Search

Among various trihalomethane (THM) compounds, chloroform is considered to be the main compound and was selected as an indicator of THMs in this study. This study aims to calculate and assess the lifetime cancer risks resulting from chloroform intakes of various exposure routes in Ilam’s urban drinking water. The samples were analyzed using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID). The results showed that average chloroform concentrations in different districts were between 20 and 30.3 μg/L, and the highest concentrations were detected in district 4 with a value of 32.2 μg/L. All water samples contained concentrations of chloroform below the standards of the world health organization (WHO) and the institute of standards and industrial research of Iran (ISIRI). Assessment of lifetime cancer risks was carried out using prediction models for different exposure routes, including ingestion, inhalation, and dermal routes for people living in Ilam city. The highest risk from chloroform seems to be from the oral ingestion route, followed by inhalation and dermal absorption. The maximum and minimum lifetime cancer risks were 6.59 × 10 - 6 and 5.95 × 10 - 6 in districts 4 and 3, respectively. It was also concluded that the average lifetime cancer risk was 6.26 × 10 - 6 in all districts. Based on the population data, the total number of expected lifetime cancer cases from exposure to chloroform is 1 for Ilam city.

Introduction: Optimism is a tendency towards life and its events. It can affect health via the promotion of social relationships. Aim: To investigate optimism, communication skills, and its related factors in midwifery students. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 115 midwifery students from Ilam University of Medical Sciences who were enrolled in this study through census sampling. Data were collected using questionnaire including demographic characteristics, communication skills, and life-orientation questionnaires. Data were analysed using descriptive and analytical statistics in SPSS version 16. Results: The mean score of communication skills and optimism was 108.9±10.9 and 13.9±3.5, respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed that there was a direct correlation between communication skill and optimism scores (r=0.477, p

The genus Eirenis encompasses 20 small-sized colubrid species, showing its highest diversity with 13 species in Iran. Eirenis coronelloides (Jan, 1862) is one of these 13 species which found in western Iran. Two additional specimens of this species were collected in western Ilam Province, Western Iran. This taxon has a crescent-like distribution in the Middle-East with eastern ramous extended in the western and southwestern regions of Iran. Morphological analyses of the additional specimens are presented. The number of ventrals in some specimens increases geographically from west to the east. This taxon is distributed in two different geographic regions, namely the Zagros Mountains and the western foothills of the Zagros Mountains, with different climatic conditions. This species is sympatric with at least three congeners in western Iran, namely E. collaris, E. persicus and E. punctatolineatus.

Background and Objective: There is a relationship between emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the relationship between intellectual intelligence and emotional intelligence and some demographic variables among students of Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Ilam University of Medical Sciences. Methods: Using a cross-correlation method of study, the standard 24-item questionnaire for spiritual intelligence and the standard 90-item questionnaire for emotional intelligence was subjected to 118 university students of Nursing and Midwifery faculty by simple random sampling. At the beginning of the questionnaire, demographic information were derived from the students. All data were analyzed by SPSS software and using Independent t-test, One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation. Results: The samples were comprised of 56% female and 46% male and the average score of spiritual intelligence among students was 68.5 while the average score of emotional intelligence was 305. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and gender while there was no relationship with the field of study. Conclusion: The spiritual intelligence and emotional intelligence was higher among women compared to men, and there was a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence so that boosting emotional intelligence can improve the emotional intelligence.

Background and aims: Workplace violence against female nurses is a significant and increasing problem. In most of cases, female nurses do not report violent events. The aims of current research are to investigate workplace violence against female nurses in three general hospitals of Ilam located in Iran using the questionnaire in 2012 and identify their reactions when facing with violent events. Methods: This study is a descriptive research that the prevalence of workplace violence against female nurses is investigated. The required information is obtained by means of the author-made questionnaire that is distributed among 53 nurses and the SPSS software is used for data analysis. Results: Among the samples, 90.6 % and 15.1 % of participants had faced with verbal and physical assaults of patients during last year, respectively. Moreover, 92.5 % and 11.3 % of nurses had experienced verbal and physical assaults of patient companions, respectively. Remarkably, most of nursing staff believe that reporting aggressive evident is not useful at all. A significant correlation is found between physical assaults of patients against age of nurses. In addition, a relationship between verbal violence of patients versus marriage status of nurses is observed (P< 0.05). Conclusion: A large rate of aggressive incidents is observed against female nurses, in present study. In this regards, enhance in security guards can significantly reduce this term. Also, recording aggressive events and legally pursuing the people who committed to violence are essential.

During the last decade, oak decline has caused critical health issues within the Zagros forests in west Iran, which is currently approaching a threatening level with effects on stand structure and stability. Identifying the influential factors on the spread of this phenomenon can thus help forest planners and administrating units to control the crisis. This study aimed to assess different aspects influencing deterioration of oak trees with respect to stands environmental characteristics in the southern part of Zagros forests. For this purpose, 12 declined stand dominated by Brant`s oak (Quercus brantii) at different conditions in both the North and South aspects as well as two altitudes and three replications were chosen within Meleh-Siah forest site in Ilam province. A transect line was randomly assigned to each of the stands, along each or which three square plots (2500 square meter) were laid. Within the plots, all individual trees were inventoried. By using a randomized complete block and factorial design, methods were used to compare the mean values of the inventoried parameters. Although the results showed no significant difference between diameter, height, crown length and basal area of the stands along gradients of aspect and altitude, significant effect of aspect on decline rate in seed based trees as well as altitude on coppice trees were observed. The degree of decline in south aspect was greater than in north aspect. In addition, lower elevations showed larger effects than higher elevations. The interaction between two factors was also significant on the decline rate.

Objective (s): Injury is a major public health problem in Iran. The aim of this study was to estimate the burden of injury in Ilam (a province I west), Iran in 2011.Methods: This was a second analysis of the death registration data. Using Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and life table of Ilam population, the burden of injury was calculated. Results: In 2011, there were a total of 12002.7 years life lost (YLL) due to premature mortality due to injuries in Ilam province, the average of 21.5 per 1000 population. Globally, men had the larger share of burden than women (69.7% compared to 30.3%). Across all age groups, distribution of burden showed predominant of 15 to 35 age groups with 68.4%. The highest proportion of burden in men and women was due to road traffic injuries and suicides, respectively. Conclusion: The study revealed that the injuries imposed a significant burden especially on youth in Ilam population. Thus, designing and implementation of effective programs regarding prevention and control of injuries is required.

Background and objectives: Health care staffs, all over the world, usually face harsh behavior. Violence in forms of verbal assault and physical action is experienced especially by hospital nurses; however, such violent behaviors are usually not reported, for some reasons. The aim of current study was to identify the workplace violence against nursing staff at educational hospitals of Ilam city (western Iran) in 2012. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was carried out during July to August 2012 at three educational hospitals of Ilam city. Data collection was done from 106 randomly selected nurses through a questionnaire on types of violence, their sources, and ways to cope with them. Data analysis was carried out through descriptive statistics & Chi-square test. Results: Totally, 43.84% of the participants had experienced and reported the violence, while the remaining 56.16%, despite being subjected to violence, did not report it. Out of all the studied people, 64.94% believed that reporting violence to officials would be useless. Considering the gender, 43% were male with reported violence rate of 53.57%, while the 57% population of females were reported a lower rate of 42.18% violence. Conclusion and recommendation: Since most the violent actions have not been reported, it is suggested to develop proper organizational infrastructures, educational programs on reporting such violent behaviors as well as their management. Furthermore, it is recommended to plan more comprehensive educational programs for patients and the community to reduce such undesired aggressive actions against the nurses and other staff at hospitals.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disease around the world. The present study aims at studying hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) and vitamin D serum levels in diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted on 102 diabetic patients presenting to the diabetic clinic of a tertiary care hospital in West of Iran in 2016 (Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital of Ilam city). The data collected were inserted into the SPSS‑20 software, and it was then analyzed by using the relevant statistical tests. For describing the quantitative variables, mean and standard deviation were used. Moreover, for describing the qualitative variables, number and percentage were applied. The mean serum levels of HbA1C and vitamin D were compared for different variables using the Chi‑square and ANOVA. Results: There is a positive and statistically significant relationship between the HbA1C and fasting blood sugar (FBS). Moreover, there is a statistically significant relationship between the serum level of vitamin D with smoking and body mass index (BMI). There is also an inverse linear relationship between vitamin D with HbA1C, FBS, BMI, and disease duration. The relationship between HbA1C with FBS and disease duration is a linear direct one. Their relationship between HbA1C and BMI is an inverse linear one, yet not significant. Conclusion: Given the role of this vitamin in secretion and the effect of insulin, it seems useful to monitor the serum level of vitamin D in a diabetic patient and prescribe its supplements if necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the contrast perception of obstacles in a tunnel entrance which was placed in Ilam Province, Iran. Methods: An obstacle with the reflection coefficient of 20% was mounted at the entrance of thetunnel and then, the car was placed near the tunnel entrance and the intrinsic luminance of the road (Lr,intrinsic) and obstacle (Lo,intrinsic) were measured inside the car using the luminance meter. Results: Intrinsic luminance of obstacle and road at the entrance of the tunnel were measured as 41 and 17 cd/m2, respectively. The contrast perception of obstacle in deriver's eyes and in the safe stopping distance (SSD) from the tunnel entrance was determined as 2.79 cd/m2. At the entrance of the studied tunnel, the contrast perception of obstacles with the reflection coefficient of 20% was lower than the minimum contrast perception (28%) recommended by International Commission on Illumination. Conclusion: The main conclusion that can be drawn from it, is that this obstacle in the SSD from the tunnel entrance cannot be conceived by the drivers, which may lead to higher rate of road traffic crashes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Optimism is a tendency towards life and its events. It can affect health via the promotion of social relationships. Aim: This study aimed at investigating optimism, communication skills, and its related factors in midwifery students. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted during September to December, 2016. Participants were 115 midwifery students from Ilam University of Medical Sciences who were enrolled into this study through census sampling. Data were collected using demographic characteristics, communication skills, and life-orientation questionnaires. Data were analysed using descriptive and analytical statistics in SPSS version 16. Results: The mean score of communication skills and optimism was 108.9±10.9 and 13.9±3.5, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there was a direct correlation between communication skill and optimism scores (r=0.477, p<0.001). Analytical statistical analysis showed a direct relation between age and communication scores (p=0.01) and there was a significant relation in the mean score of communication skills in married people than in single ones (p=0.02). Also, there was a significant correlation between optimism score and the level of awareness of the field of study (p<0.001). Conclusion: In this study, the level of communication skills in midwifery students in Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Iran was moderate and comprehensive training is needed to improve these skills. The level of optimism of life in most midwifery students was relatively good, but more studies are suggested in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is known to be responsible for nosocomial infections, and the typing method was useful in managing the reservoir of bacteria. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in the nares and hands of nurses working in Imam Khomeini hospital, Ilam, Iran, as well as to determine the clonal relatedness, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, different virulence, and resistance determinants among these isolates. The evolution of mupirocin activity in the eradication of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) colonization in the nares of the healthcare workers in Ilam, Iran, was also determined in this study.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 80 nurses, auxiliary nurses, and service workers from Imam Khomeini Hospital were enrolled. MRSA, antibiotic susceptibility, and virulence determinants were evaluated. Then, the isolates were subjected to pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec typing. Results: Our results demonstrated that 23% of isolates were MRSA. PFGE results demonstrated that pulsotypes A (3 out of 30; 10%) and J (3 out of 30; 10%), pulsotypes E (2 out of 30; 6.7%), M (2 out of 30; 6.7%), P(2 out of 30; 6.7%), and V (2 out of 30; 6.7%) were the most predominant pulsotypes, respectively. Conclusion: We cannot give conclusive suggestions about the correlation between nasal carriage and infections, but we suggest the monitoring of all healthcare workers annually, decontamination of their noses by using mupirocin and other antistaphylococcal agents, and also the washing of their hands at least every 2 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxocara is one of the common intestinal nematodes in dogs and cats and is the agent of tissue migratory larvae in humans. Customarily, the prevalence of human toxocariasis hovers around 15.8% in Iran. Furthermore, other research outcomes demonstrated a tendency for an outbreak of toxocariasis in Iran. Therefore, we carried out a cross-sectional study and assessed the seroprevalence of toxocariasis humans in Ilam Province, western of Iran. A total of 539 serum samples were collected between September 2017 and March 2018 from patients referred to the Health Centers of Ilam province, Iran. Serum samples were investigated for the presence of Toxocara using IgG antibodies, ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) kit. Risk factors such as contact with cats and dogs, living in rural areas were investigated among the study population. Out of 539 total samples collected, 97 cases (17.99%) were positive for anti-toxocara IgG antibodies. These antibodies were recovered from serum samples of otherwise healthy adults (15.54%, 49/296), pregnant women (21.16%, 40/189) and diabetic patients (14.81%, 8/54). This study showed significant relationship between toxocariasis and contact with animal pets in all studied groups (P value = 0.05) and a significant relationship between toxocariasis and living in rural areas among pregnant women (P value = 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Self-immolation is the death of a life. It is seen in women who have suffered greatly in life for long years, lost patience totally and found no way out except selfimmolation. The aim of this study was to identify the epidemiologic pattern of women's self-immolation in Ilam Province, Iran during the period 2011-2016. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study in which data were collected based on the files of women who had immolated themselves during the period 2015-2016 and analyzed using the SPSS software, the statistical tests being descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 129 women, within the age range 11-95 years (mean 24 years), had immolated themselves during the 5-year period (53.5% in the age group 20-35 years), 73.6% of them being married and 77.5% housewives. The average body surface burn percentage was 70%, the range being 15-99%. Most cases of self-immolation had occurred in autumn and spring, mostly in the afternoon. The most common cause of self-immolation had been reported as unknown (38% of the cases), followed by mental disease and depression (30.2%) and family conflicts (17.1%), specially husband and wife conflicts. Conclusion: Self-immolation is the unusual ending of a life. Young married women are more likely to get exposed to hardships and confusion in the course of family and community life. Depression is one of the most important causes of suicide, a consequence of issues such as violence and harassment by spouse and family, poverty, deprivation and destitution. Strategies to reduce self-immolation would include comprehensive social support and protection against domestic violence against women, educationg women about techniques to control anger and reduce stress, and informing them about support centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most common problems in the medical world is the resistance of cancer cells to anti-tumor drugs, so finding new anticancer agents with minimal side effect is essential. This study aims at identifying medicinal plants in to the southern region of Ilam province in west Iran, which are traditionally used in the treatment of cancer by herbal practitioners. This study was conducted in the southern district of Ilam province, Iran. The study was conducted from August 2013 to October 2014 by using questionnaire and interview from herbal practitioners. The collected data were analyzed through relative frequency of citation index (RFC). In this study, 36 herbal practitioners were interviewed. A sum of 21 medicinal plants used in variety of cancers from16 families were identified for the Southern District of Ilam. Asteraceae was the dominant plant family, and the most used organ was aerial parts (44%). Dermal cancer was the most treated cancer by herbal practitioners in the region with different herbs. Lawsonia inermis and Satureja khuzistanica were the most cited species for anticancer use. On comparison with the literature it was revealed that 61.9% plants are not scientifically validated against any type of cancer. New therapeutic remedies were reported for the first time and a number of similar effects of the reported plants were found in other studies. As a result of the present study we recommend the plants documented in the present study, which are not pharmacologically assessed, for further pharmacological studies.

Euphemism is a linguistic style used by language speakers to substitute taboo words and expressions. Since it is a common phenomenon in all cultures, it is a ubiquitous feature for every language. The current article aims at studying the different domains of euphemism usage in the Kurdish Dialect of Ilam. To do so, the writer has turned to the questionnaire and library methods. For the former he selected 35 speakers randomly from all ages with different educational levels and for the latter he has scrutinized two available Kurdish-Persian dictionaries. The findings show that in the Ilami dialect, euphemism is used in the domains of fear, body, alcohol and narcotic drugs, as well as trading and swear. Moreover, the findings indicate that the most frequently used euphemistic expressions are related to sexual organs or issues. Furthermore, there is no euphemism for politics in the Ilam Dialect.

Background; Objective: Toxoplasmosis is a common infection among humans and animals. The disease is caused by Toxoplasma gondii. The prevalence of this infection depends on the weather conditions, dietary habits, and exposure to cats. This infection maylead to abortion, preterm labor and congenital anomalies in pregnant women. The present study is a descriptive cross – sectional study, which has been performed in order to determine the IgG antibody against toxoplasma in high-school girl students.Materials; Methods: In this study, 260 blood samples were randomly collected from the girl students in the high schools of Ilam in the year 2012. They were tested using the indirect immunofluorescence method. In this study, a questionnaire was developed and presented to the considered population and the information like previous histories of eating underdone and roasted meat, exposure to cats, and place of residency were collected. In addition, the data were analyzed by SPSS softwareand chi-square test.Results: The prevalence rate of IgG antibody among these students was 21.1%. Chi-square test showed that there is a significant relationship between infectionand eating underdone and roasted meat (P>0.002).Conclusions: Considering the low levels ofanti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in high school girls, and non-immunity in pregnancy and the parasites’irreparable effects on the fetus, it is essential to provide the necessary training before pregnancy to reduce the risks andproblems.

In this study, vegetative, climate, geology and soil properties of a Caucasian wingnut (Pterocarya Fraxiinfolia (Lam.) spach.) forest reserve in Dareh-shahr of Ilam Province were investigated. The Emberje method showed semi-humid climate. Soil texture was loam to loamy-sand, and the soil was shown to be alkaline ranging from neutral to slightly alkalin. A full callipering of the entire study site showed that the stand is composed of Fraxinus rotundifolia and Pterocaria fraxinifolia, accompanied by Wych elm and Caucasian Hackberry. All trees were seedling-initiated with the mean DBH, height and crown area of 64.3 cm, 13.8 m and 89.7 m2, respectively. The forest reserve was consisted of 53.8 % healthy, 38 % fractioned or crown-dried and 8.3 % dead trees. Most healthy trees were Hackberry, whereas the Ash trees were the least. The elm and wingnut mostly regenerated in basal shoot and coppice forms, while hackberry trees mostly produced seedlings. Despite the relatively small area, the forest reserve includes large trees, proper soil with enough organic matter which makes it of major ecological value to be more investigated. Provided with enough control and preservation, the regeneration and further growth of trees will be guaranteed, which in turn ensures the sustainability of this forest reserve.

Forest management and planning require a proper level of quantitative and qualitative information on forest stands. Such data is usually collected by means of different sampling methods e.g. transect method. This study aims at exploring the most appropriate sampling method for estimating basal area incorporating their on precision and cost in a case study of Dalab forests of Ilam province. To this aim, a representative area encompassing 37.2 hectares of forests was selected and surveyed by a 100% inventory. Three sampling methods (transect based on probability theory, transect with fixed 50 m length and transect with fixed number of 5 trees) were applied. Based on a regular random sampling pattern, 37 samples were selected for each sampling method in a 100 × 100m grid. The results showed significant difference between the measured basal area and those estimated by any of the three sampling methods. The E%2×T criteria was additionally applied for a better evaluation of the applied sampling methods .These cost and precision criteria turned out the transect method with fixed number of 5 trees to be the superior to other tested methods, which can be further suggested for estimation of basal area of trees in Dalab Forests of Ilam province.

Background & Objectives: Suicide has been recognized as a public health concern in all communities. Several factors are contributing to its incidence in developed and developing countries. Purpose of this study is to investigate seasonal patterns of suicide in Ilam province western Iran. Methods: Data were recruited from a systematic registry of Ilam province between available from 2001–2009. Overall, 3873 suicides were recorded. According to month and season of suicide, data were analyzed using chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: Among suicide attempters, a peak of suicide occurrence was observed in summer, especially in August. In general, 16% of suicides were completed. The risk of death (OR)due to suicide was significantly greater in winter and March compared to other seasons and months, respectively. Conclusion: Suicide occurrence varies by month and season and seasonal-related factors such as psychological, environmental and social aspects should be considered for any prevention programs and strategies.

Background & Purpose: Chemical attacks in war can make short term and long term personal, family and social damages and limited social relationships of victims as compared to ordinary people. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between social support and health promoting behaviors in chemical veteran in Ilam province 2012-13. Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional study was performed in the entire moderate and severs chemical veterans, who they were covered by the Department of Veterans and Martyrs of Ilam province. Information was collected by using standard questionnaires for health-promoting behavior and Multidimensional scale of perceived social support (family, friends, and important people). The reliability and validity of these instruments was desirable. Inclusion criteria were percentage of disability with moderate and sever levels and enough physical strength to answer questions, and exclusion criteria were also lack of cooperation and have no permanent residence in Ilam province. After data collection, all data were analyzed by SPSS statistical soft ware and Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression. Results: All of 239 veterans indicated that all of them were men with mean and standard deviation age 51.17± 8.87 years and there is a significant relation between all subscales of social support and health-promotion behavior subscales (p

Background: Suicide by aggressive physical methods such as firearms, hanging, and jumping is well known; however, different factors may influence a person while selecting a particular method. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological factors involved in the selection and use of different physical methods for suicide over a long-term period in Ilam province, Iran. Methods: The present study was conducted retrospectively between 1993 and 2013 using recorded data from a comprehensive system for registration of suicide attempts in Ilam University of Medical Sciences. The epidemiological characteristics included person, time and place variables, and the outcomes of the suicide attempts. The chi square, univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used for data analysis. Results: Totally, 1516 suicide attempts were evaluated (the annual incidence rate: 19/100,000 individuals). The most commonly used suicide method in females (88.4%) and males (38.9%) was self-immolation. Furthermore, the annual incidence rate among males and females was within the age group of 15-24 years (24.6 and 47.8/100,000 individuals). The risk of death by suicide in the age group of 55-64 years was 2.93 compared with the age group of 10-14 years (OR = 2.93; 95% CI = 0.64-13.54, P = 0.168). Conclusion: This study revealed that self-immolation was the most selected physical method of suicide and had the highest incidence rate, and inflicted the survivors with severe physical and mental complications. In order to reduce the use of physical methods, especially self-immolation, life skills training becomes more important than ever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three species of springtails were identified as new records for Iranian fauna from Ilam Province, western Iran: Hemisotoma quadrioculatus (Martynova, 1967), Isotoma anglicana Lubbock, 1862 (Isotomidae) and Metaphorura riozoi Castano-Meneses, Palacios-Vargas & Traser, 2000 (Tullbergiidae). Brief information for each species about material examined, ecology, illustrations and distribution is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neurofeedback records hidden physiological reactions in human brain and brain waves that influence functional and behavioral status every moment. Concentration is a method in which the one educates his/her mind for more useful approach. The purpose of present research is to compare the concentration extent of people with a history of methamphetamine consumption with normal people with the help of neurofeedback via measuring brain waves. Material and Method: Present research is a clinical trial in which 40 persons were divided into two control and experimental groups. Each group consisted of 20 persons. Brain information was recorded in Cz and Fz zones by neurofeedback devices. We used Stroop's color - word test to assess the studied concentration. We analyzed the statistical data via SPSS software, Version 16. Results: Obtained results show that people with a history of Methamphetamine abuse have lower concentration relative to healthy people. This proportion observed after using neurofeedback device too. In addition, the ratio of theta waves to Beta waves has meaningful increased in Fz and Cz zones after using neurofeedback in two control and experimental groups. Conclusion: According to obtained results, we can note that use of neurofeedback can be very effective to increase concentration in people with Methamphetamine abuse and healthy people. It is suggested to conduct more research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cryptosporidium is a coccidian parasite that can infect most mammals, including humans. This parasite is an important cause of neonatal diarrhea and morbidity in calves, causing substantial economic loss to animal husbandry. Because of the importance of this parasite in calves, this study was designed in order to determine prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. among calves under one year old in Ilam county (Iran). Methods: Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was estimated using a cross-sectional study. Fecal samples from 400 calves under 1 year old were collected in Ilam County, from March 2014 to February 2015 and they were microscopically analyzed using modified Ziehl-Neelsen method (mZN). Results: The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in calves was 16% (64/400). According to age categories, the highest infection was observed in calves under one month old, and the lowest infection occurred in calves 6 to 12 months old. Age was significantly associated with Cryptosporidium spp. infection (p<0.05). The prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in diarrheic and none diarrheic calves was 27.3 and 12.4 % respectively, which indicated a significant association between positivity and diarrhea (p<0.05). The highest prevalence was observed in winter followed by autumn, spring and summer respectively. No statically difference was found between prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis and seasons of sampling. Also, calves' gender was not associated with Cryptosporidium spp. infection in this study. Conclusion: Our results provide useful information about the distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. Also, the role of potential risk factors including age, sex, clinical status and seasons of sampling was indicated in studied calves from Ilam County. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Parasitic diseases are considered as the most prevalent problems in developing countries. Oral-fecal route way and consuming raw vegetables are one of the most important ways of contamination of gastrointestinal system with parasites. Present study aimed to explore the level of vegetables contamination with parasitic factors. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 200 samples were collected of vegetable stores from March to September in Ilam County and examined through precipitation method and by centrifuge in terms of parasitical contamination. In order to analyze data, software SPSS was applied. Results: The obtained results indicated that there was at least one parasitic contamination among 122(61%) samples out of total number. The highest parasitic contamination was attributed to Giardia cysts. Conclusion: Comparing percentage of contamination of vegetable in Ilam County to the results from previous studies in different cities showed high number of contamination of consuming vegetables in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the field of high-precision applications based on carriers continues to expand, the development of low-cost, small, modular receivers and their application in diverse scenarios and situations with complex data quality has increased the requirements of carrier-phase data preprocessing. A new geometry-based cycle slip detection and repair method based on Global Position System (GPS) + BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) is proposed. The method uses a Time-differenced Carrier Phase (TDCP) model, which eliminates the Inner-System Bias (ISB) between GPS and BDS, and it is conducive to the effective combination of GPS and BDS. It avoids the interference of the noise of the pseudo-range with cycle slip detection, while the cycle slips are preserved as integers. This method does not limit the receiver frequency number, and it is applicable to single-frequency data. The process is divided into two steps to detect and repair cycle slip. The first step is cycle slip detection, using the Improved Local Analysis Method (ILAM) to find satellites that have cycle slips; The second step is to repair the cycle slips, including estimating the float solution of changes in ambiguities at the satellites that have cycle slips with the least squares method and the integer solution of the cycle slips by rounding. In the process of rounding, in addition to the success probability, a decimal test is carried out to validate the result. Finally, experiments with filed test data are carried out to prove the effectiveness of this method. The results show that the detectable cycle slips number with GPS + BDS is much greater than that with GPS. The method can also detect the non-integer outliers while fixing the cycle slip. The maximum decimal bias in repair is less than that with GPS. It implies that this method takes full advantages of multi-system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Land use and land cover are not static and are frequently subject to change due to human activities, also, with attention to the trend of deforestation in recent years, is very important to estimate the degradation in the different time periods. Access to information related to the past and realizing the changes are necessary for solving deforestation problem. Identify and detect these changes can help planners and managers to identify effective factors in land use and land cover changes and have to be useful and effective programming for their control. Iran west forests is important in terms of area, environmental issues, soil and water resources conservation which during the past decades due to social and economic factors, lack of comprehensive management and etc lost its production capacity and this trend threatens the future of the region forests. As a result, planning and management of these forests are associated with many problems which lack the necessary studies in this area will contribute to the above issue. To explore and evaluate these changes, using remote sensing and GIS techniques and tools can have a considerable effect to generate spatial information and having analytical capabilities. In the present study, using the information resulting from comparing satellite images of two different periods, identify changes trend in the studied forests and then with applying GIS analyzes to identify effective factors in these changes can measure and the results presented in thematic maps and finally suggested degradation probability model for the study area. Research Methodology In this research, remote sensing data include images of MSS (1976) and TM and also 1:50.000 topographic maps and 1:20.000 aerial photos of region were used. In order to classifying and preparing forest map related to the study years, training samples are prepared with help of ground operations using GPS device and also using processing and satellite images enhancement in environment of IDRISI software and finally, training sites of forest and non-forest areas were prepared. Also, the spectral response of different bands for each of training site classes were drawn and interpreted. After geo-referencing satellite images using ground control points, map of forest extent related to years of 1976 and 2007 through classification on original and processed images of MSS and TM was prepared. After preparing maps of forest extent related to years of 1976 and 2007, each of the mentioned maps were classified into two categories of forest and non-forest and after ensuring the accuracy of the maps produced in GIS environment for preparing changes map in forest area, both maps at the beginning and end of the studied period were crossed with each other. The most important factors in the forest degradation trend are the natural and human factors .In this research, map of slope, aspect, elevation classes as natural factors affecting changes and distance from residential areas, roads, distance from the edge of the forest and forest fragmentation index as human factors were considered in the event of changes. In this direction, map of above factors using Arcview and Idrisi software was prepared in GIS environment and was used to analyze. For preparing maps of classes of slope, aspect, elevation, digital elevation model of the study area should be prepared. Modeling Deforestation Using Logistic Regression, GIS and RS … Discussion and Results Accuracy assessment results of classified maps are presented in the related table. With consideration to high amounts of 83% of overall accuracy, these maps can be used for preparing degradation map. After processing the satellite images, amount map and spatial distribution of forest areas in study area was prepared in years of 1976 and 2007 with use of MSS and TM satellite images. With overlay the classification results of two periods, occurred changes map was obtained. From this map, we can extract amount of degraded forest and location of these changes. Results obtained of comparison of two maps related to beginning and end of the time period (1976 and 1388) shows that during this period, 19294 hectare of forest regions area has been decreased. In logistic regression, chi-square statistic (-2Log Likelihood) or (-2LL) is widely used. When a model has a poor fit, having large amount and when a model has a good match, its value is small. In this study, chi-square value was 117.309. Coefficients of the variables in the regression equation are very important and logit equation coefficients list. 1 equation shows statistical model of degradation probability prediction obtained of logistic modeling with seven variables: slope, aspect, elevation, distance from roads and population centers, distance from the edge of the forest and forest segmentation index. Pseudo R2 for the model is 0.1608 and the ROC regression coefficient amount was equal to the amount of 0.7678. Based on this equation, the spatial distribution map of the study area forests was obtained. (1) Forest degradation probability = -4.2303+0.007207(aspect)- 0.020488(distance from villages) - 0.001495(elevation from sea level) – 0.00116 (slope) -0.001908 (distance from road) – 0.087687 (distance from the forest edge) + 0.14544 (forest fragmentation pattern) Conclusion This study has been taken place with objective of estimating the spatial distribution of Zagros forests and in order to detect effective factors on forest degradation. In this study, the effect of seven factors, distance from roads and residential areas, forest fragmentation index, aspect, elevation levels, slope and distance from forest and non-forest edge on forest degradation rate was studied In this study, to investigate changes in forest, MSS sensor related to year of 1976 and TM sensor data related to year 2007 were processed and classified. The Studied images were classified in to two classes of forest and non-forest and in order to study the degradation factors, map of forest degradation with spatial variables of physiographic and human were entered into the model. For modeling and estimating the spatial distribution of studied forests degradation, of logistic regression statistical method was used. Output of regression logistic with Pseudo R2 equal to 0.1608 and ROC of 0.76 represents a relative agreement with the actual degradation and ability to fit the model to estimate changes in forest area. Also, with consideration to negative coefficients related to distance from residential areas and roads can say with decreasing the distance then these factors, urban expansion and man-made regions development, road construction and increase in population plays role in forest degradation of the study area. Keywords: Deforestation modeling, Remote sensing, Logistic regression, Zagros forests, Ilam. References 1. Amini M.R, Shataee S, Moaieri M.H, Ghazanfari H (2009). Deforestation modeling and investigation on related physiographic and human factors using satellite images and GIS (Case study: Armerdeh forests of Baneh), Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research. 16 (3). 2. Bagheri R, Shataee S (2010). Modeling loss of forest extent using the logistic regression, Case Study: Ghehal Ghay watershed of the Golestan province, Iran Journal of Forest, Iran forestry society, second year, 2 (3). 3. Braimoh A, Vlek P.L.G (2003). Modeling land use change in Northern Ghana, Conference, technological and institutional innovations for sustainable rural development, Gottingen, Germany. 21. 4. Clark W.A, Hosking P.L (1986). Statistical Methods for Geographers (Chapter 13), New York: John Wiley & Sons. 5. Eastman J. R (2002). Idrisi for windows user’s guide ver.32, Clark labs for cartography technology and geographic analysis, (Clark University). 6. Giriraj A, Ullah M.I, Murthy M.R, Beierkuhnlein C (2008). Modelling Spatial and Temporal Forest Cover Change Patterns (1973-2020). A Case Study from South Western Ghats (India). Sensors, 8. 7. Gomez-Mendoza L, Vega-Pen A.E, Ramirez M.I, Palacio-Prieto, J.L, Galicia L (2006). Projecting land-use change processes in the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca, Mexico. Applied Geography, 26. 8. Modeling Deforestation Using Logistic Regression, GIS and RS … Gruenberg W.D, Curtin P, Shaw W (2000). Deforestation Risk for the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala. School of Renewable Natural Resources, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. 9. Jat M.K, Khare P.K, Khare D (2008). Monitoring and modelling of urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniques. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 10. 10. Mas J.F, Puig H, Palacio J.L, Sosa-Lopel A (2004). Modeling Deforestation using GIS and Artificial Neural Networks. Environmental Modeling & Software, 19. 11. Matheron G (1970). La the´orie des variables ge´ne´ralise´es et ses applications. Les Cahiers du Centre de Morphologie Mathe´matiques de Fontainebleau, 1 (2). 12. Matthew L, Robert J, Smith R.J, Nigel L.W (2004). Mapping and predicting deforestation patterns in the lowlands of Sumatra. Biodiversity and Conservation, 13. 13. Mertens B, Lambin E. F (1999). Modelling land cover dynamics: integration of fine-scale land cover data with landscape attributes. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 1. 14. Mesghari S (2002). Investigating Changes in forest areas using GIS and remote sensing, Tehran: Researcgh Project, Technical College, Khajeh Nasir Toosi University. 15. Miriam S.W, Taylor V.S (2010). Modeling social and land-use/land-cover change data to assess drivers of smallholder deforestation in Belize. Applied Geography 30. 16. 16. Njarluo S (2005). Investigating Changes in forest area using aerial photographs, topographic maps and IRS and ETM+ images, M.Sc thesis of Forestry,Gorgan University of Agriculture and natural resources. 17. Pierre Bavqa M (2004). Investigating Changes of forest extent in relationship with topographic factors and man-made areas, Case Study: Eastern Forests of the Gilan province, M.Sc thesis of forestry, Tehran University. 18. Pontius R.G, Schneider L (2001). Land-use change model validation by a ROC method for the Ipswich watershed, Massachusetts, USA. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 85(1-3). 19. Rafieian O, Darvishsefat A.A, Namiranian M (2006). Determining changes extent of the Iran northern forests between the years of 1993 to 2001 Using ETM+ Images, Journal of Agriculture and Natural resources sciences and technology, 10 (3). 20. Ranjbar A (2002). Investigating and estimating forests degradation trend using GIS and remote sensing data, M.Sc thesis of remote sensing, Khajeh Nasir Toosi University. 21. Scheer L, Sitko R (2007). Assessment of some forest characteristics employing ikonos satellite data. Journal of Forest Science, 53. 22. Shataee S, Hosseinali Zadeh M, Ayobi S (2007). Investigating capability of ETM+ spectral data in estimating the amount of organic matter in the surface soil, Rangeland Journal, first year, 1.

In this study, flora of the protected area of Manesht and Qalarang in Ilam province, was surveyed. The area was located in 46° 18´ E to 46° 37´ E and 33° 26´ N to 33° 45´ N. The method of plant study was classical method of taxonomic studies. Using different botanical references and differerent flora, collected plants were identified as families, genera and species, herbarium specimens are deposited in herbarium of Payame Noor University of Ilam. It was shown that there were 52 families, 156 genera and 231 plant species in this area. The largest family was Compositae with 18 genera and 29 species, and the largest genus was Astragalus (Fabaceae) with 11 species. According to Raunkiaer, life forms of the studied plants were categorized as: Hemicryptophytes (42%), Therophytes 32%, Cryptophytes 13%, Phanerophytes 9% and Chamaephytes 4%. High percentage of Irano-Touranian elements indicated that the area belonged to this phytochorion. This study also showed high species richness and palpable predominance of Hemicryptophytes which probably resulted from high elevation and cold climate encompassing the area. Also, high abundance of Throphytes species was probably due to high elevation and severe destruction of habitat, over-grazingand contiguity to the city of Ilam.

Objectives: Extra weight and obesity are the most important preventable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially in the elderly. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of obesity and hypertension (HTN) as well as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus (MD) amongst the elderly population in Ilam. Methods & Materials: Using cluster sampling, a random sample of 121 elderly people (62.4% male) with a mean age of 70.4±11.0 years were recruited through a cross-sectional study in the city of Ilam. The height, weight and blood pressure of all samples were measured by an experienced nurse. Results: Mean BMI was 25.3±4.2 Kg/m2. More than half the women (56.1%) and 46.2% of men were affected by either extra weight or obesity. The prevalence of medically-diagnosed CVD, hypertension and diabetes mellitus were 53%, 36.8% and 17.4%, respectively. There was no significant relationship between obesity and extra weight and CVD, HTN and DM. Conclusion: The prevalence of chronic diseases in the studied elderly is associated with aging, literacy and too much time watching TV. In the present study, the prevalence of obesity and being overweight was similar to that of other studies done nationally, but the cardiovascular diseases and hypertension prevalence was higher. In order to decrease the prevalence of chronic diseases in the elderly population, screening and health education programs are suggested.

Giardia, Entamoeba, Isospora and Cryptosporidium are important protozoan parastites that caused diarrhea in human and animals. In the present study, fecal samples were collected fresh, directly from the rectum of 112 stray dogs in Ilam province. Giardia and Entamoeba were concentrated by using the formalin ether sedimentation method followed by the trichrome and iodine staining technique andCryptosporidium oocysts were concentrated by using the formalin ether sedimentation method followed by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Of 112 stray dogs, protozoan infections were detected from feces of 46 dogs (41.07%) that Giardia infection was detected from feces of 21 dogs (18.75%), Isospora 17 (15.17%), Cryptosporidium 8 (7.14%) and synchronization infection to 2 protozoan in 9 dogs (8.03%) and to 3 protozoan in 3 (2.67%). In the present study not observed to Entamoeba. No statistically significant differences in prevalence of protozoan parasites occurred between female (34.21 %) and male (55.5 %) stray dogs (p>0/05). But statistically significant differences in prevalence occurred between 1≥0 and 0 ≥1 stray dogs (p>0/05). So that stray dogs of Ilam province can cause infection of human water and food sources.

In land use planning, mapping the present land use / land cover situation is a necessary tool for determining the current condition and for identifying land use trends. In this study, in order to provide a land use/ land cover map for Ilam watershed, the IRS-1C image data from 25th April 2006 were used. Initial qualitative evaluation on data showed no significant radiometric error. Ortho-rectification of imagery was accomplished using ephemeris data, digital maps of topography and 45 ground control points with RMSe less than 0.7 pixels. Different suitable spectral transformations such as rationing, PCA, Tasseled Cap transformation were performed on the images in ILWIS software to enhance and produce new artificial images. Image classification was done using supervised classification maximum likelihood and minimum distance classifier utilizing original and synthetic bands resulted from diverse spectral transformation. Unsupervised classification was used to determine strata for ground truth. The results were assessed using a sample ground truth map through systematic random sampling and samples were designed in circle form and 1000m? area. Finally, nine main classes of land use / land cover (Rangeland, Forest (dense, semi-dense, sparse, very sparse), Agriculture, gardens, settlements and bare lands) could be determined. For representing accuracy, the rate was used from some criteria of accuracy such as overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient with 83% overall accuracy and 0.78 kappa coefficient.

Background & Aim: Exclusive breast feeding is highly recommended for children under six months and the best time for starting supplementary food is the end of sixth months. Inadequate feeding can lead to malnutrition. Since infants;apos supplementary feeding pattern is influenced highly by the socio-cultural status it is necessary to study the subject in diverse conditions. This study aimed to investigate supplementary feeding pattern in 6-12 months children referred to Ilam clinics in 2002. Methods & Materials: In this study, 364 mothers with 6-12 months children were selected using convenient sampling method from 10 health care centers. Data were collected using a four-sectioned questionnaire including mothers and their babies demographic characteristics, feeding pattern (frequency, the type of milk), supplementary food (the age of onset and the type of the first supplementary food, the time of starting mixed foods, and the source of information about supplementary food) and mothers;apos performance about feeding with supplementary food. The questionnaire was filled via interview. Results: Findings showed that the growth curve in 84.8% of babies was in the health road. About 38% of babies were the first child. In 50.9% of samples, supplementary food was started before 6 months of age and in 49.9% of the cases, it was started after 6 month old. Supplementary feeding accompanied with breast feeding in 83.5% of the infants. The most used supplementary food was rice mucilage (40.8% of the babies). The interval between starting one supplementary food and the other one was 3-4 days in 50.2% of the cases. Also 80.8% of samples started feeding in the amount of one spoon and increased it gradually. The majority of mothers (64%) did not add sugar, salt and spices in order to attract their babies. As well, 75.6% of samples used spoon and cup for feeding and 92.9% knew the safe time for keeping cooked food in the refrigerator. The source of information about supplementary feeding in 65.4% of mothers was health care providers and in 5% were books and booklets. Conclusion: Findings indicated that more than half of mothers began supplementary feeding for their children before 6 months old without pursuing any accepted pattern. It seems that usual educational programs in Ilam were unable to answer all the problems aroused in this issue. Hence, educating mothers using other methods such as visual teaching material is recommended.

Background and aims The fluoride of water can increase the resistance of enamel of teeth against dental caries. In places with low fluoride level in potable water, dental caries is very high before puberty. The aim of this study was to determine the fluoride level of potable water of Ilam- Iran and it's relation to DMF criteria in workers of industrial city of Ilam. Methods This study was done in fall of 1999 on the 320 workers which their age was between 20-34 (x ± SD:28.1 ± 1) years old by descriptive analytical method. The factories were selected by cluster sampling and workers were selected by random sampling from different socio-economic status. Results The mean concentration of fluoride in potable water was 0.28 mg/l which is lower the standard limit. The average value for DMF Index was 4.3 in workers. There was a significant negative correlation between fluoride control of potable water and number of DMF teeth (r=0.1 , p= 0.01 ). The lowest value of DMF index was in range of 20-23 years old. When the fluoride content of water was higher, the dental caries was lower. Conclusion The addition of fluoride to potable water to about 1mg/l, health educational programs and fortification of foods in Industrial regions and factories is recommended.

Introduction: In Iran, cancer is the third reason of the death and every year 500,000 new cases were detected, and 14% of all death is related to cancer. The most common system that is affected by cancer (after the skin) is gastrointestinal (GI) system. The purpose of the study is evaluation of the 7 years incidence (2002-2008) of the GI cancers in Ilam province in the west of Iran. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, total 307 record health related to the patients affected by the gastro-intestinal system cancer were evaluated after referring to the pathologic centers of the Ilam province and neighboring provinces. Patient's data were recorded from their file based on the standard questionnaire. Result: The mean age ± standard deviation of participants was 63.8+1.5. More than half of participants study was men (58.3%). The prevalence of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colorectal cancers was significantly higher in the men than the women (unlike liver cancer) (p

Background and Aim: One of the main steps of optimization process in diagnostic imaging is quality control of X-ray devices. If the control quality process and the quality of X-ray equipment are not ensured through a systematic procedure, it can increase the risk of unnecessary exposures among the population. Therefore, this study can reduce the risk of unnecessary exposures in the entire population. Materials and Methods: In this study, six quality control tests including voltage measurement accuracy test, time accuracy test, output repeatability test, output to time linearity test, output to milliamp linearity test, and radiation quality measurement test were evaluated in all centers of Ilam in accordance with what the international Atomic Energy Agency and the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran has presented. Results: The result showed that diagnostic X-ray devices available in Ilam had a relatively good quality in all quality control tests that were done except the associated with the radiance quality of (HVL). However, almost all these devices need to add additional filters to the X-ray tubes to resolve error in their HVL. Conclusion: Adding additional filters to radiology devices in Ilam Province and modifying the thickness of filters seem to be necessary and desirable which will prevent the unnecessary increase in patients' dose. The accurate and regular implementation of quality control tests in imaging wards should change into a culture. On the other hand, the relevant organizations which have the great responsibility to protect people against radiation are recommended to monitor and supervise radiology centers more accurately and responsibly to repair diagnostic radiation devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid cyst is a chronic zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the dog tapeworm, Echinococcus granulosus. To identify genotype of hydatid cysts of human and sheep jackal in Ilam Province (South West of Iran), the PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing were used. A total of 10 human and 20 sheep protoscoleces hydatid cyst samples were collected from different hospitals and slaughterhouses. Then, the gene of cox1 of mitDNA of the parasite was amplified and PCR products were cut using AluI and HpaII restriction enzymes. Finally, a number of PCR products were bi-directionally sequenced. Based on the DNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP results, human and sheep samples indicated to pertain the genotypic similarities. Our data indicated that, the genotypes of larval stage of E. granulosus is similar in both intermediate hosts. According to the phylogenetic tree, there is at least one genotype of parasite, which belongs to E. granulosous sensu stricto (G1-G3) complex and overall isolates sequences of mtDNA indicated 100 % homology with references G1, G2, and G3 sequences in the GenBank database. G1 genotype was the dominant genotype of human and livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this study was to evaluate methods for fixed area and distance sampling in the Zagros open forest area in western Iran. Basic forest management and planning required appropriate quantitative and qualitative information. Two sampling methods were compared on the basis of the actual means of characteristics derived from the 100 % survey. In total, 37 sampling plots were systematically installed with a grid of 100 m × 100 m in the study area. Density, crown canopy, and basal area of the stands were measured. The 100 % survey showed that tree density above 12.5 cm diameter at breast height was 68.04 stem ha, basal area was 15.16 m ha and crown canopy percentage was 35.71 % ha. The values for the traits determined by the two sampling methods differed significantly ( P = 0.05). When the time required for the methods was compared, transect sampling required less than systematic-random sampling. Therefore, the transect sampling method was the more economical method for the Zagros open forests. The transect sampling method was statistically defensible and practical for quantitating characteristics of the Zagros open forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suicide is an important social tragic phenomenon which occurs by different tools or methods in different communities. Considering deliberate poisoning as a common and important method in Ilam province for suicide, the present study was launched to epidemiologically assess committing suicide in Ilam province, Iran, based on intentional poisoning.Methods: By a retrospective study, all the recorded data associated with intentional poisoning suicide in Ilam Province during 1993-2013 were analyzed. All the demographic variables and the suicides' outcomes were analyzed using the Chi-Square test, and the univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.Results: Totally, 6794 cases of suicide (annual incidence rate of 87.28/ 100, 000) associated with poisoning were evaluated. The incidence rate of suicide attempts was 84.63/ 100, 000 (94.51 in female and 74.98 in male) and the incidence rate of completed suicide was 2.17/ 100, 000 (1.94 in female and 2.40 in male). Also, the highest rates of attempted and completed suicide (annual incidence rate of 172.42 and 4.14, respectively) were attributed to the age group of 15-24 year.Conclusion: Females had a greater tendency to commit suicide by poisoning, and the lower level of education, the age group of 15-24 years and single individuals were more associated with suicide using poisonings. The incidence of attempted suicide in females and completed suicide in males was higher in this method. Considering the high rate of suicide by poisoning, further attention and supervision on the sale and reserve of drugs and poisons is necessary. Meanwhile, it seems that due to momentary emotions during the pubertal stage, the risk of committing suicide is increased especially among unemployed individuals; therefore, performing an extensive psychotherapy intervention is needed in the societies with younger populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Cultural diversity among patients is of the issues affecting nurses in clinical settings . Therefore, the cultural competence of nurses is essential to communicate effectively with patients and improve their health. This study was designed to evaluate the cultural competence among nurses employed in the hospitals affiliated with Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2014. Materials and Methods: This cross - sectional study was conducted on nurses working in hospitals of Ilam University of Medical Sciences , in which 215 nurses selected by convenience sampling . Data were collected using Moulder's cultural competence questionnaire by self - assessment method, and then analyzed using descriptive tests, t - test and Spearman correlation coefficient via the SPSS 18 software. Moral Considerations: Informed consent was obtained from the participants for attending and conducting research, after complete description of the research objectives and assuring that the information is completely confidential and has no effect on their professional evaluation process. Finding s : 55.81% of female participants had a bachelor's degree (95.34%) with 2 to 5 years of work experience (45.58%). Average score of cultural competence of nurses was at a moderate level (115.03±25.56). The results also showed the highest average score of cultural competence in terms of preparation for cultural care (50.16±13.16) and the lowest average for attitudes towards cultural care (12.69±2.50). In addition, there was significant difference in the scores of cultural competence between females and males (P=0.001), so that the level of cultural competence was higher in females compared with males. A significant correlation was found between cultural competence and years of work experience (P=0.040), so that the level of cultural competence improved with increasing work experience. Conclusion : The cultural competence of nurses in this study was reported at the moderate level. Thus, according to the importance of culture in health and social relations, planning toward promotion of cultural competence among nurses is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide is the most common cause of death among young people, People who tend to commit suicide may be feelings of fear, hopelessness, helplessness, confusion, and depression as well. These people more they want of suffering it is caught escape not to really have the intention to commit suicide. The research methodology is descriptive CORRELATIONAL. The research sample consisted of 120 female workers employed at the hospital who were selected by simple random sampling is; main instrument of data collection as well as spiritual health questionnaire (PULUTZIN -ELISON), Emotional Intelligence (Sharing) and a measure of suicidal ideation (Beck) is. Research hypotheses methods Pierson correlations and regression analysis using the software SPSS were tested. The results showed that emotional intelligence and spiritual health a significant inverse relationship with suicidal thoughts are in the sample. Correlation analysis between variables showed negative correlation and significance between variables, emotional intelligence and spiritual health, suicidal thoughts there and in the meantime, health, religious (R=-0/688 and p=0/000) and health (R=-0/621 and p=0/000) the highest correlation have suicidal thoughts. Results of regression analysis showed that emotional intelligence and spiritual health, 47% of the variation in suicidal thoughts have been expressed. The results showed that, between emotional intelligence and spiritual health, there is a significant association with suicidal thoughts; Therefore strengthening and education and provide solutions to promote the spiritual and emotional intelligence can reduce the incidence of thoughts, suicide attempt and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]