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In terms of overcoming the socio-economic problems in Georgia, great importance is attached to efficient functioning of the labour market. It must ensure a radical change the sphere of social-labour relations, accordingly, efficient overcoming the chronic unemployment in the country and efficient employment of labour force. The results of the research confirms, that adequate labour market of normal market environment is still on the formation stage with serious problems and challenges which is developed in Georgia. In 1990s at the initial stage of formation the national labour market difficult economic situation which was in the country, give a push negative developments in the field of labour relations, among which before nowadays invincible challenge is the growing trend of informal employment. It can be said, that this one took on a large-scale character in the current period of financial and economic crisis caused by the global pandemic. In fact, the informal sector in Georgia has become an independent segment of the labour market, which has a significant impact on employment of the population, standard of living and on the overall process of economic development. Informal employment, as an important study socio-economic event and phenomenon, assess its level and scale, it can be said convinc-ingly that it will not lose its relevance for many years. Negative consequences of informal employment, needs analysis and evaluation factors affecting the influx of economically active population into the informal sector of the labour market. Also its important discuss and evaluate the positive aspects of informal employment in the short term, which manifested in facilitation reasons socio-economic and psychological consequences of unemployment. In the work researched certain aspects of informal employment, analyzed its forms, faces, identified peculiarities of informal employment and rated its scale against the background of the global pandemic. Substantiated, that informal segment of the labour market requires depth research and evaluation. By the research identified the main factors for the growth and development of employment in the informal sector of economy in the Georgian labour market, from which we must distinguish: high levels and scale of poverty in the country, chronic unemployment and inefficient employment; insecurity social principle of justice in the field of employment; equal employment opportunities for job seekers; lack of proper conditions for equal realization of labour rights; population low availability on different types of labour market services and events, inadequate rates of economic development; reduced demand for labour, accordingly limited employment opportunities and prospects; low level and quality of development of vocational education system, which not fully focused on labour market demands, social protection of the unemployed, none of insurance mechanism; difficulties in training and retraining the unemployed; low level of remuneration; low level of stimulation, motivation and labour organization, underdevelopment of labour market infrastructure and its management information system, problems in the field of management and regulation of social-labour relations, which connected to the development of the legislative-normative base, lack of a complete mechanism for controlling the working conditions of employees and etc. The main results of the research are summarized in the concluding part of the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informal employment is a critical source of income for both internal migrants and non-migrants. This study uses the Rural–Urban Migration in Indonesia (RUMiI) project data for 2008 and 2009 to investigate the role of informal employment in earnings among internal migrants and non-migrants in Indonesia while considering the broader nature of informal employment and remuneration. Results show that when using a detailed measure of informality, income consequences of more intensive informal employment are severe, which had not been recognised in the literature. Some of the largest earnings reductions resulting from moving to more informal employment were experienced by non-migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses seven individual-level surveys between 1995 and 2014 to analyse the hypothesis that formal education increases wage-employment and formal sector employment in Nepal. The results show that formal education has increased substantially. However, formal sector employment has remained relatively stable. Individuals with tertiary education are about twice as often employed in the formal sector than individuals without completed primary education. This relationship is less strong for secondary education (22%) and primary education (7%). The results further show that about half of the relationship arises from working in government-related sectors. The overall picture regarding the relationship between formal education and formal sector employment has remained similar over time. However, the strength of the relationship between completed primary and secondary education and formal sector employment has decreased over time. The relationship between tertiary education and formal sector employment has remained stable unless the government related sectors are excluded.

The article is aimed at identifying the «weak» spots of payment for the students’ labor together with types of violations of labor legislation by employers in the employment of students, elabortating recommendations to prevent violations on the part of employers. The article also estimates the wages of students in our country. To analyze the current status of employment of students in the city of Kyiv and the employers’ compliance with labor legislation in the employment, the authors conducted a sociological study. It is determined that 62% of students earn less than they need to provide decent living conditions. It is also defined that the majority of respondents faced violations of the labor legislation. Among the threats of employment of students, the authors allocate the following: unpaid test period (probation), non-payment of wages for the work done, unpaid overtime, reduction of wages without good reason, refusal to pay official salary at dismissal, informal employment with salary in envelopes. A list of norms that every employer should know and comply with in the employment of a student is drawn up. Still the best way to «insure» any student from violations is their formal employment.

The author’s tool, whose main task is to attract informally employed people to carry out their activities through the new employment model has been presented. This tool is not a radical solution to combat informal employment, but rather a gentle measure, aimed at increasing the interest of the economically active population to quit shadow employment. In the age of modern technologies, when the problem of computerization of workplaces is relevant, the form of the state-freelance partnership, underlying the proposed tool, will help the population to legalize their income with the least barriers to entry.

In this paper we aim to present some aspects regarding employment in the informal sector of the economy as well as the main aspects that distinguish the informal sector of the economy from the formal sector. We will refer to the structure of the informal sector in terms of occupation, as well as to its main features and traits, focusing on the three main criteria: the social, political and economic criterion. With regard to the structure of the informal sector, we will focus on the three categories of labor force, small enterprises (micro-enterprises) or formal (registered) firms but also part-time and informal activities.

Copyright of Revista Telos is the property of Revista Telos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper develops a static general equilibrium model of occupational choice with heterogeneity in both labor and entrepreneurial skills that generates high levels of employment informality. The model uses a detailed structure of personal income taxes (PITs) and subsidies to formal workers to capture the labor wedges present in many countries. These features enable the model to assess how changes in PITs and subsidies affect labor market outcomes and the government's fiscal accounts. The model is calibrated for Mexico, which, like many developing countries, has high levels of labor informality. The model's simulations shed light on the impact of a series of reforms to PITs and subsidy schemes aimed at increasing labor formality among low-income workers. The results suggest that adjusting the current structure of the formal employment subsidy combined with PIT exemptions for low-income workers could reduce informality while marginally improving the government's fiscal balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-commerce platforms have promoted the rise of consumer-demand-driven supply chains in the garment industry. This kind of supply chain has raised the demand for a new type of production organisation exemplified by low processing costs, small batches, multi-varieties, and quick reorders. Drawing on the insights of flexible specialisation theory, this paper proposes the concept of e-platform-driven flexible specialisation to describe this emerging production organisation form. This flexible specialisation is characterised by highly fragmented and informal production organisations such as husband-and-wife-run workshops and production units based on daily wage workers. In the context of a severe labour shortage in the garment industry, workers participate in the construction of these informal production organisations in order to obtain higher wages and work autonomy. However, the increase in informal employment also makes garment workers more atomised and vulnerable to social risks such as the outbreak of COVID-19. It is necessary to innovate labour relation negotiation modes to cope with the impacts of the rise of the platform economy on labour relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the meanings street vendors confer upon informal work. Episodic and semi-structured interviews were used to generate and analyze the meanings and vision constructed by 50 street vendors in Bogotá, Colombia. We organized the data through the analysis of thematic networks, starting with initial categories complemented with categories that emerged during the process. Findings show that street vendors confer meaning upon their work as a service, as the only chance to earn a living, and of their autonomy. They construct meanings of work as individualistic, responsible, and helpful workers. Thus, at the same time that they express satisfaction with what they do, they also express nonconformity and dissatisfaction with not having the opportunity to access other types of work. Despite the existence of stigmas and the negative effects thereof that Colombian society maintains about the work and the presence of street vending activities, street vendors carry out their work out as a dignified lifestyle and they see their activities as honorable and as contributing to the well-being of society. This study seeks to contribute to the debate about the meaning that society and academia form about street vendors, their activities and the workspaces they occupy.

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using data from Rapid Gender Assessment Surveys investigating the socioeconomic consequences of COVID-19 on women's and men's lives, this study assesses whether the pandemic threatens fragile gains on gender equality in paid and unpaid work. Evidence from eleven countries in Asia-Pacific indicates that the impact of the pandemic goes far beyond health consequences. With children out of school, intensified care needs of elderly and ill family members, and labor markets in turmoil, demands for unpaid domestic and care work have increased substantially. Results show that women are disproportionately shouldering the burden of unpaid care and domestic work triggered by the lockdowns, and they are losing their livelihoods faster than men. Worsening mental health also emerges as a critical area affecting women disproportionately. These findings inform emergency responses for a gender-sensitive recovery, and underscore the need to take radical, positive actions to redress long-standing inequalities in multiple areas of women's lives. HIGHLIGHTS UN Women's Rapid Gender Assessments (RGAs) gave early insights into COVID-19 impacts. Asia-Pacific RGAs show that the crisis had dramatic socioeconomic impacts on women. Women are more likely to experience loss in paid work hours than men. Women and men are doing more unpaid domestic and care work, but women take on the larger share. The emotional and mental health impact of the pandemic is disproportionately falling on women. More gender-responsive surveys and quality administrative sources are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews administrative issues in the context of decentralized social protection in China. In particular, what are the main obstacles to expanding social insurance coverage for workers in the informal economy? Over the last two decades, China has achieved remarkable progress toward universal social protection when this target was set as a national policy priority. However, the social insurance enrolment of informal economy workers still lags significantly behind. This article reviews the application of the International Labour Organization's definition of informality in the Chinese context and overviews existing pension and health insurances in China. This article discusses the impact of China's inter‐governmental fiscal relations and decentralized social protection in the multilevel government system. The article highlights that under a system of decentralized managed social insurance many informal economy workers choose to opt out of the system because of low benefits and high compliance costs. This result in deficits in social insurance coverage amongst informal economy workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes on the one hand statistical methods for assessing informal employment based on the requirements as set by international standards. On the other hand it describes the potential of integrating various data sources to generate informal employment statistics. With as example official statistics of the Russian Federation, the authors show the features of applying the requirements of international standards. Methods are proposed for assessing informal employment in the formal sector of the economy, i.e. in enterprises that submit employment reports to the National Statistical Office. This phenomenon appears in the employment situation of many countries. However, there is no uniformity between countries in how they evaluate the application of the international standards in such assessment exercises. A theoretical model of informal employment is developed and validated based on statistical data published by international organizations. The validation focuses on assessing the causal relationships between informal employment indicators and the main components of the sustainable development goals. This analysis contributes to coordinated decisions on regulating informal employment and ensuring the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The problem of employment has become a central global concern in recent times. This makes the government and development partners to be fully engaged in finding a lasting solution to the problems. In the past, development planning efforts were concentrated on the development of modern industrial sector. Today, there is renewed interest in the informal economy worldwide. This is because a large share of the global workforce and economy is informal and because the informal sector is growing in many contexts and appearing in new places and guises. The informal sector serves as a buffer against unemployment in times of economic downturn, allowing an increasing share of the population to earn a livelihood from the sector rather than stay openly unemployed with no income. The sector has also played a key role in cushioning the adverse impact of economic crises. The paper therefore interrogated the nature of employment in the informal sector and is anchored on Modernisation theory. This paper is based on a desk and literature review of relevant articles and publications as well as on employment and the informal sector. The paper revealed that Nigerian Informal Sector is a major contributor to the Nigerian economy, accounting for a significant portion of employment and national Gross Domestic Product and also the informal sector currently accounts for over half of global employment and as much as 90% of employment in some of the developing countries like Nigeria. The paper therefore recommends that efforts should be made by the government and its agencies to create more jobs. Secondly, policies should be introduced to address identified challenges in the informal sector towards improving productivity and incomes of informal sector workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informal employment, defined as not reporting or underreporting of employees to the social security institution, harms individuals by time, economy, regulation and social protection. In this context, the present study aims to define the socio-demographic determinants of informal employment in Istanbul. In the research, the TurkStat Household Labor Force 2017 Survey micro data set was used. The sample consists of 13930 employees who are between 15-64 years old and active in the private sector in Istanbul (NUTS Level 2, TR10). In the study, two models were estimated to define the socio-demographic determinants of informal employment. The first model included the variables of gender, age, education level, marital status, and size of the company. The second model consisted of work type in addition to the variables of the first model. The results of the first model showed that the employees who are women, young, low educated, married, widowed/divorced, and working in small enterprises are more likely to be unregistered. The results of the second model showed that the ones who are young, low educated, widowed/divorced, working in small enterprises, and as part-timers are more likely to be unregistered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the need to define the areas of further improvement of the mechanism of levying single social contribution (SSC), considering the challenges and threats stemming from the increasing deficit of the Pension Fund of Ukraine, an analysis of reforms of the said contribution implemented during 2015—2017 in the context of their effect on the degree of shadowization of wage payments in the country becomes especially important. The scientific rationale for the expediency of lowering the SSC rate in order to reduce the degree of shadowization of wage payments was analyzed. The reform of SSC in Ukraine in 2016 was assessed in the context of its effect on the degree of shadowization of wage payments and unofficial employment, which gave reasons to conclude that no significant positive effects were produced by the said reform. An insignificant decline of these indicators is incomparable with the adverse consequences which this reform had for revenues of the Pension Fund of Ukraine. Calculations of tax burden on the wages paid in Ukraine in 2010—2019 were made. It was established that in 2016, tax burden on payroll fund declined to 28,58% versus 2015, but the following years saw an insignificant growth of this indicator to 30,16% in 2019. It was proved that the drastic lowering of the SSC rate did not stimulate employers to de-shadowize wages. For when Ukrainian lawmakers initiated this reform, they failed to take into account a number of nontax factors in de-shadowization of wage payments related, in particular, to the quality of Ukrainian legislation and regulatory policy and to the level of corruption in the country. Given that employers remain able to conceal the actual number of personnel and the amount of their wages, it will be impossible to solve the problem of unofficial employment and shadowization of wage payments only by lowering the SSC rate. An emphasis was placed on the need to apply a systemic approach to the assessment of possible consequences from future transformations of SSC and their impact on tax burden on payroll fund in terms of all its components and taking into account nontax factors in de-shadowization of wage payments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Nigeria, a significant number of the active labour force exists within the informal economy. For these workers, decent work remains elusive. They are mostly unprotected by existing legal framework and lack basic work rights. One of such right is access to social protection. This lack of access to 'social protection', especially as it relates to their means of livelihood, results in exclusion and marginalisation, and violates the principles of social justice. However, the high financial and structural costs of providing the basic forms of social protection inhibits the Nigerian government from extending social protection to informal workers, even though they constitute the larger percentage of the national workforce. This therefore necessitates an innovative solution that extends social protection to informal workers, and at the same time is independent of the capacity limitations of the government. Based on a desktop research methodology, this article finds that Esusu cooperatives – an informal cooperative system popular among informal workers– represents an existing and functional structure through which social protection can be extended to Nigerian informal workers. Consequently, it is recommended that the 'Esusu Cooperative system' should be adopted and restructured as a means of extending social protection to informal workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing precariousness of employment across the world has radically altered the conditions upon which the representation of workers' interests has traditionally been built, as it has posed challenges for established trade unions: individualized employment and fragmented identities have displaced the centrality of the workplace and the employee–employer relationship in framing collective issues of representation. In this article, we compare the processes of collective organization of two groups of precarious workers in the transport and delivery sector of Buenos Aires and Dar es Salaam. Through this comparison we investigate how existing trade union structures, industrial relations frameworks, socio-political contexts and labour processes interact with the processes of workers' organization that take place even in the harsher conditions of informal work, critically engaging with the argument that the growing precariousness of work represents the end of trade unionism as we know it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orientation: Day labouring is becoming more frequent in developing countries. Long spells of unemployment and the uncertainty of informal wage employment impact negatively on the subjective well-being (SWB) of day labourers. Research purpose: The aim of the article was to investigate the level and possible determinants of the SWB of day labourers in Pretoria and Windhoek. Motivation for the study: Up to now, only one study has been carried out in South Africa on the SWB of day labourers and none in Namibia. This study aimed to start filling this gap in the literature. The choice of the two cities was based on their status as the capital cities of two countries that are both experiencing increasing numbers of day labourers. Research design, approach and method: A mixed-method research design and purposeful sampling were used to obtain representative samples. Data were sourced from comparable surveys amongst day labourers in the two cities between 2015 and 2017. Questionnaires with quantitative and qualitative sections were completed during structured interviews with 290 and 80 day labourers in Pretoria and Windhoek respectively. The ordinary least squares model and ordered-probit analysis were employed to analyse the data. Main findings: In Pretoria, the number of dependents, the living conditions and whether they had a full-time job before were all significant in explaining the SWB of the day labourers. In Windhoek, education levels, total days without food, staying with their families and being a foreigner were also significant. Practical/managerial implications: The needs of the informally employed must be addressed in the integrated development plans of municipalities and integrated with day labour worker centres. Contribution/value-add: This is the first study to analyse SWB amongst day labourers in Namibia and lays the foundation for future expanded studies.

The article presents the results of a qualitative study on the characteristics of economic behavior of residents of the Donbas front-line zones. It is proved that a high fate of the shadow economics sector exists Ukraine. It is emphasized that illegal and semi-legal incomes are an integral part of everyday life. Practices of informal employment, tax evasion, bribery and the phenomenon of double social dependence are considered as indicators of monitoring of this problem. Based on the attitude to the problem of informal employment, two groups of respondents were identified. For the respondents who work, this phenomenon does not cause severe condemnation and in some cases is an acceptable form of behavior. Students, who are still in the care of their parents and are only hypothetically familiar with the problems of finding a job, consider it unacceptable not to formalize labor relations. The motivation for doing so is not the loss that such practices bear to the state, for example, in the form of non-payment of taxes, but personal interests (pensions, paid leave, etc.). It was emphasized that the absence of a severe condemnation of informal employment and the declaration of the acceptability of such a form of employment indicate a loyal attitude to the practice of avoiding payment of taxes . This attitude to taxes is already an integral part of the economic culture of our country’s population. It is established that the respondents condemn bribery. At the same time, they admit that people can not do anything without it living in our society. Responsibility for the dissemination of this phenomenon relies mainly on the system. Such an assessment of bribery shows that the majority of respondents are not ready to start fighting with it, because it simplifies the solution of problems in everyday life. In the front-line zones of the Donbass there is a phenomenon of double social dependence, to which the population is ambiguous. It was emphasized that the constant migration of the population from uncontrolled and controlled territories (to the Ukrainian authorities) is a source of illegal and semi-legal incomes. The article outlines the prospects for further study of the phenomenon of double social dependence, namely: the identification of the origins of this phenomenon; establishing a network of agents involved; recording of the dynamics of public assessment.

Background & Objectives: Women have a basic role in ensuring the health of future generations and their employment forms an important part of their life. Changes in the traditional roles of women and their growing demand for participation in various job positions, have become an undeniable fact of Iranian society. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of formal and informal employment on women's quality of life. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study performed from December 2016 to July 2017 on 112 formal employed women and the same number of informal employed women who were randomly selected. To assess subjects’ quality of life, SF-36 standard questionnaire was used as a valid tool. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney and independent t- test statistical tests and through SPSS version 21 software. Results: According to the results, 49.1% of women working in the informal sector did not have high school diploma and were younger than 24 years old. The mean score of quality of life in women employed in the formal sector (78.95 ± 13.6) was significantly better than that of women employed in the informal sector (84.77 ± 10.21) (P

The aim of the study is to analyze the extent of the presence of migrants and their behavior in the Russian labor market on the basis of largescale sociological surveys of migrants. This is especially important in the absence of reliable statistics on migrants in the labor market. The main attention is paid to the employment profiles of representatives of various socio-demographic and ethnic groups, illegal and informal employment, the intensity and wages of migrants from countries with a visa-free regime with Russia. Particular attention is paid to labor mobility of migrants. The main empirical basis for analysis was the results of sociological polls conducted by the Center for Ethnopolitical and Regional Studies for the Higher School of Economics in 2011. (8,5 thousand respondents) and in 2017 (8,6 thousand migrants in 19 regions of Russia). The study showed that education, qualifications, professional knowledge of migrants are not in demand on the Russian market, the typical path of migrants in the labor market is downward labor mobility – occupying a job that is worse than previously occupied in the homeland. At the same time, migrants are adapted to changes in the labor market, which is largely facilitated by the differentiation of migrant employment and the vertical mobility of some of them. Innovations in Russian legislation which came into force in 2015, as well as the integration process within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEA), which greatly facilitated access to jobs in Russia for citizens of the countries of the EEA, had a positive impact on the Russian labor market. The share of illegally employed migrants has significantly decreased in comparison with previous years. At the same time, the problem of informal employment of foreign citizens, excessive exploitation of migrant labor remains. The problems of combating forced labor of migrants and ensuring their decent labor come to the fore. Civilized conditions should be created for the legalization of labor activity of migrants, stimulating their reorientation to integrate into Russian society. The most serious attention should be paid to preventing the social exclusion of migrants to work in Russia, creating effective tools for their secondary socialization and adaptation to Russian realities.

Informal employment constitutes a significant factor in economic development of large cities and regions. In this paper, we examine the informal employment within the context of instability and precarization of labor in the Russian cities and regions. We consider the negative effects in the higher education system as one of the factors in the formation of the precariat and informal employment. Universities and higher educational institutes have always been associated with the cities and their steady urban development. The aim of our study is to identify and assess the influence of the determinants of the development of employment in the informal sector in the Russian regions, taking into account the influence of spatial effects using spatial regression models and classical panel data models. The paper compares the use of spatial econometric models with classical panel data models to analyze the dependence of employment in the informal sector on various characteristics of regions. In order test the hypothesis of the influence of the spatial location of regions on the distribution of the share of employees in the informal sector, we employ the values of Moran and Geary indices of the global spatial autocorrelation. We use a matrix of inverse geographic distances between the centroids of the corresponding administrative units and a matrix of inverse shortest automobile distances as spatial weights. The persistently positive statistically significant values of the Moran and Geary indices confirm the presence of spatial autocorrelation. Moreover, the use of spatial econometric models also made it possible to obtain estimates of the coefficients taking into account the presence of positive spatial autocorrelation. Our results can be used for studying the instability in the labor market in the context of the formation of a stable precariat. Spatial effects can also be considered in relation to the evolution of the local institutional and organizational structure of the training system for regional labor markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the minimum wage (MW) literature by providing new evidence on the gender effects of the MW in the context of weak compliance with labour regulations. We study Bolivia's case, the country with the highest informal employment share in Latin America according to the International Labour Organization, during a favourable macroeconomic context characterized by a commodities boom that should have eased compliance with an active MW legislation. From a pooled cross-section of household surveys from 2005 to 2013 and a generalized difference-in-difference specification, we find evidence that the MW widened the hourly wage gender gap, and had negative effects on the formalization likelihood. Our findings stress the importance of enforcing compliance with the minimum wage legislation to reduce the gender wage gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covid-19 pandemic causes the country's economies to be deeply affected in the countries where it is seen. The pandemic has also affected our country, the policies implemented to control the pandemic have affected employment and various measures have been taken to protect employment. Women's employment is very important, especially for developing countries to achieve sustainable development goals. Women's employment was also affected during the pandemic process. In Turkey, the level of female employment, male employment has been unable for various reasons. How the pandemic process affected women's employment and the outlook of women's employment between 2000-2020 were analyzed using TURKSTAT data. As a result of the analysis, it was observed that the female employment rate was quite low; it could not catch the male employment rate between the years examined. During the pandemic process, women working in the service sector were affected the most. Women working informally, especially in housework, patient and child care, were unemployed during the pandemic process as they were deemed to be risky in terms of health. In order to reduce the economic and health effects of women working informally in various sectors during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of the study on the structure and scale of spread of informal employment in Ukrainian labor market. Based on the analysis of the received estimates, the author makes a social and economic profile of the average worker involved in informal labor relations. The peculiarity of the study is that all estimates are considered separately for hired labor and self-employment, which allows to identify the internal heterogeneity of the structure of informal employment in Ukraine. According to the results of the econometric modeling, the main socio-economic, demographic, settlement, professional and sectoral factors that determine the involvement of the individual in informal employment in Ukraine are identified. Described the basics of legal regulation of labor relations as a formal institution influencing the dynamics of informal employment. Established the relationship between the level of flexibility in the regulation of the labor market in the country and the extent of informal employment among its population. It has been shown that in economies with flexible regulation, as a rule, informal employment is lower. Based on assessments and analysis of the flexibility of labor market regulation in Ukraine by such components as hiring, working hours and staff reductions (rules and costs), bottlenecks in the national legislation have been identified that can cause increased informal employment, which in turn helped determine the main institutional conditions for its minimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this paper is to test the impact of the informal economy on unemployment in Algeria during the period 1991-2015 using the co-integration approach, proposed by Pesaran and all (2001) and the Autoregressive Distributed Lags model (ARDL) proposed by Pesaran and shin (1999), for the purpose of estimating both short- and long-term elasticities. The theoretical results of the research concluded that there is an inverse relationship between the informal economy and unemployment, which is considered as way to absorb unemployment, while on the econometric side, the study concluded that there is a positive relationship between the two variables, which contradicts the expectations of the economic theory, which assumes an inverse relationship between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At this moment, the segmentation of the labor market into formal and informal is well known and also are known the main features specific to the formal/informal duality of the labor market, namely: on the one hand, security and rigidity in the case of formal labor market, and on the other hand the flexibility and lack of social protection in the case of the informal labor market. In the light of these features, which characterize the formal/informal duality of labor market, in this paper we aim to present the main policies applied on the informal labor market, both in terms of workers and of entrepreneurs. Thus, in this paper we will address the following categories of policies addressed to informal activities: employment policies regarding the transition from informal to formal; employment policies regarding the protection of informal workers/entrepreneurs; policies regarding increasing productivity in the informal sector and providing better jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few decades, the growth of gross enrolment ratios in higher education in the Asia and Pacific region reveals an increasing level of economic, social and political confidence within the region. The consistent and enhanced performances of higher education systems in Singapore, South Korea, Hong Kong, Mainland China, Malaysia and Taiwan are revealed clearly by different global university league tables, such as QS, Times Higher Education and Shanghai Jiao Tong University Ranking. Many governments in Asia believe investing in higher education would enhance their national competitiveness in the global marketplace. Therefore, different public policy measures have been adopted to engage not only the public sector but also the private sector to create more higher education opportunities, which has resulted in the massification of higher education. With a strong belief that higher education investments would bring good returns to both individuals and the nation, governments and families, individuals in Mainland China and Taiwan have followed the similar trends outlined above. An increasing number of individuals have sought education overseas with the confidence that it would bring them positive returns and enhance their job search and career developments after they have obtained degrees from foreign universities. This article sets out against this sociopolitical context to conduct a critical examination of how students from Mainland China and Taiwan who have graduated from UK universities evaluate the effects of overseas studies on their job search and career development. More specifically, this article reflects critically upon the value of international learning against the growing wave of anti-globalism and heated debates that question the value of the internationalisation of higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a better understanding of children's engagement in economic work and housework by examining its relationship with parents' labour force participation. It also explores how parents' employment type is associated with children's involvement in work activities. Using Thailand's Labour Force and Time Use Surveys, our multivariate probit regression results show that girls actively participate in economic activities when their mothers are employed, while boys' involvement in such work is positively correlated to both parents' employment. Girls' housework participation is also positively associated with parents' employment, suggesting that their assistance in household chores enable their parents to stay in the labour market. These positive relationships are prevalent particularly among children with either mothers or fathers working informally. Hence, the findings suggest that anti-poverty or expansionary policies aimed at increasing labour force participation without attention to job quality, social protection and care needs can adversely affect children by increasing their need to work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the incidence of agglomeration externalities in Ecuador, a small‐sized, middle‐income developing country. In particular, we analyze the role of the informal sector within these relations, since informal employment accounts for a significant part of total employment in the developing countries. Using individual level data and instrumental variable techniques, we investigate the impact of spatial externalities, in terms of population density, local specialization and urban size, on the wages of workers in Ecuadorian cities. The results show that spatial externalities matter also for a small developing country. Moreover, analysis of the interaction between spatial externalities and informality shows that, on average, workers employed in the informal sector do not enjoy significant benefits from agglomeration externalities. Finally, by investigating the possible channels behind spatial agglomeration gains we show that the advantages from agglomeration for formal sector workers may well be accounted for by better job‐quality matches and, to a lesser extent, by learning externalities. For informal sector workers, our findings also suggest possible gains from job changes, which offset a penalty for remaining employed in the same occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite growing informality in developing economies, identifying correlates of informality continues to be a challenge due to multiple definitions of informality as well as data limitations. In order to explain the determinants of informality, the authors use two operational definitions of informality, namely 'informal sector' and 'informal employment', based on enterprise characteristics and employment characteristics, respectively. Using unit-level data from a nationally representative dataset, the authors find that, irrespective of how informality is defined, workers' education, vocational training and gender play a significant role in determining participation in the informal labour market. The results of this study are robust to correction for selection bias and controlling for regional variations. The findings emphasise the need to restructure skill development programmes to account for the heterogeneity of informal workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this paper is to look at the trends and pattern of changes in women's employment structure over years (1983–2018) consequent upon the structural changes in the Indian economy. It also attempts to analyse the quality of women's labour in terms of select parameters. The study finds that there is neither quantitative nor qualitative improvement in women's employment over time on account of structural changes in the economy. There is no 'U' curve of female labour supply in response to GDP growth and expansion of female literacy, implying that economic growth has not generated adequate jobs for women. It also signifies that women's entry or exit of labour market is influenced by non-economic factors also. There is no major occupational diversification in women's employment despite structural shift of the economy from primary to tertiary sector. Agriculture is still the leading sector in women's employment. The study further reveals that the quality of women's labour is poor. Overcrowding of workforce in agriculture largely as wage labourers, lower earnings, poor literacy levels, large-scale informal employment and most self-employment in the form of unpaid work are indications of women's disadvantaged position in the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The specific features of informal employment, which is one of the main threats to social security in the labor market, in the context of transformational changes in the economic environment have been identified, and current trends in informal employment have been analyzed. The priority directions of the state policy aimed at eliminating the threats of the informal labor market have been substantiated. The main reasons for the spread of informal employment in Ukraine have been considered, taking into account the peculiarities of the current economic development, as well as the consequences of informal social and labor relations for both the employee and the state. The research has highlighted the current trends in informal employment in Ukraine’s labor market. This has been done by characterizing informal employment by job, place of residence, gender, age, education, industry and region. The results of the statistical grouping show an inverse relationship between informal employment, on the one hand, and gross regional product per capita, as well as disposable income per capita, on the other hand. Thus, with the increase in the scale of informal employment by region, both the gross regional product and disposable income are dropping. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the relationship between informal employment and the amount of disposable income per capita, which consists in the fact that low income pushes people to look for additional earnings and ways to overcome poverty, informal sources of wages and informal social and labor relations being among the latter. Given the significant negative impact of informal employment on the economic development in Ukraine’s regions and on the standard of living of the population, the following priority measures neutralizing the threat of informal social and labor relations have been named: creation of new official jobs in key economic areas, including industry, agro-industrial complex, construction, transport, etc.; development and introduction of innovative employment and self employment forms with the official reporting of employment income; development of small and medium business through the application of practices used in advanced countries, e.g. providing tax benefits for the first two years of the enterprise activity; development of youth entrepreneurship by providing young people with preferential taxation and by simplifying the mechanisms of registering and licensing their activities; stricter control over the businesses’ compliance with labor and tax legislation and increasing the severity of penalties applied in case of violations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Security / SGD-Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi is the property of Journal of Social Security / SGD-Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Taking the individual data from the European Social Survey of 2004 and 2010, the authors of this paper investigate how employment type (permanent, temporary or informal employment) affects subjective well-being in respect to employment protection legislation across European countries. Our study outcomes are in line with previous research disclosing the negative impact of being temporally or informally employed on subjective well-being. The additional contribution of this study is the rigorous analysis of how employment protection legislation (EPL) moderates this effect by applying the multilevel modeling approach for 27 countries. In countries with strict EPL temporary and informal workers are significantly less satisfied with their lives than permanent employees. In countries with liberal EPL no significant decreasing effect from temporary or informal employment on people's subjective well-being was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People engaged in informal employment are not insured by any labour or social protection. Welfare state regimes could affect the relationship between informal employment and health. This study aimed to assess the relationship between informal employment and health status in the non-agricultural working population in Central America, by welfare state regime and gender. Based on a sample of 8680 non-agricultural workers (First Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health), we conducted Poisson regression models with robust variance to obtain prevalence ratios (PR) and their confidence intervals (95% CI) of poor health status (self-perceived and mental health) of workers with informal employment versus those with formal employment. Models were adjusted by age and occupation and stratified by welfare state regime and gender. We found that prevalence of poor health status was highest among women and workers in informal employment. Positive associations between informal employment and poor self-perceived health were found in familialist and highly familialist countries for both genders, being highest in women in familialist countries (PR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.08–1.80). Significant associations were only found for poor mental health among women in familialist countries (PR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.01–1.53) and men in highly familialist countries (PR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.00–1.79). Our results suggest that universal social protection policies could reduce the negative effects of informal employment on health status for both women and men. Future development of labour and social policies integrating a gender perspective might be crucial to address health inequalities related to informal employment in Latin American countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding women's work requires going beyond traditional theorizations of paid employment by incorporating both their work and care responsibilities. The complexity of this is apparent when looking at home-based work, which is a significant category of women's informal employment. The making of "home" and "workplace" is characterized by particular sets of negotiations and relations in the lives of home-based workers, specifically in resettlement colonies. Based on detailed interviews with women home-based workers in two resettlement colonies—Kalyanpuri and Savda Ghevra in the city of Delhi, the paper aims to qualitatively understand how home-based work is constituted and the implications of how the home becomes the workplace as well. It analyses how women leverage space and time to structure paid and unpaid work while accommodating the costs and risks that they come to bear owing to their location both within homes and the larger value chains. It argues for a more synchronous approach between housing and livelihood policies and programmes that are able to factor in women's realities and aspirations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic Development Review (2543-3490) is the property of Economic Development Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study of labour market turnover is particularly significant in Latin America, which is characterized by marked economic cycles and limited social protection coverage. This article estimates the intensity of transitions from employment in six countries in Latin America in the new millennium and decomposes the differences observed, furthermore evaluating the employment destinations of workers making such transitions. The countries under analysis show very different turnover rates, which are mostly explained by a dissimilar incidence of informal and temporary employment. In all cases, a large share of job exits imply transitions to precarious jobs or unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]