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The paradigms within human relationship are shaped by a multitude of factors which tug at the edges of the ability to form interpersonal bonds with the influence of experience. What constitutes experience, then, can be argued in several different manners. However, it is the interpretation of conventional, institutional education in the minds of the characters in Williams Faulkner’s Light in August, Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse, and Boris Vian’s Mood Indigo that sets a course for the trajectory of their relationships with others and with themselves. The various frameworks of the characters’ respective educations allow them to express what has been fed to them and how to interpret, knowledge. Once they are able to identify what constitutes experience through learning, these concepts, religious tenets, the awareness of factual circumstances, fixed categories imposed on reality, and ostensible truth as defined by ideology, are applied to models of human relationship, often with disastrous or emotionally numbing results through sticking to a pre-defined notion of how to apply what one is taught to one’s personal life. The characters of Light in August utilize an organic absorption of conventional education and religion as a form of teaching, as well as relying on past experience and intuition to traverse through their relationships, while the intellectual pursuits of the Ramsays and their acquaintances (particularly the male figures) in To the Lighthouse lead them to define relationship using ideas instead of raw emotion and experience. In comparison, the beautiful and tragic youth of Mood Indigo transform conventional education into goods for material consumption, as notions of the intellectual become synonymous with an indulgence in objectifying traditional forms of knowledge in monetary, and even human, form. The point at which education and desires converge and possibly become inseparable, then, marks the intersection not only between the compromise of relationships co-existing with powerful, learned ideas, but also the parallels between how self-acquired education through experience can differ from institutionalized thought. Can the distinctions between these methods lead to more or less successful relationships, or do they arrive at the same conclusion; the disintegration of previously cherished relationships? Is it then possible for education and relationship to co-exist peacefully? If not, perhaps it is this collision in the world of fiction that catalyzes the characters’ perpetual uncertainty with regard to both ideas.

Brainstorming is an old and widely used process designed to help organizations generate ideas. It has not changed much since its introduction in 1953, and the general consensus today is that, more often than not, it does not produce satisfactory results. This paper examines why that is so and what can be done to improve the brainstorming process. The authors believe that the recommendations put forward here represent a significant modification, not only to the brainstorming process but to the way organizations need to approach and organize their brainstorming sessions. The paper challenges long standing practices and assumptions regarding brainstorming. The authors conclude, after conducting their own primary research with brainstorming participant groups, that two of the four guidelines which creator Alex Osborn originally specified are beyond the expertise of most brainstorming group participants and require specific training. The lack of this pre-training of participants is why most ideation sessions fail, though professionalisation of facilitation is also likely to improve brainstorming outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the emergence of ideas and the knowledge networks involved in producing a counter-narrative to the liberal and neoliberal ideational consensus of the 1990s and 2000s, this contribution traces the intellectual trajectory of the illiberal turn in Poland and Hungary. We make use of the ideational scholarship differentiating between public philosophies, problem definitions and policy solutions to discuss how illiberal state transformation and heterodox socio-economic policies became the new paradigm that the two ruling parties PiS and Fidesz have promoted during the last decade. We suggest that the viability of PiS and Fidesz's policies was largely conditioned by the increasing influence of conservative networks in the public sphere which prepared the grounds for these reforms. The contribution discusses the main intellectual actors, structures, and ideas paving the way and legitimizing illiberalism in the two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of cooperative education is important not only for researchers but also for those interested in studying educational methods, such as university professors, teachers in schools, and all educational institutions. This is because of its effectiveness in teaching students, developing their skills, developing their ideas and employing them in the study and finding appropriate solutions to the questions posed by the teacher. It also helps in instilling a spirit of cooperation among the students by dividing them into groups to achieve the desired goals. The aim of the study is to clarify how important it is for teachers to use cooperative education in addressing the educational, social and psychological aspects when teaching students in educational institutions. The study is divided into three sections. The first section presents the general framework of the study dealing with the problem, importance and objectives. The second section deals with the concept of cooperative education, its importance and the date of its inception. This section also discusses the most important theories that I mentioned about its importance, results, foundations and objectives of cooperative education, including its benefits, characteristics, stages and strategies. It clarifies the role of the teacher and student in e-learning. The third topic dealt with the methodology of the research and presentation of the results, their interpretation and discussion. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which are: the teaching staff in educational institutions enjoy a high level in employing cooperative education in their teaching to students and to achieve the educational, social and economic goals, all of which were significant and used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transfer: European Review of Labour & Research is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Berkeley seems to be committed to the view that human sensible ideas are identical to certain divine ideas. However, this interpretation is subject to three objections. I argue that Berkeley holds that human sensible ideas are qualitatively identical to certain divine ideas, and I argue that objections to this view can be satisfactorily answered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central question that guides this work is: How did the Inter-American Development Bank (idb) support a political neoliberal model in South America between 1990 and 2017? To respond, the interaction between the idb and this model is examined. Therefore, some assertions of it are reviewed, which are linked with the model in the region. Furthermore, the interaction with the Peruvian model is particularly addressed. Thus, it is possible to appreciate some concrete actions performed to consolidate it. The mentioned interaction is usually associated with the development and financing development concepts, which in this work are addressed from an approach of critical international political economy. This enables us to comprehend the conjugation of ideas, material capabilities, and power in the scope of providing financing under development labels. In addition, it reveals the employment of the development financing image for concealing actions to support a certain political model. Likewise, this support implies the contribution to sustaining the established structure of power relations. The idb has performed such actions by linking the political and economic, domestic and international spheres, through projecting ideas and providing material capabilities (financing) to its borrowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ukraine has currently become the focal point and symbol of the power struggle between Russia and the West. Putin’s perception of Russia being humiliated has led to a foreign policy which denounces liberal values in practice and instead reasserts the sovereignty, integrity, and exceptionalism of the state. Manipulation with historical facts and reliance on religion and cultural ties are only a few of the ideas in Russia’s foreign identity discourse being used to justify the invasion of Ukraine. Combining these with the idea that the people of Ukraine should be saved from a repressive neo-Nazi regime in Kyiv both mobilizes and constructs the reassurance that Russia’s actions in Ukraine can be viewed as justifiable and, moreover, that Russia has a God-given mission and an exceptional role in the world. The significance of ideas in foreign policy actions is emphasized in the works of post-positivist authors, where poststructuralist and constructivist theoretical approaches have attempted to locate the significance and co-constitution of the aforementioned actions. It is presumed that foreign identity discourses consist of specific ideas, articulated by key policy players, like Putin, based on the specific governance model in Russia. In the case of Russia’s foreign identity, this is prominently being formulated through the process of differentiation. Therefore, Russia’s foreign policy and more specifically, its actions in Ukraine can be analyzed from an identity differentiation perspective, diving deeper into the ideas that support it in discourse. Russia’s unique historical experience has become one of the central ideas that outline its identity, along with its special self-presumed role as savior of the oppressed in the international system. The historical ideas revived by the Kremlin are part of a narrative regarding Russia’s shared experiences with their Slavic brothers which should be re-enacted yet again. And because this is a construction of ideas, it is not important that they do not exist in the material world – the more this is emphasized and repeated, the more significance it gains and facilitates justification of certain policies. The presumption of a Western hegemony has been co-created by Russia’s perception that its sovereignty is being threatened and there is an urgency to preserve its value system intact – without the influence of Western ideas. However, the unwillingness of the West, and especially the United States to bend before the Kremlin exerts its interest in its neighboring countries, and much further beyond, has promoted Russia to construct a foreign identity in direct opposition to the West. This is evidenced by the fact that although Putin was once considered a pragmatic leader, from 2014 onwards the scope of the threat directed by the West has grown exponentially in his narrative, a signal of the Kremlin losing interest in reaching a consensus on this. Moreover, this goes hand in hand with Russia’s bid for its place in the international system as an opposing power center to the US-led Western model. However, Russia’s foreign identity discourse does not only explain current events, but provides a projection into the future. Based on two key factors identified in this article – exceptionalism and differentiation through Russia’s opposition to the West, the ideas that Putin uses to articulate Russia’s identity have provided a solid, long-term base to justify the ongoing war in Ukraine. This war has given Putin a chance to demonstrate Russia’s ability to counteract the Western threat, re-establish Russia as a power center and also reinstate the stability of the regime domestically. The perception of the Ukrainian people as “brothers” presumes that both Russians and Ukrainians are part of the Slavic family and people. The implication and presumption of this discursive construct is that there is a “family bond” between the two which ensures its continuity throughout history and it is unbreakable regardless of the circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Political economy analysis (PEA) has been advanced as critical to understanding the political dimensions of policy change processes. However, political economy (PE) is not a theory on its own but draws on several concepts. Nannini et al, in concert with other scholars, emphasise that politics is characterised by conflict, contestation and negotiation over interests, ideas and power as various agents attempt to influence their context. This commentary reflects how Nannini et al wrestled with these PEA concepts - summarised in their conceptual framework used for PEA of the Ugandan case study on financial risk protection reforms. The central premise is that a common understanding of the PEA concepts (mainly structure-agency interactions, ideas, interests, institutions and power) forms a basis for strategies to advance thinking and working politically. Consequently, I generate several insights into how we can promote politically informed approaches to designing, implementing and evaluating policy reforms and development efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Przegląd Europejski is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: to develop the conceptual provisions and conceptual-categorical apparatus of a human-oriented economy by developing approaches to the definition of a human-oriented economy and determining the universal and specifi characteristics of the phenomenon under study.Methods: content analysis, the method of formal logic, the method of two-level triadic decryption of categories.Results: the discrepancy was revealed between the existing theoretical approaches to human-oriented economy and the socioeconomic relations resulting from the increasing role of human needs associated with human development; the conceptual and categorical apparatus of the human-oriented economy was constructed through the synthesis of two methods: formal logic and two-level triadic decoding of the category; the understanding of the necessary (satisfaction of human needs) and sufficient (objective necessity of human needs) conditions for the development of a human-oriented economy was revealed; two levels of triads of concepts characterizing the essence of a human-centered economy are defined: human nature (biological, cognitive, social), resources (human, material, informational), goods (products, services, ideas).Scientific novelty: the article constructs the new definition of a “human-oriented economy”, which unlike those available in the literature allows complete interpretation of this concept, covering its fundamental qualitative characteristics.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be widely used in scientific activity in order to develop the conceptual apparatus of a human-oriented economy, as well as to form a holistic scientifically subtantiated theory of human-oriented economy. The results obtained are the starting point for the formation of approaches designed to determine the level of development of the human-centered economy in Russia in order to develop a set of measures for its effective management.

For a long time, the transcendental dialectic was not at the center of Kant scholarship but was often treated simply as Kant’s reckoning with contemporary metaphysics. Accordingly, the main interest was in the transcendental analytic, especially the transcendental deduction. It is all the more gratifying that in recent times a rethinking seems to be taking place on this issue. In the following, I shall attempt to show why the transcendental dialectic is something more than an addendum to the core business of the Critique of Pure Reason. Rather, it forms the culmination of the work, demanding our full attention. Indeed, it provides the key to the entire critical philosophy by exhibiting reason itself as the ultimate founding principle in the form of its Idea.

In the Transcendental Dialectic, Kant searched for a universal concept of reason different from the understanding and offered the short formula “the faculty of principles” (KrV A299/B356). I will argue that this is only one and not the most pertinent and general mark of the concept of reason. There are more compelling short expressions in Kant’s Reflexionen, the third Critique and/or in the reception of Kant’s works: “the faculty of ideas” (Refl 5553 18:228 and KU 5:269) or reason in the narrower sense. The latter narrows down the logical sphere of the concept of rational faculties, and the former contains reason’s most basic mark: ideas. The first part of this article will focus on preliminary remarks on Kant’s philosophical methodology and conceptual analysis. The second part will analyze the division of the logical sphere of the concept of reason by nine necessary and coherent marks. These marks are centered around the concept of ideas, which allows for an ideas-first understanding of reason and preference for the formulas the faculty of ideas and reason in the narrower sense. The article will end with an “imperfect definition” of reason based on those nine marks.

In the Transcendental Dialectic of the first Critique, Kant famously claims that even if ideas and principles of reason cannot count as cognitions of objects, they can play a positive role when they are used “regulatively” with the aim of organizing our empirical cognitions. One issue is to understand what assuming “regulatively” means. What kind of attitude does this “assuming” imply? Another issue is to characterize the status of ideas and principles themselves. It is to this second issue that this article is dedicated. Some interpreters have suggested that ideas and principles that can be assumed regulatively consist of propositions that we know are false. Others have suggested that at least some regulative ideas, as for example the idea of the homogeneity of nature, consist of propositions that we know are true but are indeterminate. Still others argue that, in assuming regulative ideas and principles, we assume propositions that cannot be proved true, but are nonetheless possibly true. In this article, I reject the view that regulative ideas consist of true but indeterminate propositions. Moreover, I argue that it is wrong to presuppose that only one of the remaining two options can apply to Kant’s account of regulative ideas and principles. By contrast, I submit that while in some cases assuming regulative ideas and principles does involve assuming some propositions that we know are false, this is not true for all regulative ideas and principles. More specifically, assuming regulative ideas involves assuming false propositions when assuming them means assuming that a “totality of appearances” is given.

Abstract Background Implementation of health financing reforms for Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is inherently political. Despite the political determinants of UHC, health financing reform in Zimbabwe is often portrayed as a technical exercise with a familiar path of a thorough diagnosis of technical gaps followed by detailed prescriptions of reform priorities. In this study, we sought to understand the interaction between political and economic aspects of health financing reforms since the country got its independence in 1980. Methods We conducted a scoping review of health financing reforms in Zimbabwe and reviewed 84 relevant sources of information. We then conducted a thematic analysis using an adapted Fox and Reich’s framework of ideas and ideologies, interests and institutions. Results We found that ideas, institutions and interests significantly influence health financing reforms in Zimbabwe with implications on health system performance. Reform priorities of the 1980s were influenced by socialist ideologies with an interest to address pervasive health inequities inherited from the colonial racial system. The progress in equity realized in the 1980s was severely disrupted from the 1990s partly due to neo-liberal ideologies which steered interests towards market-oriented reforms. The period from the 2000s is characterized by increasing donor influence on health financing and a cumulative socio-economic collapse that resulted in a sharp and protracted decline in health spending and widening of health inequities. Conclusion Health financing reform process in Zimbabwe is heavily influenced by political economy characteristics which favor certain financing arrangements over others with profound implications on health system performance. We concluded that the political economy factors that slow down UHC reforms are not rooted in the ambiguities of ideas on what needs to be done. Instead, the missing link is how to move from intention to action by aligning espoused ideas with interests and institutions which is an inherently political and redistributive process. International and domestic actors involved in UHC in Zimbabwe need to explicitly consider the politics of health financing reforms to improve the implementation feasibility of desired reforms.

Background: Substantial proportion of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) patients are symptomatic more than half of their lives despite receiving pharmacological treatment leading to functional impairment and disability. Objectives: To study the correlation of disability with socio-demographic and clinical variables in euthymic patients with BPAD. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 euthymic patients of BPAD using purposive sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured proforma and diagnostic categorization of patients was done according to ICD-10 research criteria, Hamilton's Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Indian Disability Evaluation Assessment Scale (IDEAS) was administered for disability assessment. The variables were analyzed using appropriate tests, namely, analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, two independent sample t test, Fisher's exact test, and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results: 81% patients of BPAD had a mild disability and 19% patients had a moderate disability. The total duration of illness score (mean 3.8) was the major determinant of disability on IDEAS. There was a statistically significant association of age (P < 0.001), gender (P = 0.027), subsyndromal manic features (P < 0.001), and number of previous episodes (P < 0.001) with disability, and there was no association of socioeconomic status, marital status, occupational status, duration of illness, age of onset, and number of previous hospitalizations with disability. Conclusion: Bipolar affective disorder is associated with mild-to-moderate disability on evaluation using IDEAS instrument. There is a need for further studies on the utility of IDEAS and its individual domains in the assessment of disability due to bipolar affective disorder.

Abstract We consider an increasingly popular study design where single-cell RNA-seq data are collected from multiple individuals and the question of interest is to find genes that are differentially expressed between two groups of individuals. Towards this end, we propose a statistical method named IDEAS (individual level differential expression analysis for scRNA-seq). For each gene, IDEAS summarizes its expression in each individual by a distribution and then assesses whether these individual-specific distributions are different between two groups of individuals. We apply IDEAS to assess gene expression differences of autism patients versus controls and COVID-19 patients with mild versus severe symptoms.

Esta edición del Foro de Debate presenta diferentes artículos en torno a los debates contemporáneos sobre el poder político de ideas y discursos en América Latina desde un análisis teórico y también práctico. Se presentan diversas aristas para abordar el tema. Comienza con una revisión teórica de las ideas, regímenes de gobierno y reglas electorales. Sigue con una reflexión metodológica sobre discurso y política. Luego se presenta un análisis sobre la importancia del discurso en la investigación social. A continuación, se echa una mirada a la atribución discursiva como posibilidad para la acción política. Finalmente, se presenta una aplicación empírica de análisis de discurso, problemas y política a temas de pobreza y desigualdad.

The book explores the complex relationships between the emperors of Rome (from Augustus to Hadrian) and some of the most significant writers of the era (Virgil, Horace, Propertiu, Ovid, Seneca, Lucan, Petronius, Pliny the Elder, Martial, Juvenal, Tacit, Pliny the Younger). In an effort to reconstruct vestiges of an inevitably fragmented past, the author cuts data, details, literary forms and ideas through which she outlines the force of writing and the weaknesses of writers, much too close to decision-making centers, authoritarian principles and capricious principles of Rome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Florence (1801-464X) is the property of Care Comm s.r.o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sociologists commonly adopt a bifurcated understanding of the neoliberal state, showing how neoliberalism's advance coincides with the growing authority of specific actors and ideas inside the bureaucratic state as others' authority declines. This article complicates this view by probing the dynamics of non-neoliberal action inside the state, demonstrating the ways even demoted state actors can strategically muster power resources to forward distinct policy agendas. Taking a long-term perspective on social policy developments since the early 2000s, this article reviews the case of Israel, where neoliberal policies' new hegemony and adverse outcomes triggered counter-actions inside the state, ultimately leading to policy change. Paying particular attention to the role of ideas, this article argues that by rearticulating their policy mission to align with market conventions, non-neoliberal actors were able to persuade neoliberal actors to support their policy proposals, succeeding to advance creative policy alternatives under hostile political conditions. Highlighting this strategic capacity and ideational resilience and acumen in adapting to neoliberal critique reveals how demoted state actors can manage to sustain entrenched organizational goals and institutional motivations even as they help ease the adaptation of their historical mission to the neoliberal zeitgeist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we analyze the Argentinian drug policy in relation to the possession of illicit substances for personal use. To do so, we articulate ideational theory with the perspective of moral public policy. The aim is to show how the ideas formed by the Argentinian leadership in the 1970s when the drug problem entered the legislative agenda have endured throughout the development of drug policy. We examine the processes that resulted in drug laws 20771 and 23737, using transcripts of the debates in Congress, interviews conducted by the author and secondary sources. Finally, we analyze the failed attempt for the depenalization of drugs possession in 2012 and the ideas that recent presidents have had about this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I explore the challenges faced in design practice, where the approach to inquiry depends on understanding the context as a whole with all of its interconnected parts, and its successful transformation from one developmental phase to another. The specific goal of this article is to reflect on the meaning behind and the significance of the Issue Mapping Strategy in the exploratory research process of problem finding and discuss challenges encountered in the process of discovery that might lead to invalid topics and thus to design process fallacies. Therefore, this article explores three major areas of concern—places of invention, process of invention and product of invention—where the risk for design process fallacies is greatest. The significance of discovering commonplaces of arguments and the process of reasoning that help to identify issues in problematic situations is discussed and examples are given. The Issue Mapping strategy is useful in all of the cases that focus on problem finding in complex environments and situations of uncertainty in human experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why, despite being contextualised alongside the Great Depression of the 1930s and inflation and growth crisis of the 1970s, did the Great Crash of 2008–2009 not exert a similarly transformative dynamic in dominant, neoliberal, economic ideas? Drawing on an agent-centred constructivism stressing the centrality of crisis construction and narration, yet with particular emphasis placed upon the incorporation of strategic processes of framing, this article provides fresh insights into the means by which key actors exercise their agency in attempts to ensure continuing adherence to, rather than fundamentally transforming, the status quo. This is explored with reference to macroeconomic policy assumptions in the IMF, an instance which provided all the pre-conditions for a widely interpreted moment of crisis, yet which nevertheless resulted in untransformed ideas and structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the implications of idea production and knowledge capital for monetary business cycles. We construct a sticky‐wage model where workers produce goods based on firm‐specific knowledge capital and researchers develop new ideas aided by economywide knowledge. As a quantitatively small group in the economy, researchers are inconsequential for the real effects of monetary shocks when the returns to research are low. However, when the returns to research are high, the result can be overturned. Monetary shocks can have significant real effects, even if wages are perfectly flexible for workers, who are quantitatively dominant in the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article challenges exclusively rationalist accounts of and offers a complementary explanation for the emergence of liberal trade policy in the Kennedy administration. I draw on recent insights in constructivist institutionalism to emphasize the need to take agency seriously in institutionalist research. Using archival records, I analyze the decisive role Kennedy's advisers played as carriers of ideas in advocating for liberal trade policy by 'constructing the national interest', thus convincing a reticent president to support attempts aimed at achieving closer economic integration, culminating in the Trade Expansion Act of 1962. Insights from their role as advisers can help in specifying the role of agency in the ideas and institutional change literature, through strategic action which shaped a political leader's belief and put political issues on the agenda. By grasping agency in terms of making ideas actionable, an important step is taken in advancing endogenous approaches of institutional change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]