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Cet article fait référence dans l'encart "Produire en races locales : un enjeu de reconnaissance" à : Un rapport de recherche commandé par l'INRA, sur le travail engagé entre les producteurs et les chercheurs qui vise à élaborer une démarche et un dispositif permettant la reconnaissance conjointe des produits, des pratiques des éleveurs et leur ancrage au territoire. « Les éleveurs de races bretonnes – bovines, ovines, caprines... – étant soucieux de la valorisation de leurs produits, la Fédération des races de Bretagne a proposé à Nathalie Couix, Anne Lauvie et Jean-Michel Sorba de l’Inra de travailler avec eux sur la qualification de leurs produits (viande, fromages…). Ceux-ci sont associés à une histoire, un patrimoine et plus généralement à un système de valeurs qui ne sauraient être détachés de l’appréciation qu’en ont leurs producteurs et consommateurs. Comment évaluer et valoriser un tel système au-delà de la stricte qualité intrinsèque des produits… »; National audience

Per capita income is a parameter to determine the success of economic activities in a country or region and is usually calculated in one year based on the results of economic activities as reflected by Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). This study aims to analyze the income per capita of the Bone Bolango Regency. This study uses a quantitative approach, and the analysis is on 5-year Gross Regional Domestic Product (2015-2019) time series data. The results show that the economic development of Bone Bolango Regency, which is indicated by the average economic growth is still above 6 percent, and the population growth rate reaches 1.29 percent in the 2015-2019 period. With the fluctuating economic development based on GRDP both based on constant prices and based on current prices, it generates per capita income of Bone Bolango Regency in 2015-2019, namely: a) Per Capita Income Based on Constant Prices is Rp. 1.311.007.54,- per year b) Income Per Capita Based on the Current Price is Rp. 1,836,215.54, - per year. Keywords: Local Tax, Economic growth

Jennifer A Inra,1,2 Stephen Pelletier,2 Navin L Kumar,1,2 Edward L Barnes,3,4 Helen M Shields1,2 1Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 2Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; 3Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; 4University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Objectives: Traditional didactic lectures are the mainstay of teaching for graduate medical education, although this method may not be the most effective way to transmit information. We created an active learning curriculum for Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH) gastroenterology fellows to maximize learning. We evaluated whether this new curriculum improved perceived knowledge acquisition and knowledge base. In addition, our study assessed whether coaching faculty members in specific methods to enhance active learning improved their perceived teaching and presentation skills.Methods: We compared the Gastroenterology Training Exam (GTE) scores before and after the implementation of this curriculum to assess whether an improved knowledge base was documented. In addition, fellows and faculty members were asked to complete anonymous evaluations regarding their learning and teaching experiences.Results: Fifteen fellows were invited to 12 lectures over a 2-year period. GTE scores improved in the areas of stomach (p0.05). All fellows believed the lectures were helpful, felt more prepared to take the GTE, and preferred the interactive format to traditional didactic lectures. All lecturers agreed that they acquired new teaching skills, improved teaching and presentation skills, and learned new tools that could help them teach better in the future.Conclusion: An active learning curriculum is preferred by GI fellows and may be helpful for improving transmission of information in any specialty in medical education. Individualized faculty coaching sessions demonstrating new ways to transmit information may be important for an individual faculty member’s teaching excellence. Keywords: active learning, fellowship, Gastroenterology Training Exam, faculty development

Pembangunan Mandau Town Square Mall dan Hotel ini bertujuan untuk dapat memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat Duri akan barang dan jasa, dan meningkatkan pendapatan daerah dari sektor non migas. Dari hasil analisis yang dilakukan, terdapat perbedaan dimensi tulangan hitungan dan perencana. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan tulangan D 10 – 100 untuk bentangan interior dan tulangan D 10 – 100 untuk tengah bentang, yang merupakan pelat satu arah sedangkan perencana di proyek menggunakan tulangan D 10 – 150 dan termasuk pelat dua arah.

Quality performance measures for screening colonoscopy vary among endoscopists. The impact of practice setting is unknown. We aimed to (1) compare screening colonoscopy performance measures among three different US practice settings; (2) evaluate factors associated with adenoma detection; and (3) assess a scorecard intervention on performance metrics. This multi-center prospective study compared patient, endoscopist, and colonoscopy characteristics performed at a tertiary care hospital (TCH), community-based hospital (CBH), and private practice group (PPG). Withdrawal times (WT), cecal intubation, and adenoma detection rates (ADR) were compared by site at baseline and 12 weeks following scorecard distribution. Generalized linear mixed models identified factors associated with adenoma detection. Twenty-eight endoscopists performed colonoscopies on 1987 asymptomatic, average-risk individuals ≥50 years. Endoscopist and patient characteristics were similar across sites. The PPG screened more men (TCH: 42.8%, CBH: 45.0%, PPG: 54.2%; p

An observation shows that civil engineering students’ soft skill is still low. It is characterized by their poor sociability and low positive attitude toward dealing with problems and challenges of life. For students to have various aspects of soft skill, a study was conducted to develop a model of soft-skill teaching that would meet the criteria of validity, effectiveness, and practicality. The research and development referred to Richey & Klein approach, which is: (1) developing a model; and (b) validating a model. The validation process was conducted in two phases, namely internal validation and external validation. The internal validation of the model and its components was conducted by experts in educational technology, vocational education, and evaluation. On the other hand, the external validation was conducted in the form of small groups and of large groups which involved 41 students and a member of the Department of Civil Engineering Board. The data analysis was performed in two phases: the developmental phase and the testing phase. The analysis in the development phase was conducted by means of the qualitative approach, while the analysis in the testing stage was conducted by means of the quantitative approach; the two phases should be undergone to analyze the model validation and the trial results. These phases would also be undertaken by the experts. The results of the study show that the model of soft-skill teaching developed for the students of the department of civil engineering had been able to meet the criteria of validity, effectiveness, and practicality.

Task: 5.1 - Identification of sources of bioactive compounds Deliverable name: Selection of the sources of plant bioactive compounds Dissemination level: CO (Confidential, for consortium members) Delivery month: 7 (October 2018) Objective The overall objective of WP-5 is to implement feeding strategies for cattle based on the use of natural sources of plant bioactive compounds to improve animal health, protein use efficiency and product quality. The sources of plant bioactive compounds will be tested in vivo (UCat) and in vitro (INRA) in order to assess their impact on the target parameters when used in different seasonal feeding conditions. In this context, the specific objective of TASK 5.1 was the selection of sources of plant bioactive compounds to be used in the subsequent activities of WP-5.

Grasslands have a multifunctional role in producing forage for animal production systems while providing a wide array of ecosystem services (MEA, 2005; Lemaire et al., 2011; Fig. 1). These services include the maintenance of biogeochemical conditions of soils and the maintenance of biodiversity (Regulation & Maintenance services, following the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES Version 4.3)). The value of grasslands thus clearly extends far beyond their direct economic value for animal production systems (National Research Council, 2005), and, for example, Honigova et al. (2012) attempted to calculate the monetary value of grassland ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, erosion regulation and water regulation. Many comprehensive reviews on the environmental roles of grasslands have been written (for instance, Lemaire et al., 2011) and the multiple roles of grasslands as well as the possible trade-offs between them are increasingly taken into consideration in recent studies (Duru et al., 2015a; Wu et al., 2017). The main objective of this introductory chapter is to give a short overview of the current state of knowledge about the role of grasslands in biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity conservation, and to suggest further sources of information for the interested readers. With respect to biodiversity conservation, we focus on the direct effects of grasslands and grazing livestock on biodiversity and do not discuss the broader effects of livestock production systems. It should nevertheless be considered that livestock production as a whole strongly affects biodiversity at the global scale both directly, for instance, through land cultivation for feed production (Chaudharya and Kastner, 2016), and indirectly, for instance, through its contribution to climate change and water pollution.

La modification génétique des animaux à l’épreuve de l’édition du génome Le 12e avis du comité d’éthique commun Inra-Cirad-Ifremer (CE) est consacré à l’utilisation des technologies d’édition du génome comme CRISPR-Cas9 à des fins de modification du génome des animaux par mutagenèse ciblée. Il s’inscrit dans le prolongement de son avis sur l’édition des génomes végétaux. Dans cet avis, le CE considère d’une part, les animaux de rente et, d’autre part, les animaux considérés nuisibles. Animaux de rente Le CE souligne l’intérêt de ces méthodes pour faire progresser les connaissances ainsi que leur souplesse et leur précision comparativement aux méthodes de génétique classique et de mutagenèse aléatoire. Toutefois, compte tenu du caractère finalisé de l’Inra, du Cirad et de l’Ifremer, il considère légitime de s’interroger sur l’application de ces connaissances et de ces méthodes pour améliorer le bien-être et la productivité des animaux d’élevage. Le CE considère indispensable que le choix des applications agronomiques de l’édition de génome aux animaux d’élevage, terrestres et aquatiques, intègre la prise en compte d’un critère de pertinence sociale et d’adhésion de la société. Il souligne l’importance d’intégrer, dans les objectifs de sélection, des avantages procurés aux animaux d’élevage, aux consommateurs et à la société. Il recommande également aux trois organismes de recherche et aux équipes de recherche concernées d’améliorer l’intelligibilité du débat par la diffusion d’une information de qualité. Animaux jugés nuisibles Le CE s’est penché plus particulièrement sur le forçage génétique utilisé dans la lutte contre les animaux nuisibles, notamment les insectes vecteurs de maladies humaines. Cette approche a pour objectif de favoriser la transmission d’un caractère par reproduction sexuée afin qu’il soit diffusé le plus rapidement possible dans une population cible. Le forçage génétique est envisagé principalement pour transmettre des caractères délétères susceptibles de mener à l’élimination de populations locales ou d’espèces entières. Le CE a analysé dans quelle mesure le forçage génétique par édition de génome transforme les pratiques de lutte contre les animaux et insectes jugés nuisibles (lutte chimique ou biologique) ainsi que ses risques potentiels. Il conclut que l’analyse des risques, qu’ils soient de nature écosystémique ou de déplacement/renforcement des problèmes que le forçage génétique est censé résoudre, ne peut se faire qu’au cas par cas, en évaluant notamment la possibilité de dissémination à une échelle plus large qu’initialement prévu, et les possibilités de réversion de ses effets. Le CE reconnaît l’importance des valeurs sous-jacentes aux arbitrages entre plusieurs conséquences possibles du forçage génétique, tant positives que négatives, et souligne l’importance de prendre en compte simultanément les aspects scientifiques, éthiques, politiques et démocratiques. Recommandations Au vu de l’importance des questions soulevées, y compris sur le plan philosophique et éthique, le CE recommande la prudence dans l’usage des techniques d’édition de génome appliquées aux animaux, en tenant compte notamment de la difficulté de confiner la recherche et d’assigner des limites. Le CE propose également à l’Inra, au Cirad et à l’Ifremer une liste de recommandations spécifiques, relatives : - À l’utilisation des techniques d’édition de génome comme outil de connaissance et de recherche finalisée - Au choix des priorités - À la prise en compte du bien-être animal - À la nécessité de poursuivre des recherches sur le forçage génétique - À l’exigence d’information de la société.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of adjuvant treatment for esophageal cancer patients with positive lymph nodes following induction therapy and surgery is uncertain. This in-depth multicenter study assessed the benefit of adjuvant therapy in this population. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study from 9 institutions included patients who: received neoadjuvant treatment, underwent esophagectomy from 2000–2014, and had positive lymph nodes on pathology. Factors associated with administration of adjuvant therapy were assessed using multilevel random-intercept modeling to account for institutional variation in practice. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed based on adjuvant treatment status. Variables associated with survival were identified using Cox proportional hazards modeling. RESULTS: 1,082 patients were analyzed with node positive cancer following induction therapy and esophagectomy. 209 (19.3%) received adjuvant therapy and 873 (80.7%) did not. Administration of adjuvant treatment varied significantly from 3.2% to 50.0% between sites (p

“High throughput” measurement of wood quality for genetic studies and breeding programs. French (INRA)/Finnish (Luke) workshop, “Strengthening collaboration on innovative wood quality research”

Dictionnaire de données DoneSol version 3.5.1

BioREco constitue la première expérimentation système en arboriculture implantée en France. Depuis 2012, BioREco participe au programme national Dephy EXPE Ecophyto. La réalisation de BioREco a été permise par l’implication de nombreux collègues de l’unité INRA de Gotheron, et en particulier de l’équipe SaVAGE (Système Verger Agroécologique). Partenaires : GRCETA Basse-Durance, INRA PSH Avignon, EPLEFPA Valentin et Chambre d’Agriculture de la Drôme; La pomme est une production largement dépendante de l’utilisation des pesticides : - les vergers actuels sont implantés avec des variétés sensibles aux bio-agresseurs et le taux de renouvellement de ces vergers est faible - la pérennité de la culture permet à certains bio-agresseurs de se maintenir dans les vergers d’une année sur l’autre, avec des risques de dégâts récurrents si les populations ou les inoculum augmentent - la période de risques de dégâts est longue (6 à 8 mois sur une saison culturale) - les standards actuels de commercialisation rémunèrent les fruits de 1er choix ‘0 défaut’… Dans quelle mesure est-il possible de réduire durablement l’utilisation des pesticides en verger de pommiers ? Quelles combinaisons de leviers d’action peut-on mobiliser dans cet objectif ? Quelles sont les performances agronomiques, environnementales et technico-économiques des systèmes expérimentés ? Au cours de la période 2004-2015, le projet ‘BioREco’ a permis de concevoir, d’expérimenter et d’évaluer plusieurs systèmes de production de pommes en verger qui intègrent choix variétal, pratiques de pilotage du verger et évaluation du risque de dégâts dus aux ravageurs et maladies. Cette synthèse présente les principaux résultats acquis sur ce dispositif original au cours de la période d’étude.

International audience

Background Although surgical resection of adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is standard practice, the treatment strategy for other malignant rare esophageal cancers is still under debate. The aim of this study was to examine the treatment of rare malignant esophageal cancers and to evaluate the survival of these patients. Methods A retrospective review of all esophagectomies performed at Mayo Clinic from 1980 to 2014 (approximately 4,000 cases) identified 24 patients with histologic features other than adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. Their medical records were reviewed for demographics, presenting symptoms, evaluation, surgical management, pathologic features, and short-term and long-term outcome. Results Pathologic identifications included small cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and undifferentiated carcinoma in 4 (16.7%) patients each and neuroendocrine, melanoma, leiomyosarcoma, sarcomatoid, sarcoma, and gastrointestinal stromal tumor in 2 (8.3%) patients each. The most common presenting symptoms included dysphasia in 91.7% patients (22/24), pain in 75.0% (18/24), and weight loss in 62.5% (15/24). Preoperative evaluation included barium swallow in 91.7% (22/24), computed tomography in 91.7% (22/24), positron emission tomography in 54.2% (13/24), esophagogastroduodenoscopy in 100% (24/24), and endoscopic ultrasonography in 29.2% (7/24) patients. The location of the tumor was at the gastroesophageal junction in 41.7% (10/24). There was no operative mortality, and 13 patients (54.16%) had at least one postoperative adverse event. The 1-year survival after esophagectomy was 69.7%, the 5-year survival was 42.7%, and the 10-year survival was 37.4%. Conclusions Esophageal cancer with pathologic features other than squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma is rare. Esophagectomy for rare types of malignant esophageal cancers should be considered part of the effective treatment paradigm.

International audience; Alzheimer’s disease is a very complex disease in which neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunctions play a critical role in association with the two well-known molecular agents of the disease, the Aβ1-42 peptide oligomers and the hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Arachidonic acid, the main member of the ω-6 series, is quantitatively the second polyunsaturated fatty acid in brain and is mainly esterified in membrane phospholipids. It is specifically released by the cytosolic phospholipase A2 whose inhibition or gene suppression counteract the deleterious effects of Aβ1-42 peptide oligomers on cognitive abilities. Arachidonic acid can be reincorporated under the action of the acyl-CoA synthetase-4 and lysophospholipid acyltransferases which remain to be characterized. Free arachidonic acid can be involved in Alzheimer’s disease through several mechanisms. First it is converted by cyclooxygenases-1/2 and the specific prostaglandin synthases into PGE2 and PGD2 which contributes to the occurrence and progression of neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation has positive as well as negative effects, by favoring Aβ1-42 peptide clearance on one hand and by increasing the production of neurotoxic compounds on the other hand. Second, free arachidonic acid is also involved in synaptic functions as a retrograde messenger and as a regulator of neuromediator exocytosis. Third, some studies indicated that free arachidonic acid and its derivatives activate kinases involved in tau hyperphosphorylation. In addition, the dietary sources of arachidonic acid in western food increased in the last period. Taken together, these various reports support the hypothesis that arachidonic acid is interesting target in nutrition-based preventive strategies against this disease.

Objectives Traditional didactic lectures are the mainstay of teaching for graduate medical education, although this method may not be the most effective way to transmit information. We created an active learning curriculum for Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH) gastroenterology fellows to maximize learning. We evaluated whether this new curriculum improved perceived knowledge acquisition and knowledge base. In addition, our study assessed whether coaching faculty members in specific methods to enhance active learning improved their perceived teaching and presentation skills. Methods We compared the Gastroenterology Training Exam (GTE) scores before and after the implementation of this curriculum to assess whether an improved knowledge base was documented. In addition, fellows and faculty members were asked to complete anonymous evaluations regarding their learning and teaching experiences. Results Fifteen fellows were invited to 12 lectures over a 2-year period. GTE scores improved in the areas of stomach (p0.05). All fellows believed the lectures were helpful, felt more prepared to take the GTE, and preferred the interactive format to traditional didactic lectures. All lecturers agreed that they acquired new teaching skills, improved teaching and presentation skills, and learned new tools that could help them teach better in the future. Conclusion An active learning curriculum is preferred by GI fellows and may be helpful for improving transmission of information in any specialty in medical education. Individualized faculty coaching sessions demonstrating new ways to transmit information may be important for an individual faculty member’s teaching excellence.

We report a case of a 77-year-old man with small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia (SLL/CLL) thought to be in remission who developed an acute type A thoracic aortic dissection despite no known risk factors for aortic dissection. Surgical pathology evaluation of the aorta specimen removed at surgery showed direct lymphocytic infiltration of the aortic adventitia and media in the region of the aortic dissection. The potential causative role and pathophysiologic mechanisms of SLL/CLL in aortic dissection are discussed.

International audience; Combining crops is a potential option to gain more value from ultramafic soils. This work was designed to investigate the co-cropping of a legume, Lupinus albus, and a Ni-hyperaccumulator, Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit, and determine whether growth and metal uptake would be altered by a companion plant. A pot experiment was conducted in a growth chamber in two serpentine topsoils that were low in P but differed in Ni and Mn concentrations. The soils were a Magnesic Eutric Cambisol (S1) and a Hypermagnesic Hypereutric Cambisol (S2). Pots were split into two compartments along the diagonal by a double-layer nylon mesh, and the space between the meshes was filled with same soil. Each plant was either mono-cropped (sown on both compartments) or co-cropped (one species per compartment). For all combinations, two treatments were prepared: one with no P fertilisation and the other with P addition. L. albus and A. murale plants were grown for 45 and 57 days respectively. Results showed that both plants responded positively to P fertilisation. In co-cropping systems on non-P treatments, L. albus accounted for the majority of the total biomass (higher than 90%), whereas with P addition the contribution of A. murale reached almost 40%. P fertilisation provoked an increase in Ni concentration in A. murale (S1), or no change (S2). Co-cropping significantly reduced Ni concentration in shoots of A. murale and total Ni exportation was slightly lower than when plants were grown individually. L. albus accumulated high concentrations of Mn and co-cropping and P deficiency increased Mn uptake. In this co-cropping system L. albus and A. murale interacted positively, and this association is a feasible means to increase the productivity of phytomining on serpentine soils provided appropriate fertilisation is supplied.

The ability of modern industrial work must be mastered by vocational engineering students, therefore it is important to develop learning tools that are oriented to the fourth industry. This study assesses the development of mechatronics learning tools that are arranged based on the abilities that must be possessed by students to work in the fourth industrial era using the IDI model. Data was collected from the validity, practicality and effectiveness tests on the programmed subjects in 2019. Learning activities carried out during 16 meetings to produce a smart factory (prototype). Analysis shows that learning tools are developedit is valid, then the response of teaching staff shows the criteria are very practical and based on the response of students also in the category of very practical. The findings, an increase in students' understanding of the value of the end of the semester, but they have to struggle even more to obtain more optimal results. Besides, the learning device also forms the general ability of the learner, the learning communicative, collaborative, innovative, creative, leadership and entrepreneurship that observed during the process of learning to walk

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Quarante ans après la publication du premier « livre rouge », la rénovation du système d’alimentation Inra pour les ruminants permet de mieux répondre aux défis émergents en nutrition animale : qualité des produits, santé animale, émissions dans l’environnement, tout en améliorant la prévision des réponses productives. La prévision de l’ingestion des animaux couvre une plus grande diversité de pratiques. Les interactions digestives sont mieux prises en compte, de sorte que la valeur alimentaire de la ration est mieux estimée. Elle n’est plus désormais la simple somme des apports de chaque ingrédient, et s’accompagne d’une prévision des flux des principaux produits terminaux de la digestion. De même, l’estimation des dépenses et des besoins des animaux est améliorée. Elle intègre en particulier le fait que l’efficience d’utilisation des protéines est variable. Le nouveau système permet d’alimenter les animaux en fonction d’objectifs qui peuvent différer de leur trajectoire de production potentielle, et de prévoir différentes réponses en fonction de la ration distribuée. Ces innovations majeures rendent possible diverses optimisations de la ration selon des critères définis par l’utilisateur. Les tables des valeurs des aliments et leur prévision complètent cet ouvrage, tandis que le logiciel INRAtion®V5 met en oeuvre les principales équations et les concepts de base du nouveau système pour une utilisation pratique en rationnement. Cet ouvrage décrit l’ensemble du système d’alimentation pour les productions de lait et de viande, chez les bovins, ovins et caprins, en incluant les spécificités des zones tropicales et méditerranéennes. Il trouvera toute son utilité auprès des professionnels de l’élevage (techniciens, ingénieurs et vétérinaires), des chercheurs et enseignants, ainsi que des étudiants concernés par la nutrition et l’alimentation des ruminants.

Le coût élevé des matières premières ainsi que la pression environnementale rendent le contexte favorable à une réduction supplémentaire de la teneur en protéines des aliments des porcelets. Les acides aminés indispensables comme les acides aminés à chaîne ramifiée (la valine, l’isoleucine, la leucine) et l’histidine peuvent alors devenir des facteurs limitants pour la croissance. L’estimation du besoin en ces acides aminés est alors nécessaire pour équilibrer la protéine alimentaire et améliorer l’efficacité d’utilisation de l’azote. L’analyse de la réponse des performances à l’apport d’acides aminés est la méthode la plus employée pour estimer les besoins de croissance. Le protocole expérimental, le choix du critère de réponse et les méthodes d'estimation de la réponse sont des facteurs importants de la variation des besoins estimés. Les besoins moyens en valine, isoleucine, leucine et histidine, issus des données empiriques de la bibliographie et exprimés sur la base d'un rapport avec la lysine digestible iléale standardisée, sont respectivement estimés à 70, 52, 101 et 31 %. Cependant, tout comme les carences, les excès d’acides aminés peuvent réduire les performances car les acides aminés sont en compétition pour leur catabolisme et leur transport. L’incorporation de sources de protéines contenant de l’hémoglobine augmente le besoin en isoleucine et un excès de leucine dans l’aliment augmente l’effet de la carence en valine. L’adéquation entre les apports et les besoins en acides aminés doit être recherchée pour baisser l’apport de protéines, réduire les rejets azotés et assurer l’objectif de production., The current context is favorable for a further reduction in the crude protein content in piglet diets. Knowledge of amino acid requirements and the use of free amino acids in diets allow reducing the dietary crude protein content and improving nitrogen utilization while maintaining performance of piglets. In low-protein diets, the branched chained amino acids (valine, isoleucine, and leucine) and histidine have been identified as limiting amino acids for growth. Therefore, the estimation of their requirements is necessary to balance the dietary amino acid supply. Dose-response experiments are usually carried out to estimate amino acid requirements. The experimental design, the response criteria used and the statistical analysis method contribute to the variability in reported requirement estimates. The average valine, isoleucine, leucine and, histidine requirements, based on empirical data and expressed relative to lysine on a standardized ileal digestible basis, are estimated to be 70, 52, 101, and 31% respectively. Excess amino acids can reduce growth due to competition for catabolism and transport. The use of blood cells in the diet increases the isoleucine requirement and an excess leucine supply aggravates the effect of a valine deficiency. A better adequacy should be sought between the supply and requirements of amino acids to reduce the dietary crude protein content and to ensure the production objective.

This is the 11th IWA conference on Instrumentation, Control and Automation (ICA) that will provide a forum to exchange methodologies and experience internationally on all aspects of sensor technology, instrumentation, control and automation for water, wastewater treatment and transport systems. Specific topics will include sensors and instrumentation, modeling and simulation for control, control systems, detection and early warning, diagnosis systems, life cycle analysis, practical experience of instrumentation and control… Advanced control is getting increasingly demanded in water and wastewater systems. Indeed, ICA, often perceived as a hidden technology, is found in nearly all systems related to water supply and wastewater management. It was demonstrated that ICA is able to increase the capacity of biological nutrient removal wastewater treatment plants up to 30%. With further understanding and better exploitation of the microbial community involved in water-related bioprocesses and the biochemical reactions they catalyze, ICA technologies will continue to enhance systems’ performances in the next 10 to 20 years. The ICA Specialist Group organizes quadrennial conferences. The first one dates back to 1973 in London and Paris and the most recent one was in June 2009 in Cairns, Australia. The next major group gathering will be on September 18th - 20th, 2013 in Narbonne, France during the 11th IWA conference on ICA., La 11e Conférence IWA sur l'instrumentation, le contrôle et l'automatisation (ICA) servira de tribune aux échanges internationaux de méthodologie et d'expérience sur tous les aspects liés à la technologie des capteurs, l'instrumentation, le contrôle et l'automatisation pour l'eau, le traitement et le transport des eaux usées. Les capteurs et l'instrumentation, la modélisation et la simulation pour le contrôle, les systèmes de contrôle, de détection et d'alerte précoce, les systèmes de diagnostic, l'analyse du cycle de vie, et l'expérience pratique de l'instrumentation et du contrôle sont autant de sujets spécifiques qui seront abordés lors de cette conférence.

Haematopoietic stresses mobilize haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from the bone marrow to the spleen and induce extramedullary haematopoiesis (EMH). However, the cellular nature of the EMH niche is unknown. Here we assessed the sources of the key niche factors, SCF (also known as KITL) and CXCL12, in the mouse spleen after EMH induction by myeloablation, blood loss, or pregnancy. In each case, Scf was expressed by endothelial cells and Tcf21(+) stromal cells, primarily around sinusoids in the red pulp, while Cxcl12 was expressed by a subset of Tcf21(+) stromal cells. EMH induction markedly expanded the Scf-expressing endothelial cells and stromal cells by inducing proliferation. Most splenic HSCs were adjacent to Tcf21(+) stromal cells in red pulp. Conditional deletion of Scf from spleen endothelial cells, or of Scf or Cxcl12 from Tcf21+ stromal cells, severely reduced spleen EMH and reduced blood cell counts without affecting bone marrow haematopoiesis. Endothelial cells and Tcf21(+) stromal cells thus create a perisinusoidal EMH niche in the spleen, which is necessary for the physiological response to diverse haematopoietic stresses.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess whether differences in frequency and phenotype of APC and MUTYH mutations exist among racially/ethnically diverse populations. Methods: We studied 6,169 individuals with a personal and/or family history of colorectal cancer (CRC) and polyps. APC testing involved full sequencing/large rearrangement analysis (FS/LRA); MUTYH involved "panel testing" (for Y165C, G382D mutations) or FS/LRA performed by Myriad Genetics, a commercial laboratory. Subjects were identified as Caucasian, Asian, African American (AA), or other. Statistical tests included chi(2), Fisher's exact test, analysis of variance, and z approximation. Results: Among participants, 17.5% had pathogenic APC mutations and 4.8% were biallelic MUTYH carriers. With regard to race/ethnicity, 18% were non-Caucasian, with > 100 adenomas and younger ages at adenoma or CRC diagnosis (P < 0.0001) than Caucasians. The overall APC mutation rate was higher in Asians, AAs, and others compared with Caucasians (25.2, 30.9, 24, and 15.5%, respectively; P < 0.0001) but was similar in all groups when adjusted for polyp burden. More MUTYH biallelic carriers were Caucasian or other than Asian or AA (5, 7, 2.7, and 0.3%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Among Caucasians, 5% were biallelic carriers identified by panel testing versus 2% identified by sequencing/large rearrangement analysis (LRA) (P = 0.002). Among non-Caucasians, 3% undergoing panel testing were biallelic carriers versus 10% identified by sequencing/LRA (P < 0.0002). Conclusion: Non-Caucasians undergo genetic testing at more advanced stages of polyposis and/or are younger at CRC/polyp diagnosis. Restricted MUTYH analysis may miss significant numbers of biallelic carriers, particularly in non-Caucasians.

Hydrogenation of furfurylidene acetone has been carried out using Ni/γ−Al 2 O 3 and Cu/γ−Al 2 O 3 catalyst in the presence of isopropanol in autoclave batch reactor. The hydrogenation using Cu/γ−Al 2 O 3 at 120 o C for 6 h gives main formation of 1,5-bis-(furan-2-yl)-pentan-3-one. Reaction at higher temperature at 140 o C for 8 h using Ni/γ−Al 2 O 3 leads to 1,5-bis-(furan-2-yl)-penta-1-en-3-one. The different selectivity of both catalysts is explained by physical properties including the surface area and distribution of metal loading.

The incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) have been decreasing in adults over 50 years of age, however, these rates have been increasing in adults under 50. The majority of CRC in young adults is sporadic, and is likely due to behavioral and environmental causes, however the exact etiology still remains unclear. The minority of CRC in this population is due to inherited CRC syndromes. Young adults with CRC are often symptomatic (abdominal pain, rectal bleeding), and diagnosis is often delayed due to reasons such as under-utilized health care services, and physicians attributing symptoms to diagnoses other than CRC. Young adults with CRC often have more aggressive tumor characteristics, but they tend to have better survival rates when compared with older adults when matched for stage. Treatment is the same for young patients with CRC, however there are issues that arise in this population that do not necessarily affect older adults, such as the negative effect of chemotherapy/radiation on fertility. It is not clear that screening individuals for CRC at ages under 50 is beneficial or cost-effective. Further studies are needed regarding this topic.

National audience

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signaling molecule with a broad spectrum of regulatory functions in plant growth and development. NO has been found to be involved in various pathogenic or symbiotic plant-microbe interactions. During the last decade, increasing evidence of the occurrence of NO during legume-rhizobium symbioses has been reported, from early steps of plant-bacteria interaction, to the nitrogen-fixing step in mature nodules. This review focuses on recent advances on NO production and function in nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. First, the potential plant and bacterial sources of NO, including NO synthase-like, nitrate reductase or electron transfer chains of both partners, are presented. Then responses of plant and bacterial cells to the presence of NO are presented in the context of the N(2)-fixing symbiosis. Finally, the roles of NO as either a regulatory signal of development, or a toxic compound with inhibitory effects on nitrogen fixation, or an intermediate involved in energy metabolism, during symbiosis establishment and nodule functioning are discussed.