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Automation of the distribution system may be an essential requirement in the smart grid architecture. In this paper, the architecture of the distribution system has been proposed, where Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) has been placed at the main substation receiving supply from the grid through the incoming feeder, as well as at all distribution transformers (DTs). PMU installed at the main substation is linked to master controller through IEC 61850. PMUs placed at DTs are connected to the corresponding local controller through the IEC 61850. Estimated voltage and current phasors together with frequency are transmitted from PMU to the local controller through IEC 61850 communication protocol. Controllers perform different tasks based on the data received from PMUs. Each local controller is linked to master controller as well as to all smart meters placed at loads supplied by the DT. Bidirectional exchange of information takes place between master and local controllers as well as between local controller and smart meter. PMUs are also linked with the smart meters using PLC communication link. In this paper, information about the available power at the substation and at the distribution transformer is developed in real-time with the help of PMU by considering the load disconnection/connection based on available power (from time t = 0.56sec to time t = 0.75sec), protection of feeder against overcurrent (from time t = 0.15sec to time t = 0.20sec), and power theft detection and elimination (from time t = 0.21sec to time t = 0.23sec) through eMEGASim® OP5600 OPAL-RT real-time simulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart grid is the nexus of advanced information and communication technologies and legacy power systems. With increasing awareness on the vulnerabilities of smart grids to cyberattacks, cybersecurity is becoming a prime concern. Earlier, it was assumed that the power system communication protocols are very specialized and different, so the “security by obscurity” approach would be sufficient. However, with the standardization of communication protocols for power utilities and the emergence of the power market, this approach is no longer valid. IEC 62351 Standard has been published to provide security recommendations for different power system communication protocols including IEC 61850. IEC 61850 is emerging as the most promising and popular power system communication standard. Therefore, in this article, a detailed analysis of security threats, possible attacks, and security requirements for IEC 61850 communication is presented. Building on this, the security considerations presented in IEC 62351 for securing different IEC 61850 messages, such as generic object-oriented substation events (GOOSE), sampled values (SV), routable-GOOSE, routable-SV, and manufacturing message specification messages have been presented in great detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software power protection tester implemented in a real-time operating system (RTOS) might replace the conventional testing setups in IEC 61850 protection systems. This paper describes an open power protection testing platform. Linux RT capabilities related to runtime environment for such a tester are examined and OS latency sources are identified and evaluated. An algorithm for a multithreaded tester operation is proposed, including Sampled Values (SV) publisher, GOOSE input/output and time synchronization. SV and GOOSE services implemented in RT Linux environment are evaluated in accordance with IEC 618505 transfer time requirements. Linux PTP time synchronization service of two similar systems controlling its electrical ports is evaluated in different synchronization scenarios. The developed tester is compared to an equivalent conventional setup during the test of IED over-current function. The conducted tests show that the Linux implementation of power protection tester in the case of scheduler latency, time synchronization accuracy and transfer time all meet the requirements of IEC 61850. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automation in power generation, distribution and transmission has advanced from a semi-automated to fully autonomous approach. This work presents some of the implementations of a transmission and distribution transformer monitoring model for the creation of a management system of these assets, whose topology was elaborated based on IEC 61850. The implementation incorporates the creation of two new LN ' s,: (B) - Diagnosis of the Degradation of the Isolation System of Transformers; (E) - Life Expectancy of the Isolation System of Transformers, post asset recovery action. In order to subsidize the structure of the new LN's Groups, a pilot asset management system was implemented for two transformers from Copel Transmissão e Distribuição (Pilarzinho Substation in Curitiba, Paraná). In this work two new LN's were proposed for groups (B) and (E) respectively: "Degradation of the Transformer Isolation System (paper-oil) - BIOP", and "Remaining Utility Life of the Transformer Insulation System - ELTR ". These LNs were used in the experimental electronic area (IEDs) of the pilot project area, using the Hadrom Xtorm Remote Terminal Unit (ALTUS, IEC 61850 compatible) and evaluated and validated in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In electrical power systems, the overcurrent relays (ANSI/IEEE 50/51) are widely used for protection, and it is one of the main alternatives for identifying system faults. In radial systems supplied by a single source, protection and selectivity can be achieved using the traditional techniques based on time-current curves coordination. However, in a system with multiple sources and operational conditions, traditional techniques are not sufficient to obtain selectivity. This paper presents an adaptative protection system which, based on IEC 61850, adjusts the protection to changes in the power system. The proposal uses a communication network to change the overcurrent settings according to the sources in operation. The performance of the proposed system was evaluated in a case study. The system is composed of five independent power supplies, a utility and four cogeneration units with different rated power; thus 15 combinations of sources are possible during islanding conditions. The results demonstrate that the proposal can provide the selectivity of the system in any operational condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a power swing detection algorithm in multi-machine power systems, which uses wide-area synchrophasor measurements and is based on Zubov’s stability boundaries. Zubov’s boundary method, an approximation of the famous Lyapunov function, is very common for numerical analyses of power system stability. This work extends the concept of Zubov’s approximation boundaries to online protection applications. First, the proposed protection algorithm constructs a series of Zubov’s stability boundaries on power angle–frequency ($\delta$ – $\omega$) plane for generators based on real-time measurements from phasor measurement units/merging units. Then, it tracks the trajectory of each generator in the $\delta$ – $\omega$ plane after the disturbance to differentiate out-of-step (OOS) conditions from stable swings. The proposed approach is suitable for online applications, which is a significant improvement over the existing methods for swing detection since it does not require offline studies and network reduction. Effectiveness of the proposed method is shown using a single-machine infinite bus and New-England 10-machine 39-bus systems. The proposed method is also implemented in a hardware-in-the-loop setup with a customized IEC 61850-based OOS relay, and performance is compared with a commercially available relay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulations and modeling of communication networks (co-simulation platforms) is a powerful testbed for development and validation of relay protection schemes utilizing communication links especially for applications in Smart Grids. This paper introduces laboratory tests in such environment of a new protection scheme for medium voltage networks with distributed generation. It is based on impedance measurements with compensation of remote infeed currents and high fault resistances. Since the scheme utilizes multi-terminal measurements, a communication network emulator has been developed to model Ethernet network impairments. The test method uses Monte-Carlo approach for evaluation of protection dependability. The results demonstrate enhancement of impedance relay performance compared to the conventional protection. Moreover, fault location capability is preserved with sufficient accuracy. Nevertheless, communication network imperfections, such as jitters and data loss, deteriorate scheme functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IEC 61850 is poised to be the communication standard of the future power networks. Due to its historical evolution, it focuses on substation automation and modeling its entities. There have been recent extensions in the standard's modeling to include other grid equipment as well as distributed generators. However, the configuration of the communication network, as it is outlined in IEC 61850-6, is very substation-focused and cannot be used for microgrids. The microgrid network is a wide-area network with multiple distributed generations (DGs) cannot be configured in a manner similar to a substation communication network detailed in IEC 61850-6. This is because the enhanced system configuration description language (SCL) files cannot be exchanged with each DG while this is not an issue for substation modeling. Also, this would result in multiple copies of enhanced SCL files and is not feasible to implement. Thus, there is a need to develop a process for configuring IEC 61850 based communication networks at the microgrid level. This paper proposes a central configurator and a step-by-step configuration procedure for modeling microgrids according to IEC 61850. Such a configurator assists in connecting IEDs in different locations and updates the system with the new deployment. The process is shown with a centralized microgrid protection scheme by employing a microgrid-level system configurator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The substation automation technologies are considered as the highlights points to innovation with the researchers and electric companies, which resulted in the development of numerous protocols and standards. The high voltage substation control system is considered as one of the main challenges to reach the optimum operating system. In the past, it's difficult to re-install the protection or control relay by a different manufacturer, to avoid the log-off the communication with the substation control system. The International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC) 61850 protocol is a new technique for the communication and remote control of the Substation Automation System (SAS). IEC 61850 protocol is a more flexible communication system for control, fast for operation, high accuracy measurements and interoperability between many different manufactures Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs). The Generic Object-Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) is the light important function in IEC 61850 protocol to represent a status function from the remote IEDs to operates in the local IEDs. This paper discusses the substation automation system control depending on the IEC 61850 communication protocol for the optimum automation system. The simulation in this paper has been validated with 220.0 kV transmission line and 220.0/66.0 kV power transformer to discusses the actual operating system for control, alarms, status, and measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to reliability analysis in power systems with the main mission on safely and securely withstanding credible contingencies in day-to-day operations, resilience assessments are centered on high-impact low probability (HILP) events in the grid. This paper proposes an autonomous load restoration architecture founded on IEC 61850-8-1 GOOSE communication protocol to engender an enhanced feeder-level resilience in active power distribution grids. Different from the past research on outage management solutions, most of which 1) are not resilience-driven; 2) are reactive solutions to local single-fault events; and 3) do not address both network built-in flexibilities and flexible resources. The proposed solution harnesses 1) the imported power and flexibility from the neighboring networks; 2) distributed energy resources; and 3) vehicle to grid capacity of electric vehicles aggregations to enhance the feeder-level resourcefulness for agile response and recovery. Through real-time self-reconfiguration strategies, the suggested solution is capable of coping both single and subsequent outage events, and will engender a heightened resilience before and during the contingency period. Moreover, a resilience evaluation framework, which quantifies the contribution of all resources involved in service restoration, is developed. Real-time performance of the designed architecture is evaluated on a real-world power distribution grid using a real-time hardware-in-the-loop platform. Numerical case studies through a number of diverse scenarios demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed restoration solution in practicing an enhanced resilience in power distribution systems in response to HILP scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a data-centric communication framework is proposed for multicast routable generic object-oriented substation event (GOOSE) messages (MRGM) over the wide area network (WAN) for effective substation-to-substation (SS2SS) and substation to control center (SS2CC) communications. In this structure, the IEC 61850 GOOSE message is transmitted over the WAN using the data distribution service (DDS) as a fast, reliable, and secure data-centric communication middleware. The main feature of this framework is its multicast capability, where several authorized subscribers can receive a published message simultaneously. This can significantly improve the system monitoring and control of the protection systems in modern smart grids, where intelligent schemes can be applied. The effectiveness of the proposed platform, in terms of total end-to-end delay between participants, is evaluated through experimental results obtained from the actual hardware-based test setup developed at the Florida International University (FIU) smart grid testbed. The results demonstrate that the latency between sending and receiving a GOOSE message among participants is within its maximum time span defined by the IEC 61850-90-5 working group for communications over the WAN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Smart grid is a cyber-physical system with a high level of complexity due to its decentralized infrastructure. IEC 61850 and IEC 61499 are two industrial standards that can address the challenges introduced by the smart grid on the substation automation level. Development of smart grid automation software is a very time-consuming process due to the need to address many requirements and a high degree of customization in every new substation, which limits the adoption of such smart grid technologies in digital substations. This article aims at addressing this limitation by applying a semiformal boilerplates (BPs) model of functional requirements originally presented in informal natural language. The BPs are then modeled formally in an ontology for model-driven engineering (MDE) model transformation. The contribution of this article is the development of the semiformal and formal BP representation in the form of ontology to formulate smart grid requirements and demonstrating how functional requirements can be translated to IEC 61499 control codes using MDE to autogenerate an IEC 61499 protection and control system with structure and control flow. The MDE framework augmented with the requirement models is illustrated in a case study from the International Council on Large Electric Systems representing different stages of modeling in the proposed framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores RS-485, Ethernet interfaces performance, quality of communication channels, currently used for the organization of information collection and transmission substations. It is suggested to use GPON-based passive optical network technology as a solution to the existing problem of electromagnetic effects on copper communication channels and high cost of telecommunications equipment (switches, routers, gateways) for fiber-optic channels. It is also calculated (Ping) and analysis (BER) for GPON technology. It was concluded, that it’s feasible to organize information collection and transmission system with the GPON-technology.

Integrating multiple feeders and power sources into the electrical grid necessitates more robust protection systems. Existing numerical relays require manual reconfiguration of each relay for any network or protection setting modifications and are unable to effectively coordinate fault clearance when bidirectional energy flow is present. One of the major contributions of this work involves integrating adaptive protection features that enable automatic updating of protection configurations across all relays for any network configuration change, eliminating the need for manual adjustments and enhancing fault clearance coordination. This article, which is Part II of the series of articles derived from the research work conducted to develop a multi-agent system (MAS) based adaptive protection relay, delves into the hardware design of an adaptive protection relay. The complementary Part I article has covered the firmware aspect of the developed relay by providing a detailed discussion of the implemented adaptive algorithms. The hardware design encompasses various crucial modules, including the power supply, processor, digital input and output, analog input, and the Human–Machine Interface (HMI) modules. STM32MP157 microprocessor is utilized as the central processor handling all the firmware of the adaptive protection relay. Various adaptive protection coordination tests have been successfully conducted on the developed hardware modules. • Incorporating feeders and power sources requires a more advanced protection system. • Adaptive features auto-update protection settings for network configuration changes. • Adaptive features enhance fault clearance coordination in bidirectional energy flow. • Successful adaptive coordination is achieved by testing the hardware modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a decentralized control approach using a co-simulation platform to monitor protective elements and provide complete protection scheme for distribution systems. Real time measurements are obtained by interfacing the system model in RSCAD/RTDS with SEL 421 protective relays and publish/subscribe the voltage and current signals of the buses and transmission lines based on IEC 61850 communication protocol to isolate the fault correctly. The proposed technique helps to identify the location of the fault and introduces primary and buck protection for the system. The communication networks assists in facing cyber and physical threats and finding a new path for healthy relays to remove faults from the system. This technique is investigated on an IEEE 14 bus system for all possible fault locations. The proposed scheme can clear the fault by isolating the minimum part of the system and improving the endurance of the power in it. The system shows the smooth information flow between the cyber and physical parts to isolate faults in it in different cases.

As micro grids are gradually being deployed in many areas, communication technology is becoming important for collecting data and controlling devices in micro grids. In a micro grid, various devices are distributed and perform their respective functions. These devices exchange information with each other and transmit information to the micro grid management system. This micro grid environment is similar to the IoT environment in which information is exchanged in the presence of a large number of devices. Recent studies have tried to apply various IoT protocols as a communication protocol in the micro grid. However, the data model used in current research is limited in proprietary data mapping. Recently, IEC TC 57 published another IEC 61850 series which maps the IEC 61850 services to XMPP (eXtensible Messaging Presence Protocol), which was the first IoT protocol mapping of IEC 61850. Few research has shown that the mapping of the IEC 61850 data model to the IoT protocol and communication boundary is limited in a lab environment. We developed a micro grid test-bed with an IEC 61850 data and service model, and mapped to two IoT protocols, that is, XMPP and the MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport). By combining IoT protocol with the IEC 61850 data and service model, the proposed micro grid architecture can provide interoperability with any DMS or other power utility system. Performance analysis was conducted on the test-bed by measuring various metrics, such as the response time, packet size, and packet loss, over a public network.

Distribution automation (DA) and Internet of Things (IoT) all need the topology information of power distribution network to support some applications, such as fault diagnosis, network reconfiguration and optimization. IEC 61850 is a general communication model and standard for information exchange between intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). However, it has no mechanism for feeder topology information exchange. This paper solves this problem by developing the corresponding information model. Firstly, a feeder model is established as a container of the equipment along a distribution line. Secondly, logical models, such as terminal and connection nodes, are added to describe the physical connection relationship between the electrical equipment. Taking a circuit breaker as an example, this paper introduces how to add the terminal attribute to an existing logical node (XCBR). The physical connection between the circuit breaker and other electrical equipment is described by adding the logic node LCNN. Then, a new logical node LTPN is added to describe the logical connection between the devices. A new logical node, FTPA, is added to describe the status of the topology analysis and the topology results. Based on these new logical nodes, this paper proposes the mechanism of topology information exchange between IEDs. Three IEDs and the IEEE 13-node model are used to build an experimental environment. The result verifies the effectiveness of this method. More distributed applications can be used to test the validity and interoperability of the proposed model.

Renewable energy sources, which are controllable under the management of the microgrids with the contribution of energy storage systems and smart inverters, can support power system frequency regulation along with traditionally frequency control providers. This issue will not be viable without a robust communication architecture that meets all communication specification requirements of frequency regulation, including latency, reliability, and security. Therefore, this paper focuses on providing a communication framework of interacting between the power grid management system and microgrid central controller. In this scenario, the microgrid control center is integrated into the utility grid as a frequency regulation supporter for the main grid. This communication structure emulates the information model of the IEC 61850 protocol to meet interoperability. By employing IoT’s transmission protocol data distribution services, the structure satisfies the communication requirements for interacting in the wide-area network. This paper represents an interoperable information model for the microgrid central controller and power system management sectors’ interactions based on the IEC 61850–8–2 standard. Furthermore, we evaluate our scenario by measuring the latency, reliability, and security performance of data distribution services on a real communication testbed.

Abstract Digital substations are mostly important in the future of the electric power industry which makes their testing a critical process to ensure the required reliability and security of the grid. The paper introduces the definition of a digital substation and efficient testing, as well as the requirements for isolation during testing. It later describes testing related features in IEC 61850 Edition 2 and testing methods that can be used in digital substations. Maintenance testing examples and testing tools requirements are also presented. And remote testing principles are described at the end of the paper. The proposed remote testing by controlling the test system in a remote substation from the convenience of the engineering office brings significant benefits by improving efficiency and safety, as well as reducing outage times.

The advanced IEC 61850 smart transformer has shown an improved performance in monitoring, controlling, and protecting the equipment in smart substations. However, heterogeneity, feasibility, and network control problems have limited the smart transformer’s performance in networks. To address these issues, a software-defined networking model was proposed using ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 networks. An IEC-61850-based network controller was designed as a new kind of intelligent electrical device (IED). The proposed data and information models enhanced the network awareness ability and facilitated the access of smart sensors in transformer to communication networks. The performance evaluation results showed an improved efficiency.

Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) are being increasingly integrated in the distribution systems and resulting in complex power flow scenarios. In such cases, effective control, management and protection of distribution systems becomes highly challenging. Standardized and interoperable communication in distribution systems has the potential to deal with such challenges to achieve higher energy efficiency and reliability. Ed. 2 of IEC 61850 standards, for utility automation, standardizing the exchange of data among different substations, DERs, control centers, PMUs and PDCs. This paper demonstrates the modelling of information and services needed for control, management and protection of distribution systems with integrated DERs. This paper has used IP tunnels and/or mapping over IP layer for transferring IEC 61850 messages, such as sample values (SVs) and GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event), over distribution system Wide Area Network (WAN). Finally performance of the proposed communication configurations for different applications is analyzed by calculating End-to-End (ETE) delay, throughput and jitter.

The IEC 61850 standard has contributed significantly to the substation management and automation process by incorporating the advantages of communications networks into the operation of power substations. However, this modernization process also involves new challenges in other areas. For example, in the field of security, several academic works have shown that the same attacks used in computer networks (DoS, Sniffing, Tampering, Spoffing among others), can also compromise the operation of a substation. This article evaluates the applicability of hierarchical clustering algorithms and statistical type descriptors (averages), in the identification of anomalous patterns of traffic in communication networks for power substations based on the IEC 61850 standard. The results obtained show that, using a hierarchical algorithm with Euclidean distance proximity criterion and simple link grouping method, a correct classification is achieved in the following operation scenarios: 1) Normal traffic, 2) IED disconnection, 3) Network discovery attack, 4) DoS attack, 5) IED spoofing attack and 6) Failure on the high voltage line. In addition, the descriptors used for the classification proved equally effective with other unsupervised clustering techniques such as K-means (partitional-type clustering), or LAMDA (diffuse-type clustering).

Este artículo presenta una implementación del estándar internacional IEC 61850, diseñado para automatización, control y protección de subestaciones, usando servicios Cliente / Servidor, permitiendo consultar remotamente datos de variables. Con este propósito, se muestra el procedimiento realizado y se analiza la funcionalidad del protocolo de comunicaciones, desde el intercambio de datos y la información entre los dispositivos que componen la red propuesta. La realización de este trabajo se debe a la mayor penetración e influencia de la norma y cómo se debe implementar, entre otros aspectos.

Interoperability testing and analysis tools provide a means for achieving and assuring the integrity of multivendor intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) data exchanges. However, the testing and analysis are very time consuming and error prone, and these problems worsen when a substation becomes large and complex during the engineering process, commission, replacement, maintenance, and extension. To address this challenge, this paper presents a virtual digital substation test system (VDSTS) with interoperability analysis tools for assessing and identifying the engineering challenges for the multiple-vendors digital substation. This VDSTS consists of three parts: (i) A virtual digital substation modelling for generating real-time digital substation primary plant operation and fault conditions, (ii) a standard IEC 61850-based substation protection, automation, and control (PAC) system architecture with multivendor IEDs and bay solutions, and (iii) multivendor Substation Configuration description Language (SCL) tools and in-house built data visualisation tool. The study focuses on the interoperability testing of sampled values (SV), generic object-oriented substation events (GOOSE), and manufacturing message specification (MMS) communication services, as defined in IEC 61850. The main issues identified are compatibility issues of SCL tools, protocol implementation issues, different information models, and application limitations. The outcomes will help utilities to reduce the risks associated with the general rollout of digital substations.

As the number of EVs increases, their impact on electrical systems will be substantial. Novel management schemes are needed to manage the electrical load they require when charging. Literature is rich with different techniques to manage and control this effect on the grid by controlling and optimizing power flow. Although these solutions heavily rely on communication lines, they mostly treat communication as a black box. It is important to develop communication solutions that can integrate EVs, charging stations (CSs), and the rest of the grid in an interoperable way. A standard approach would be indispensable as there are different EV models manufactured by different companies. The IEC 61850 standard is a strong tool used for developing communication models for different smart grid components. However, it does not have the necessary models for implementing smart EV management schemes that coordinate between EVs and CSs. In this paper, these missing links are addressed through the development of corresponding models and message mapping. A hardware-in-the-loop test is performed to validate the communication models and cross-platform operation. Then, a co-simulation environment is used to perform a combined study of communication and the power system components. The developed communication model helps integrate the EVs to a centralized, coordinated voltage control scheme. These models can be used to run extensive impact studies where different domains of smart grids need to be considered simultaneously. The main contribution of this paper is the development of smartgrid communication solutions for enabling successful information exchanges.

In the era of Industry 4.0, pervasive adoption of communication technologies based on the Internet of Things represents a very strong requirement in several domains. In the smart grid domain, there is the need to overcome one of the main limitations of the current electric grid, allowing the use of heterogeneous devices capable of measuring, monitoring and exchanging information about grid components. For this reason, current literature often presents research activities about enabling internet of things (IoT) in smart grids; in particular, several proposals aim to realize interworking between IoT and smart grid communication standards, allowing exchange of information between IoT devices and the electrical grid components. Semantic interoperability should be achieved in an interworking solution in order to provide a common meaning of the data exchanged by heterogeneous devices, even if they belong to different domains. Until now, semantic interoperability remains an open challenge in the smart grid field. The paper aims to propose a novel solution of interworking between two of the most used communication systems in smart grids and IoT domains, i.e., IEC 61850 and oneM2M, respectively. A semantic interoperability solution is also proposed to be used in the interworking scheme here presented.