plane containing two water oxygen atoms. The most shielded element is oriented nearly perpendicular to a pentagonal best least-squares (BLS) plane defined by two pairs of bidentate benzoate oxygen atoms and one monodentate benzoate oxygen atom. The crystal of Cd-picoline generates two crystallographically distinct cadmium sites in the lattice. Two methods were used independently to assign the two experimentally determined tensors to each lattice site. 22 refs., 12 figs., 5 tabs.

The infrared spectra of six isotopic forms of cadmium monohydride, [116CdH (7.6%), 114CdH (28.9%), 113CdH (12.3%), 112CdH (24.1%), 111CdH (12.7%), and 110CdH (12.4%)] and four isotopic forms of zinc hydride [68ZnH (18.6%), 67ZnH (4.1%), 66ZnH (27.8%), and 64ZnH (48.9%)] have been observed in natural abundance in their ground electronic state (2∑+) in the gas phase using a diode laser spectrometer. A number of transitions of 108CdH (0.9%) and 106CdH (1.2%) and 70ZnH (0.6%) were also observed, but too little data was accumulated to allow a good analysis. The hydrides were produced by reaction of hydrogen with metal vapor at elevated temperature in an electric discharge. The analysis of the experimental data was carried out in two ways. (a) A complete set of Dunham parameters and spin–rotation parameters (γ parameters) was determined for each isotopic species of the two radicals and (b) a set of mass‐independent parameters were calculated for both ZnH and CdH. Since only information over the isotopic species...

Properties of low-spin states in {sup 114}Cd have been studied with the (n,n{sup '}{gamma}) reaction. Gamma-ray angular distributions and excitation functions have been used to characterize the decays of the excited levels. Level lifetimes have been obtained with the Doppler-shift attenuation method. Sixteen new levels and many new transitions have been suggested below 3.5 MeV in excitation energy. Levels belonging to the phonon multiplets have been proposed based on their decay patterns and collectivity, and the existing intruder structure has been extended. A two-phonon 1{sub ms}{sup +} state has been suggested. Excitation of the hexadecapole moment has been considered. Data have been compared with the theoretical calculations of the interacting boson model.

The presence of isomeric levels with half-lives in the microsecond range has been identified in $^{125,126,127,128}\mathrm{Cd}$. Neutron-rich Cd isotopes were produced from the fragmentation of a 120 MeV/nucleon $^{136}\mathrm{Xe}$ beam and uniquely identified through their time-of-flight, energy loss, and total kinetic energy. \ensuremath{\gamma} rays from these isomeric levels were measured with an array of Ge detectors that were gated for 15 \ensuremath{\mu}s by a particle implantation trigger from a stack of Si detectors. The \ensuremath{\gamma} rays observed in the decay of $^{126,128}\mathrm{Cd}$ isomers populate low-energy levels previously identified in the \ensuremath{\beta} decay of $^{126,128}\mathrm{Ag}$. The \ensuremath{\gamma} rays found in the decay of $^{125,127}\mathrm{Cd}$ isomers are consistent with expected yrast structures observed in lighter, odd-mass Cd isotopes. The appearance of these isomers at the point where $N/Z$ exceeds 1.6 is interpreted as an indication of the onset of a weakened neutron-neutron interaction that has been proposed for $^{134}\mathrm{Sn}$, whose $N/Z$ also exceeds 1.6.

Fund. para Cienc. Tecnol., FCT, Minist. Cienc. Tecnol.;Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian;Fundacao Luso-Americana, International Conference on Proton Emitting Nuclei and Related Topics, PROCON 2007 -- 17 June 2007 through 23 June 2007 -- Lisbon, The observation of the new nuclide 159Re provides important insights into the evolution of single-particle structure in heavy nuclei beyond the proton drip line. The nuclide 159Re was synthesised in the reaction 106Cd(58Ni, p4n) and identified via its proton radioactivity using the RITU gas-filled separator and the GREAT focal-plane spectrometer. Comparisons of the measured proton energy (Ep = 1805±20 keV) and decay half-life (t1/2 = 21±4 µs) with values calculated using the WKB method indicate that the proton is emitted from an h11/2 state. The implications of these results for future experimental investigations into even more proton unbound Re isotopes using in-flight separation techniques are considered. © 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Lifetimes of low-lying states in $^{102,104}\mathrm{Cd}$ were determined by using the recoil distance Doppler-shift technique with a plunger device and a Ge array consisting of five HP Ge detectors and one Euroball cluster detector. The experiments were carried out at the Cologne FN Tandem facility using the $^{92}\mathrm{Mo}$($^{12}\mathrm{C}$,$2n$)$^{102}\mathrm{Cd}$ reaction at 41 MeV and the $^{94}\mathrm{Mo}$($^{12}\mathrm{C}$,$2n$)$^{104}\mathrm{Cd}$ reaction at 42 MeV. The differential decay curve method in coincidence mode was employed to derive the lifetime of the first ${2}^{+}$ state in both nuclei and the lifetime of the ${4}^{+}$ state in $^{104}\mathrm{Cd}$. The corresponding reduced $E2$ transition probabilities have been studied within the framework of the nuclear shell model.

The atomic nucleus {sup 106}Cd was studied via the {beta}-decay of {sup 106}In and using nuclear resonance fluorescence. The decay pattern of five J=1 states and precise lifetimes of three spin 1 states have been deduced. By combining both data sets a candidate for the quadrupole-octupole coupled 1{sup -} state was identified at 2825 keV. Only this state shows the decay pattern comparable with the known quadrupole-octupole coupled 1{sup -} states in the other even-even stable cadmium isotopes {sup 108-116}Cd. For the description of this collective state a good agreement with predictions of the Q-phonon approach using a fermionic configurational space and microscopic calculations on the basis of the random phase approximation was found.

Shell model calculations have been performed for the neutron deficient Cd nuclei from N=50 through N=58. The nucleus {sup 88}Sr is taken to be an inert core with valence protons filling the {l_brace}2p{sub 1/2},1g{sub 9/2}{r_brace} orbitals and neutrons the {l_brace}2d{sub 5/2},3s{sub 1/2},2d{sub 3/2},1g{sub 7/2},1h{sub 11/2}{r_brace} orbitals. Using a realistic effective interaction, we have calculated the energy spectra and transition probabilities in {sup 98,100,102,104,106}Cd. We have also made predictions about the presence of mixed-symmetry states that are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data in {sup 106}Cd.

The present study is a continuation of our previous work (2015 J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 42 025106) on neutral-current supernova-neutrino processes in the stable cadmium isotopes. Here we concentrate on the charged-current scattering processes of neutrinos off the stable cadmium isotopes covering an energy range characteristic of supernova neutrinos. As a theory framework we adopt the quasiparticle random-phase approximation in its charge-changing mode (pnQRPA) and the microscopic quasiparticle-phonon model to construct the required nuclear wave functions of the odd–odd and odd–even isobars of the stable even–even reference cadmium isotopes, respectively. The cross sections of the charged-current neutrino and antineutrino scatterings off the stable cadmium isotopes are subsequently computed. The nuclear responses to supernova neutrinos are also estimated by folding the cross sections with neutrino-energy spectra including the effects of matter oscillations within an effective two-neutrino framework. The calculations indicate that the folded cross sections have mass-number dependencies that are different for neutrinos and antineutrinos, and that odd-mass nuclei have relatively large cross sections. The matter oscillations affect the cross sections strongly and it is found that the computed averaged cross sections for antineutrinos differ notably for the normal/inverted mass hierarchy. This could have interesting consequences for the experimental solution of the mass-hierarchy problem in future large-scale neutrino telescopes.

The simulation of p‐process nucleosynthesis requires thousands of reaction rates. These rates are typically calculated with the statistical Hauser Feshbach Model (HF‐Model) which depends critically on the reliability of the optical nucleus potential. In particular, the predicted (α,γ) cross sections at low energies (below 20 MeV) are sensitive to the choice of the alpha potential. Dscrepancies have been observed between the experimental cross sections and the theoretical values (NON‐SMOKER). Currently, only a few α‐induced reaction rates have been measured. To explore the trend 106Cd(α,γ)110Sn and 112Sn(α,γ)116Te cross sections were measured at the Notre Dame FN Tandem accelerator. First results are presented and discussed.

We report on ground-state laser cooling of single {sup 111}Cd{sup +} ions confined in radio-frequency (Paul) traps. Heating rates of trapped ion motion are measured for two different trapping geometries and electrode materials, where no effort was made to shield the electrodes from the atomic Cd source. The low measured heating rates suggest that trapped {sup 111}Cd{sup +} ions may be well suited for experiments involving quantum control of atomic motion, including applications in quantum information science.

We study the predictive power of Skyrme forces with respect to low lying quadrupole spectra along the chains of Sn, Cd, and Te isotopes. Excitation energies and B(E2) values for the lowest quadrupole states are computed from a collective Schroedinger equation which as deduced through collective path generated by constraint Skyrme-Hartree-Fock (SHF) plus self-consistent cranking for the dynamical response. We compare the results from four different Skyrme forces, all treated with two different pairing forces (volume versus density-dependent pairing). The region around the neutron shell closure N=82 is very sensitive to changes in the Skyrme while the mid-shell isotopes in the region N

The spectral distributions for the two-photon decay modes of singly K-shell ionized silver atoms are determined by x-ray-x-ray coincidence measurements. Ag K-shell vacancies were induced by nuclear electron capture decay of radioactive cadmium isotopes {sup 109}Cd and two-photon coincidences were taken back to back (180 deg.) and at a 90 deg. opening angle for the emission. Each of the two-photon transitions from the 2s, 3s, and 3d states exhibits unique angular and spectral distributions. The measurements agree nicely with relativistic self-consistent field calculations of Tong et al. Our results also confirm and extend the earlier experimental data of Ilakovac and co-workers with improved accuracy.

We present some measurements of nuclear fluorescence which were made while exploring the potential of a unique source of very hard x‐rays which was installed at ESRF until recently. It produced radiation of energies up to 1MeV. In this range there are many nuclear resonances, and so we made a small survey of some plausible candidates to see if they could indeed be excited using this source. Along with short‐lived resonances, we were also able to indirectly populate long‐lived isomeric states in several nuclei. Thus, simply exposing the samples to the white beam for a period of time caused them to be activated. The samples could them be removed from the beam and their emissions observed using an energy‐resolving detector. Isomeric states in isotopes of indium, cadmium and silver were excited and their subsequent decay observed.

Cadmium isotopes are traditionally considered as good examples of nearly spherical, vibrational nuclei, which can be described by quadrupole vibrators in the collective model, as well as the U(5) dynamical symmetry in the interacting boson model (IBM). However, the shape coexistence of more deformed intruder states originating from proton 2p–4h excitation across the Z = 50 major shell is another interesting structural aspect, whose presence in Pd-isotopes has also been demonstrated [1,2].

The cadmium isotopes have now been characterized across the entire 50 < N < 82 shell. A brief review is given of the identifiable structures. Some discussion of open questions is made, especially of vibrations.

The ISOLDE resonance ionization laser ion source (RILIS) allows to ionize efficiently and selectively many metallic elements. In recent yield surveys and on-line experiments with the ISOLDE RILIS we observed 23–34 Mg, 26–34 Al, 98–132 Cd, 149 Tb, 155–177 Yb, 179–200 Tl, 183–215 Pb and 188–218 Bi. The obtained yields are presented together with measured release parameters which allow to extrapolate the release efficiency towards more exotic (short-lived) nuclides of the same elements. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.