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The purpose of our study was to compare test bolus techniques using undiluted or diluted contrast material for their ability to predict aortic enhancement on coronary computed tomographic angiography (c-CTA) images.We divided 200 consecutive patients who underwent c-CTA on a 64-MDCT scanner into two groups. In group A (n = 100), we used a test bolus of undiluted contrast material and in group B (n = 100), the contrast material was diluted. The injection volume was body weight × 0.2 (contrast material 100%) in group A and body weight × 0.7 (contrast material 30%, saline 70%) in group B. We then compared the CT number in the ascending aorta on c-CTA images obtained with undiluted and diluted contrast media to the CT number on c-CTA images.The mean CT number in the ascending aorta was significantly higher in group B than group A (217.1 vs. 157.4 HU, P .001). There was a significant difference in the correlation between the CT number of the ascending aorta on c-CTA images and on images acquired with the test bolus using undiluted or diluted test bolus (P .001). In group B, the correlation had a strong positive linear relationship (r = 0.72, P .001), whereas in group A the positive linear relationship was weak (r = 0.36).The test bolus with diluted contrast material was useful for predicting aortic enhancement before c-CTA scanning.

Plackett-Burman and Quarter fraction 2 5−2 factorial designs were applied to evaluate a spectrophotometric flow injection method in order to determine phenol in water by using 4-aminoantipyrine (4-aap) as derivatizing reagent. With a minimum number of experi- ments, the designs enabled the best conditions for phenol analysis: 80 cm and 180 cm reactors; flow-rates being: NH3 1.0 mL min −1 ; 4-aap 0.35 mL min −1 and K3(Fe(CN)6) 0.35 mL min −1 , (NH3) 0.064 mol L −1 , (4-aap) 9.84 × 10 −3 mol L −1 , (K3(Fe(CN)6)) 0.02 mol L −1 , and an injection volume of 200 µL. With the optimized method it was possible to increase the lineal range from 0.3 µg mL −1 to 30 µg mL −1 and also to quantify the maximum allowable phenol concentration in water in comparison with other standard and flow injection methods whose lineal range are from 0.5 µg mL −1 to 20 µg mL −1 and from 0.5 µg mL −1 to 16 µg mL −1 , respectively. The detection limit was of 0.13 µg mL −1 and the regression coefficient was of 0.9999, making possible a throughput of 36 determinations an hour with a minimum consume of reagent. With the proposed method, a distillation step was not necessary to remove sulfates but, when the sulfate:phenol ratio was higher than 83, the analytical signal for phenol increased 8%, but hypochlorite interfered with the signal when the hypochlorite:phenol ratio was higher than 1. Resumen. Se utilizaron disenos factoriales Plackett-Burman y frac- cionado 2 5−2 para evaluar un metodo espectrofotometrico de inyec- cion en flujo con el objetivo de determinar fenol en agua utilizando 4-aminoantipirina (4-aap) como reactivo derivatizante. Los disenos establecieron, con la menor cantidad de experimentos, las mejores condiciones para el analisis de fenol fueron: reactores de 80 cm y 180 cm; caudales para NH3 de 1.0 mL min −1 ; para 4-aap de 0.35 mL min −1 y para K3(Fe(CN)6) de 0.35 mL min −1 ; las concentraciones optimas fueron NH3 0.064 mol L −1 , 4-aap 9.84 × 10 −3 mol L −1 y K3(Fe(CN)6) 0.02 mol L −1 con un volumen de inyeccion de 200 µL. El metodo una vez optimizado permitio incrementar el intervalo lineal de 0.3 µg mL −1 a 30 µg mL −1 en comparacion con otros metodos estandar y de flujo continuo cuyos intervalos lineales son de 0.5 µg mL −1 a 20 µg mL −1 y de 0.5 µg mL −1 a 16 µg mL −1 , respectivamente. El limite de detec- cion fue 0.13 µg mL −1 y el coeficiente de regresion 0.9999, con una frecuencia de muestreo de 36 determinaciones por hora y un minimo consumo de reactivos. Con el metodo propuesto no fue necesario un paso de destilacion para remover sulfatos pero cuando la proporcion de sulfato:fenol fue mayor a 83 la senal analitica para fenol incremento 8%. El hipoclorito interfirio en la cuantificacion de fenoles cuando la proporcion hipoclorito:fenol fue mayor a 1. Palabras clave: Diseno factorial Plackett-Burman, fenol, 4-aminoan- tipirina, agua, inyeccion en flujo,espectrofotometria.

Background and aim When carrying out endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), procedural safety increases with greater tissue elevation and efficiency increases with longer-lasting submucosal cushion. Fluids specifically developed for ESD in Asia are not commercially available in the West, leaving endoscopists to use a variety of injectable fluids off-label. To determine the optimal fluid available in the West, we compared commonly used fluids for Western ESD. Methods All phases were carried out in an ex vivo porcine stomach model. Phase 1 compared tissue elevation and duration of submucosal cushions produced by various standard volumes of various injectable solutions used for ESD. The two best-performing solutions used off-label were tested head-to-head in ESD in Phase 2. Phase 3 compared the best solution from Phase 2 to Eleview® , currently the only submucosal injection fluid approved in the USA. In Phases 2 and 3, five ESD were carried out with each solution. The solutions were randomized and the endoscopist blinded to the solution. Results The best-performing solutions in Phase 1 were 0.4% hyaluronic acid, 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES), and Eleview® . Phase 2 compared 6% HES and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), showing that ESD with 6% HES was easier (P = 0.007), faster (P = 0.041) and required less injection volume (P = 0.003). In Phase 3, resection speed, ease of ESD and total volume per area resected were comparable between 6% HES and Eleview® . Conclusions Of the submucosal injection fluids currently available in the West, Eleview® and 6% HES are the best-performing solutions for ESD in a porcine model.

Guanylhydrazones are molecules with great pharmacological potential in various therapeutic areas, including antitumoral activity. Factorial design is an excellent tool in the optimization of a chromatographic method, because it is possible quickly change factors such as temperature, mobile phase composition, mobile phase pH, column length, among others to establish the optimal conditions of analysis. The aim of the present work was to develop and validate a HPLC and UHPLC methods for the simultaneous determination of guanylhydrazones with anticancer activity employing experimental design. Precise, exact, linear and robust HPLC and UHPLC methods were developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of the guanylhydrazones LQM10, LQM14, and LQM17. The UHPLC method was more economic, with a four times less solvent consumption, and 20 times less injection volume, what allowed better column performance. Comparing the empirical approach employed in the HPLC method development to the DoE approach employed in the UHPLC method development, we can conclude that the factorial design made the method development faster, more practical and rational. This resulted in methods that can be employed in the analysis, evaluation and quality control of these new synthetic guanylhydrazones.

Seismicity curbed by lowering volume Determining why hydraulic fracturing (also known as fracking) triggered earthquakes in the Duvernay Formation in Canada is important for future hazard mitigation. Schultz et al. found that injection volume was the key operational parameter correlated with induced earthquakes in the Duvernay. However, geological factors also played a considerable role in determining whether a large injection volume would trigger earthquakes. These findings provide a framework that may lead to better forecasting of induced seismicity. Science , this issue p. 304

Background: This study compared patient preference for Humalog® KwikPen™ 200 units/mL (insulin lispro; hereafter, IL 200 pen; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN) versus the Humalog KwikPen 100 units/mL (insulin lispro; hereafter, IL 100 pen; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN) in patients with diabetes requiring >20 units of mealtime insulin and diabetes caregivers. This study also determined which attributes had the greatest influence on pen preference selection. Methods: In this 2-period, crossover, simulated-use study, 106 participants were randomized to 1 of 8 sequences that varied the pen order (IL 100 pen or IL 200 pen) and dosing order (15 units = low dose or 50 units = high dose) for a total of 4 simulated injections. Participants then completed a self-administered questionnaire to select their overall preference between the 2 pens and then rated the importance of 11 pen attributes in contributing to their overall preference. Results: Of the 90 participants expressing an overall preference, significantly more preferred the IL 200 pen to the IL 100 pen (IL 200 pen: 80 respondents; IL 100 pen: 10 respondents; 95% confidence interval [0.81, 0.94], P < .0001). The total amount of insulin in the pen, the ease in pressing the injection button, and the amount of fluid injected were key attributes influencing IL 200 pen preference. Conclusions: Based on these key attributes, the IL 200 pen was significantly preferred over the IL 100 pen by patients with diabetes who require >20 daily mealtime insulin units or diabetes caregivers and may improve the injection experience for these patients.

The aim of this paper was to develop and validate the stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of Pazopanib hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. A simple, accurate, precise, sensitive and stability indicating RP-HPLC method has been developed for the determination of Pazopanib hydrochloride in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form, in which separations are done using develosil C18, 5μm, 150 × 4.6mm i.d. column at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min with an injection volume of 20μL. The beer’s law was obeyed over the concentration range of 5 - 35μg/mL. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.996 and it showed good linearity, reproducibility, precision in this concentration range. The % recovery values were found to be within the limits, which showed that the method was accurate. The LOD and LOQ were calculated using statistical methods. The % RSD values were less than 2. The developed method was successfully applied for determination of Pazopanib hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form. The results obtained are in good agreement with those obtained by using the standard method.

Linaclotide, a synthetic peptide, is a guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) agonist for treating irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and chronic idiopathic constipation. A simple, precise and selective RP-HPLC method for linaclotide analysis was developed and validated. Analysis was achieved with a SinoChrom ODS-BP column, mobile phase A and B comprised 30 mol·L-1 phosphate (pH 2.8) solution and acetonitrile respectively, gradient elution B% set to 7%?25% from 0 to 32 min and to 25% from 32 to 50 min, flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1, oven temperature at 40?, injection volume of 20 µL, and UV detection wavelength at 214 nm. Method validation was carried out in linearity, LOD, LOQ, precision and stability. Modified method for linaclotide preparation on a preparative liquid chromatography was developed from the analytical method and applied successfully.

The objective of this study was to compare two extraction methods for determination of vitamin K1(phylloquinone) in vegetables. In addition, analytical method validation parameters such as accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and linearity were calculated to ensure the method"s validity. Vitamin K1 was quantified by reversed-phase HPLC using post-column derivatization and fluorescence detection (Exλ=243 nm, Emλ=430 nm). Higher analytical values were observed using solvent extraction compared to those from the enzyme extraction method. The results from the method validation showed high linearity in the calibration curve with a coefficient of correlation (R 2 ) of 0.9994. The LOD and LOQ were 0.1335 and 0.2784 ng/injection volume (50 μL), respectively. The inter-day precision and inter-day precision were 2.0% and 2.1%, respectively. Overall recovery was close to 100% (n=5). The phylloquinone contents ranged from 9.42 to 1,212.57 μg/100 g. Our study provides reliable data on the phylloquinone contents in commonly consumed vegetables in Korea.

The Paradox Valley Unit (PVU), a salinity control project in southwest Colorado, disposes of brine in a single deep injection well. Since the initiation of injection at the PVU in 1991, earthquakes have been repeatedly induced. PVU closely monitors all seismicity in the Paradox Valley region with a dense surface seismic network. A key factor for understanding the seismic hazard from PVU injection is the maximum magnitude earthquake that can be induced. The estimate of maximum magnitude of induced earthquakes is difficult to constrain as, unlike naturally occurring earthquakes, the maximum magnitude of induced earthquakes changes over time and is affected by injection parameters. We investigate temporal variations in maximum magnitudes of induced earthquakes at the PVU using two methods. First, we consider the relationship between the total cumulative injected volume and the history of observed largest earthquakes at the PVU. Second, we explore the relationship between maximum magnitude and the geometry of individual seismicity clusters. Under the assumptions that: (i) elevated pore pressures must be distributed over an entire fault surface to initiate rupture and (ii) the location of induced events delineates volumes of sufficiently high pore-pressure to induce rupture, we calculate the largest allowable vertical penny-shaped faults, and investigate the potential earthquake magnitudes represented by their rupture. Results from both the injection volume and geometrical methods suggest that the PVU has the potential to induce events up to roughly MW 5 in the region directly surrounding the well; however, the largest observed earthquake to date has been about a magnitude unit smaller than this predicted maximum. In the seismicity cluster surrounding the injection well, the maximum potential earthquake size estimated by these methods and the observed maximum magnitudes have remained steady since the mid­ 2000s. These observations suggest that either these methods overpredict maximum magnitude for this area or that long time delays are required for sufficient pore-pressure diffusion to occur to cause rupture along an entire fault segment. We note that earthquake clusters can initiate and grow rapidly over the course of 1 or 2 yr, thus making it difficult to predict maximum earthquake magnitudes far into the future. The abrupt onset of seismicity with injection indicates that pore-pressure increases near the well have been sufficient to trigger earthquakes under pre-existing tectonic stresses. However, we do not observe remote triggering from large teleseismic earthquakes, which suggests that the stress perturbations generated from those events are too small to trigger rupture, even with the increased pore pressures.

Profile control and flooding technique is an effective way to enhance the oil recovery of low permeability reservoir.Analyzing the relation between oil and water interface and determining injection volume under different concentration is the key to success in profile controlling and flooding in low permeability reservoir .The research is about SJT-B collosol of physicochemical property under normal pressure and temperature.We also carry on the study on measuring SJT-B collosol interfacial tension for a long time under different concentration.Besides, we conduct the plugging degree experiment by injecting SJT-B collosol with the concentration of 0.8% in different permeability core.The lower the core permeability, the higher the plugging degree. By optimizing the injection pattern we conduct the three-tube parallel profile control and flooding experiment in the low permeability heterogeneous core.It indicates that SJT-B collosol mainly access to high permeability layer and have an effective plugging effect .The absorbed liquid rate of medium permeability layer is increased apparently ,while low permeability layer is increased slightly.The SJT-B collosol of injection method has efficient effect on enhancing the oil recovery of low permeability reservoir in late water flooding.

International audience; The effects of the hydraulic operating conditions and the concentration of suspended particles (SP) in pore fluid on the filtration and physical clogging of a porous medium were investigated. Polydisperse kaolinite SP was injected into a sand-filled column under two different operating conditions: constant flow rate and constant head. The retention rate was observed to be greater under the condition of constant head than under the condition of constant flow rate, mainly for the high concentrations. Under constant head, the porous medium were clogged more rapidly; the pore velocities decreased with time and the permeability reduction occurred in fewer pore volumes injected than under constant flow rate. Under the same hydraulic condition, an increase of the concentration leads to a more rapid reduction in permeability. Regardless of the hydraulic operating conditions, particle-size analysis shows an increase with time of the median diameter of the particle-size distribution of the recovered particles. At the beginning of the filtration process, larger particles are mainly retained in the column. As the injection volume increases, the larger particles are better transported and the size of particles observed in the effluent gradually increases. It appears that the median diameter of the recovered SP increases more rapidly with time under constant flow rate.

This work proposes an approach to the direct analysis of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and the methylation index in blood using CE with UV detection (CE-UV). After application of meglumine postinjection, we achieved SAH in-capillary preconcentration in the HClO4 extracts of erythrocytes, which improved the detection limit (S/N = 3) of SAH up to 3 fmol or 180 nmol/L at the injection volume of 50 nL, taking into account the sample dilution rate. CE-UV was carried out in 30 mM glycine and 45 mmol/L HCl (pH ~1.8) at 17 kV in a capillary 48 cm in length and 50 μm id. Accuracy of the technique was 101% and reproducibility was about 12%.

Typical non-hydrocarbon gases, which have been utilized in miscible and immiscible processes, are carbon dioxide and nitrogen. These gases are usually injected separately and have been rarely utilized together as a tertiary recovery process. In this article, the authors have experimentally focused on sequential carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas injection as a new enhanced oil recovery method. The periodic injections of carbon dioxide and nitrogen have been repeated for six injection pore volumes. Sensitivity analysis of injection pressure, injection volume, and injection rate has also been investigated in core flood experiments. The experimental results have revealed that a sequential miscible carbon dioxide and immiscible nitrogen gases injection have the highest oil recovery percentage than near miscible or immiscible carbon dioxide and nitrogen injections. The experimental results have shown that increasing ratio of miscible carbon dioxide to nitrogen resulted in increasing ultimate oil recovery percenta...

In this study, the matrix effect on the quantitation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at sub–ppm levels has been investigated in relation to the selected standard phase by direct injection gas chromatographic (GC) analysis. To this end, a series of calibration experiments were conducted using both liquid and gas phase standards containing identically a total of 13 target VOCs. Calibration datasets between liquid and gas standards were obtained at the four selected injection volumes, i.e., covering a 1 to 5 and 50 to 500 μL range, respectively. The results indicate that injection volume is a sensitive parameter, as sensitivity tends to decrease with increasing injection volume, especially with liquid standards. Loss of analytes in liquid standard occurred noticeably from ones eluting earlier than solvent used for standard (i.e., methanol). If the extent of such loss is expressed by the percent differences in the response factor (RF) values between two standard types, the results were low or insignificant for valeraldehyde (0.48%), benzene (7.6%), toluene (3.3%), and styrene (4.8%) but generally high for the others (i.e., between 10–80%). The relative sensitivities of VOCs in gaseous standards, if computed by normalization against benzene, generally complied well with those derivable from the literature on flame ionization detectors. In contrast, in case of liquid standards, the use of a small injection volume (≤1 μL) is recommended to maintain the optimal GC performance in light of the matrix effect.

Taking the conglomerate from Xinjiang Oilfield as study object, the porosity distribution characteristics of the conglomerate were analyzed with CT scanning; through the online monitoring of the water and polymer flooding process in a conglomerate core using an CT scanning system, the saturation profile along the core and the CT reconstructed images of core section during the displacing process were obtained; oil displacement mechanism was analyzed according to a new characterization parameter, “oil saturation frequency distribution”. The results show that the conglomerate has strong heterogeneity, resulting in “dominant channels”, and in turn ineffective water circulation and low water flooding oil recovery, moreover, the oil in high oil saturation area is produced first. In polymer flooding, the oil in high and medium oil saturation areas can be produced but the oil in low oil saturation areas still cannot be produced. Oil produced in the subsequent water flooding is still mainly from the high oil saturation areas. For conglomerate reservoirs, previous water flooding should reach as high water cut as possible so as to strengthen the slug effect of the polymer. Meanwhile the injection volume of polymer should be reduced, and a subsequent water flooding should be used to push the polymer slug to produce oil. Key words: conglomerate, CT scanning, water flooding, polymer flooding, oil saturation, profile along the core, frequency distribution

GC is usually used for xenon concentration and radon removal in the International Monitoring System of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. In a gas chromatograph, the injection volume is defined to calculate the column capacity. In this paper, the injection volume was investigated and a fitting formula for the injection volume was derived and discussed subsequently. As a consequence, the xenon injection volume exponentially decreased with the column temperature increased, but exponentially increased as the flow rate increased.

The main objective of this study is to experimentally investigate the effect of polymer on the interaction of alkali with heavy oil and its use in enhancing heavy oil recovery. The results of sandpack flooding tests show that the combined polymer and alkali can lead to a remarkable increment in tertiary oil recovery compared to polymer-only flooding and alkaline-only flooding. However, there is an optimum polymer concentration to maximize the incremental oil recovery for the alkaline–polymer (AP) flooding. Besides, the sequential injection of alkaline slug-polymer slug can obtain better results than the co-injection of the polymer and alkali slug with the same injection volume of chemical formula. The microscopic studies indicate that the addition of polymer has detrimental effects on the generation of water droplets inside the oil phase (W/O droplet flow) during AP flooding, which results in lower sweep efficiency than alkaline-only flooding. Therefore, the AP flooding should take full advantage of the mechanism of W/O droplet flow and avoid the detrimental effects on the generation of W/O droplet flow with the addition of polymer, and thus can lead to a significant improvement of heavy oil recovery by AP flooding.

The current research paper reports a validated UV and RP - HPLC method fo r routine estimations of CFTX in bulk and unit dosage formulations. For the UV estimation of CFTX, using ammonium acetate buffer as the solvent, λ max was set at 241.5 nm and linearity range obtained in the concentration range of 2 - 10 µg/mL. The optimized R P - HPLC conditions for CFTX estimation were obtained with isocratic separation mode in a C 18 inertsil column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 μm) using a degassed mixture of buffer: methanol in the ratio of 74:26, injection volume (20 µL), flow rate (1 mL/min) and ru n t ime (20 min utes ), at ambient column temperature with UV detector set at 254 nm. The linearity of the method was demonstrated over the concentration range of 80 - 120 µg/mL. The percent assay of CFTX determined by UV and RP - HPLC method were 99.8 ± 0.001 and 1 01.5 ± 0.001 respectively. The recovery CFTX deter mined by UV and RP - HPLC were 99 .6 - 99.8 % and 101.1 % respectively with % RSD values of peak areas 0.2 and 0.3 respectively. Values of all other parameters of method validations in both methodologies were wi thin the acceptance limits.

Research into spinal cord injury depends upon animal models of trauma. While investigations using small animals have yielded critical insights into the cellular mechanisms of neurotrauma, no effective therapies have been translated to human clinical treatments. There are considerable differences in pathophysiology, scale, and anatomical organization between rodents and primates. Here, the established method of inflating balloons to compress the cord within the spinal canal was adapted for use in goats. By using surgical techniques to insert a kyphoplasty balloon, spinal cord injury was accomplished with minimal trauma to the surrounding tissues, as is common in other traumatic models. Dye volumes of 0, 1.26 ± 0.18, and 2.82 ± 0.20 mL were injected into the balloon to produce spinal occupancies of 0%, 33 ± 2%, and 89 ± 4%, as evaluated by X-ray and computerized tomography imaging. A significant dose response was observed for the different levels of trauma, with reduced conduction of somatosensory evoked potentials and impaired mobility 7 days after injury. From the strong correlations between injection volume, balloon pressure, spinal occupancy, nerve function, and animal behavior, we conclude that hydraulic compression in goats is a useful model of spinal cord injury.

The aim of this study was to quantitatively define the main measurable technical parameters for the intramuscular transplantation of myogenic cells in primates. Myoblasts transduced with the gene coding for β-galactosidase were injected into the skeletal muscles of 15 monkeys. The following parameters were studied: needle size, number of cells per injection, and volume of cell suspension per injection. Monkeys were immunosuppressed with tacrolimus. The cell-injected sites were biopsied 1 or 2 months later. Biopsies were examined histo logically to assess the myoblast engraftment and the muscle structure. The conclusions were as follows: ( 1 ) Needles should be thin enough to avoid important tissue damage and allow muscle regeneration as satisfactory as possible. Among those tested, 27G should be the choice if the length is consistent with depth of injection. ( 2 ) At least 100,000 cells should be delivered per centimeter of needle trajectory. ( 3 ) The smallest volumes of cell suspension per injection should be used. In this study, 1 μl/cm of injection trajectory was sufficient. In principle, these parameters apply to muscles in which no damage occurred other than the injections.

In gas horizontal drilling, the gas with cuttings will go through the annulus at high speed which will lead strong erosion to the drill tools. This paper proposes a cuttings-carried theory and modified the critical cuttings-carried model for the gas-solid flow. Meanwhile, the erosive energy is obtained through simulating the gas-solid mixture in different conditions. The study result has positive significance on the determination of reasonable injection volume by optimizing construction parameters of horizontal well in gas drilling.

Aiming at the development status of Liuxi Oilfield, waterflood stimulation is studied to improve the development effect. The process is as follows: in begin with, the displacement liquid is injected into the oil well quickly to replenish energy; then the oil well is closed a while to promote oil and water displacement; finally, let the oil well produce under a reasonable system of production. Strong water-wet, high oil saturation, the degree of fracture development and low oil viscosity are the advantages of using waterflood stimulation by analyzing related researches. Based on the reservoir engineering research, numerical simulation method which is about waterflood stimulation is established using Eclipse software. According to the numerical simulation results, assuming that injection rounds is one time, when injection volume is more, the formation pressure rises higher and the liquid sweep is wider and cumulative production is more. At the same time, the degree of stage production is increasing with the closed time lengthen. But it has the most optimum values about the closed time, and the production increase of the degree of stage production becomes significantly slow.

A wireless magnetothermal stimulation (WMS) is suggested as a fast, tetherless, and implanted device-free stimulation method using low-radio frequency (100 kHz to 1 MHz) alternating magnetic fields (AMF). As magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can transduce alternating magnetic fields into heat, they are targeted to a region of the brain expressing the temperature-sensitive ion channel (TRPV1). The local temperature of the targeted area is increased up to 44 C to open the TRPV1 channels and cause an influx of Ca2+ sensitive promoter, which can activate individual neurons inside the brain. The WMS has initially succeeded in showing the potential of thermomagnetics for the remote control of neural cell activity with MNPs that are internally targeted to the brain. In this paper, by using the steady-state temperature rise defined by Fourier&rsquo, s law, the bio-heat equation, and COMSOL Multiphysics software, we investigate most of the basic parameters such as the specific loss power (SLP) of MNPs, the injection volume of magnetic fluid, stimulation and cooling times, and cytotoxic effects at high temperatures (43&ndash, 44 &deg, C) to provide a realizable design guideline for WMS.

As a result of solution supersaturation, salts precipitation occurs. This leads to operating mode violation and equipment wear, a decrease in the overhaul period of the mechanized well stock, a decrease of productivity coefficient. Fight of deposited salts is a very time-consuming and not always effective process, so it is more practical to use methods to prevent their loss. This article describes the preventing salts deposition different methods in the sediment. The most effective and optimal of them is the chemical method, which consists in the inhibitor solution injection. In the Territorial Production Enterprise «Povkhneftegaz», protection against salt deposits is carried out with the help of downloads of the KPCS-004 (A) inhibitor. It meets all modern requirements for the physicochemical properties of reagents. For the preventing salt deposits most effective process, it is necessary to choose a suitable reagent that affects the salt deposits causes, choose the optimal technologies for its application and pump reagents in a certain amount. Based on data from the Vatyeganskoye oil field, the optimal injection volume of this scale inhibitor was calculated. As analysis result of oil field works and calculations, it was found that in each well the actual volume of the inhibitor injected into the annular space corresponds to the calculated value. The error is from 0.1 % to 4.45 %, and is within acceptable values. Analysis of failures and accidents of equipment showed that to date in- creased operating time for underground equipment failure on the producing wells. In the Territorial Production Enterprise «Povkhneftegaz», for the period of salt wells service of the outputs due to salts deposition it wasn't recorded.

The first reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of, Canagliflozin and Metformin has been developed and validated to be a simple, sensitive, rapid, specific, precise, and accurate method. Chromatographic separation was achieved on C18 column (250×4.6 mm-5μm p.s). Methanol and potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer in a ratio [90:10 v/v] as a mobile phase at flow rate of 0.9ml/min. UV detection was operated at 222 nm and injection volume was 20 μl. The proposed method showed good linearity, accuracy, precision and was successfully applied for determination of the drugs in laboratory prepared pharmaceutical dosage forms. The current method has been statistically validated according to the ICH guidelines and this method has been subsequently developed and applied successfully to determine the levels of Metformin hydrochloride and Canagliflozin in a combined formulation and in the routine quality control analysis with good accuracy and sensitivity.

Haloperidol is an anti-psychotic drug and Benzhexol (Trihexyphenidyl) is an anticholinergic drug. A newstability indicating UPLC method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Haloperidol and Benzhexol and the method was validated. Waters UPLC with Empower software, with Acquity UPLC SB C18 x 1.7m. column and PDA detector was used for the simultaneous determination of Haloperidol and Benzhexol. A mixture of phosphate buffer and Acetonitrile taken in the ratio 56:44 v/v was used as mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min (UV detection at 245 nm) (Injection volume 1ml). Haloperidol and Benzhexol have shown linearregression equations, y=13361x+476.2(R² = 0.9998) and y =10609 x + 899.5 (R² = 0.9998). The LOD and LOQ are found to be 0.03 µg/mL and 0.10 µg/mL for Haloperidol and 0.03µg/mL and 0.09 µg/mL for Benzhexolrespectively. The present liquid chromatographic method is precise, accurate and can be used for the simultaneous estimation of Haloperidol and Benzhexol tablets.

Racecadotril is an anti-diarrheal drug. Waters Alliance e2695 with PDA detector (2998) Zorbax SB C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) (Isocratic mode) was used for the quantification of Racecadotril. A mixture of water and Acetonitrile (50:50) was used as diluent and the injection volume was 20 μl. The flow rate was 1.0mL/min (Detection wave length 230 nm). Linearity was evaluated in the concentration range 1–360 μg/ml with regression equation y = 14710 x+9958.9(Correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9996). The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.2942 μg/mL and 0.9694 μg/mL respectively. Forced degradation studies were conducted for Racecadotril capsules and method validation was performed as per ICH guidelines.

This study was conducted to determine the content of 7 mycotoxins (aflatoxin B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , G 2 , M 1 , ochratoxin A and zearalenone) using LC-MS/MS in pork available on the Korean markets. The analysis was carried out using following conditions; C 18 column (2.1×100 mm, 1.7 μm), mobile phase composed of H 2 O (0.1 mM NH 4 Ac 0.01% HCOOH)：Methanol (0.1 mM NH 4 Ac 0.01% HCOOH), binary pump at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and 2 μL of injection volume, MS/MS detector with ESI positive and negative mode. The quantication of mycotoxins was based on matrix-matched calibration curves with a correlation coefficient in excess of 0.99 for the 7 mycotoxins. The dectection limits were ranged 0.74∼2.13 ng/g, with mean recoveries between 73.10∼97.46% except aflatoxin B 1 (61.31%). We also monitored mycotoxin residues in 208 pork samples. The test results, mycotoxins were not found except one sample. Ochratoxin A in one sample of the test samples was detected below the quantification limit.

To study content of quercetin in Zhuang folk medicine Berchemia lineata in the different harvest times and to explore the laws of dynamic changes of quercetin content. Methods: determine 10 batches of Berchemia lineata in the HPLC-DAD method. Chromatographic conditions: Agilent XDB C18(150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm), the column temperature of 25 °C; mobile phase of methanol (A) - acetonitrile (B) -0.05% phosphoric acid solution (C), gradient elution; volume flow of 1 mL/min, detection wavelength of 254 nm. Result: sample injection volume of quercetin in the range of 0.69 μg ~ 4.83 μg has a good linear relationship with peak area, the average recovery is 99.8%, RSD: 1.27% (n = 6). From the overall analysis, content of quercetin in Berchemia lineata harvested in January is higher than that in other months. Conclusion: January should be the best month for harvest of Berchemia lineata.

Ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV) são importantes compostos intermediários indicadores da digestão anaeróbia. Este artigo apresenta dados de validação de uma metodologia para análise de uma mistura de sete AGV (C1 a C5) em amostras ambientais por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Foi utilizada uma coluna de exclusão iônica a 55ºC, volume de injeção de 10 μL e fase móvel (0,01 mol.L-1 H2SO4) a 0,6 mL.min-1. Os critérios de validação foram: limites de detecção e de quantificação, que ficaram na faixa de 5,0 a 10 mg.L-1 e 15 a 30 mg.L-1, respectivamente; linearidade (comprovada para todos os ácidos); repetitividade e sensibilidade (muito boa para a maioria dos ácidos); efeito de matriz (efeito de supressão observado para o ácido isobutírico) e exatidão (85 a 104%). Sendo assim, as condições operacionais adotadas se mostraram válidas para a quantificação de AGV em efluentes de reatores anaeróbios. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are important intermediate compounds that somehow indicate the efficiency of anaerobic systems. This paper presents results of method validation for seven VFA (C1 to C5) analysis in environmental samples by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was used an ion exclusion column kept at 55ºC; injection volume of 10 μL and mobile phase (0.01 mol.L-1 H2SO4) at 0.6 mL.min-1. The validation criteria adopted were: limits of detection and quantification, that fell in the ranges of 5.0 –10 mg.L-1 and 15–30 mg.L-1, respectively; linearity (verified for all acids); repeatability and sensibility (very good for most acids); matrix effect (suppression effect observed for isobutyric acid) and accuracy (from 85 to 104%). Therefore, the operational conditions adopted seemed to be adequate and valid to measure VFA in samples from anaerobic reactors.

Production process of vinegar could be synthesized by chemical or microbiological. In Islam, vinegar must not be consumed if contains ethanol ≥ 1%, because it is categorized into khamr. The maximum concentration of vinegar fermentation is 1,0 %. This research was to analyze the alcohol compund that consist in vinegar. The validation method that used in this study are: selectivity, linearity, range, precision, accuracy, LOD and LOQ. The analysis instrument was gas chromatography Agilent 6890 Series GC System, with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) and a column HP-5 (5% Phenyl 95% Methyl Siloxane), and optimal conditions were obtained by using temperature of inlet and detector of 250°C whilst the temperature of oven programed initially at 40°C, hold for 5 minutes, and raised to 5°C/min to 200°C. were used in this study. For split ratio was achieved at 50:1 and the injection volume was 1.0µl. The methods were proven selective and demonstrated linearity, precision and accuracy with r = 0.9995; 5,63% and 101,25%, respectively. On the other hand, the methods were proven that the sample contains alcohol. Finally, the result of quantitative ethanol contents analysis in vinegar from Saudi Arabia is 2,28.10-2 % v/v; and vinegar brand “x” from market in Surabaya is 1,17.10-2 v/v.

Objective: To develop a simple, rapid, sensitive, precise, accurate, economical and validated reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for the estimation of lurasidone hydrochloride in tablet dosage form.Methods: The chromatographic separation was carried out on a prontosil C18, AQ (100 mm×4.6mm, 3µm) column. A mixture of phosphate buffer (pH 3.0): acetonitrile (ACN) (55:45v/v) was used as a mobile phase. Flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and 10 μl injection volume was used for the assay. PDA detector was used and the detection wavelength was 230 nm. The retention time (RT) of lurasidone hydrochloride was found to be 4.505 ± 0.01 min. The method was validated according to the ICH guidelines.Results: The calibration curve for lurasidone hydrochloride was linear with correlation coefficient value 0.999 in the concentration range of 25-125%. Specificity, accuracy (% mean recovery, 99.08%), precision, detection limits, robustness (%RSD˂2) and system suitability were found to be within the limits. Degradation studies were performed under different stressed conditions and the results of degradation studies reveals that the developed method was stable.Conclusion: The developed method was simple, reliable, economical and stable and it can be applied for the routine quality control analysis of lurasidone hydrochloride in tablet dosage forms.

In this article, the effect of changes in different process variables such as pH, buffer type and concentration, column temperature, injection volume, as well as type and contents of organic modifier on retention behavior of seven antihypertensive drugs from two different categories (Angiotensin II receptor blockers and Diuretics) was investigated. Conventional RP-C18 column (Intersil® ODS-3) and calixarene column (Caltrex BIII®) were used as stationary phases. Calixarene-based stationary phases differ from the conventional RP-C18 in that they are as cyclodextrins in having cavities. The results showed that the examined conditions had different effects on the analytes retention on both columns, for example the elution order had changed and resolution between different analytes took variable behaviors. This can be attributed to the different chemical structures of both stationary phases used. The obtained results indicate that the used stationary phases behave as reversed phases packing and the hydrophobic...

The free fatty acids (FFA) in palm oil were determined by flow injection titrimetric method using salicyladhyde-2,4-dinitrophenylphenylhydrazone (SDPH) as a new coloring reagent. The compound was synthesized and its structure was established using different spectroscopic data. It exhibited sensitive colour changes in basic medium and absorb at 482 nm. Single-line manifold using SDPH as indicator was developed. Flow injection operating parameters such as carrier, reagent concentration, flow rate, size of mixing chamber and injection volume were optimized. The method is recommended for the determination of oil samples with acidity degree (a.d.) higher than 0.5 a.d. Twelve oil samples were tested using the appropriate FIA manifold and the obtained results were compared to the standard PORIM method. Good correlation (r2 = 0.99) between the two methods was obtained.

3D and three-phase simulating module of extra-low permeability reservoirs in YSL Oilfield has been established by using PVTi module and E300 module of ECLIPSE. Based on historical matching, Parameters such as gas injection volume, slug size, gas/water ratio, the speed of gas injection and injection rate of sequent water flooding in water alternating gas were considered. The volume of increasing oil and oil-draining rate were taken as evaluation criterion. Then orthogonal test design was preceded according to the principle orthogonal experimental design. Through intuitive and variance analysis with the test results, primary and secondary orders evaluation criterion effected by injection parameters were obtained. The best combination scheme of water alternating gas injection parameters was optimized, which provides theoretical direction and technical support to water alternating gas injection parameters optimization in spot CO2displacement[1-3].

As part of the method development, the injection volume as a critical quality attribute in fast fused-core chromatography was evaluated. Spilanthol, a pharmaceutically interesting N-alkylamide currently under investigation in our laboratory, was chosen as the model compound. Spilanthol was dissolved in both PBS and MeOH/H2O (70/30, v/v) and subsequently analyzed using a fused-core system hereby selecting five chromatographic characteristics (retention time, area, height, theoretical plates and symmetry factor) as responses. We demonstrated that the injection volume significantly influenced both the qualitative and quantitative performance of fused-core chromatography, a phenomenon which is confounded with the nature of the used sample solvent. From 2μL up to 100μL injection volume with PBS as solvent, the symmetry factor decreased favorably by 20%. Moreover, the theoretical plates and the quantitative parameters (area and height) increased up to 30%. On the contrary, in this injection volume range, the theoretical plates for the methanol-based samples decreased by more than 60%, while the symmetry factor increased and the height decreased, both by 30%. The injection volume is thus a critical and often overlooked parameter in fused-core method description and validation. Keywords: Spilanthol, Fused-core (pore-shell, Halo®) HPLC, Superficially porous particles (SPP), Injection volume, Topical patch, Critical quality method-attribute (CQA)

Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare different contrast agents for longitudinal liver and spleen imaging in a mouse model of liver metastasis. Materials and Methods Mice developing liver metastases underwent longitudinal micro-computed tomography imaging after injection of Fenestra LC, ExiTron nano 6000, or ExiTron nano 12000. Elimination times and contrast enhancement of liver and spleen were compared. Results For all contrast agents, liver contrast peaked at approximately 4 hours and spleen contrast at 48 hours postinjection. A single dose of 100 μL of ExiTron nano 6000 or 12000 resulted in longstanding enhancement of liver and spleen tissue for longer than 3 weeks, whereas repeated injections of 400 μL of Fenestra LC were required to retain contrast at acceptable levels and allowed imaging of the liver/spleen for up to 2 and 9 days, respectively. Conclusion Both ExiTron nano agents provide longer and stronger contrast enhancement of liver and spleen compared to Fenestra LC, and they do so at a 75% lower injection volume in mice.

CO2 flooding is an important method of enhancing oil recovery (EOR) in extra-low permeability reservoir, which can resolve the problems of water flooding effectively. The EOR theory and influencing factors of CO2-assisted gravity drainage were studied in this paper. The influencing factors, such as reservoir dip, injection volume, injecting position, well placement and reservoir effective thickness were analyzed and optimized based on the theoretical numerical model which had been established according to Tuha Niuquanhu inclined reservoir parameters. This research indicates that CO2-assisted gravity drainage can effectively EOR if appropriate parameters were adopted. The results of this paper can offer suggestions to similar reservoir development.

Study on the characteristic of the transition zone in CO2-oil system has important meaning for the research of CO2 miscible flooding. In this paper, one of crude oil samples in Xinjiang oilfield was taken as an example. The minimum miscible pressure (MMP) of CO2-oil system was confirmed through laboratory experiment and numerical simulation separately. And the characteristic of the transition zone was analyzed. The transition zone size and interfacial tension in miscible process were quantified. And their variation tendencies along with the change of the pressure and CO2 injection volume were studied. The results show that it is easier to reach miscible state in higher pressure and CO2 injection volume. This work provides a reference for the further research of CO2 miscible flooding.

It is essential to choose one preprocessing method for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics studies of urine samples in order to overcome their variability. However, the commonly used normalization methods do not substantially reduce the high variabilities arising from differences in urine concentration, especially for signal saturation (abundant metabolites exceed the dynamic range of the instrumentation) or missing values. Herein, a simple preacquisition strategy based on differential injection volumes calibrated by creatinine (to reduce the concentration differences between the samples), combined with normalization to "total useful MS signals" or "all MS signals", is proposed to overcome urine variabilities. This strategy was first systematically compared with other popular normalization methods by application to serially diluted urine samples. Then, the method has been verified using rat urine samples of pre- and postinoculation of Walker 256 carcinoma cells. The results showed that the calibration of injection volumes based on creatinine values could effectively eliminate intragroup differences caused by variations in the concentrations of urinary metabolites, thus giving better parallelism and clustering effects. In addition, peak area normalization could further eliminate intraclass differences. Therefore, the strategy of combining peak area normalization with calibration of injection volumes of urine samples based on their creatinine values is effective for solving problems associated with urinary metabolomics.

A simple, precise, rapid and accurate stability indicating reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography has been developed and validated for the e stimation of Eletriptan Hydrobromide in t ablet dosage form . S eparation was carried on a Waters e 2695 HPLC s ystem separation module with Empower 2 software, PDA detector waters 2998 and Thermo - C 18 analytical column (5µm; 1 50x4.6mm), was operated in isocratic mode using mobile phase consisting of ( methanol and water in the ratio of 35 : 65 ) is used in the ratio of 35 : 6 5 and at a flow rate of 1ml/min with detection wavelength of 2 27 nm by an injection volume of 20µl and entire separation was carried out at 35°C column temperature. The linear ity was found in the range of 5 .0 - 5 0 0.0 µg / m l and showe d a correlation co - efficient of 0.999 9 . The retention time of Eletriptan Hydrobromide was found to be 7 .0. This study concluded that the proposed method was found to be accurate, reproducible and consistent which is useful for the routine determination of Eletriptan in tablet dosage form. The method is validated as per ICH guideline s by determining its specificity, accuracy, precision , linearity & range, ruggedness, robustness and system suitability.

This paper discussed the effect of Suizhong 36-1 oilfield reinjection sewage on core permeability in different suspending particle sizes, different concentration of suspended substances and different injection volume of water. The experimental results showed that: The larger the suspended particles diameter, the greater the concentration, the higher the injury rate; The lower the formation permeability, the greater the damage; The core permeability was markedly decreased with the increase of the volume of injected water; The formation damage degree was D11 > mixed injection > well water.

This research deals with the analysis and design of a driving mechanism for an automatic pneumatic drug injector, which can precisely control the injection volume using a relatively simple friction-driven mechanism, without any complicated control system. Through a dynamic analysis, the effects of the design parameters of the driving mechanism associated with the geometry, spring stiffness, and fiction are analyzed, and the results are reflected in a proto-type drug injector design, which is under development for mass production. A test is performed to assess the durability of the mechanism for up to one million operations, and comparison of its displacement after one million operations, verifies the mechanism's durability.

Department of Environmental Health, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, KoreaReceived October 15, 2011, Accepted September 4, 2012Headspace (HS) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) were studied for extracting volatileorganic compounds (VOCs) from whole blood, with chemical and instrumental variables being optimized formaximum sensitivity: incubation at 60 °C, equilibration for 30 min, pH 11, and 2 mL injection volume. Bothtechniques provided accurate analyses, with detection limits of 0.05-0.1 ng mL

Background Ethanol is included in certain injectable preparations of anticancer drugs to increase their solubility. Since the volume of ethanol in these preparations is approximately half of the total injection volume, the potential inhibitory effects of ethanol on the central nervous system cannot be disregarded, especially considering that patients may drive immediately after administration of the medication. Therefore, the concentration of ethanol was examined in exhaled breath after administration of paclitaxel, an anticancer medication containing ethanol. Methods The ethanol concentration in exhaled breath immediately after an intravenous infusion of paclitaxel was measured in 30 patients, using a balloon-type gas detector tube. Correlations between the concentration of ethanol in exhaled breath and the total amount of ethanol administered or the intravenous infusion speed were calculated. Results The mean ethanol concentration in exhaled breath was 0.028 ± 0.015 mg/L. The correlation between the ethanol concentration in exhaled breath and the total dose of ethanol was weak (R2 = 0.25; p = 0.055), while the intravenous infusion speed showed a stronger positive correlation with the concentration of ethanol in the breath (R2 = 0.49; p = 0.11). The maximum concentration of ethanol measured in exhaled breath (0.06 mg/L) was equivalent to 40% of the threshold for drunk driving, as specified in the Road Traffic Act in Japan. Conclusion In this study, no patient had a breath ethanol concentration exceeding the legal threshold for drunk driving. However, it is still advisable for patients to avoid driving after receiving paclitaxel injections. When driving cannot be avoided, patients should wait for a sufficient time after receiving the injection before driving.

Atorvastatin (ATV) is an antilipemic drug of great interest to the pharmaceutical industry. ATV does not appear in the monographs of Brazilian pharmacopoeia, and analytical methodologies for its determination have been validated. The chromatographic conditions used included: RP-18 column-octadecylsilane (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 mm), detection at 238 nm, mobile phase containing 0.1% phosphoric acid and acetonitrile (35:65% v/v), flow at 1.5 mL min-1, oven temperature at 30ºC, and injection volume of 10 mL. ATV is classified as a class II product, according to the biopharmaceutical classification system. As such, a dissolution test was proposed to evaluate pharmaceutical formulations on the market today, under the following conditions: water as a dissolution medium, 1000 mL as a volume, paddle apparatus at a rotation speed of 50 rpm, 80% (Q) in 15 minutes with UV spectrophotometer readings at 238 nm. In the pattern condition proposed as the ideal dissolution test, which appropriately differentiates amongst formulations, the generic product was not considered pharmaceutically equivalent; however, in other less differential dissolution methods, which also fall within appropriate legal parameters, this product could come to be regarded as generic.Atorvastatina (ATV) é um fármaco antilipêmico de grande interesse para a indústria farmacêutica. ATV não apresenta monografia na Farmacopéia Brasileira e metodologias analíticas para sua determinação foram validadas. As condições cromatográficas utilizadas foram: coluna RP-18-octadecilsilano (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 mm), detecção em 238 nm, fase móvel contendo ácido fosfórico 0,1% e acetonitrila (35:65% v/v), fluxo de 1,5 mL min-1, temperatura do forno de 30 ºC e volume de injeção de 10 mL. ATV é classificada como um fármaco de classe II, de acordo com o sistema de classificação biofarmacêutica (SCB). Como tal, um teste de dissolução foi proposto para avaliar as formulações farmacêuticas do mercado atual, sob as seguintes condições: água como meio de dissolução, volume de 1000 mL, aparato pá, velocidade de rotação de 50 rpm, 80% (Q) em 15 minutos com leituras espectrofotômetro UV a 238 nm. Na condição padrão proposta para o teste de dissolução, o qual seria capaz de diferenciar apropriadamente as formulações farmacêuticas, o produto genérico não foi considerado equivalente farmacêutico. No entanto, em outros métodos de dissolução menos discriminativos, que também seriam considerados apropriados pelos parâmetros legais, este produto pode vir a ser considerado como genérico.