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This research investigated the effect of light intensity and biofertilizer on the yield, which includes the production of indigo compounds and plant nutrient uptake. The study used a randomized complete block design with a split plot design with 4 levels of light intensity as the main plots and 4 levels of biofertilizer as a sub plots with 3 replications. The combination of light intensity and biofertilizer affects fresh weight, biomass and tissue nitrogen. The highest fresh weight and biomass was found at 100% light intensity with double inoculation of mycorrhizae and rhizobium. Whereas the highest tissue nitrogen was at 10% light intensity with double inoculation of mycorrhizae and rhizobium. The production of indigo affected by light intensity, ie at 10% light intensity indicates the highest indigo. Mycorrhizae and rhizobium have a synergistic relationship as biofertilizer in increasing plant yields and nutrient uptakes in 100% light intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging demand of natural indigo dye due to the environmental and sociological concerns imparted by the synthetic dye helps in leveraging the conventional natural indigo dye production process in many developing countries, including India. Despite having remarkable global market potential, the high price of natural indigo dye impedes its extensive commercialization. Therefore, in the present study, the economics of natural indigo dye is evaluated through life cycle cost (LCC) analysis by considering the traditional indigo dye production process in India using the plant biomass Indigofera tinctoria L. The life cycle model includes cultivation of Indigofera biomass, as well as the production and processing of indigo dye and the cost involved in each step. Along with the detailed cost analysis, the present study also includes socio-economic analysis and possibilities of cost reduction based on the outcome of sensitivity analysis. From the LCC analysis, the life cycle cost of Indigofera biomass cultivation is $420.74 ha−1 year−1, whereas the indigo dye production cost is $113 ton−1 of Indigofera biomass. For an annual dye production of 1000 tons, the present study estimated the economic stabilization of rural farmers and labours by an annual employment generation of 196,250 man-days year−1 and 12,50,000 man-days year−1, respectively. By sensitivity analysis, the raw material price was identified as the major contributor in the total indigo dye production cost. As a cost reduction measure, the combination of biomass yield (70 tons) and reduction in the biomass production cost (50%) was found to be suitable. Utilization of by-product generated from the dye industry into value-added products could contribute towards a cost reduction of 22% in the Indigofera biomass cultivation and a cost saving of $37.4 ton−1 of biomass in the indigo dye production cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appropriate and complete nutrition play very vital role in health. Protein is one of the important nutrients required for the body to carry out vital functions. Protein malnutrition is presently a serious problem in many developing and underdeveloped countries. It may be because of increased dependence on a cereals based diet or high cost non vegetarian foods. Domesticated legumes are the principal source of proteins for most of the population in the world. Wild relatives of domesticated legumes are always considered as a reservoir of nutritionally valuable constituents. Most of the wild relatives of legumes are relatively remaining unexplored. In the current investigation, some species of wild underexploited legume, Indigofera belongs to family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) are evaluated for nutritional and antinutritional characteristics. Major findings revealed that the total protein, total carbohydrate, reducing sugar and total free amino acid content were ranged from 106.10 ±0.26 to 150.76 ±0.65, 24.28±0.60 to 85.78±0.45, 57.53 ±0.55 to 122.46 ±0.45 and 9.6±0.64 to 24 ± 0.30 (mg/g of dry matter.) respectively. Antinutritional factor analysis showed that total free phenol and tannin content were ranged from 0.359 ± 0.56 to 0.861 ± 0.32 % and 0.459 ± 0.40 to 0.941 ± 0.26. % respectively. In view of the above fact, it will not be wrong to say that this wild legume can be a potent food source in the direction of providing nutrition as well as food security in economically poor section of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of intercropping systems is one of the ecological methods for controlling weeds due to maximization of soil cover and plant diversity. In order to study the effect of intercropping system of indigo (Indigofera tinctoria L.) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) on biodiversity, weeds population changes and plant yield an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of South Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Jiroft, Iran, during 2014-2015 growing season. Treatments were additive and replacement series of intercropping including: I100:H100, I100:H50, I50:H100, I50:H50 and monoculture of indigo and roselle. The results showed that the density and biomass of Amaranth, Cyprus and other weeds (Heliotropium europaeum L., Heliotropium europaeum L. and Portulaca oleracea L.) were significant by intercropping of indigo and roselle. Amaranth weed density in I100:H100, I50:H100 and I100:H50 were 57.44, 81.5 and 70.38%, respectively, lower than roselle monoculture. The highest of Cyprus weed density was in indigo and roselle monoculture and I50:H50 intercropping ratio. The density of other weeds in I50:H50, I50:H100, I100:H50 and I100:H100 ratio were 44.4, 48.2, 51.8 and 77.7 % lower than monoculture. Weed biomass in I100:H100, I10:H50 and I50:H100 ratio were decreased by 25.44, 23.38 and 15.98 % in comparison to monoculture, respectively. The highest yield of roselle (1114.2 kg/ha) and leaf dry weight (3016.7 kg/ha) of indigo was observed in I100: H100 ratio. The values of the land equivalent ratio (LER) in all of intercropping treatments were greater than unit and the highest LER belonged to H100: I100 treatment, indicating that intercropping system outperforms the monoculture in terms of crop productivity and hence weed control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was aimed at studying the in vitro ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of C18 fatty acids (FA) in mixtures of Indigofera zollingeriana and Brachiaria decumbens. Four combinations of experimental rations of I. zollingeriana : B. decumbens were tested i.e., IZ 1 (45%:45%), IZ 2 (60%:30%), IZ 3 (75%:15%), and IZ 4 (90%:0%). The remaining 10% in in each ration was rice bran. The experimental design was based on a completely randomized design with five replicates. Results revealed that there was a statistically significant difference (P<0.01) in the composition of C18 unsaturated FA (UFA) and saturated FA (SFA) for each in vitro incubation period of 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h. The highest accumulation of C18 UFA at 24 h was observed in the incubation of IZ 4 (19.87%). The BH of C18:3, C18:2, and C18:1 showed no differences (P>0.05). Composition of C18:0 after incubation showed a significant difference (P<0.01) with the lowest composition was observed in IZ 2 (22%). In conclusion, combination of I. zollingeriana and B. decumbens at different ratio has minor inhibition effect on BH of C18 UFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The objective of the paper is to comprehensively measure and evaluate the optimum feed utilization time of Indigofera amblyantha. 【Method】The content of conventional nutrient and phenolic substances of Indigofera amblyantha was determined at different growth stages to analyze the dynamic variation trend of these substances.【Result】The crude protein content in Indigofera amblyantha at flowering and pod bearing stage was 22.89 % and 21.6 % respectively and higher than at vegetative and maturity stage significantly. The crude fat content in Indigofera amblyantha at vegetative and flowering stage was 14.14 % and 14.66 % separately and higher than at pod bearing and maturity stage significantly. The content of crude ash and phosphorous in Indigofera amblyantha at flowering stage reached the maximum(11.24 % and 0.16 %). The acid detergent fiber content in Indigofera amblyantha at pod bearing stage was up to the maximum(29.08 %) and higher than at other growth stages significantly. The neutral detergent fiber content in Indigofera amblyantha at maturity stage was up to the maximum(18.09 %) and higher than at flowering stage significantly. The content of four phenol compounds is total phenols>tannin>condensed tannin>simple phenol. The tannin content in Indigofera amblyantha at vegetative, flowering, pod bearing and maturity stage was more than 5 %. The relative feed value and crude protein content of Indigofera amblyantha were the maximum at flowering stage.【Conclusion】The optimum feed utilization time of Indigofera amblyantha is at flowering stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of various combinations of tropical grass-legume species in rations on the biohydrogenation (BH) activity of unsaturated fatty acids (FAs), C18:0 composition, and fermentation profile in an in vitro rumen system. Materials and Methods: Samples of the following five fodder plants were used: One species of grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and four species of tree legumes (Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Calliandra calothyrsus, and Indigofera zollingeriana). The following eight experimental diets were evaluated: 50% P. purpureum + 50% L. leucocephala (LL I); 50% P. purpureum + 50% G. sepium (GS I); 50% P. purpureum + 50% C. calothyrsus (CC I); 50% P. purpureum + 50% I. zollingeriana (IZ I); 75% P. purpureum + 25% L. leucocephala (LL II); 75% P. purpureum + 25% G. sepium (GS II); 75% P. purpureum + 25% C. calothyrsus (CC II); and 75% P. purpureum + 25% I. zollingeriana (IZ II). Each ration was replicated 3 times. In vitro rumen incubation was performed for 48 h, according to the Tilley and Terry method. Determination of the FA profiles of the forage materials and rumen fluid samples was performed using gas chromatography. Results: The percentage of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) in the forage materials ranged from 34.18% (P. purpureum) to 74.51% (C. calothyrsus). The percentage of monounsaturated FA (MUFA) ranged from 5.06% (P. purpureum) to 8.71% (L. leucocephala). The percentage of saturated FA (SFA) was the lowest at 19.12% (C. calothyrsus) and highest at 60.76% (P. purpureum). In vitro BH of C18:3 n-3, C18:2 n-6, C18:1 n-9, and C18 PUFA in the experimental diets ranged from 72% to 100%. The BH of C18:1 n-9 in GS I (80%) and IZ I (72%) was significantly different (p<0.05). The percentage of C18:0 was 10-50% and significantly different (p<0.05) among treatments, with the highest (of 50%) in GS II. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in the fermentation parameters (pH, total volatile FAs, in vitro dry matter digestibility, and in vitro organic matter digestibility) among the treatments, except in NH3 concentration (p<0.05). Conclusion: The various combinations of tropical legumes do not have significant inhibitory effects on the BH of C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, and C18 PUFA after in vitro incubation for 48 h. Furthermore, an increase in the tropical legume ratio in the ration tends to suppress C18:0 formation after the fermentation simulation process. IZ I has the potential to reduce C18:1 n-9 (MUFA) disappearance and yield an ideal rumen fermentation profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the in vivo antioxidant activity of chloroform extract fractions of Indigofera barberi (whole plant) against paracetamolinduced toxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: For 7 days, rats were treated with different chloroform extract fractions and toxicity was induced with a single dose of paracetamol by intraperitoneal injection. The group of animals pretreated with 100 mg/kg p.o of fraction D of Indigofera barberi improved significantly in terms of hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and peroxidase activities, and glutathione levels compared to the control group. Results: The hepatic SOD, catalase, peroxidase activities, and glutathione levels in the animal groups treated with paracetamol were 33.6±0.09 µ/mg protein, 5.5±0.23 µ/mg protein, 0.131±0.15 µ/mL, and 46.1±5.81 µM, respectively. Hepatic SOD, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione in the fraction D treated group were 61.8±0.07 µ/mg protein, 10.6±0.16 µ/mg protein, 0.913±0.23 µ/mL, and 87.6±1.4 micro molar, respectively. Therefore, the present study revealed that fraction D of Indigofera barberi has significant in vivo antioxidant activity and can be used to protect tissue from oxidative stress. Conclusion: From the results, fraction D of Indigofera barberi at a dose of 100 mg/kg, p.o., improved the SOD, catalase and peroxidase activities, and glutathione levels significantly. Based on this study, we can conclude that fraction D of Indigofera barberi possesses in vivo antioxidant activity and can be employed in protecting tissue from oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Journal of Agricultural Sciences (YYU J Agr Sci) is the property of Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Methanol extract of Indigofera hirsuta, was evaluated for its antiradical potential and capacity in inhibiting lipoxygenase and aldose/aldehyde reductase enzymes. The ethyl acetate fraction derived from the methanol extract partition, showed the greatest antioxidant capacity, while the butanol was the strongest inhibitor of lipoxygenase enzyme. All fractions (diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, butanol and the aqueous residue) exhibited strong inhibition capacity of both aldose/aldehyde reductase enzymes, which comes in agreement with the ethnomedicinal plant utilization as an antidiabetic agent. LC-DAD-MS(ESIþ) fraction analysis verified the findings above, leading to a conclusion regarding the biological activities attributed to the main compounds. Phytochemical analysis led to the identification of an indolic dimer, cinnamic acids, phenolics, flavonoid glycosides, a cyclic polyol, the rare sugar 1-methyl-b-D-glucopyranoside and glycerol. Many of these compounds were isolated for the first time in Indigofera species while the indolic dimer was isolated for the first time in the Fabaceae family [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six natural polar glycosides were isolated and identified from indigofera stachyoides radix, they were identified as ß-sitosterol-D-glucoside (1), schizandriside (2), kaempferol-7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (3), 3,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (4), 2-methoxy-4-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-phenol-1-O-ß-D-glucopyrano-side (5) and 2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) ethyl 1-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (6). Meanwhile, four flavonoids including 7, 4'- dihydroxyl-3'-methoxyisoflavone (7), calycosin (8), 7-hydroxyl-4'-methoxyflavanone (9), maackiain (10) and one steroid compound, stigmasterol (11) were also reported herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species, Indigofera centralis Peter G. Wilson & Rowe (Fabaceae), is described and illustrated from Central Australia, west of the Finke Gorge National Park in the Northern Territory. It resembles some other inland species but differs most conspicuously by the relatively larger flowers. Relationships with other species are discussed and a key to pinnate species in the McDonnell Range Bioregion is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two additional species in the Indigofera haplophylla group are described. Indigofera brennanii Peter G. Wilson, is a recently discovered taxon that occurs on Groote Eylandt and in Limmen National Park on the adjacent mainland. Indigofera mbriolata Peter G. Wilson is a geographically isolated species that occurs in Bulleringa National Park, Queensland; it was formerly included in I. rupicola. Although both taxa are found in national parks, their conservation status has not been assessed. A revised key to the group is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coconut commodity is still one of the economic back-bone of society, especially Indonesia is currently the largest copra producer in the world. Farming systems applied in North Sulawesi eastern part of Indonesia is still an integrated land with industrial plantations such as coconuts that can be used for the development of forage crops. Ruminant productivity in Indonesia is determined by forages availability along the year. Mostly of forage fed to animals is derived from local grasses species which is low quality contains around 5% of crude protein (CP) lower than ideal protein content on ruminant diet. A kind of tropical grass namely Brachiaria humidicola well adapted under mature coconuts, persist under free grazing as practice by the farmers, drought resistant and good performance as tropical pasture but un fortune crude protein content of this grass fluctuated and in some case that content lower than minimum requirement in ruminant diet. Furthermore, carrying capacity pasture based on Brachiaria humidicola in coconut plantation able to provide only the needs of total digestible nutrient for cattle with body weight no exceed to 250 Kg. Therefore, to increase crude protein content needs nitrogen fertilizer application but costly and in some circumstance occurred negative impacts on the environment. Herbaceous legume integrated as mixed pasture failed to persist due to aggressiveness of this grass. On the other hand, there are some kind of tree legumes available in Indonesia i.e., Indigofera zollingeriana, highly relished by ruminant. This kind of tree legume alternate to replace Leucaena leucocephala which is susceptible to psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana) as kind of insect pests has been attack Leucaena all over the world. However, this Indigofera as single plant is widely studied in full sun environment, while growth and performance of this plant in shade conditions such as underneath mature coconut area has been reported yet, both in single plant or in mixed pasture with any tropical grasses. The aims of this research is to study the ability of I. zollingeriana tree legumes to produce leaves as source of protein and dry matter to enhance the carrying capacity of tropical pasture and the productivity of cattle integrated in coconut plantation. Since the efficiency of land use in producing nutrition for animal becomes an important issue in populated region, an evaluation of row spacing is needed to find an appropriate row spacing for planting Indigofera to produce the highest forage yield and quality. The purpose of the results of this research is to be a base line for the next research program to built a model of field ration formulation of integrated forages production under coconuts plantation. This study was conducted in the experimental station of Assessment Institute Agricultural Technology (AIAT) of North Sulawesi, located 12 km from Manado City. Experimental site receives an average rainfall of 2700 mm, and the distribution fairly even, except for the period of lower rainfall by 100-150 mm monthly, from July to September. The pH of the fertile sandy loam soil is around 6. Light transmission at 10.00 a.m on a sunny day as PAR underneath mature tall coconuts averaged 73%. This research consists of two experiments separately, from agronomic traits and animal nutrition aspect. Indigofera seeds sown on land that has been processed as a nursery. Seedling that have grown well are then moved into a 2.5 kg plastic bag that has already been filled with soil, one plant / plastic bag. After growing for 2 months in a plastic bag medium, the plant was then transferred to experimental site. Treatments were different of plant spacing configurations of I. zollingeriana on pasture based on B. humidicola. Three treatments of planting spacing (PS) namely PS1: 1.0 m x 0.5 m, PS2: 1.0 m x 1.0 m, and PS3: 1.0 m x 1. 5 m corresponding to the number of plants of 21, 12 and 9 plants per plot respectively, placed randomly to the experimental sites in a plot size of 3x4 meter and divided into 18 plots to accommodate those treatments, thereby 252 plants population has been used. Variable measured were forages yield and quality. Harvesting I. zollingeriana was done by cutting the plant sample one meter above ground level, then the leaves and stems are separated. Sample of B. humid cola was taken the plants in a square of 0.5 x 1.0 meter in the middle of each experimental plot. Five hundred grams of samples of both species were then dried in an oven at a temperature of 105 0C for 24 hours to get dry weight. For this morphological traits data analysis used a Completely Randomized Design consisting of 3 treatments of planting distance and 6 replications. Data were then statistically analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) by means of MINITAB (Version 16). Honestly Significance Difference (HSD) was applied to determine the difference among treatments. Differences were considered at P<0.05. From animal nutrition aspect studied has been done on dry mater intake, total digestible nutrients (TDN) and predicted carrying capacity. Forages material used for biological value evaluations the only take from the treatment planting spacing PS3 which have higher forages yield production. This value obtained from apparent digestible coefficient (ADC) of nutrients and finally total digestible nutrient (TDN). Total digestible collection methods have been used to determine the ADC of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract and nitrogen free extract. This trial has been done in two period of time, where 7 days as preliminary periods for adaptation the animals to the new rations and to stay individual in metabolic cages. The second period of 5 days as feces and intake data collecting. Total feeds on-offered and refused was measured each day during collecting periods, and drinking water for animal was available freely. At the present step of this research just only to study the contribution of I. zollingeriana to increase the carrying capacity of pasture based on B. humidicola, there by the feeding trial has been done separately between grass and legume leaves. Eight male goats with average body weight + 15 Kg has been used. Two treatments were arranged in4x4 Latin Square Block design. Data were analyzed statistically with Analysis of Variance Test (ANOVA). Results of this research from agronomic aspect of both forages species grown together on the space of land at planting spacing (PS)of I. zollingeriana1.5 x 1.5 meter showed dry matter yield higher than others PS treatments. From animal feeds point of view B. humidicola solely could provide dry matter, crude protein and TDN for cattle with body weight 250 Kg,and I. zollingeriana as well, but the latter provides crude protein almost double more than B. humidicola. Means that both species all together in the same space of land could provide animal feeds for cattle with higher body weight (BW) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commonly known natural dye substance processing for traditional clothes, such as batik and tenun (woven cloth) is fermentation. The fermentation process can specifically be continued with extraction to produce indigo paste. The process can be done mechanically, i.e. by stirring process, and chemically. In order to accelerate the production, manual process of aeration can be substituted with jet-spray aerator. The aerator prototype which has been developed is acrylic aerator tube with diameter of 240 mm and thickness of 5 mm. The tube was made 1 m long to provide with a sufficient space for indigo foam. Its bottom part is completed with spiral air hose having five small holes of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mm diameter uniformly located along the height of solution in the tube. The aerator was designed for the 10 litters of fermentation solution of 1 kilogram indigofera leaves. Based on the mass of indigo paste produced, the optimum working condition of the aerator is achieved on 3.8 m/sec air velocity and supply pressure of 2 bar with duration of 60 minutes. The aeration test indicated operational characteristic was quite good, i.e. Oxygen Transfer Rate (OTR) of 3.6 kg/hour, Aeration Efficiency (AE) of 4.8 kg/kWh and factual Oxygen Transfer Efficiency (OTE) of 44%.

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Indigofera zollingeriana is one of legumes has a great potential to be used as an animal feed having high quality nutrients and is tolerant to different environmental conditions. The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of different row spacings between individual plants on growth pattern, forage yield, and quality of I. zollingeriana. Field experiment was conducted at Field Laboratory of Agrostology, Faculty of Animal Science Bogor Agricultural University, during the growing season of 2015/2016. The 4 spacings levels used were 1 x 1.5 m; 1 x 1 m; 1 x 0.75 m; and 1 x 0.5 m. The treatment was arranged in a completely randomized block design, with 4 replicates. Variables in this research were plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, plant population for each plot, fresh and dry matter yields, and forage quality. The results showed that narrow plant spacing increased plant height, plant population, fresh and dry weights, dry matter yields, as well as NDF and β-carotene contents. The wider the plant spacing the greater the number of branches and leaves per plant. It was concluded that increasing plant population by narrowing plant spacing remained the most effective way to increase Indigofera forage yield without negative effects of it on nutritive values, i.e., crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ADF, and TDN.

This research was conducted to analyze the effect of legume wafer supplementation on the performance of post weaning Ettawa Grade goats. A total of 16 post weaning Ettawa Grade goats (average body weight 13.10±0.91 kg) were grouped into 4 group treatments and 4 blocks as replicate in a completely randomized block design. The treatments were T0 (basal diet/control), T1 (supplementation of 12.12% wafer supplement of Indigofera zollingeriana), T2 (supplementation of 13.54% wafer supplement of Leucaena leucocephala) and T3 (supplementation of 12.37% wafer supplement of Calliandra calothyrsus). The feed intake, nutrient digestibility, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (FE), and income over feed cost (IOFC) were observed. The results showed that supplementation of legume wafer increased (P

The experiment aimed to evaluate the production of nutrients by different varieties of sorghum grown with high valuable indigofera legume in intercropping system and to determine the suitable variety of sorghum that produced the highest nutrient in the system. The experiment was done at Jonggol Animal Science Teaching and Research Unit (UP3J) Jonggol, from November 2014 to March 2015. This experiment was conducted using completely randomized design with 2 factors (3 x 4) and 4 replications. The first factor was sorghum varieties (PATIR 3.2 (S1), PATIR 3.7 (S2), and CTY-33 (S3)). The second factor was indigofera composition (0% indigofera (I0), 30% indigofera (I1), 40% indigofera (I2), and 50% indigofera (I3)). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and HSD test. There was no interaction among varieties of sorghum and indigofera composition. Indigofera population of up to 50% in multiple cropping system had the highest (P

This research aimed to find out the growth and production of indigofera, lamtoro, and kaliandra in coconut plantations after defoliation. The study was conducted in Bulubete Village, South Dolo Subdistrict, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi. This study was conducted on 3 types of legumes, namely indigofera (Indigofera sp.), lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala), and calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus). Variables observed were plants height (TT) and fresh production yields (PS) on 30, 60, and 90 days. The results of data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed the average of fresh legumes production were harvested at the age of 90 days in 3 types of legumes: indigofera, lamtoro, and calliandra was 0.96 kg; 0.37 kg; 0.63 kg; and post fertilization reaches 5.50 to 7.66 kg; 0.78 to 2.22 kg; and 2.0 to 3.28 kg. It was concluded that the introduction of three legumes under coconut stands that were very adaptive was indogofera. This can be used as an alternative solution for the limitations of forage in te small farms. Â

Background: Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. is used as a folk medicine for treating patients with leukemia, however very little is known regarding the molecular mechanism of its anti-leukemic activity and the chemical profile of the active extract. The present study aimed to reveal the molecular effect of I. suffruticosa aerial parts extract (ISAE) on leukemia cells and its chemical constituents., Methods: Cytotoxicity of ISAE were determined by resazurin viability assay, multitox - Glo multiplex cytotoxicity assay, and Annexin V staining assay. Cell cycle profiles were revealed by propidium iodide staining assay. The effects of ISAE on G2/M arrest signaling and DNA damage were evaluated by Western blot assay and phospho-H2A.X staining assay. The chemical profile of ISAE were determined by tandem mass spectroscopy and molecular networking approach., Results: We showed that the acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line Jurkat cell was more responsive to ISAE treatment than other leukemia cell lines. In contrast, ISAE did not induce cytotoxic effects in normal fibroblast cells. Cell cycle analysis revealed that ISAE triggered G2/M arrest in Jurkat cells in dose- and time-dependent manners. Elevation of annexin V-stained cells and caspase 3/7 activity suggested ISAE-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, ISAE alone could increase the phosphorylation of CDK1 at Y15 and activate the ATR/CHK1/Wee1/CDC25C signaling pathway. However, the addition of caffeine, a widely used ATR inhibitor to ISAE, reduced the phosphorylation of ATR, CHK1, and CDK1, as well as G2/M arrest in Jurkat cells. Moreover, increased phospho-H2A.X stained cells indicated the involvement of DNA damage in the anti-leukemic effect of ISAE. Finally, qualitative analysis using UPLC-tandem mass spectroscopy and molecular networking revealed that tryptanthrin was the most abundant organoheterocyclic metabolite in ISAE. At equivalent concentrations to ISAE, tryptanthrin induced G2/M arrest of Jurkat cells, which can be prevented by caffeine., Conclusions: ISAE causes G2/M arrest via activating ATR/CHK1/CDK1 pathway and tryptanthrin is one of the active components of ISAE. Our findings provide subtle support to the traditional use of I. suffruitcosa in leukemia management in folk medicine., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Indigo is a widely used dye in various industries, such as textile, cosmetics, and food. However, traditional methods of indigo extraction and processing are associated with environmental and economic challenges. Fermentative production of indigo using microbial strains has emerged as a promising alternative that offers sustainability and cost-effectiveness. This review article provides a critical overview of microbial diversity, metabolic pathways, fermentation strategies, and genetic engineering approaches for fermentative indigo production. The advantages and limitations of different indigo production systems and a critique of the current understanding of indigo biosynthesis are discussed. Finally, the potential application of indigo in other sectors is also discussed. Overall, fermentative production of indigo offers a sustainable and bio-based alternative to synthetic methods and has the potential to contribute to the development of sustainable and circular biomanufacturing., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

The leguminous plant species, Indigofera linnaei and Indigofera spicata are distributed throughout the rangeland regions of Australia and the compound indospicine (L-2-amino-6-amidinohexanoic acid) found in these palatable forage plants acts as a hepatotoxin and can accumulate in the meat of ruminant livestock and wild camels. In this study, bovine rumen fluid was cultivated in an in vitro fermentation system provided with Indigofera spicata plant material and the ability of the resulting mixed microbial populations to degrade indospicine was determined using UPLC–MS/MS over a 14 day time period. The microbial populations of the fermentation system were determined using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and showed distinct, time-related changes occurring as the rumen-derived microbes adapted to the fermentation conditions and the nutritional substrates provided by the Indigofera plant material. Within eight days of commencement, indospicine was completely degraded by the microbes cultivated within the fermenter, forming the degradation products 2-aminopimelamic acid and 2-aminopimelic acid within a 24 h time period. The in vitro fermentation approach enabled the development of a specifically adapted, mixed microbial population which has the potential to be used as a rumen drench for reducing the toxic side-effects and toxin accumulation associated with ingestion of Indigofera plant material by grazing ruminant livestock.

Background: Indigo alkaloids, such as indigo, indirubin and its derivatives, have been identified as effective antiviral compounds in Baphicacanthus cusia. Evidence suggests that the biosynthesis of indigo alkaloids in plants occurs via the shikimate pathway. The enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) is involved in plant metabolism; however, its underlying putative mechanism of regulating the production of indigo alkaloids is currently unknown. Results: One gene encoding EPSPS was isolated from B. cusia. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that BcEPSPS was expressed at the highest level in the stem and upregulated by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. The results of subcellular localization indicated that BcEPSPS is mainly expressed in both the plastids and cytosol, which has not been previously reported. An enzyme assay revealed that the heterogeneously expressed BcEPSPS protein catalysed the generation of 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate. The overexpression of BcEPSPS in Isatis indigotica hairy roots resulted in the high accumulation of indigo alkaloids, such as indigo, secologanin, indole and isorhamnetin. Conclusions: The function of BcEPSPS in catalysing the production of EPSP and regulating indigo alkaloid biosynthesis was revealed, which provided a distinct view of plant metabolic engineering. Our findings have practical implications for understanding the effect of BcEPSPS on active compound biosynthesis in B. cusia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The focus on herbal plants as medicine is increasing rapidly because of their efficacy and less side effects. The medicinal plants are great alternative as they are renewable and non exhaustive resources. In India these medicinal plants have been part of the people's life dating back from centuries. Objectives: The present study is aimed to evaluate anatomical characterization of stem and root of Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa for the first time which can be used in the identification and standardisation of Indigofera tirunelvelica Sanjappa. Results: The stem and root of the plant were evaluated for their microscopic features. In that histochemical localisation of secondary metabolites and transverse section of stem and root were studied. The histochemical localisation result reveals the presence of terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and lignin were found in epidermal, cortical and xylem regions of the stem. Alkaloids, Terpenoids, phenols and lignin were found in the different areas of root. Conclusion: The present study thus emphasis the potentiality of the plant as a drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we describe the novel biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the extract of Indigofera oblongifolia (Hasr) leaves. The synthesized AgNPs were confirmed and characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). An extreme absorption was detected at a wavelength near 400 nm after the formation of AgNPs. FTIR determined the extract biomolecules responsible for the reduction of the synthesized AgNPs. An EDS signal at 3 keV confirmed the presence of the Ag signal using surface plasmon resonance. SEM and TEM revealed the generally circular shape of AgNPs with sizes ranging from 8 nm to 25 nm (average particle size 15 nm). The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was pronounced for all bacteria studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This research aimed to discover the chemical composition, as well as the content of the degradable and undegradable protein of the ruminant feed commonly used as cattle feed by Indonesian farmers. Materials and Methods: In this study, Pennisetum purpureum, Leucaena leucocephala, Indigofera zollingeriana, Gliricidia sepium, cassava, maize, palm kernel cake, and rice bran were used as feed. Chemical composition was determined by proximate and Van Soest analyses performed in triplicate. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility, as well as the rumen degradable proteins (RDP) and rumen undegradable proteins (RUP) contents, were determined in vitro using the Tilley and Terry method. Results: The results showed that more proteins can be obtained from legumes than from grass or concentrates. The highest protein amount was obtained from I. zollingerian (31.22%), while the lowest protein amount was obtained from cassava (3.59%). Dry matter digestibility ranged from 18.53% (rice bran) to 49.21% (G. sepium). Organic matter digestibility ranged from 35.71% (cassava) to 59.57% (I. zollingerian). Rice bran had the highest RDP from concentrate (73.26%), whereas I. zollingerian had the highest RDP from forage (74.72%). The highest RUP from concentrate was obtained from palm kernel cake (61.01%), and the highest RUP from forage was obtained from L. leucocephala (49.23%). Conclusion: The preparation of ruminant livestock rations must be based on RDP and RUP to meet the needs of both the rumen microbes and host animals. Information regarding the RDP and RUP of feeds is still limited, making this study useful in the preparation of ruminant livestock rations based on RDP and RUP ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Plants are a source of inspiration for the development of a novel drug compound. It cures many diseases such as skin disease, snake bite, swelling, burns, and diabetes. The free radicals caused by oxidative stress leads to the development of chronic and degenerative diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, aging, cataract, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. In this regard, bioactive compound analysis of selected plants was carried out. Phytochemical analysis, evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of plants, namely Indigofera aspalathoides (Aerial Part), Phyllanthus emblica (Fruit), and Phaseolus vulgaris (Seed) was carried out to deduce the concentration and activity of methanol and aqueous extracts. The screening of plant parts showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, proteins, and quinines. The screened plant extracts were used for the evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial property. The results showed potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in P. emblica extracts, I. aspalathoides extracts showed moderate antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Thus, this research will pave a way to the discovery of potential lead compound as a step toward an alternative cure for cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural indigo dye from biogenic materials is an alternative to synthetic indigo that pollutes the environment. Indigo production from the Indigofera tinctoria plant is in practice since ancient time through biomass fermentation in water. Maximum indigo yield depends on complete release of indigo precursor indican from plant biomass during fermentation. In this study, we assessed the role of fungal elicitors on indigo dye yield during biomass fermentation using three strains namely; Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma reesei and Sclerotium rolfsii. Fungal extracts were prepared from fungal mycelia, raised separately on Potato Dextrose agar medium and extracted in a buffer solution containing 1N HNO3 plus 1N NaOH. The extracts were added to fermentation water in 1, 5 and 10% doses (v/v) separately during biomass fermentation keeping other parameters for fermentation and further processing for dye production fixed. Indigo yield with 10% A. niger extract was 1.56% (w/w), which was higher in comparison to control 0.45% (w/w). A. niger extract at 10% enhanced indigo yield up to 3.5 times compared to control, and 2.7 and 2.1 times, respectively to other two cultures [T. reesei (0.58% w/w) and S. rolfsii (0.93% w/w)] used at the same concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Indospicine is a natural toxin occurring only in Indigofera plant species, including the Australian native species I. linnaei. These perennial legumes are resistant to drought and palatable to grazing livestock including cattle. Indospicine accumulates in the tissues (including muscle) of animals grazing Indigofera and these residues persist for several months after exposure. Dogs are particularly sensitive to indospicine with reports in past decades of hepatotoxicosis and mortalities in dogs after dietary exposure to indospicine-contaminated horse and camel meat. The risk for human consumption is not known, and the current study was undertaken to assess indospicine levels in cattle going to slaughter from divergent regions of Western Australia, and to predict the likelihood of significant residues being present. Muscle and corresponding liver samples from 776 cattle originating from the Kimberley and Pilbara Regions in the tropical north of the state, where I. linnaei is prevalent, and 640 cattle from the South West and South Coast Regions in the temperate south west of the state, where the plant is not known to occur, were collected at abattoirs over four seasons in 2015–2017. Indospicine levels were measured by LC-MS/MS and ranged from below detection to 3.63 mg/kg. No indospicine residues were detected in any of the animals originating from the South West and South Coast Regions. Prevalence of indospicine residues in cattle from the Kimberley Region was as high as 33% in spring and 91% in autumn, with positive animals being present in most consignments and on most properties. The average prevalence of indospicine residues from the Kimberley and Pilbara Regions throughout the survey period was 63%. @Risk best fit probability distributions showed ninety-fifth percentile (P95) indospicine concentrations of 0.54 mg/kg for muscle and 0.77 mg/kg for liver in cattle originating from the Kimberley and Pilbara Regions during the survey period. When considered with average Australian meat consumption data, the estimated consumer exposure from this P95 muscle was 0.32 μg indospicine/kg bw/day, which compared favourably with our calculated provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) of 1.3 μg indospicine/kg bw/day. However canine exposure is of potential concern, with active working dog exposure calculated to exceed this PTDI by a factor of 25, based on a P95 indospicine concentration of 0.54 mg/kg in muscle. Highlights • The hepatotoxin indospicine accumulates in tissues of animals grazing Indigofera. • Indospicine detected in meat of cattle from Indigofera regions collected at abattoir. • @Risk modelling employed to determine risk to human and canine consumers. • Measured indospicine levels were higher in autumn than in spring abattoir collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigofera monieriana M.Pignal & L.P.Queiroz, sp. nov. and Indigofera dumbeana M.Pignal & L.P.Queiroz, sp. nov., two new species from New Caledonia, are described and illustrated. Both new species have been collected for a long time, but most herbarium specimens were named as the Australian species Indigofera australis, even though they clearly stand apart from this species and the other New Caledonian species of the genus. Indigofera monieriana can be diagnosed by the tall virgate shrubby habit, leaves with an articulate rachis and 7-11 widely obovate to orbiculate leaflets with greyish undersurface and almost invisible venation. Indigofera dumbeana can be recognized by the arborescent habit, leaves with 15-19 elliptical leaflets, small, c. 6 mm long flowers, and ellipsoid seeds. Preliminary IUCN assessments are provided for both species. A key is provided for all species of Indigofera recorded from New Caledonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic relationship among twenty accessions of Indigofera tinctoria using PCR based random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers was assessed. Forty decamer primers were screened for their efficiency using the isolated DNA, of which twenty two yielded amplification products. Based on the reproducibility of the bands, level of polymorphism, number and intensity of bands produced the primers OPA-10, OPB-3, OPB-5 and OPB-10 were selected for further PCR amplification and statistical analysis. A total of 26 RAPDs were obtained from the four selected primers, of which 17 were polymorphic. The overall similarity coefficients ranged from 0.28 to 1.0. At a similarity coefficient of 0.46, the twenty accessions grouped into two clusters, accession IT 13 with least similarity coefficient forming a separate cluster, and all the others grouped into a large cluster. The study demonstrated the usefulness of RAPD markers in effectively assessing the genetic relationship among the Indigofera tinctoria accessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate chemical composition, in vitro fermentation and digestibility of dried and ensiled indigofera, papaya and moringa leaves. The leaves were subjected to artificial drying in an oven at 60oC for 24 h and ensiling treatment for 30 d under room temperature. Dried and ensiled samples were determined for chemical composition, silage fermentation characteristics and in vitro rumen fermentation and digestibility. The experimental design was a factorial design 3 × 2 in which the first factor was different leaves (indigofera, papaya and moringa) and the second factor was conservation treatments (drying and ensiling). Determination of chemical composition was performed in duplicate whereas in vitro evaluation was conducted in three replicates. Results showed that ensiling treatment decreased CP contents of indigofera and moringa but not papaya leaves. Ensiling also decreased NDF and NDICP contents of all experimental leaves in comparison to drying treatment. The pH of all silages was high and they were characterized with high ammonia concentrations. Ensiled indigofera tended to have lower IVDMD and IVOMD as compared to dried indigofera (P<0.1). It can be concluded that ensiling of high protein forages leads to considerable extent of proteolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigo yielding plant species were important economic crops historically in China. Natural indigo extracted from indigo yielding plant species is benefits to health because of its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. However, natural indigo extraction methods are struggling to disappear with the constant input of chemically synthesized indigo. Recent years, with the global awareness for environment protection and bio-diversity, the demand of sustainable natural indigo is increasing and thus the researches of the indigo yielding plant species are getting more and more attention. Based on literature research, we briefly introduce the species and distribution areas of indigo yielding plant species distributed in China, and comb the development of China's traditional folk-indigo manufacturing process. We focus on the chemical pigments formation of indigo process and the present situation of process inheritance in China. Finally, we discussed the problems that exist. The results are as following: there are only 5 indigo yielding plant species still in use nowdays while 10 species and varieties indigo yielding plant species were documented in China; China's traditional folk-indigo manufacturing process has been evolved from direct dip dyeing method into solid and liquid fermentation methods. However, only liquid fermentation method survives nowadays. The pigments of indigo and indirubin are formed when the precursors of indigo yielding plant species undergo a serious of chemical reactions during the indigo process. The selection of indigo yielding plant species, temperature, fermentation duration, pH and dissolved oxygen concentration are directly or indirectly related to indigo yield. Although the research of indigo yielding plant species has made some progress, the botanical provenance of historical indigo plant species, the identification of germplasm resources and the reconstruction of the traditional folk-indigo manufacturing process need further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of the addition of tannin extract to Moringa and Indigofera leaf silages on their chemical composition, silage quality characteristics, and in vitro rumen fermentation parameters and digestibility. Materials and Methods: Moringa and Indigofera leaves were cut (3 cm length) and added with either 0, 2, or 4% chestnut tannin in three replicates. The leaves were then inserted into lab-scale silos (1 L capacity) and kept for 30 days. Silage samples were subjected to silage quality determination, chemical composition analysis, and in vitro rumen fermentation and digestibility evaluation using a gas production technique. Data obtained were subjected to the analysis of variance with a factorial statistical model in which the first factor was different silage species and the second factor was tannin addition levels. Results: Tannin addition at 4% dry matter (DM) increased neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) and acid detergent insoluble CP (ADICP) of Indigofera silage. A similar response was observed in Moringa silage, but it required less tannin, i.e., 2% DM to increase its NDICP and ADICP. Moringa silage had lower pH than that of Indigofera silage (p<0.05), and tannin addition did not change pH of both Indigofera and Moringa silages. Higher addition level of tannin decreased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia concentrations of both Indigofera and Moringa silages (p<0.05). A higher level of tannin addition reduced ruminal total VFA concentration, ammonia, in vitro DM digestibility, and in vitro organic matter digestibility of Indigofera and Moringa silages (p<0.05). Tannin addition also decreased ruminal methane emission of both Indigofera and Moringa silages (p<0.05). Conclusion: Tannin extract can reduce proteolysis of high protein silage from Moringa and Indigofera leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture has played a central role in Africa's long‐term economic development. Previous research has argued that the low productivity of African economies has posed significant challenges to African efforts to produce an agricultural surplus or to develop commercial agriculture. Low agricultural productivity has also served as a key explanation for the transatlantic slave trade, on the basis that it was more profitable to export humans overseas than to grow and export produce. However, the field has suffered from a lack of comparable empirical evidence. This article contributes to this field by presenting quantitative data on historical land and labour productivity in Africa, from a case study of the agricultural productivity of Senegambia in the early nineteenth century. Focusing on five key crops, our results suggest that both land and labour productivity was lower in Senegambia than it was in all other parts of the world for which we have found comparable data. This article thus lends support to claims that stress ecological factors as one of the main determinants of Africa's historical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was intended to investigate the presence of phytoconstituents in the bulbs of Narcicuss tazetta, flowers of the plant Nymphaea mexicana, and roots of Indigofera heterantha. The present study provides evidence that methanolic extracts of Narcicuss tazetta, Nymphaea mexicana and Indigofera heterantha contain important compounds with marked bioactivity. Maximum phenolic content was observed in Nymphaea mexicana and maximum flavonoid content was observed in extract of Indigofera heterantha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (IH-AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Indigofera hisruta L. The biosynthesized IH-AgNPs were found to be FCC crystals, 5-10 nm in size, spherical in shape and stable. The biosynthesized IH-AgNPs showed dose-dependant cytotoxicity against prostate cancer (PC3) (IC50 = 68.5 μg/mL), colon cancer (COLO205) (IC50 = 85.2 μg/mL), and mouse melanoma (B16F10) (IC50 = 80.9 μg/mL). IH-AgNPs were found to be nontoxic towards normal CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells. The biosynthesized IH-AgNPs showed effective in vitro antioxidant activity against DPPH (IC50 = 63.43 μg/mL) and H2O2 (IC50 = 89.93 μg/mL) radicals. IH-AgNPs exhibited effective antibacterial activity against both Gram+ve and Gram-ve bacteria. MIC values of IH-AgNPs against S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and E. coli were found to be 7.8 μg/mL, 3.9 μg/mL, 15.6 μg/mL and 15.6 μg/mL respectively. IH-AgNPs also showed inhibitory activity against fungal pathogens including C. albicans, C. nonalbicans and C. tropicalis. Considering the results together, we demonstrate that IH-AgNPs exhibits three different bioactivities (3-in-1 system) and they could be employed as future antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer agents/drug delivery vehicles in the field of biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Indigofera caerulea fruits from Djibouti were investigated. • Indigofera caerulea fruits have shown antibacterial and antioxidant activities. • Thin-layer chromatography-mass spectrometry coupling is used for analysis. • Rutin, methyl gallate and gallic acid were the major phenolic compounds. • Methyl gallate showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Abstract Leaves and fruits of Indigofera caerulea , an endemic plant from Djibouti, are used in the traditional medicine to treat infectious diseases. However, there are no documented scientific reports on phytochemistry and antimicrobial properties of the fruit of this species. For the first time, the chemical compounds and the evaluation of the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Indigofera caerulea Rox fruits were investigated. The hexane and methanolic extracts showed a significant activity against both Staphylococcus aureus with a Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 256 and 128 μg/mL, respectively, and Enterococcus faecalis with a MIC of 128 μg/mL for the two extracts. The methanolic and acetone extracts showed effective free radical scavenging activities in 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays, while only the methanolic extract revealed the best ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP). The highest amount of both total polyphenolic content and total flavonoid content were detected in the methanolic extract (818.14 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and 102.10 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g, respectively). About the phytochemistry of this extract, two phenolic compounds and three flavonoids were identified rapidly by HPTLC-MS, confirmed by NMR and quantified. Also, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and benzoic acid were identified by HPLC. Methyl gallate, the major compound isolated from the methanolic extract, showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus (MIC: 64 μg/mL). Twelve compounds were identified in hexane extract where fatty acids comprised 95.1% and steroids 3.5%. Thus, I. caerulea fruits could serve as a bio-based material for antioxidants and antibacterial compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tom-toman (Indigofera) plants are popular among batik and weavers' community in Indonesia for long time ago as one of natural dyes. The etnobotany of Indigofera need to be analyzed by considering the indigenous knowledge of people who know and utilize the plants since ancient period, and passed the knowledge from their ancestors. This study aims to explore information of etnobotany of Indigofera in the world and particularly in Indonesia. The information of its botany found from old manuscripts and literatures, which furtherly compared with morpohologycal observation. Some samples of Indigofera found in Flores and Java were determined, and matched with the characteristics that had been released by several well-known botanists. It can be said that indigenous people had developed adequate skills on how to name the plants, distinguish the species, and utilize for daily purposes. The indigenous naming system was built based on fenotyphic characters.

Tanaman Indigofera yang terdapat di beberapa daerah di persada nusantara (Jawa, Bali, Kalimantan, Sumatera dll) menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia mempunyai potensi SDA yang melimpah yang dikaitkan dengan perbendaharaan sumber pewarna alami. Sementara itu telah dilakukan percobaan pengambilan zat warna indigo dari daun dan ranting tanaman liar Indigofera tinctoria secara fermentasi dingin. Dalam daun dan ranting tanaman Indigofera terdapat zat warna alam yang mengandung senyawa indigoida dengan struktur >N-H dan kromofor gugus carbonyl (>C == 0).Daun dan ranting tanaman Indigo/era segar direndam dalam air dengan perbandingan 1: 5. Ekstrak larutan dibuat suasana alkalis dengan penambahan kapur untuk mengendapkan indigo.Dari hasil percobaan ternyata bahwa kondisi optimum pembuatan pasta indigo dari daun segar tanaman Indigofera tinctoria adalah pada penggunaan kapur/alkali 30 g/kg daun, dengan waktu fermentasi antara 24 - 48 jam (24 jamDengan memvariasikan jenis dan dosis reduktor untuk melarutkan kembali pasta indigo dan kemudian digunakan untuk mewarnai serat katun dan sutera ternyata kesempurnaan proses reduksi pasta indigo dan hasil pewarnaan terbaik (baik sutera maupun katun) dicapai oleh larutan pewarna yang menggunakan reduktor gula merah sejumlah berat pasta. Hasil pewarnaan diuji ketahanan luntur warnanya terhadap pencucian, gosokan, keringat asam dan sinar matahari yang menghasilkan ni/ai baik (4 - 5).Tanaman Indigofera yang terdapat di beberapa daerah di persada nusantara (Jawa, Bali, Kalimantan, Sumatera dll) menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia mempunyai potensi SDA yang melimpah yang dikaitkan dengan perbendaharaan sumber pewarna alami. Sementara itu telah dilakukan percobaan pengambilan zat warna indigo dari daun dan ranting tanaman liar Indigofera tinctoria secara fermentasi dingin. Dalam daun dan ranting tanaman Indigofera terdapat zat warna alam yang mengandung senyawa indigoida dengan struktur >N-H dan kromofor gugus carbonyl (>C == 0).Daun dan ranting tanaman Indigo/era segar direndam dalam air dengan perbandingan 1: 5. Ekstrak larutan dibuat suasana alkalis dengan penambahan kapur untuk mengendapkan indigo.Dari hasil percobaan ternyata bahwa kondisi optimum pembuatan pasta indigo dari daun segar tanaman Indigofera tinctoria adalah pada penggunaan kapur/alkali 30 g/kg daun, dengan waktu fermentasi antara 24 - 48 jam (24 jamDengan memvariasikan jenis dan dosis reduktor untuk melarutkan kembali pasta indigo dan kemudian digunakan untuk mewarnai serat katun dan sutera ternyata kesempurnaan proses reduksi pasta indigo dan hasil pewarnaan terbaik (baik sutera maupun katun) dicapai oleh larutan pewarna yang menggunakan reduktor gula merah sejumlah berat pasta. Hasil pewarnaan diuji ketahanan luntur warnanya terhadap pencucian, gosokan, keringat asam dan sinar matahari yang menghasilkan ni/ai baik (4 - 5).