Search

In recent years, Chinese cities have faced persistent O 3 pollution challenges. O 3 concentrations at urban mountain sites, serving as proxies for urban background O 3 levels, can help address data gaps in O 3 research in China. This study, for the first time, analyzed O 3 data from ten urban mountain sites during 2015–2022 using statistical methods like the Mann-Kendall test, Theil-Sen slope estimation, and Pearson correlation analysis to reveal characteristics and trends in urban background O 3 and proposed a metric for assessing mountain sites as urban background stations. Results indicate that O 3 at mountain sites were generally higher than at plain sites, regardless of mean, 10th percentile, or 90th percentile the average maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O 3. Although mountain sites exhibited similar annual and diurnal variations as plain sites, their amplitudes were significantly lower. Significant upward trends (P < 0.05) in MDA8 O 3 were observed mainly at plain sites, whereas trends at mountain sites were insignificant (P > 0.05) during 2015–2022. The increase in urban ground-level O 3 was largely due to changes in VOCs and NO x emission structures, which reduce nighttime titration effects while enhancing daytime O 3 production. The insignificant trends observed at mountain sites suggest that these mountain sites may be in NO x -limited or transitional regimes rather than VOCs-limited regimes, which is also associated with their lower NO x concentrations compared to plain sites. These findings suggest that if China continues to prioritize the reduction of NO x emissions, urban ground-level O 3 could further increase and approach the O 3 at mountain sites. Finally, this study proposes that the correlation in nighttime O 3 concentrations between mountain and plain stations can serve as a valuable indicator for evaluating the suitability of mountain stations as regional background stations in urban areas. It recommends mountain sites in cities such as Changji, Nanping for urban background O 3 monitoring stations. • O 3 levels at mountain sites were generally higher than at plain sites, with similar annual and diurnal patterns but lower variation amplitudes. • The significant upward trends in the average maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O 3 from 2015 to 2022 were mainly concentrated at plain sites. • The nighttime O 3 correlation between mountain and plain stations can assess the suitability of mountain sites as urban background stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozone (O 3) is produced by photochemical reactions of NO X and VOCs in the troposphere under sunlight. The column densities of formaldehyde (HCHO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), derived from satellite data, serve as indicators of VOCs and NO X emissions in the troposphere. Through analyzing the unique characteristics of the threshold range for the HCHO/NO 2 ratio (FNR), the mechanisms of O 3 formation across different regions over a prolonged period can be identified. In this study, we utilized the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) technique to characterize O 3 patterns during the warm season (April to October) spanning 2013–2019. This period is divided into three stages: 2013–2014, 2015–2016, and 2017–2019. Using the third-order fitting model, we assessed the FNR values across different regions in China: BTH (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei), YRD (Yangtze River Delta), GD (Guangdong), and CY (Chuan-Yu). The FNR value ranges for these regions are as follows: ([1.2,2.0], [1.3,2.1], [2.4,3.2], [1.4,2.2]) during 2013–2014, ([1.1,1.9], [1.2,2.0], [2.0,2.8], [1.2,2.0]) during 2015–2016, and ([1.0,1.8], [1.0,1.8], [1.7,2.5], [1.1,1.9]) during 2017–2019, respectively. Ultimately, our research indicates a shift in certain regions from a VOC-limited regime towards a transitional regime. This shift correlates with a significant decline in anthropogenic NO X emissions, attributed to the stringent emission control strategies extensively implemented between 2013 and 2019. The spatial expansion of the transitional regime aligns with increasing O 3 concentrations, simultaneously offering guidance for the development of effective emission reduction strategies. • Comprehensive analysis of ozone formation in China, focusing on major regions including and using advanced methodologies like the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) and polynomial model. • Clear categorization of regions into VOC S -limited, NO X -limited, and transition zones, emphasizing pollution dynamics and control factors. • Growing transition and NO x -limited zones in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Yangtze Delta highlight the urgent need for NO x and VOC reduction strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Research gap in hybrid nanofluid research is compiled and discussed. • Particle size effects of Al 2 O 3 –MWCNT hybrid nanofluids are experimentally investigated in the transition region. • Hybrid nanofluids of Al 2 O 3 –MWCNT, (60:40) were prepared using four different particle sizes, and their properties were evaluated. • Effects of using different particle sizes on the start and end of the transition regime are discussed. • Effects of particle size variation in the hybrid nanofluids on the thermal efficiency were discussed. This study reports an experimental investigation of nanoparticle sizes effects on the heat transfer characteristics of hybrid nanofluids along the transitional flow regime. Four different particle sizes were used to prepare hybrid nanofluids of Al 2 O 3 and MWCNT (i.e., 5 nm and 20 nm for Al 2 O 3 and <7 nm and 30–50 nm for MWCNT nanoparticles). Three hybrid nanofluids with different particle combinations (i.e., Al 2 O 3 (5 nm) – MWCNT (<7 nm), Al 2 O 3 (20 nm) – MWCNT(<7 nm) and Al 2 O 3 (20 nm) – MWCNT (30–50 nm)) at a percentage weight composition (PWC) of 60:40 and 0.3 volume concentration were prepared. Results showed that particle sizes significantly affected the convective heat transfer characteristics of the nanofluids. Along the transition region, all three fluids were found to have different critical Reynold numbers 1152, 1172, and 1898 for Al 2 O 3 (20 nm) – MWCNT (<7 nm), Al 2 O 3 (5 nm) – MWCNT (<7 nm) and Al 2 O 3 (20 nm) – MWCNT (30–50) respectively. Al 2 O 3 (20 nm) – MWCNT (<7 nm) have shown better heat transfer performances. Its Nusselt number shows an enhancement of about 48.86 % along the transition region. And its coefficient of thermal performance (COP) was better than that of Al 2 O 3 (20 nm) – MWCNT (30–50 nm) and Al 2 O 3 (5 nm) – MWCNT (<7 nm) with 43.53 % and 21.89 %, respectively. While its friction factor and pressure drop were lower than that of Al 2 O 3 (5 nm) – MWCNT (<7 nm) nanofluid by 5.2 % and 12.78 %. It was concluded that for a 60:40 hybrid nanofluid of Al 2 O 3 and MWCNT, particle sizes have influenced heat transfer characteristics and affected other flow characteristics along the transition regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new analytical model for the early stages of vapor bubble growth in superheated liquids. The model bridges a gap in current knowledge by focusing on the surface tension-controlled, near-equilibrium growth regime and its transition to an inertia-controlled regime. A unified analytical model is derived by combining a perturbation method for the initial growth regime with a complementary outer solution to model the subsequent bubble growth rate. The model successfully predicts the initial delay in bubble growth due to surface tension effects. Two non-dimensional parameters govern this delay period: the initial perturbation from the equilibrium radius and the Ohnesorge number at the onset of nucleation. The Ohnesorge number encapsulates the interplay between viscous damping and surface tension forces acting on the bubble during its early growth stages. The analytical solutions presented here allow for quantifying the surface-tension, inertial, and transitional regimes while establishing a simple criterion for estimating the influence of thermal effects on early-stage growth. Our findings emphasize the significance of considering the surface tension delay, particularly for short timescales. The derived analytical solutions and the obtained correlation for surface-tension-induced delay may prove a practical tool and could be integrated into existing models of vapor bubble growth. • New model for early vapor bubble growth in superheated liquids. • Predicts initial growth delay due to surface tension effects. • Quantifies surface-tension, inertial, and transitional growth regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we report on direct numerical simulations of turbulent convection in a cuboidal pool that contains liquid water in the lower part and air in the upper one. The bottom wall is uniformly heated and natural convection is established in both phases, accompanied by water evaporation across the free surface of the water. The descent of the free surface due to evaporation is computed via a newly developed tracking algorithm based on the ghost-fluid method. We present results for three different cases which correspond to different pool heights. In all of them, the natural convection in the water lies in the soft-turbulence regime. Whereas in the gas, it lies in the laminar, transitional and soft-turbulence regimes, respectively. Our analysis focuses on the characteristics of the convective patterns in the two phases and the statistics of the various flow quantities of interest. According to our simulations, the flow in the water is organized in a single-roll Large-Scale Circulation (LSC). In the gas, it is organized in single or dual-roll LSCs, depending on the aspect ratio of the pool. Interestingly, the impingement points of the LSCs of the two phases at the free surface remain very close to one another, which is attributed to the continuity of the shear stresses across the free surface. Further, after the initial transient period, both the free-surface temperature and the evaporative mass flux are stabilized and remain almost constant, but they exhibit small-scale fluctuations in time due to turbulence. Also, the transport of water vapor in air has similar properties as the heat transport, and the ratio between the Sherwood and Nusselt numbers is very close to the Lewis number for air. [Display omitted] • Direct numerical simulations of turbulent convection in water pools with evaporation. • Dynamic computation of the evaporation rate and descent of the free surface. • The impingement points of the large-scale circulations at the free surface coincide. • The evaporation rate is stabilized but exhibits small fluctuations due to turbulence. • The ratio of the Sherwood and Nusselt numbers in air is close to the Lewis number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study presents a geomechanical assessment of the Paleocene-Pleistocene succession. • A normal to strike-slip transitional stress regime is inferred based on in-situ stress magnitudes. • Paleocene Farewell sandstone and Eocene Kaimiro sandstone are assessed for potential storage targets based on petrography and petrophysical data. • Injection stress paths and maximum sustainable injection thresholds are assessed to ensure storage integrity using pore pressure-stress coupling effects. This study presents a geomechanical assessment of the 4km thick Paleocene-Pleistocene succession of the Tui field area from Taranaki Basin, offshore New Zealand. Based on the core measurements, suitable rock-mechanical models have been presented for static and dynamic elastic properties and rock strength. The Cenozoic stratigraphy is inferred to be normally compacted and devoid of any notable overpressure. Based on the C-quality stress indicators, we infer a 16.48 MPa/km minimum horizontal stress gradient, while the static elastic property-based model suggests a maximum horizontal stress gradient of around 21.15 MPa/km. The estimated in-situ stress magnitudes of the Paleocene-Miocene interval indicate a normal to strike-slip transitional stress regime (SHMax ∼Sv> Shmin). The petrographic and routine core analysis reported medium to coarse-grained, macro-megaporous sub-arkose arenites within the Paleocene Farewell sandstone and Eocene Kaimiro sandstone, which were considered as suitable candidates for geological storage. We analysed the injection stress paths for these two storage units as a result of pore pressure build-up and consequent stress perturbations. The maximum sustainable injection threshold is determined to ensure storage integrity. The conventional approach exhibits a 5-6 MPa repressurization window, while a much higher build-up threshold has been inferred from the model by utilizing pore pressure-stress coupling effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An intraparticle slit pore model was adapted to provide a physical interpretation of freezing characteristic curves of clay gels. The treatment built on previous descriptive models by incorporating mesoporosity from intraparticle slit pores, which form within walls defining larger capillary pores during hydration. Independent experimental evidence using neutron scattering from thawed pore water in frozen sodium montmorillonite gels revealed complex porosity in the range of 1 to 120 nm which could be attributed to different populations of intraparticle pores including slit pores. Application of the model improved estimation of the micro- and mesopore distributions contributing to water retention in sodium montmorillonite gels, as well as possible dimensions of overlapping slit pores as a function of gravimetric water content. The adsorptive part of the transitional regime for water retention by hydrated Na-Mt gels was restricted to pore widths 2 < w < 10 nm formed by overlapping layers. Capillary processes within this same regime governed water retention in larger pores formed by fabric rearrangement. The proposed model for intraparticle slit mesopores improved fits to the transitional matric potential regime for pore water retention and may prove useful for interpreting water retention curves of Na-Mt obtained by other methods. Slit pores explain fine intraparticle mesoporosity in clay gels. [Display omitted] • An intraparticle slit pore model provided improved physical description of microporosity. • Intraparticle slit pores contributed to the transition regime in water retention curves. • Freezing characteristic curves provided independent evidence for microporosity for pores of 1 to 120 nm width. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of microplastics determine their settling velocities and affect the fates and migration pathways of microplastics. This paper has simulated the settling velocities of film–shaped microplastics, which are present in natural aquatic environments. The numerical results provided more data to fit the terminal settling velocities of film–shaped microplastics. Comparison between the particle definition and the equivalent spherical diameter confirmed that the particle definition is more suitable for film–shaped microplastics. In the transitional flow regime, C D decreases linearly with Re. As Re further increases, C D gradually converges at approximately 1.20. By integrating the experimental and simulated data, a new explicit formula for predicting the settling velocity of film–shaped microplastics has been presented with the optimal shape parameter f. The presented formula achieves better performance (MAPE = 6.6 %, RMSE = 16.8 %, and R 2 = 0.99) than the existing formulas for settling velocity for film–shaped microplastics, closely rivaling that of the ensemble learning algorithm. [Display omitted] • Supply universal settling velocity data for film-shaped MPs by direct numerical simulation • Settling mechanism of film-shaped MPs was investigated. • A model for predicting settling velocity of film-shaped MP incorporating optimal shape parameter was presented. • Better predictive performance than existing formulas and comparable to machine learning algorithm [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider large non-Hermitian random matrices X with independent identically distributed real or complex entries. In this paper, we review recent results about the eigenvalues of X: (i) universality of local eigenvalue statistics close to the edge of the spectrum of X [Cipolloni et al., "Edge universality for non-Hermitian random matrices," Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 179, 1–28 (2021)], which is the non-Hermitian analog of the celebrated Tracy–Widom universality; (ii) central limit theorem for linear eigenvalue statistics of macroscopic test functions having 2 + ϵ derivatives [Cipolloni et al., "Central limit theorem for linear eigenvalue statistics of non-Hermitian random matrices," Commun. Pure Appl. Math. (published online) (2021) and Cipolloni et al., "Fluctuation around the circular law for random matrices with real entries," Electron. J. Probab. 26, 1–61 (2021)]. The main novel ingredients in the proof of these results are local laws for products of two resolvents of the Hermitization of X at two different spectral parameters, coupling of weakly dependent Dyson Brownian motions, and the lower tail estimate for the smallest singular value of X − z in the transitional regime |z| ≈ 1 [Cipolloni et al., "Optimal lower bound on the least singular value of the shifted Ginibre ensemble," Probab. Math. Phys. 1, 101–146 (2020)]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microfluidic gravity-driven droplet generation in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) has recently emerged as an effective technique used to passively create all-biocompatible environments. The hydrodynamic formation and breakup of all-aqueous viscous threads in flow-focusing microfluidic devices were experimentally studied by applying different intersection angles (θ). Four typical flow regimes are observed over a range of 0.2 – 2 kPa , namely, transitional, jetting, threading, and tubing. The flow rate ratio based on the specifications of the entire device was calculated, and the flow regimes were mapped based on the capillary number of the flows. Scaling laws that describe the flow behavior are then put forth based on physical arguments. In the jetting regime, droplet size and jet width are measured and correlated with flow rate ratio. The critical thread length before droplet pinch-off is determined by flow rate ratio and the capillary number of any of the phases. In the transitional regime, droplet length is affected by flow rate ratio and the capillary number of the continuous phase. In addition, through variations in θ , the influence of altering the geometry of the device on the flow regimes was considered. The findings presented in this article provide insight into the intricate process of droplet generation in passive ATPS microfluidics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Remote Sensing is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Remote Sensing & Science Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although the mobility or transport parameters, such as lift drag and pitching moments for regular-shaped particulates, are widely studied, the mobility of irregular fractal-like aggregates generated by the aggregation of monomers is not well understood. These particulates which are ubiquitous in nature, and industries have very different transport mechanisms as compared to their spherical counterpart. A high-fidelity direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) study of two fractal aggregates of different shapes or dimensions is undertaken in the slip and transitional gas regime to understand the underlying mechanism of gas-particle momentum transfer that manifests as the orientation-averaged mobility parameters of the particulates. The study specifically focuses on the viscous contribution of these parameters and develops a non-linear correlation for drag and lift parameters p and q obtained from DSMC by normalizing the axial and lateral forces. The drag parameter p predicted a monotonic increase in fractal particulate drag with respect to a spherical monomer while the lift parameter q shows an initial increasing trend but a decreasing tendency toward the high Mach number or high compressibility regime. The approximate model that captures the compressibility and rarefaction effects of the fractal mobility is used to study the evolution of these particulates in a canonical Rankine vortex to illustrate the wide disparity in the trajectories of the fractal aggregate vs a spherical geometry approximation generally found in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land surface and atmosphere are interlocked by the hydrological and energy cycles and the effects of soil water-air coupling can modulate near-surface temperatures. In this work, three paired experiments were designed to evaluate impacts of different soil moisture initial and boundary conditions on summer temperatures in the Mediterranean transitional climate regime region. In this area, evapotranspiration is not limited by solar radiation, rather by soil moisture, which therefore controls the boundary layer variability. Extremely dry, extremely wet and averagely humid ground conditions are imposed to two global climate models at the beginning of the warm and dry season. Then, sensitivity experiments, where atmosphere is alternatively interactive with and forced by land surface, are launched. The initial soil state largely affects summer near-surface temperatures: dry soils contribute to warm the lower atmosphere and exacerbate heat extremes, while wet terrains suppress thermal peaks, and both effects last for several months. Land-atmosphere coupling proves to be a fundamental ingredient to modulate the boundary layer state, through the partition between latent and sensible heat fluxes. In the coupled runs, early season heat waves are sustained by interactive dry soils, which respond to hot weather conditions with increased evaporative demand, resulting in longer-lasting extreme temperatures. On the other hand, when wet conditions are prescribed across the season, the occurrence of hot days is suppressed. The land surface prescribed by climatological precipitation forcing causes a temperature drop throughout the months, due to sustained evaporation of surface soil water. Results have implications for seasonal forecasts on both rain-fed and irrigated continental regions in transitional climate zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The present paper evaluates thermochemical effects on Orion at the beginning of an entry path. • Effects of chemical reactions and of typology of entry trajectory (direct and orbit) are evaluated. • Heat flux associated to the surface recombination reactions is also estimated. It is well known that NASA developed the Orion project, besides for a rescue shuttle for the International Space Station, also for the transportation of instruments and astronauts to Moon, Mars and beyond. The forthcoming use of Orion for Mars landing stimulated Zuppardi to compute global aerodynamic coefficients in rarefied, transitional flow along a high altitude entry path. A Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) code computed the coefficients at the altitudes of 80, 90 and 100 km, in the range of angles of attack 0–180 deg. The aim of the present paper, that can be considered as the logic follow on of the previous paper by Zuppardi, is to evaluate, in high altitude entry path, the influence of: 1) chemical reactions on the flow field and on some local quantities (temperature, pressure and heat flux) along the Orion surface, 2) typology of entry trajectory (direct and orbit) on both local quantities and drag coefficient, 3) heat flux associated to the surface recombination reactions. Computations were carried out in axisymmetric flow and in the altitudes interval 60–100 km by means of a home made code for the computation of the entry trajectories and of the powerful and advanced two-dimentional/axisymmetric DSMC code (DS2V) for the solution of the flow field around Orion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government instability, or the duration of a government cabinet, is considered an important feature of democracy, and various authors have studied various alleged causes that affect government instability. This paper examines the impact that the electoral system - the way in which votes casted in national elections are translated into seats in the parliament - has on the instability of government in a democracy. Particularly, it examines the impact of the proportional electoral system on the instability of governments since governments formed in countries with this electoral system, in vast majority of cases, are coalition governments, with different parties, governance and legislative inefficiency due to internal conflicts and the continuing need for consensus. To examine the relationship between the proportional electoral system and government instability, the research for this paper employs different research methods. Following a literature review on the topic, it then focuses on comparative method where the cases of the impact of the electoral system on government stability in Kosovo and in North Macedonia, two neighbors in Southeast Europe with similar electoral system, size of population and number of registered voters, are examined and compared. The electoral system in both Kosovo and North Macedonia is a proportional system (List-PR). Kosovo had 7 different governments in 15 years, and North Macedonia had 10 different governments (including here 2 interim governments) in 20 years. These two cases confirm a correlation between the proportional electoral system that has always produced coalition governments in both countries, and the short duration of the two countries' governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lituanistica is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Human Sciences (19922876) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Laminar separation flutter (LSF) is a type of aeroelastic instability phenomenon characterized by small-amplitude low-frequency pitching oscillations of the airfoil. The present study aims to gain insight into the intrinsic dynamics of LSF via data-driven stability analysis. The proposed data-driven approach relies on the autoregressive with exogenous input (ARX) technique to design reduced-order models (ROMs) of unsteady aerodynamics in a state-space format. First, high-fidelity full-order numerical simulations of the LSF phenomenon are performed using the incompressible Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations and the Shear-Stress Transport k − ω turbulence model with Low-Reynolds-number correction. The calculated LSF responses show good agreement with previous experimental data in the literature. Then, linear stability analysis (LSA) of the aeroelastic system is carried out to reveal the underlying fluid-structure interaction mechanism. The LSA model is developed by coupling the ROM with the structure motion equation. LSA results indicate that the LSF phenomenon is primarily caused by the instability of the structure mode (SM), which is induced by the mutual repulsion effect between one static fluid mode (FM) and the SM. The presence of laminar separation near the trailing-edge of the airfoil can significantly reduce the stability of the static FM, which ultimately strengthens the fluid-structure coupling effect and leads to LSF. We would like to emphasize that LSF is essentially different from other flow-induced vibration phenomena, such as transonic buffeting of an airfoil and vortex-induced vibration of bluff bodies, for which the instabilities are triggered by the coupling between one dynamic FM and the SM. Finally, the effects of the mass ratio, structural damping ratio, and freestream turbulence intensity on the aeroelastic system are also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mass flow rate of a Couette flow in a long rectangular channel is calculated for constant or linear wall velocities in the whole range of the gas rarefaction and in a wide range of the width-to-height ratio. Analytical solutions for arbitrary width-to-height ratios are given for the hydrodynamic regime, the slip regime, and the free molecular regime. Therefore, both the velocity field and the mass flow rate can be calculated. In the transitional regime, simulations via direct simulation Monte Carlo method are performed. The results are provided as reduced flow rates in tabulated data, which can be used for any constant or linear increasing wall velocity (e.g., bounding walls of working chambers in positive displacement vacuum pumps). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 20‐year mission in Afghanistan for which the United States (US) had sacrificed tremendous blood and treasure ended in the worst way imaginable with a poorly planned and executed withdrawal that saw the Taliban immediately retake power and form a hardline interim government that includes known terrorist leaders. The manner in which the US handled negotiations with the Taliban over the last three years contributed to the speed with which they were able to over‐run the country in August 2021. The return of Taliban rule will likely increase terrorism challenges both for the region and on a global scale as groups like Al‐Qaeda rebuild in the country and foreign terrorist fighters relocate there to find shelter under a regime ruled by fellow Islamist radicals. Moving forward, the US must work with like‐minded nations to condition assistance and diplomatic recognition on the Taliban meeting certain human rights and counterterrorism conditions and improve its remote counterterrorism capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having as a time frame the Brazil of the Provisional Government of 1930 to the National Liberating Insurrection of 1935, this article seeks to situate the insertion of communists in the labor and trade union movement and in broader movements, as well as proletarian participation in the governing bodies of the party, bases on documentation from the Third Communist International and the archives of Brazilian repression, respectively researched by the authors in the collections of the Edgar Leuenroth Archive (AEL) of UNICAMP ant the Public Archive of the State of Rio de Janeiro (APERJ), among Other sources, in dialogue with part of historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze, from the perspective of legal history, the debate on amnesty that took place during Vargas' regime (1930-1935). Starting from legal discussions and demands for amnesty made especially by those affected by acts of the Provisional Government, the work seeks to identify the form and reasons of the amnesties granted during the period, as well as to identify the metaphors, images and representations built around this political and legal measure. It is argued that the amnesty was an important instrument of political and legal dispute in this period, serving to select who would be "forgiven" and what would be "forgotten". In the historical context studied, the legal regime created by the amnesties required individual efforts from the amnestied to guarantee their benefits, generating often unequal results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to analyze the troops of the Provisional Government that fought in the civil war in 1932, better known as the "Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932". To do so, it will initially focus on the formation and structure of troops, analyzing how they were built based on the option of the federal government and the action of state interveners. The "Varguista" troops were assembled from members of the armed forces, state police and volunteers, similarly to the troops recruited by the state of São Paulo. In a second moment, the article analyzes how the troops of the Provisional Government were portrayed in the historiography, academic or not, about the event. In this regard, it is clear that the discourse constructed by São Paulo's opponents about these forces, marked by disqualification and depreciation, was strong and broad and is still recurrent in most analyzes of this event today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Constitucional is the property of Revista Historia Constitucional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The fundamental objective of the research is to present an overall assessment regarding the role of Iraqi women in political participation in the Iraqi parliament after 2003, due to changes in the political level of the country, taking into account the year 2005, as the beginning of the study, since in this year the first Iraqi government was formed, taking into account giving women an important place in the political life of Iraqi society, and this was considered an achievement for Iraqi women to reach the Iraqi parliament through a participation rate of 25% representation, i.e., the so-called "quota". granted to Iraqi women through the Iraqi constitution of 2005. The findings of the study showed that the Iraqi woman was able, to reach to the Iraqi parliament, by the proportional representation process, whereby a women play an important role in participating in decision-making process and defend about the rights of Iraqi society components, despite of its in simple representative, but they have influential role in the political life of the Iraqi people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polyphonía: Revista de Educación Inclusiva is the property of Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos de Educacion Inclusiva (CELEI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Saber, Ciencia y Libertas is the property of Saber, Ciencia y Libertad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Postcards, long used to mark significant occasions in the lives of individuals, were deployed in early 1917 to herald wholesale change in the life of the nation. Following the downfall of the Tsar, censorship was nominally abolished and amid a fast developing market economy, many different publishers sought to take advantage, both to profit and to persuade. Within days of Nicholas II's abdication, postcards carrying revolutionary imagery were being offered in shops and kiosks, and within a few months, a wide range of different photographic, artistic, and satirical cards had also become available. This article focuses on commercially produced caricature postcards, adopting a broad remit to examine both anti-tsarist images satirizing the Imperial Family, and artist-drawn cards commemorating and critiquing the February Revolution. To this end, it has two main aims; first, to analyze the role of postcards as a political bridge between contemporary events and the Russian population; and second, to examine the key part played by private and commercial publishers in disseminating a broadly liberal interpretation of revolutionary events in the months after the Tsar's overthrow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lituanistica is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Direito GV is the property of Fundacao Getulio Vargas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"Our goal when interpreting the Texas Constitution is to give ejfect to the plain meaning of the text as it was understood by those who Tatified it. Thus, '[llegislative construction and contemporaneous exposition of a constitutional provision is of substantial value in constitutional inte,pretation. ' The legislature 's mid-nineteenth century view that article HI, section 10 authorized it to take absent members 'into custody' is therefore particularly compelling evidence of the original understanding of the provision". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the model of the totally asymmetric exclusion process with generalized update, which compared to the usual totally asymmetric exclusion process, has an additional parameter enhancing clustering of particles. We derive the exact multiparticle distributions of distances travelled by particles on the infinite lattice for two types of initial conditions: step and alternating ones. Two different scaling limits of the exact formulas are studied. Under the first scaling associated to Kardar–Parisi–Zhang (KPZ) universality class we prove convergence of joint distributions of the scaled particle positions to finite-dimensional distributions of the universal Airy 2 and Airy 1 processes. Under the second scaling we prove convergence of the same position distributions to finite-dimensional distributions of two new random processes, which describe the transition between the KPZ regime and the deterministic aggregation regime, in which the particles stick together into a single giant cluster moving as one particle. It is shown that the transitional distributions have the Airy processes and fully correlated Gaussian fluctuations as limiting cases. We also give the heuristic arguments explaining how the non-universal scaling constants appearing from the asymptotic analysis in the KPZ regime are related to the properties of translationally invariant stationary states in the infinite system and how the parameters of the model should scale in the transitional regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos Republicanos is the property of Centro de Investigaciones de Estudios Republicanos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adab Al-Basrah is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The vast majority of solid–liquid mixing studies have focused on high Reynolds number applications with configurations and impeller geometries adapted to this type of regime. However, the mixing of particles in a viscous fluid is an essential element of many contemporary industries. We used the computational fluid dynamics‐discrete element method model previously developed in our group to investigate solid–liquid mixing with close‐clearance impellers in the laminar regime of operation. We compared different geometries, that is, the double helical ribbon, anchor, Paravisc™, and Maxblend™ impellers. We investigated the impact of fluid viscosity and compared the results with those obtained with the pitched blade turbine, a more commonly used impeller, based on power consumption for equivalent mixing states. This study highlights that the higher the viscosity of the fluid, the more interesting it is to use close‐clearance impellers for their ability to generate a strong shear stress and a strong bulk flow in the entire vessel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozone formation regimes are closely related to the ratio of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to NOx. Different ranges of HCHO/NO2 indicate three formation regimes, including VOC-limited, transitional, and NOx -limited regimes. Due to the unstable interactions between a diversity of precursors, the range of the transitional regime, which plays a key role in identifying ozone formation regimes, remains unclear. To overcome the uncertainties from single models and the lack of reference data, we employed two models, polynomial simulation and convergent cross-mapping (CCM), to identify the ranges of HCHO/NO2 across China based on ground observations and remote sensing datasets. The ranges of the transitional regime estimated by polynomial simulation and CCM were [1.0, 1.9] and [1.0, 1.8]. Since 2013, the ozone formation regime has changed to the transitional and NOx -limited regime all over China, indicating that ozone concentrations across China were mainly controlled by NOx. However, despite the NO2 concentrations, HCHO concentrations continuously exert a positive influence on ozone concentrations under transitional and NOx -limited regimes. Under the circumstance of national NOx reduction policies, the increase in VOCs became the major driver for the soaring ozone pollution across China. For an effective management of ozone pollution across China, the emission reduction in VOCs and NOx should be equally considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes attempts in 1820 by a group of London‐based conspirators to assassinate the British cabinet and print two proclamations declaring the establishment of a provisional government. One proclamation was addressed to the civilian population and the other to the rank and file of the military. It describes links between these conspirators, who were arrested in Cato Street on 23 February 1820, and a number of Irish radicals living in the metropolis who claimed to have been involved in the rebellions of 1798 and 1803. It suggests that the Cato Street proclamations were strongly influenced by John Sheares's proclamation of 1798, which had been intended to announce the success of the Irish rebellion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the dissolution of the Habsburg monarchy, the situation in Carinthia was very tense. Representatives of the Slovenians, represented by the National Council for Carinthia, were not invited to the joint consultation of the Carinthian parties following the key of the 1911 national elections. However, an executive committee was elected to prepare the constitution of the Provisional Regional Assembly, which met for the first time on 11 November. It elected a provincial committee and a provisional provincial government, adopted a provisional constitution providing for the self-determination of peoples, which was also to apply to Slovenians, and issued a declaration that Carinthia was a province of German Austria. The National Government set up a Slovenian Commissariat in Klagenfurt. As the German-Croatian authorities wanted to avoid an armed confrontation with the troops of the emerging SHS-state, a delegation from Carinthia came to Ljubljana and proposed that a neutral zone be established under the administration of a joint commission by both sides, pending the final decision of the Peace Conference. The national government refused. It was then possible to reach an agreement with the Carinthian regional government on the border on the river Drava, or at least on the demarcation line, which would have influenced the decision in Paris. Negotiations between Ljubljana, Klagenfurt, Graz and Vienna were fruitless. Then it came to clashes between Slovenian and Carinthian troops. The so-called Miles Commission, which stayed mainly in the German-Austrian part of Carinthia, opposed the division of the Klagenfurt Basin because of economic and geographical grounds, which influenced the American peace delegation. While the Austro-Croatian side advocated a plebiscite, the Slovenian side tried to prevent it. The Peace Conference decided that a plebiscite would be held in Carinthia - first in Zone A under Slovene administration and then, if the Slovenes decide for the SHS-Kingdom, in Zone B under the existing Carinthian administration. The mood in the population of electoral zone A had visibly worsened for the Kingdom of SHS by the end of 1919 for the following reasons: prejudice against the Serbs, irregular supplies to the population, cutoff connection with Klagenfurt, rising prices, lack of transport links, problems with the sale of agricultural products, shortage of industrial products, unfulfilled promises of compensation. The Carinthian authorities made clever propaganda use of all this, organizing social support and flooding Zone A with propaganda material, despite the closure of the demarcation line by August 1920. First, they established a special propaganda office, and then in March 1920 the Heimatdienst was organized. They also made sure that those who had left Zone A, come back to vote. At the Carinthian plebiscite that was held on 10 October 1920 in the Zone A, on the territory predominately settled by Slovenian, the majority voted in favor of belonging to the newly established Republic of Austria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effect of unstable thermal stratification on vortex breakdown in Vogel–Escudier flow. A three-dimensional direct numerical simulation of Navier–Stokes and energy equations are used to simulate a flow inside a cylindrical container generated by rotating the top lid. The top and bottom are kept at two constant temperatures such that unstable stratification is maintained. The rotation speed is related to the Reynolds number (Re), and buoyancy is linked to the Rayleigh number (Ra). The streamline and vertical velocity contour plots indicate different regimes of the flow depending on the Re and Ra. The convection dominated (CD) regime has a characteristic large-scale circulation similar to the Rayleigh–Bénard convection, and the rotation dominated (RD) regime has a central axial vortex and breakdowns. A transitional regime between RD and CD regimes is also identified from energy consideration. The influence of Ra on a vortex breakdown bubble and its relation to azimuthal vorticity is investigated in detail. Consistent with the literature on Vogel–Escudier flow, the azimuthal vorticity is shown to be essential for the breakdown in the presence of buoyancy as well. In the low Re limits, the energy of flow tends to be associated with the r–z plane velocity field, while at large Re, the energy is associated with the out-of-the-plane velocity field. Thermal plumes align along the axis for large rotations and are affected by the vortex breakdown bubble. The velocity perturbation structures and plumes show a remarkable distinction between rotation and convection-dominated regimes in the topology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the friction factor for steady periodically developed flow through micro- and mini-channels with periodic arrays of offset strip fins is analyzed. The friction factor is studied numerically on a unit cell of the array for Reynolds numbers ranging from 1 to 600, and fin height-to-length ratios below 1. It is shown that the friction factor correlations from the literature, which primarily focus on larger conventional offset strip fin geometries in the transitional flow regime, do not predict the correct trends for laminar flow in micro- and mini-channels. Therefore, a new friction factor correlation for micro- and mini-channels with offset strip fin arrays is constructed from an extensive set of numerical simulations through a least squares fitting procedure. The suitability of this new correlation is further supported by means of the Bayesian approach for parameter estimation and model validation. The correlation predicts an inversely linear relationship between the friction factor and the Reynolds number, in accordance with our observation that a strong inertia regime prevails over nearly the entire range of investigated Reynolds numbers. Yet, through a more detailed analysis, also the presence of a weak inertia regime and a transitional regime is identified, and the transitions from the strong inertia regime are quantified by means of two critical Reynolds numbers. Finally, the new correlation also incorporates the asymptotic trends that are observed for each geometrical parameter of the offset strip fin array, and whose origins are discussed from a physical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]