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Master's thesis in Industrial Economics The wisdom of crowds is an idea that could be a valuable resource if it is used, and even more valuable if it us used in the best way. There are many possibilities, and this thesis’ purpose is to find out if the wisdom of crowds is beneficial for getting more accurate crowd predictions, and how the aggregation and information method, crowds’ diversity, expertise and size play a role on the prediction accuracy. To get an overview of the empirical literature on the subject a traditional literature review is conducted, and the empirical literature is found using Google Scholar and the search words wisdom of crowds, crowd predictions and collective intelligence is used. There are 27 papers that is found and used for the literature review. The results of the literature review show that there are several great ways to aggregate the individuals’ predictions, and the crowds are more accurate than most of the individuals in them. Distributing information to the individuals will make the crowd less diverse but as long as the reduction in diversity is not too large, the added information can still manage to make the crowd more accurate. Expertise does not give a significant more accurate crowd prediction; it is more important to have a diverse crowd. The size of the crowd can be small when added factors are used for aggregating, like accentuating the individuals who previously predicted good, but for the arithmetic average it is better with larger crowds.

Received theory of production is not very useful if we try to understand what the 'sources' of growth are when we deal with natural resource-based sectors of economic activity. In these industries, a complex set of interactions and co-evolution prevails between firms producing the commodity and leading the value chain, subcontractors supplying them with machinery, equipment, services and process engineering knowhow, public sector agencies monitoring their environmental impact and local communities engaged in the exploitation of the resource. These agents interact on a daily basis giving rise to a complex set of 'sector specific' rules of governance which vary from country to country and from sector to sector.In this paper we look at the mining industry, that has experienced a very rapid process of change due to the dramatic expansion of demand from China, India and other economies, and to major changes in the international knowledge frontier in many different scientific and technological disciplines (e.g. geology, biotechnologies, digital and computer sciences, health sciences and engineering). These developments have induced dramatic changes in the industry and most notably in the patterns of interaction among the various agents mentioned above. A similar process of sector-specific dynamic interdependencies seems to prevail in other natural resource based sectors, such as aquaculture, forestry products and others. In this paper we present a model of these interactions and sketch out an analytical view as to how production organization takes place in the mining sector, and how these location-specific forces induce change in the industry over time. Our way of looking at these issues has strong policy implications which we briefly examine in the final pages of the paper.

The French ecosystem of audiovisual production has been structured by the liberalization of state television (1984-1986). Radio frequencies were granted to broadcasters in exchange for a commitment to invest a percentage of their turnover into French production. The result is a heavily regulated system whose rules have changed very little in thirty years. This industrial organization is showing its limits: the market share of French films in theaters is stagnant, while the audience is aging. The profitability of TV-channels crumbles and series they finance don't sell. The entry of foreign platforms such as Netflix fragments the audience even more. The purpose of this thesis is to study the creation of the industrial ecosystem of the French Television, its evolution and the impact of the entry of international players on the incumbents' strategies and on regulation.; L'écosystème de la production audiovisuelle est structuré par la réglementation issue de la libéralisation de la télévision d'État (1984-86). Celle-ci accorde aux chaînes des fréquences hertziennes en échange d'obligations de financement et de diffusion. Il en résulte un système administré dont les règles ont très peu évolué en trente ans. Cette organisation industrielle s'essouffle: la part de marché des films français en salle stagne, tandis que le public vieillit. La rentabilité des chaînes de télévision s'effrite et les fictions qu'elles financent s'exportent mal. L'entrée des plateformes étrangères telles que Netflix fragmente encore l'audience. L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier l'évolution de l'industrie audiovisuelle française et de sa régulation, depuis la libéralisation de la télévision d'État, ainsi que d'analyser l'effet de l'entrée des diffuseurs "over-the-top" sur l'écosystème historique.

The French ecosystem of audiovisual production has been structured by the liberalization of state television (1984-1986). Radio frequencies were granted to broadcasters in exchange for a commitment to invest a percentage of their turnover into French production. The result is a heavily regulated system whose rules have changed very little in thirty years. This industrial organization is showing its limits: the market share of French films in theaters is stagnant, while the audience is aging. The profitability of TV-channels crumbles and series they finance don't sell. The entry of foreign platforms such as Netflix fragments the audience even more. The purpose of this thesis is to study the creation of the industrial ecosystem of the French Television, its evolution and the impact of the entry of international players on the incumbents' strategies and on regulation.; L'écosystème de la production audiovisuelle est structuré par la réglementation issue de la libéralisation de la télévision d'État (1984-86). Celle-ci accorde aux chaînes des fréquences hertziennes en échange d'obligations de financement et de diffusion. Il en résulte un système administré dont les règles ont très peu évolué en trente ans. Cette organisation industrielle s'essouffle: la part de marché des films français en salle stagne, tandis que le public vieillit. La rentabilité des chaînes de télévision s'effrite et les fictions qu'elles financent s'exportent mal. L'entrée des plateformes étrangères telles que Netflix fragmente encore l'audience. L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier l'évolution de l'industrie audiovisuelle française et de sa régulation, depuis la libéralisation de la télévision d'État, ainsi que d'analyser l'effet de l'entrée des diffuseurs "over-the-top" sur l'écosystème historique.

This article examines the origins and effects of the evolution of the Danish pork industry characterised by three main merger waves resulting in 43 realised mergers and takeovers. The findings illuminate–in contrast to the traditional strategically motivated rationale–that the majority of the mergers were realised by cooperatives due to the inability to give the pig farmers competitive yearly refunds vis-à-vis local competitors, to financial difficulties or to the lack of investment capability of one of the merging parties. Despite a high-risky strategy, mergers and takeovers became the preferred consolidation mean due to capital constrains and the ‘close’ ownership structure of the cooperatives. Moreover, the study demonstrates that the outcomes of the M&A activities were generally positive.

International audience; Management appears as an academic discipline in France only in the second half of the nineteenth century. However, during the Restauration, in the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in Paris and in the public lectures in Metz, a teaching is delivered under the name of “industrial economics”, that can be compared to management. The main authors of this discipline are Claude-Lucien Bergery, Gerard Joseph Christian, Charles Dupin and Jean-Baptiste Say. This article aims to expose the central ideas of the industrial economic of the years 1820-1830 and to explain why this discipline does not develop in the following decades of the 19th century.; La gestion n’apparaît comme discipline académique en France que dans la seconde moitié du xixe siècle. Pourtant, sous la Restauration, au Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers de Paris et dans les cours publics de Metz, on délivre, sous le nom d’« économie industrielle », un enseignement que l’on peut comparer à la gestion. Les principaux auteurs de cette discipline sont Claude-Lucien Bergery, Gérard Joseph Christian, Charles Dupin et Jean-Baptiste Say. Cet article vise à exposer les idées centrales de l’économie industrielle des années 1820-1830, et à expliquer pourquoi cette discipline ne se développe pas dans les décennies suivantes du xixe siècle.

Master's thesis in Industrial economics Rig contracts represent the leading expenses in a drilling operation. The high rates and rig shortage are factors that make it urgent to come up with ways to increase the efficiency of drilling operations. The objective of this thesis is to investigate through different literature sources how contract strategies can be used to increase the efficiency of drilling operations. Three contract strategies have been studied, which are contract types, incentives and KPIs. Contract types affect efficiency indirectly by improving teamworking quality, resulting in a performance improvement. Likewise, incentives affect performances indirectly, since it improves relational attitudes, leading to a better teamworking quality, which finally will result in improvement of performance. It was concluded that KPIs are the best tool to increase the efficiency of drilling operations. The natural competition between contractors, caused by comparing their KPIs, will result in efficiency improvement. KPIs will also lead to a reduction of nonproductive time by identifying and eliminating Invisible Lost Time (ILT).

Master's thesis in Industrial Economics Salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, is a parasitic copepod endemic to Atlantic salmon. In recent year salmon aquaculture has created large breeding grounds for this parasite, as well as acting as a vector for infection on wild salmon. This has caused serious problems for both salmon aquaculture and angling tourism. In this thesis we examine how global climate change will affect the salmon lice problem, with emphasis on the economic impact. In our thesis we use temperature projections combined with models of salmon lice infection pressure for quantitative data on the effects of climate change on the salmon lice problem. We tested several scenarios and variations to see if any of them had a disproportionate impact. This was followed by a qualitative analysis of the wider economic impact. Our study shows there will indeed be increased infection pressure from salmon lice. This will negatively affect salmon aquaculture, as well as both entrepreneurs and local communities that depend on salmon angling tourism. Knock-on effects may even include lower property prices on salmon rivers. We further argue this is could cause stricter regulation of salmon aquaculture, as well as increased conflict between aquaculture and angling tourism stakeholders. Additionally, we briefly discuss some proposed technological and regulatory solutions to the various problems arising from salmon lice infections.

Master's thesis in Industrial economics The salmonid aquaculture industry is facing significant environmental and biological challenges, limiting the industry’s ability to grow. One of the most critical challenges is the prevalence of sea lice. Parasitic sea lice negatively affect the biological growth rate of farm biomass and, as such, contribute to loss of revenues and lowered fish welfare. As a result of this, the utilization of chemical and mechanical delousing are popular measures used to combat lice infestations. For some time, there has been a suspicion that such measures adversely impact the biological growth rate of farmed salmonids. This study is the first of its kind to investigate this suspicion in detail. The main objective of this study is to provide an updated estimation of the industry-wide costs related to lice, while simultaneously measuring the effect of lice treatment on biological growth rate. The analysis performed in this thesis is enabled through the utilization of a rich data set containing information on biophysical variables, lice counts, and treatment applications for all Norwegian farms in the period from 2012 to 2017. Using this data set, we empirically investigate the biological and economic impacts of observed levels of sea lice and their associated mitigation efforts. Our results suggest that lice treatments negatively affect biological growth rate and contribute to a higher loss of revenue compared to sea lice alone. From our marginal effects estimation, both bath and mechanical treatments reduce growth rate. Bath treatments reduce growth rate between 0.92% to 1.21%, while mechanical treatments reduce the growth rate between 1.73% to 2.14%, depending on geographical location. Additionally, our analysis shows that the total cost of lice is equivalent to 14.21% of revenues or 7.63 NOK per kg produced fish, which corresponds to an industry-wide cost of 11.2 billion NOK in 2017.

Üçüncü endüstri devriminde ilk örneklerini gördüğümüz robotik teknolojilerinin endüstriye entegre edilmesinden bu yana teknolojinin işsizliğe yol açma tartışmaları bambaşka bir boyut kazanmıştır. Üretimin giderek robotlaşmasıyla birlikte, işsizliğin sürekli olarak artacağı tartışmaları gündeme gelmiştir. Özellikle 2011 yılında ortaya atılan Endüstri 4.0'ın getirdiği `otonom robotlar` ve `akıllı fabrikalar` kavramları, tartışmaların giderek büyümesine neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, istihdam ve işsizlik kavramlarını açıklayarak, endüstriyel robot kullanımının etkilerini bu kavramlar üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir.Çalışma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde istihdam ve işsizlik kavramları analiz edilmiş ve sınırları belirlenmiştir. İkinci bölümde, endüstriyel robot kavramı açıklanmış, endüstri devrimleri çerçevesinde ortaya çıkışı ve gelişimi gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca, endüstriyel robotlar ile işgücü piyasalarının durumlarına bakılmış ve emek kavramının değişim süreci incelenmiştir. Son bölümde ise, Manisa Organize Sanayisinde yer alan, Endüstri 4.0 standartlarında bir altyapı ile kurulmuş, Vestel Kurutma Makinesi Fabrikasını merkez alan bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan yöntem `örnek olay araştırması` veya `örnek olay yöntemi`dir. Çalışmaya konu olan fabrikada, yeterli yetkinliklere sahip katılımcılarla mülakat şeklinde görüşülmüş, `neden` ve `niçin` sorularına cevap aranarak ayrıntılı ve derinlemesine bir araştırma yapılmaya çalışılmıştır.Sonuç olarak, endüstriyel robot kullanımının hem işsizlik yaratma etkisi hem de istihdam yaratma potansiyeli keşfedilmiş, ortaya çıkan işsizliğin kalıcı bir işsizlik olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Endüstriyel robot kullanımının ekonomide görülecek işsizlik için tek neden olamayacağı, işsizliğin önlenmesi ve istihdamın sağlanması için makroekonomik değişkenlerinde incelenmesi gerekliliği ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca Endüstri 4.0 çerçevesinde değerlendirildiğinde, bir süreç olarak ele alınan ve doğru planlanan bir dönüşümün yapıcı sistemler ortaya çıkaracağı gözlemlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Endüstri 4.0, Devrim, Ekonomi, Robot, İşsizlik, İstihdam, Yapay Zeka, Akıllı Fabrikalar, Siber-Fiziksel Sistemler Since the integration of robotic technologies, which we saw in the third industrial revolution, into the industry, the controversy of technology leading to unemployment has gained a different dimension. As the production has become increasingly robotic, the debate on the continuous increase in unemployment has come to the fore. Especially the concepts of autonomous robots and smart factories brought about by Industry 4.0, which was put forward in 2011, caused the discussions to grow. The aim of this study is to explain the effects of industrial robot use on these concepts by explaining the concepts of employment and unemployment.The study consists of three parts. In the first part, the concepts of employment and unemployment were analyzed and their boundaries were determined. In the second chapter, the concept of an industrial robot is explained and the emergence and development of industrial robotics are shown. In addition, the status of industrial robots and labor markets were examined and the process of change of labor concept was examined. In the last part, a research was conducted in the Manisa Organized Industry, based on Industry 4.0 standards and a research center was made at the center of the Vestel Dryer Plant. The method used in the research is the case study or case study method. In the factory subject to the study, interviewers were interviewed in the form of interviews with sufficient competencies and a detailed and in-depth investigation was attempted to answer the questions of why is that and why.As a result, both the unemployment-creating effect and the potential for job creation have been discovered by the use of industrial robots, and the resulting unemployment is not permanent unemployment. It has emerged that the use of industrial robots cannot be the only cause for unemployment to be seen in the economy and that macroeconomic variables should be examined in order to prevent unemployment and to ensure employment. In addition, when it is evaluated within the framework of Industry 4.0, it has been observed that a transformation which is considered as a process and correctly planned will produce constructive systems.Keywords: Industry 4.0, Revolution, Economy, Robot, Unemployment, Employment, Artificial intelligence, Smart Factories, Cyber-Physical Systems 94

Nowadays, merger control predominantly relies upon a strict analysis of the effects from merger and acquisitions on effective competition. However, there is scope for so-called public interest considerations in several European merger control regimes and recently a number of European politicians have called for more elbowroom for non-competition-oriented interventions into merger control. For instance, they did so in the context of the prohibition of the Siemens-Alstommerger and the upcoming industrial policy discussion about European Champions. Since the social welfare effects of competitive markets present an important public interest in itself, additional public interest considerations justifying an intervention need to be non-market in the sense that these goals stand in conflict with competition. However, a trade-off between effective competition and public interest, i.e. public interests that are better served through market power then through effective competition, is a rare phenomenon. This paper gives an overview of public interest considerations in the merger policy of European Union member states and analyzes four jurisdictions in more detail. We find that the institutional designs how public interests considerations are included in the merger control regimes lack focus on non-market public interest considerations across the analyzed jurisdictions. Furthermore, there are relevant shortcomings regarding transparency and legal certainty. Moreover, our ex-pots analysis shows that the empirical record of past public interest-motivated interventions is questionable with only few interventions yielding the desired effects. Therefore, we suggest revising the public interest regulations in the respective merger control regulations by narrowing their focus to real non-market public interests and by levying decision power on less politically-influenced bodies.

Bu tezde, iş gücü piyasası kalınlığı ile satışların oynaklığı arasındaki ilişkiyi inceliyorum. Marshall, sınai organizasyonun üretkenliği arttırarak, kalın iş pazarlarını ortaya çıkardığını öne sürmüştür. Ekonomi İlkeleri'nde (1890) Marshall, ekonomik yoğunlaşmanın, verimliliği, büyümeyi, inovasyonu ve şoklara maruz kalmayı olumlu bir şekilde nasıl etkilediğini açıklıyor. 18 ülke için firma düzeyinde bir panel verisini kullanarak, yeni bir firma etkinliği boyutunu, yani satış dalgalanmasını test ediyorum ve bunu endüstri ve/veya genel ekonomik konsantrasyonla ilişkilendiriyorum. Testler sonucunda satışların değişkenliği ile hem istihdam düzeyi hem de bir bölgedeki istihdamın payı arasında negatif bir ilişki olduğunu buldum. Aynı sektörde bulunan firmalar için, belirli bir bölgedeki firmaların o bölgedeki istihdamlarının payının azalmasıyla; bu firmalar için oynaklık artmaktadır. In this thesis, I investigate the relationship between labor market thickness and volatility of sales. Marshall suggests that thick markets occur since industrial organization increases productivity. In Principles of Economics (1890), Marshall explains how economic concentration positively effects productivity, growth, innovation and exposure to shocks. Using a firm-level panel data for 18 countries,I test a new dimension of firm effectiveness, namely sales volatility, and relate it to industry and/or overall economic concentration. In the results of tests, I find that there is a negative relationship between the volatility of sales and both employment level and the share of employment in a region, separately. For the firms which are in same sector, in a given region, as the share of the firms' employment in that region decreases; volatility increases for that firms. 64

This paper provides an economic analysis of recent vertical and horizontal mergers in the U.S. industry for audiovisual media content, including the AT&T-Time Warner and the Disney-Fox mergers. Using a theory-driven approach, we examine economic effects of these types of mergers on market competition, focusing on digital media content distribution. In doing so, we address three research questions: (i) Is the current development of analyzing industry with its recent merger activity concerning? (ii) Would vertical or horizontal integration be more preferable for overall welfare and competition in this industry? (iii) What are implications for antitrust policy? We conclude from our analysis that in the already highly horizontally concentrated U.S. market for audiovisual content the process of further vertical integration creates concerns from a competition policy perspective. Moreover, even though horizontal concentration on some of the market stages may be anticompetitive as well, vertical integration is likely to be more harmful. As a consequence, we recommend a stricter approach to vertical merger control in this industry, as well as a more active abuse control against already vertically-integrated media companies.

Master's thesis in Industrial economics The level of digitalization in today’s society has contributed to both the private and public sector in several ways. Modern technologies allow for automated processes, electronic communication, cloud storage, and much more. These technologies provide significant benefits in various situations, although they do also come with some issues and vulnerabilities. The vulnerabilities that will be addressed in this thesis are the electronic identification of individuals and document authenticity. Managing sensitive information has become more secure in recent years with the introduction of new technologies that allow for electronic identification. The requirements for electronic identification vary from what information an individual is requesting, but the methods used today all have some form of vulnerability. A method that would provide further security is the use of biometrics, as biometrics are unique for every person, and is difficult to steal. Both fingerprint and face recognition can uniquely identify a person and are becoming standardized on most modern mobile devices. The purpose of this project is to design, implement, and evaluate a document verification system with globally distributed participants, that uses biometrics as the form of identification. Such a system would improve security and reliability to a vast selection of industry sectors, including banking, oil and gas, and validating certificates. The result of this project is presented in the form of an iOS application, DCApp, that uses biometrics to ensure a secure document verification system. A degree certificate system has been implemented for this sample application. Lastly, an evaluation of the performance and security of the system will be provided. The system is compared to current solutions and is discussed in the context of some use cases.

Master's thesis in Industrial economics. Digital transformation is changing society as we know it. Business models for companies delivering consumer products has been changing for years, and we are seeing an increasing focus to do the same in traditional industries. National strategies for digital transformation were explored and the platforms established by the governments were investigated. The strategies originated from large economies like the USA, China, Germany, Japan and Sweden, involving broad spectre of different economies. The national strategies were found to build on the strengths of the traditional industry, with a focus on supporting and strengthening the small and medium enterprises in the countries. There was also found to be a strong focus on international cooperation, even between nations that may be considered competitors within the same industries. After exploring these national strategies and platforms, it is concluded that Norway should make an effort to mirror the initiatives taken by these countries. There should be a focus on a national platform to both facilitate for national cooperation and support to SMEs, while also being a gathering point to unite a Norwegian industry for international cooperation. As the petroleum industry is one of the most important industries in Norway, efforts should be made to strengthen the competitiveness of this with regards to digital transformation.

Master's thesis in Industrial economics The purpose of this study is to assess the importance of a range of different economic, financial and locational factors, in how they influence the collective will to invest in capacity in the Norwegian hotel industry. Relations are investigated for the Norwegian market as a whole, and while it does not aim to reflect the individual investors willingness to invest, the selection of dependent variables is made from key driving factors as defined by individual investors. These factors were chosen in coherence with previous literature, like Newell and Seabrook’s (2006) investigation of factors influencing hotel investment decision making, and Luo and Lam’s (2017) research on urbanizations effect on hotel performance. But, uniquely for the Norwegian hotel market, the present study presents empirical evidence for the effects of three main groups of variables, namely “demand”, “financial and economical” and “urbanization”. My findings add to Luo and Lam’s work, that indicators of urbanization, like GNP per capita and people living in urban areas, have a positive relation on capacity as well as performance. Also, I provide reasoning for the significant positive impacts of variables describing demand, such as population, hotel visitors and air-travelers, as well as variables like GNPB, currency rates and interest rates, that describe the financial and economic state.

Bu tez, OECD ülkelerinde 1995'ten 2014'e kadar olan dönemdeki enerji altyapısı kalitesinin imalat sanayi performansı üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. İmalat sanayi performansı gösterge değişkenleri olarak alınan üretimi ve katma değeri ile elektrik altyapı kalitesi göstergesi olarak elektrik iletim ve dağıtım kayıpları yıllık verileri üzerinde Panel Gecikmesi Dağıtılmış Otoregresif Model (ARDL) kullanılmıştır. Paneller arasında yatay kesit bağımlılığı ve heterojenliğin varlığı tespit ediliği için ikinci nesil tahminciler olan Ortak İlişkili Etkiler Ortalama Grup (CCEMG) ve Genişletilmiş Ortalama Grup (AMG) tahmincileri nedensel ilişkileri tahmin etmede kullanılmıştır. Ampirik bulgular, iletim ve dağıtım kayıplarının hem imalat sanayi üretimini hem de imalat sanayi katma değerini olumsuz yönde etkilediğini göstermektedir. Sonuçlara göre elektrik iletim ve dağıtım kayıplarının imalat sanayi üretimi üzerindeki etkisi istatistiksel olarak yüksek anlamlılık düzeyinde iken katma değer üzerindeki etkisi düşük anlamlılık düzeyindedir. Enerji altyapı kalitesi ile imalat sanayi performansı arasındaki negatif ilişki, regresyona dahil edilen farklı kontrol değişkenler ile tahmin edildiğinde dahi değişmemiştir. This thesis investigates the impacts of power infrastructure quality on manufacturing performance in OECD countries over the period from 1995 to 2014. Panel Autoregressive Distributive Lag Approach (ARDL) is employed on annual data of the manufacturing production and value-added as proxy variables for manufacturing performance and electricity power transmission & distribution losses as a proxy for power infrastructure quality. Since the analysis denotes the existence of cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity across panels, second-generation estimators, namely the Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) and the Augmented Mean Group (AMG), are used to estimate the causal relations. The results indicate that the transmission and distribution losses negatively affect both manufacturing production and value-added. According to the results, while the effect of transmission and distribution losses on manufacturing production is highly significant, that of on value-added is only slightly significant. The negative effect of power infrastructure quality on manufacturing performance remains consistent even when several control variables are included in the estimations. 90

Bu yüksek lisans tezi, Bartın ilinde sanayi faaliyetlerinin kuruluşu, gelişimi, mevcut yapısı, gelecekteki durumunu ve il içindeki dağılışını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.Araştırma sahasının sınırları, Bartın ilini kapsamaktadır. Bartın ili Karadeniz Bölgesi'nin Batı Karadeniz Bölümü'nde yer almaktadır. Yer şekilleri, iklim, toprak, bitki örtüsü, hidrografik ve ulaşım gibi coğrafi koşullar bakımından yerleşmeye uygun şartlar taşımaktadır. Coğrafi şartlardan dolayı tarım, hayvancılık, turizm ve buna bağlı olarak ticaret gibi ekonomik sektörler belirli ölçüde gelişme imkânı bulmuştur. Sanayi ise 1991 yılında Bartın'ın il yapılması ve özellikle 2000'li yıllardan sonra uygulanan teşvik politikaları sayesinde hızlı bir gelişme imkânı bularak ilin ekonomisindeki önemini arttırmıştır.Bartın'ın sanayi yönünden gelişmesi özellikle son yıllarda hızlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda daha çok özel sektör tarafından küçük ve orta ölçekli yatırımlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Devlet tarafından kurulan Amasra Taşkömürü İşletmesi ve Bartın Çimento Fabrikası ilde yakın zamana kadar devlet bünyesindeki en önemli sanayi kuruluşları idi. Fakat Bartın Çimento Fabrikası'nın özelleştirilmesi ve yine Amasra Taş Kömürü sahasının bir kısmının da özelleştirilmesi, ildeki kamu sektörüne bağlı sanayi kuruluşlarının ağırlığını azaltmıştır.Bartın sanayisinin en başta gelen özelliği sayıca özel sektör ağırlıklı olmasıdır. Önemli sektörlerin başında toprak, tekstil, konfeksiyon, orman ürünleri, kömür, plastik, metal eşya, gıda ve mobilya sanayi gelmektedir. Bu sektörlerde faaliyet gösteren birçok küçük ve orta boy ölçekli işletme bulunmaktadır.İlde 1999 yılında organize sanayi bölgesinin bitirilmesi ve hizmete açılması, Bartın sanayisine olumlu katkılar yapmıştır. Bartın Organize Sanayi Bölgesi'nde en fazla tekstil firmaları bulunmakta olup istihdama da en fazla katkıyı tekstil firmaları sağlamaktadır.Yapılan bu çalışmada elde edilen bulgular neticesinde ilin sanayi yapısı, ilde bulunan sanayi tesisleri, ilin bölgesel değerlendirilmesi ve sanayi sektörünün temel sorunları üzerinde durulmuş, çözüm önerileri SWOT analizi ile birlikte ifade edilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Bartın, Sanayi, Özel sektör, Amasra Taşkömürü İşletmesi, Bartın Çimento Fabrikası, Organize Sanayi Bölgesi, SWOT Analizi. This master's thesis aims to reveal the foundation, development, current business, future state and dispersion in the city of the industrial activities in the Bartın Province. The boundaries of the research area cover the Bartın province. Bartın is in the black sea region, in western black sea part. It has proper conditions to habitation owing to like geographical formations, soil, climate, flora, hydrographical and transportation. Economic sectors like agriculture, livestock, tourism and correspondingly business found the opportunity to develop at a certain level due to geographical formations. And industry raises its importance by finding opportunity to rapid improvement under favour of Bartın becomes a city in 1991 and especially incentive policies used after 2000s. Bartın's industrial development has gathered speed especially in last years and in this regard a large number of small and medium sized investments are made by private sector. Until recently, state-funded Amasra Pit Coal Business and Bartın Cement Plant were the most important industrial enterprise within the government, but the privatization of Bartın Cement Plant and a part of Amasra pit coal field has caused to reduce the importance of the public industrial enterprises in the city. The primary characteristic of the industry in Bartın is that it consists mainly of the private sector. Soil, textile, clothing, forest products, coal, plastic, metal ware, nutriment and furniture industry are the most important ones of the significant sectors. There are a lot of small- and midsized companies working on those sectors. It has been a favorable contribution to the Bartın industry with the completion and starting to service of the organized industry in 1999. The most firms of the Bartın organized industrial site are working on the textile and also textile firms provide the most opportunity to employment.As a result of the findings obtained in this study, the industrial structure of the province, the industrial facilities in the province, the regional evaluation of the province and the main problems of the industrial sector were emphasized and the solution suggestions were expressed together with the SWOT analysis.Key Words: Bartın, Industry, Private Sector, Amasra Pit Coal Business, Bartın Cement Plant, Organized Industrial Site, SWOT Analysis. 157

Der Deal der beiden größten deutschen Energielieferanten RWE und E.ON zum Tausch verschiedener Geschäftseinheiten, welcher Mitte September 2019 genehmigt wurde, wird den deutschen Energiemarkt wesentlich umstrukturieren und sowohl im Bereich Erzeugung als auch im Vertrieb zu jeweils einem dominanten Wettbewerber führen. E.ON wird dabei durch die Übernahme der innogy Geschäfte im Bereich des klassischen Energievertriebs und der Ladeinfrastruktur für Elektrofahrzeuge wesentliche Wettbewerbsvorteile erhalten. Dazu zählt unter anderem der Zugang zu einer Vielzahl an Messstellen und damit Datensätzen im Bereich des Haushalts- und Geschäftskundenvertriebs. Die Auswertung und Nutzung dieser Datensätze eröffnet dem zusammengeschlossenen Unternehmen neue Geschäftsfelder, aber auch Möglichkeiten die dominante Stellung auf dem Markt zu missbrauchen. Dieser Beitrag widmet sich den potenziellen Auswirkungen der innogy-Übernahme durch E.ON in den Bereichen klassischer Vertrieb und E-Mobilität, in welchen die angesprochenen Aspekte der Datenökonomik eine wesentliche Rolle spielen. Des Weiteren werden die Auswirkungen der Marktumstrukturierung auf den Konzessionsmarkt betrachtet und die politökonomische Dimension des Zusammenschlusses erläutert. Wir schließen mit einer Kurzanalyse der Erlaubnisentscheidung und der damit verbundenen Auflagen und kommen zu dem Schluss, dass diese nicht geeignet sind, die erheblichen anti-kompetitiven Auswirkungen des Zusammenschlusses einzudämmen oder zu verhindern. The deal between Germany's two largest energy suppliers RWE and E.ON to exchange various business units, which was approved in mid-September 2019, will significantly restructure the German energy market and lead to a dominant com-petitor in both business fields - energy generation and distribution. E.ON will gain significant competitive advantages through the acquisition of innogy's businesses in traditional energy distribution and charging infrastructure for electric vehicles. This includes, among other things, access to a large number of metering points and thus data sets in the area of household and business customer sales. The evaluation and use of these data sets opens up new business areas for the merged company, but also opportunities to abuse its dominant position on the market. This paper deals with the potential effects of E.ON's takeover of innogy in the areas of classic energy distribution and e-mobility, in which the aspects of data economics mentioned above play an important role. Furthermore, the effects of market restructuring on the con-cession market are considered and the political-economic dimension of the merger is explained. We conclude with a brief analysis of the European Commission decision and the related conditions and conclude that these are not appropriate to mitigate or prevent the significant anti-competitive effects of the merger.

Master's thesis in Industrial economics This thesis will investigate whether Norway has a potential for a carbon capture and storage (CCS) industry. Norway has committed to the Paris agreement, and to reduce their non-ETS emissions by 40% from 2005 levels by 2030. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change revealed that if the climate goals in the Paris agreement shall be met, CCS will play an important role and represents a solution in three out of four possible pathways for reaching the desired target. Currently, CCS deployment is slow and only 18 CCS facilities are operating today worldwide. The Global CCS institute argues that we need to capture 3.75 Gtpa by year 2040 to achieve the climate targets in the Paris agreement. Norway has shown great interest for CCS, where it has been used at offshore platforms for decades. With the CCS test centre at Mongstad and the planned full-scale CCS facility from Norcem Brevik and Fortum Oslo, Norway can take a pioneering role and encourage global CCS deployment. This thesis will investigate how well suited the external framework around CCS is in Norway, and if the technology can offer a new important industry in Norway. The research was divided into two parts; a PESTEL analysis to highlight drivers and barriers for CCS deployment, and a mapping of CO2-emitting sources in Scandinavia to reveal if there is a market for CO2 storage in terms of access to industrial CO2 emissions and available storage capacity. The findings show that Norway is well positioned for large scale CCS deployment, particularly due to well-assessed storage capacity, sub-surface knowledge and experience, and public and private interest in investing in development of CCS projects. The mapping of CO2 sources indicates that there is a potential for a big market in Scandinavia, with large emitting sources accessible by ship. However, the research also revealed that there are many barriers. The EU Directive for CCS is currently creating financial and reliability barriers that discourage operators and investors from investing in CO2 storage. The technology has proven very costly, resulting in deficient political backing and incentives. Based on the above, it is concluded that Norway has great potential for CCS to become a new industry, but certain aspects would need to be solved before Norway can offer an environment in which CCS can thrive.

Global trends in the innovative technologies' development are systematically entering our lives, introducing sociological and economic changes in the society. As a result of the introduction of innovative technologies, human life inevitably changes, and cities must respond to these changes in order to ensure the sustainable development of cities and society. The general goal of research is identifying the urban-planning principles for the sustainable development of settlement systems and cities, taking into account the neo-industrial scenario of the economic and political development. The research contains the analysis urban development strategies, description of the notion of neo-industrialization, disclosure of the concept of sustainable development, general principles and graphic models of urban development, sustainable development, neo-industrial development and neo-industrial sustainable urban development. © 2019 Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

Master's thesis in Industrial economics Projects in the construction industry are increasingly complex, involving collaboration between a wide range of stakeholders and specialized sections. Ambiguous communication between participants and misunderstandings about planned design are among the main causes for errors and budget overruns. The introduction of Virtual Reality (VR) presents opportunities to produce more realistic visualization by improving spatial perception for users, and has been shown to increase users’ ability to uncover errors and deficiencies prior to construction. For companies, adoption of VR may potentially open new business opportunities and enhance current services. However, research shows that innovation in the construction industry is slow and that the adoption of new technology is perceived as difficult. This thesis aims to identify how COWI may use VR to create value and how they may improve their VR capabilities. In order to answer this objective thoroughly, it has been broken down into three research questions: • RQ0: What are valuable use cases for VR in COWI? • RQ1: What is the current state of VR adoption in COWI? • RQ2: What should be emphasized in order to increase COWI’s VR capabilities? These research questions are answered through a qualitative case study by conducting 12 interviews with COWI personnel, which are analyzed together with internal COWI documents and a thorough literature review. The findings from the thesis present several use cases that can provide significant value for COWI if applied appropriately. The current state of VR adoption in COWI is characterized by varying degrees of competence within and between departments and sections. Vital information for implementation is present in the VR Community site on COWI's internal home page, but there is low awareness about the opportunities that are present. Several suggestions are provided for how COWI may improve their VR capabilities. The five main recommendations involve establishing a guideline bank for the use of VR, expanding the internal communication channels, developing VR facilities, establishing a centralized unit for governance of VR, and establishing informational feedback loops for experience gained through projects.

У статті систематизовано передумови трансформації освітнього процесу економічних спеціальностей у закладах вищої освіти Грузії. На основі результатів аналізу наукової літератури авторами встановлено, що протягом трансформаційного періоду в Грузії питання щодо ефективності та ролі уряду в навчальному процесі не розглядались вченими у повній мірі. У першу чергу, це обумовлено безпрецедентно високим рівнем контролю влади у період соціалістичноавторитарної системи та неефективністю сформованої економічної системи, що підтверджено науковими доробками низки вчених. По-друге, домінуючий того часу економічний устрій у Грузії, був спрямований на розповсюдження неоліберальних ідей, що тим самим обмежувало роль уряду в економіці. Окрім цього, низка необгрунтованих та суб’єктивних рішень того часу щодо проведення системних реформ призвели до появи конфліктів у всіх секторах економіки. Так, наслідки трансформаційного процесу актуалізують подальші дослідження щодо реформування системи освіти. При цьому автором наголошено на необхідності формування нових критеріїв оцінювання потенційних кандидатів при працевлаштуванні їх на ключові державні посади, враховуючі наступні фактори: наявність навичок узгодження нових обставин (таких як новий геополітичний простір, економічні зв’язки, членство в організаціях, відкритість економіки, тощо) та навичок державного управління (таких як узгоджена взаємодія, тимчасова сумісність, тощо). На основі результатів дослідження встановлено, що реалізація даного процесу неможлива без трансформації освітнього процесу економічних спеціальностей на основі принципів інноваційного менеджменту. При цьому автор зазначає, що ефективна підготовка здобувачів вищої освіти потребує впровадження міждисциплінарних курсів, викладання історії економічного розвитку, економіки галузевих ринків, підприємництва та сучасних інформаційно-технологічних компонентів. Автор зазначає, що управління трансформацією освітнього процесу має бути спрямоване на підготовку конкурентоспроможних державних службовців, які спроможні досягти успіху як в теоретичній, так і в прикладній економіці. Отримані результати проведеного дослідження можуть бути використані у процесі стратегічного та оперативного планування. The paper has summarized the arguments for improvement of economic education in Georgia's High Educational Institutions. Systematization literary sources and approaches of research shows that in the period of transformation in Georgia the question on the role of government and the effectiveness has not been raised due to a number of factors, in particular, unprecedentedly high level of participation of the state during the socialist authoritarian system and the inefficient economic system, which as a negative experience is critically, discussed the academic circles and political elite; Dominant economic order in the world and in Georgia too, which aimed at spreading neoliberal ideas and thus restricted the role of government in the economy; Non-qualified and subjective judgments of the systemic reforms. Transformation process and its theory require revision and impartial evaluations; employment of public servants in key government positions who lack the skills of matching new circumstances (such as new geopolitical space, economic ties, membership in organizations, economic openness, etc.) and public governance skills (such as coordination, time-related compatibility) etc. Investigation of the topic brought to the conclusion that among the challenges of management of innovations in teaching economic science the important one is the issue of exploring and learning pluralist economic theories, offering interdisciplinary courses, teaching economic history, industrial economics, entrepreneurship and the modern information technological components, without which effective integration with the world market is unlikely. The process of implementing the innovative approach to teaching economic science should be aimed at preparing competitive employees who can perform successfully in the areas of both theoretical and applied economics. The results of the research can be useful for policymakers and conductors in the strategic and operational planning process.

Kiraz dünyada yetiştirme alanı geniş olan meyvelerden birisidir. Fakat ticari olarak üretimi Türkiye, ABD, Şili, Özbekistan, İspanya ve Kanada gibi ülkelerde yapılmaktadır. Kirazın küresel düzeyde en erken verilerine ulaşıldığı 1961 yılından 1980'li yıllara kadar üretiminde ve sınırlı da olsa ticaretinde ABD, Almanya, İtalya, SSCB, ve Fransa gibi ülkeler ön plandadır. Fakat 1980'li yıllarda hem kiraz yetiştiriciliği konusunda dünya çapında ilerlemeler kaydedilmesi hem de dış ticaretteki gelişmelerin etkisi ile Türkiye, Şili, ABD, Kanada, Özbekistan ve İspanya gibi ülkeler üretimde ve rekabette üstünlük sağlayıp ön plana çıkan ülkeler olmuştur.Yıllara ve mevsim şartlarına bağlı olarak üretim düzeyi değişmekle birlikte dünya kiraz üretiminde Türkiye açık ara lider konumda yer almaktadır. Coğrafi yapısı iklim şartları itibariyle kiraz üretiminde Türkiye avantajlı bir ülkedir. 1980 yılından itibaren kiraz yetiştiriciliğinde ve dış ticaretin serbestleşmesi konusunda olumlu gelişmelerin etkisi ile kiraz üretimi ve ticaretinde hızlı bir şekilde ön plana çıkmaya başlamıştır. Türkiye 2017 yılı itibariyle dünya kiraz üretiminin %25'ini karşılamaktadır. Fakat bu başarıyı henüz kiraz ihracatına yansıtamamıştır. Türkiye toplam dünya kiraz ihracatından sadece %5'lik pay almaktadır. Ayrıca Türkiye, kiraz üretiminin sadece %8-15'lik kısmını ihraç etmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada; Türkiye'nin kiraz ihacat piyasasındaki pazar gücü Yeni Endüstriyel Organizasyon yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir.1994-2017 dönemleri arasındaki yıllık veriler kullanılarak yapılan çalışmada; Hausman testi sonucunda eşanlılık ilişkisi elde edilemediğinden Görünürde İlişkisiz Regresyon (SUR) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan ekonometrik analiz sonucunda; Türkiye'nin kiraz ihracat piyasasındaki pazar gücü katsayısı, 0,18 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Dolayısıyla Türkiye kiraz ihracatının oligopolistik bir yapıya sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Pazar Gücü, Kiraz İhracatı, Yeni Endüstriyel Organizasyon Yöntemi, Eşanlı Denklem Sistemi, Türkiye Cherry is one of the fruits that has a large cultivation area in the world. However, it is commercially produced in countries such as Turkey, USA, Chile, Uzbekistan, Spain and Canada. Countries such as USA, Germany, Italy, USSR and France are in the forefront in the production and trade of cherries from 1961 when cherry is the earliest data on the global level to the 1980s. However, in the 1980s, countries such as Turkey, Chile, USA, Canada, Uzbekistan and Spain became prominent in production and competitiveness due to both the worldwide progress in cherry cultivation and the impact of foreign trade developments.Although production level changes depending on years and seasonal conditions, Turkey is the top producer of cherry in the world. Turkey is an advantageous country in cherry production thanks to its geographical structure and climatic conditions. Since the 1980s, with the effect of positive developments in cherry cultivation and liberalization of foreign trade, cherry production and trade in Turkey has started to come to the forefront quickly. As of 2017, Turkey met 25% of the world cherry production. However, this success has not yet been reflected in its cherry exports. Turkey has only a 5% share in the total world cherry export market. In addition, Turkey exports only 8-15% of its cherry production. Therefore, in this study; market power in Turkey's cherry export markets are analyzed using new methods of Industrial Organization.In the study that encompasses the 1994-2017 period with annual data, Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) method is used since Hausman test could not obtain simultaneity relationship. As a result of econometric analysis; market power of Turkey's cherry export market is calculated as 0.18. Therefore, Turkey is found to have an oligopolistic sutructure in cherry exports.Key Words: Market Power, Cherry Export, New Industrial Organization Method, Simultaneous Equation System, Turkey 154

Master's thesis in Industrial Economics After a drop in the oil price in 2014 -- 2016, the oil and gas industry renewed their focus on cost reduction. The use of real--time data has become commonplace, but one area lagging behind is financial data. Financial data are still mostly measured, treated, allocated and bundled together before being presented weeks later. The purpose of this thesis is to research how to make a real--time operating expenditure (opex) measurement system and its implications. The system is made for the offshore asset Ivar Aasen, which is a production platform located off the West Coast of Norway, bordering to the UK sector in the North Sea. Opex--analysis has shown that the selected focus elements of air transport, operations manning and maintenance manning accounts for 35% of the operating expenditure that are possible to influence on a daily basis on the Ivar Aasen production platform in 2018. Data is gathered from operating expenditure reports, input from subject matter experts and the process of creating such a system within Aker BP. Through the information gathered, and an iterative process with the data warehouse professionals, opex visualizations are made for increasing awareness of cost, with the possibility to drill down in data. The views are split in snapshots of today's opex, historical opex and short--term forecast of about seven days. The drill--down capabilities are created for time, employment types, associated companies and organizational units. It is too early to say how much the oil and gas industry can benefit from such visualizations, but based on similar approaches in other industries the possibility for opex reduction through awareness, interactive visualizations and analytical opex--tools are substantial.

In this work we use clustering techniques to identify groups of firms competing in similar technological markets. Our clustering properly highlights technological similarities grouping together firms normally classified in different industrial sectors. Technological development leads to a continuous changing structure of industries and firms. For this reason, we propose a data driven approach to classify firms together allowing for fast adaptation of the classification to the changing technological landscape. In this respect we differentiate from previous taxonomic exercises of industries and innovation which are based on more general common features. In our empirical application, we use patent data as a proxy for the firms&rsquo, capabilities of developing new solutions in different technological fields. On this basis, we extract what we define a Technologically Driven Classification (TDC). In order to validate the result of our exercise we use information theory to look at the amount of information explained by our clustering and the amount of information shared with an industrial classification. All-in-all, our approach provides a good grouping of firms on the basis of their technological capabilities and represents an attractive option to compare firms in the technological space and better characterise competition in technological markets.

Zagadnienie międzynarodowej konkurencyjności ma kluczowe znaczenie we współczesnej gospodarce światowej. Przy tym coraz większą popularność zyskuje przekonanie, że o konkurencyjności gospodarki narodowej decydują jej poszczególne sektory, które tę konkurencyjność kształtują. Celem artykułu jest określenie pozycji konkurencyjnej polskiego przemysłu meblarskiego za pomocą analizy statystycznej. Przeprowadzone badania wskazują, że Polska jest jednym z najszybciej rozwijających się pod względem poziomu produkcji rynków meblarskich w Unii Europejskiej. Potencjał produkcyjny branży sytuuje Polskę na wysokiej pozycji zarówno wśród producentów, jak i eksporterów. Ponadto zagregowane dane potwierdzają poprawę pozycji konkurencyjnej polskiej branży meblarskiej w badanym okresie. The issue of international competitiveness is crucial in today’s global economy. Moreover the belief that the competitiveness of the national economy is created by various sectors is gaining popularity. The aim of the article is to indicate the competitive position of the Polish furniture industry using statistical analysis. The study indicates that Poland is one of the fastest growing furniture markets in the European Union in terms of production levels. The production potential of the industry places Poland on a high position among manufacturers and exporters. In addition, aggregated data confirm the improvement in the competitive position of the Polish furniture industry in the analysed period.