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Bolovi u donjem dijelu leđa danas su svakodnevica. Smatra se da 80 % posto stanovništva barem jednom u životu doživi bolove u leđima. Dinamička neuromišićna rehabilitacija je koncept nastao na znanstvenim principima razvojne kineziologije zdravog djeteta, a njegova svrha je ispravljanje krivih obrazaca pokreta i rehabilitacija ozljeda. U ovom radu prikazan je pozitivan utjecaj Dinamičke neuromišićne stabilizacije na prevenciju i rehabilitaciju lumbalnih bolnih sindroma. Low back pain is commonplace today. It is estimated that 80 % of the population experiences back pain at least once in their lifetime. Dynamic neuromuscular rehabilitation is a concept based on the scientific principles of developmental kinesiology of a healthy child, and its purpose is to correct wrong movement patterns and rehabilitation of injuries. This paper presents the positive impact of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization on the prevention and rehabilitation of lumbar pain syndromes.

[ES] En este documento se resuelve un problema de integración de sistemas para optimizar las líneas de producción en una empresa de embalajes, donde se pretende monitorizar el proceso de fabricación de cantoneras, en concreto el pegamento/cola que se usa en la fabricación, para poder realizar estudios de calidad del producto. Se muestran los pasos seguidos, desde que se analiza el problema viendo a que nos enfrentamos y las restricciones que tenemos que afrontar en este ámbito industrial, pasando por el diseño de una solución adecuada que cubra los objetivos establecidos en la etapa de análisis, haciendo uso de una estrategia IAP que nos facilita la labor y su posterior implementación mediante colas de mensajería como método de comunicación, prototipos Java de los sistemas y nuevos elementos como monitores de temperatura o módulos de control del sistema. Por otra parte, se ven también el resto de opciones sobre tecnologías y estrategias que hay actualmente para abordar este tipo de problemas y sus características, lo que ayuda a entender por qué escogemos una solución y no otra, ya que nos permite ser críticos basándonos en lo que nos ofrece cada una y lo que necesitamos cubrir. Al final del documento se encuentra una conclusión donde se habla de los objetivos alcanzados, un posible futuro en este proyecto y ampliaciones, ya que hablamos de una empresa industrial donde se cuenta con un entorno muy dinámico donde se añaden nuevos dispositivos a menudo y una valoración personal, viendo lo que nos ha aportado la realización de este proyecto., [CA] En aquest document es resol un problema d'integració de sistemes per optimitzar les línies de producció en una empresa d'embalatges, on es pretén monitoritzar el procés de fabricació de cantoneres, en concret la cola / cua que s'usa en la fabricació, per poder realitzar estudis de qualitat del producte. Es mostraran els passos seguits, des que s'analitza el problema veient a que ens enfrontem i les restriccions que hem d'afrontar en aquest àmbit industrial, passant pel disseny d'una solució adequada que cobreixi els objectius establerts en l'etapa d'anàlisi, fent ús d'una estratègia IAP que ens facilita la tasca i la seva posterior implementació mitjançant cues de missatgeria com a mètode de comunicació, prototips Java dels sistemes i nous elements com a monitors de temperatura o mòduls de control de sistema. D'altra banda, es veuran també la resta d'opcions sobre tecnologies i estratègies que hi ha actualment per abordar aquest tipus de problemes i les seves característiques, el que ajudarà a entendre per què escollim una solució i no una altra, ja que ens permetrà ser crítics basant-nos en el que ens ofereix cadascuna i el que necessitem cobrir. A la fi del document es troba una conclusió on es parla dels objectius assolits, un possible futur en aquest projecte i ampliacions, ja que parlem d'una empresa industrial on es compta amb un entorn molt dinàmic on s'afegeixen nous dispositius sovint i una valoració personal, veient el que ens ha aportat la realització d'aquest projecte., [EN] This document solves a system integration problem to optimize production lines in a packaging company, where it is intended to monitor the manufacturing process of corner pieces, specifically the glue used in manufacturing, in order to carry out product quality studies. The steps followed will be shown, since the problem is analyzed, seeing what we are facing and the restrictions that we have to face in this industrial field, going through the design of an adequate solution that covers the objectives established in the analysis stage, making use of an IAP strategy that facilitates the work and its subsequent implementation through messaging queues as a communication method, Java prototypes of the systems and new elements such as temperature monitors or system control modules. On the other hand, the rest of the options on technologies and strategies that currently exist to address this type of problems and their characteristics will also be seen, which will help to understand why we choose one solution and not another, and it will allow us to be critical based on what each one offers us and what we need to cover. At the end of the document there is a conclusion that talks about the objectives achieved, a possible future in this project and extensions, because we are talking about an industrial company where there is a very dynamic environment where new devices are added often and an assessment personal, seeing what the realization of this project has brought us.

The zinc-finger AN1-type domain-2a gene, also known as AIRAP (arsenite-inducible RNA-associated protein), was initially described as an arsenite-inducible gene in Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cells. Differently from the AIRAP worm homologue, aip-1, a gene known to play an important role in preserving animal lifespan and buffering arsenic-induced proteotoxicity, mammals have a second, constitutively expressed, AIRAP-like gene (AIRAPL), recently implicated in myeloid transformation. We have identified human AIRAP as a canonical heat-shock gene, whose expression, differently from AIRAPL, is strictly dependent on the proteotoxic-stress regulator heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1). AIRAP function is still not well defined and there is no information on AIRAP in cancer. Herein we show that bortezomib and next-generation proteasome inhibitors ixazomib and carfilzomib markedly induce AIRAP expression in human melanoma at concentrations comparable to plasma-levels in treated patients. AIRAP-downregulation leads to bortezomib sensitization, whereas AIRAP-overexpression protects melanoma cells from the drug, identifying AIRAP as a novel HSF1-regulated marker of chemotherapy resistance. More importantly, this study unexpectedly revealed that, also in the absence of drugs, AIRAP-silencing hinders melanoma clonogenic potential and spheroid growth, promoting caspase activation and apoptotic cell death, an effect independent of AIRAPL and linked to downregulation of the antiapoptotic protein cIAP2. Interestingly, AIRAP was found to interact with cIAP2, regulating its stability in melanoma. Taken together, the results identify AIRAP as a novel HSF1-dependent regulator of prosurvival networks in melanoma cells, opening new therapeutic perspectives in chemoresistant melanoma treatment. Implications: The findings identify ZFAND2A/AIRAP as a novel stress-regulated survival factor implicated in the stabilization of the antiapoptotic protein cIAP2 and as a new potential therapeutic target in melanoma.

International audience; Cells are repeatedly exposed to environmental or endogenous stresses that can alter normal cell behavior and increase cell vulnerability. In order to ensure tissue integrity and function, cells cope with cellular injuries by adapting their metabolism, protecting essential intracellular constituents, inhibiting cell death signaling pathways and activating those devoted to damage repair. The molecular chaperones of the heat-shock protein (HSP) family are critical effectors of this adaptive response. They protect intracellular proteins from misfolding or aggregation, inhibit cell death signaling cascades and preserve the intracellular signaling pathways that are essential for cell survival. Most HSPs are rapidly overexpressed in response to cellular injuries including genotoxic stress. DNA damage can dramatically alter cell behavior and contribute to a number of diseases including developmental defects, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Thus, the ability of cells to repair DNA damage is essential for preserving cell integrity. DNA damage activates a coordinated response that includes detecting DNA lesions before their transmission to daughter cells, blocking cell cycle progression and DNA replication and repairing the damage. Although the role of HSPs in proteins homeostasis and cell death, especially apoptosis has been widely reported, much less is known about their function in DNA repair. This review aims to present the role of HSPs in DNA repair signaling pathways.

Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is a physiological parameter that has gained considerable attention during the last few decades. The incidence of complications arising from increased IAP, known as intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) or abdominal compartment syndrome in critically ill patients, is high and its impact is significant. The effects of IAP in neurological conditions and during surgical procedures are largely unexplored. IAP also appears to be relevant during neurosurgical procedures (spine and brain) in the prone position, and in selected cases, IAH may affect cerebrospinal fluid drainage after a ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation. Furthermore, raised IAP is one of the contributors to intracranial hypertension in patients with morbid obesity. In traumatic brain injury, case reports described how abdominal decompression lowers intracerebral pressure. The anatomical substrate for transmission of the IAP to the brain and venous system of the spine is the extradural neural axis compartment; the first reports of this phenomenon can be found in anatomical studies of the sixteenth century. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge on how IAP impacts the cerebrospinal venous system and the jugular venous system via two pathways, and we discuss the implications for neurosurgical procedures as well as the relevance of IAH in neurological disorders.

The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Most SARS-CoV-2 infections are mild or even asymptomatic. However, a small fraction of infected individuals develops severe, life-threatening disease, which is caused by an uncontrolled immune response resulting in hyperinflammation. However, the factors predisposing individuals to severe disease remain poorly understood. Here, we show that levels of CD47, which is known to mediate immune escape in cancer and virus-infected cells, are elevated in SARS-CoV-2-infected Caco-2 cells, Calu-3 cells, and air−liquid interface cultures of primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection increases SIRPalpha levels, the binding partner of CD47, on primary human monocytes. Systematic literature searches further indicated that known risk factors such as older age and diabetes are associated with increased CD47 levels. High CD47 levels contribute to vascular disease, vasoconstriction, and hypertension, conditions that may predispose SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals to COVID-19-related complications such as pulmonary hypertension, lung fibrosis, myocardial injury, stroke, and acute kidney injury. Hence, age-related and virus-induced CD47 expression is a candidate mechanism potentially contributing to severe COVID-19, as well as a therapeutic target, which may be addressed by antibodies and small molecules. Further research will be needed to investigate the potential involvement of CD47 and SIRPalpha in COVID-19 pathology. Our data should encourage other research groups to consider the potential relevance of the CD47/ SIRPalpha axis in their COVID-19 research.

Questo volume nasce dalla necessità di offrire una lettura aggiornata, contemporanea appunto, delle peculiari regole che tradizionalmente han- no attribuito al Diritto agrario un carattere di specialità. Facciamo riferimento alle norme che in un’ottica di programmazione di un settore produttivo peculiare disciplinano l’impresa agricola, la proprietà terriera, i contratti agrari, il lavoro agricolo, il credito agrario, il mercato dei prodotti agricoli. Regole la cui chiave di lettura è sempre passata dalla considerazione dell’esistenza di un legame stretto tra “agricoltura” e “terra”, considerazione che non riteniamo superata, ma piuttosto aggiornata, dalle numerose innovazioni legislative per lo più ispirate dal diritto europeo che si candida a fonte di primaria importanza, insieme alle fonti interne e a quel- le internazionali. Non vi è dubbio, infatti, che le trasformazioni del mondo dell’“agri- coltura” – che il Diritto agrario è chiamato a regolare – e le nuove funzioni che la stessa è chiamata a svolgere hanno sensibilmente condizionato l’evoluzione del quadro normativo di riferimento del Diritto agrario che si è arricchito e appare destinato, in prospettiva, a mutare ancora per adeguarsi agli ulteriori cambiamenti sollecitati dai princìpi contenuti nel “Green Deal” cui la nuova politica agricola europea si ispira. E tuttavia, proprio gli obiettivi di quest’ultima PAC richiamano ancora e con forza il legame tra “agricoltura” e “terra” nonché la responsabilità di chi esercita le attività agricole in vista del mantenimento in buona salute del pianeta. In questo senso, l’esigenza di agganciare l’attività agricola alla rigenerazione e alla tutela degli spazi destinati all’agricoltura può diventare l’occasione per porre le basi di una nuova idea di specialità dell’impresa agricola e del diritto agrario che, recuperato il suo collegamento con la terra in un’ottica rinnovata con riguardo al ruolo essenziale svolto per la salvaguardia del pianeta, possa anche giustificare quelle distinzioni che han- no contribuito a fondare appunto la specialità del diritto agrario e che permangono nel sistema proprio in vista di questa sua peculiare funzione. Oggi la sfida del Diritto agrario è riuscire a combinare gli obiettivi della crescita e dell’ammodernamento del comparto agricolo con quelli della tutela dell’ambiente, del mantenimento del suolo e della “sostenibilità” delle relazioni nel mercato agro-alimentare, apparentemente tra loro inconciliabili ma destinati a convivere in vista del raggiungimento dei pressanti obiettivi climatici. Il Diritto agrario contemporaneo si conferma speciale pur adeguandosi al costante mutamento degli obiettivi delle politiche di programmazione, che alle volte appaiono tra loro contrastanti, perché mantiene inalterata la sua giustificazione di fondo: la relazione con la Terra.

Objective: To gain a better understanding of how long-acting injectable antipsychotic (LAI) therapy is perceived by patients. Methods: A search for qualitative studies has been carried out on PubMed, Google Scholar, PsycINFO and PsycArticles, yielding 11 studies suitable for a review of qualitative studies. The reporting approach chosen was meta-ethnography, following the ENTREQ statement recommendations. Key concepts common to the different studies were extrapolated and then analysed in a systematic and comparative way. Results: Some recurrent issues were associated with LAIs, such as fear of coercion, fear of needles and lack of knowledge about depot therapy. These topics are linked to each other and the patients most concerned about the disadvantages of LAIs are those who are less informed about them, or who have experienced coercion and trauma during hospitalisation. On the other hand, patients who had already received LAIs, and those who had a good therapeutic relationship with their healthcare providers expressed satisfaction with this form of treatment and its continuation. Conclusion: Long-acting injectable antipsychotics are a tool in the management of mental disorders, and a viable alternative to oral medication. Patients show curiosity towards this method of administration, but lack of knowledge is a common finding. Shared decision making about the use of LAIs antipsychotics requires that patients receive accurate information and support for their decision regarding medication. RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender melhor de que forma a terapia com antipsicóticos injetáveis de ação prolongada (IAP) é percebida pelos pacientes. Métodos: Uma pesquisa por estudos qualitativos foi conduzida em PubMed, Google Scholar, PsycINFO e PsyArticles, resultando em 11 estudos adequados para desenvolver uma revisão de estudos qualitativos. A abordagem escolhida foi a metaetnografia, seguindo as recomendações da diretriz ENTREQ. Conceitos-chave comuns aos diferentes estudos foram extrapolados e analisados de forma sistemática e comparativa. Resultados: Alguns problemas recorrentes foram associados aos IAPs, como medo de coerção, medo de agulhas e falta de conhecimento sobre a terapia com medicação depot. Esses tópicos se conectam uns aos outros: os pacientes mais preocupados com as desvantagens dos IAPs são os menos informados a seu respeito ou aqueles que passaram por coação e traumas durante a hospitalização. Por outro lado, os pacientes que já receberam IAPs e aqueles que apresentam boa relação terapêutica com seus prestadores de assistência médica demonstraram satisfação com essa forma de tratamento e sua continuidade. Conclusão: Os antipsicóticos injetáveis de ação prolongada são um instrumento para a gestão de transtornos mentais e uma alternativa viável à medicação oral. Pacientes demonstram curiosidade em relação a esse método de administração, mas a falta de conhecimento é um fator comumente encontrado. A tomada de decisão compartilhada sobre o uso de antipsicóticos IAPs requer que os pacientes recebam informações precisas e apoio em suas decisões em relação à medicação.

Intracisternal A-particles (IAPs) are endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) responsible for most insertional mutations in the mouse. Full-length IAPs harbour genes flanked by long terminal repeats (LTRs). Here, we identify a solo LTR IAP variant (Iap5-1solo) recently formed in the inbred C57BL/6J mouse strain. In contrast to the C57BL/6J full-length IAP at this locus (Iap5-1full), Iap5-1solo lacks DNA methylation and H3K9 trimethylation. The distinct DNA methylation levels between the two alleles are established during preimplantation development, likely due to loss of KRAB zinc finger protein binding at the Iap5-1solo variant. Iap5-1solo methylation increases and becomes more variable in a hybrid genetic background yet is unresponsive to maternal dietary methyl supplementation. Differential epigenetic modification of the two variants is associated with metabolic differences and tissue-specific changes in adjacent gene expression. Our characterisation of Iap5-1 as a genetically induced epiallele with functional consequences establishes a new model to study transposable element repression and host-element co-evolution., eLife digest Our genome provides a complete set of genetic instructions for life. It begins by directing the growth and development of the embryo, and subsequently supports all the cells of the adult body in their daily routines. Yet approximately 10% of the DNA in mammalian genomes is made up of sequences originating from past retroviral infections, leaving a calling card in our genetic code. While these segments of retroviral DNA can no longer produce new infectious viruses, some of them retain the ability to copy themselves and jump into new parts of the genome. This can be problematic if they jump into and disrupt an important piece of genetic code. To protect against this, our bodies have evolved the ability to chemically strap down retroviral sequences by adding methyl groups to them and by modifying the proteins they are wrapped around. However, some of these endogenous retroviruses can dodge such so-called epigenetic modifications and disrupt genome function as a result. Studying a population of widely used inbred laboratory mice, Bertozzi et al. have identified a retroviral element that evades these epigenetic restraints. They discovered that some mice carry a full-length retroviral sequence while others have a shortened version of the same element. The shorter sequence lacked the repressive epigenetic marks found on the longer version, and this affected the expression of nearby genes. Moreover, the repressive marks could be partially restored by breeding the short-version mice with a distantly related mouse strain. Bertozzi et al. highlight an important issue for research using mouse models. Inbred laboratory mouse strains are assumed to have a fixed genetic code which allows scientists to conclude that any observed differences in their experiments are not a product of background genetic variation. However, this study emphasizes that this assumption is not guaranteed, and that hidden genetic diversity may be present in ostensibly genetically identical mice, with important implications for experimental outcomes. In addition, Bertozzi et al. provide a new mouse model for researchers to study the evolution and regulation of retroviral sequences and the impact of these processes on cell function.

On 15 November 2004, the ship Vicuña exploded in the Dom Pedro II Port, located in the city of Paranaguá, in Brazil. The disaster caused a spill of 285 tons of fuel oil that contaminated mangroves and sandbanks, culminating in a fishing ban. The Amparo community, located in front of the Port, was one of the places most affected by the leakage contamination. This study aims to highlight the stories of fishermen of the Amparo community, as well as to shed light on how they remember the disaster.

figuras, tablas. El presente trabajo final de maestría es una investigación que utiliza la metodología de Investigación Acción Participativa (IAP) para resolver la pregunta que se plantea la estudiante que opta al título de Magíster en Gestión Cultural, ¿Qué factores explican los logros obtenidos por estas dos organizaciones en la consolidación de saberes propios y en sus relaciones con la comunidad y qué retos afrontan para constituirse como nodos de desarrollo cultural? Dicha investigación se sitúa en los municipios de Quibdó (Chocó) y Barichara (Santander), específicamente en los procesos organizativos y culturales de las agrupaciones Jóvenes creadores del Chocó JCH y Fundación Cultural Ojo de Agua; quienes tienen un amplio recorrido artístico y pedagógico. Por ello, estas agrupaciones tienen claro que su trabajo se guía bajo la idea de construir un tejido social para la transformación de la realidad de sus comunidades y territorios desde la educación artística. Este análisis se realiza a partir de constructos epistemológicos como la Investigación Acción Participativa, el diálogo de saberes pedagógicos-artísticos, entre otros. La investigación que contiene este documento surge de varias estrategias metodológicas de la IAP, entre las que se inscribe la realización de tres talleres prácticos bajo la modalidad de reunión virtual para cada una de las organizaciones culturales, además, contiene un análisis documental por cada organización y entrevistas semiestructuradas, con las cuales se logran relacionar las experiencias, las dinámicas organizativas y el potencial de las agrupaciones culturales para lograr el reconocimiento en la comunidad. (Texto tomado de la fuente) The Master's thesis corresponds to the Participatory Action Research (PAR) methodology to answer the research inquiry posed by the student who opts for the master’s degree in Cultural Management, ¿What factors explain the achievements obtained by two organizations in the consolidation of their knowledge, their relations with the community, and what challenges they face to become nodes of cultural development? This research took place in the municipalities of Quibdó (Chocó) and Barichara (Santander), specifically in the organizational and cultural processes of the Young Creators of Chocó (JCH) and Ojo de Agua Cultural Foundation; who have a broad artistic and pedagogical journey. The groups have a clear mindset that their work is guided by the conception of building a social fabric to transform the reality of their communities and territories from an artistic education standpoint. This analysis is carried out from epistemological constructs such as Participatory Action Research, the dialogue of pedagogical-artistic knowledge. The research presented in this dissertation is drawn from several methodological strategies of the IAP, including three practical workshops under virtual meeting modality for each of the cultural organizations. Besides, it contains a documental analysis for each organization and semi-structured interviews allowing to relate experiences, organizational dynamics, and cultural groups' potential to achieve recognition in the community. Maestría Investigación Acción Participativa IAP Prácticas Locales en Gestión Cultural

Al investigar el desarrollo de la participación social en salud, la presente tesis procura aportar al análisis de las transformaciones socio sanitarias en Uruguay. Es una forma de rescatar las luchas de muchas personas para construir cambios profundos en la salud. Se estudian los avances, las dificultades, las contradicciones y la complejidad de estos procesos interactuando con los protagonistas sociales mediante un diseño metodológico de IAP Investigación-Acción-Participación. A pesar de la trascendencia de la reforma sanitaria como cambio histórico, estructural e inconcluso, hay una relativa carencia de investigaciones que relacionen relevamientos empíricos con debates teóricos, jerarquizando la voz de los actores sociales e interactuando con ellos. La grave crisis sanitaria actual incrementa la necesidad del conocimiento de estos procesos, sus diferentes actores y su proyección. La participación social en la salud es parte de las luchas por la democratización de la sociedad y el Estado en Uruguay y en Latinoamérica. Como también la educación, la seguridad social, las relaciones laborales, los derechos de las mujeres y otros campos. Las primeras décadas del siglo XXI fueron el escenario inédito de gobiernos progresistas y luego reacciones neoliberales y conservadoras en un continente marcado por desigualdad y la opresión. La democratización efectiva de la vida social y las estructuras estatales son un nudo crítico de estos procesos. El marco teórico son las corrientes que enfatizan la reinvención, radicalización, profundización de la democracia ante fuertes desigualdades y mecanismos de opresión propios del capitalismo, patriarcado, racismo y colonialismo. También como construcción de modelos civilizatorios alternativos ante las crisis de un planeta ambientalmente enfermo. En una primera etapa (2016-2018) la investigación estuvo centrada en los organismos participativos del SNIS plasmándose en una tesis de maestría. Entre 2019 y 2021 el eje fueron las redes territoriales y comunitarias en el marco de la Red de Municipios y Comunidades Saludables. En el primer período interactuó con instancias de formación-acción de trabajadores y usuarios que culminaron en la creación del Frente Social de la Salud en 2017. Dicho Frente realizó diversas acciones colectivas acordando una plataforma común con análisis, cuestionamientos y propuestas para el SNIS. Durante 2019 se abordaron las experiencias del Municipio A de Montevideo. El contexto desde 2020 incorpora dos cambios trascendentes : pandemia y nuevo gobierno nacional. La pandemia es analizada en sus distintas dimensiones y estrategias de abordaje, con énfasis en el protagonismo social. La investigación se enriqueció con el accionar de la Red de Municipios y Comunidades Saludables integrada por diversos actores sociales, institucionales y académicos. En 2020 esta Red realizó 16 talleres abiertos, un Curso de Animadores de Redes Comunitarias, 6 proyectos de intervención comunitaria, Curso de Tutores, página web, canal de youtube, culminando con una evaluación participativa y sistematización de aprendizajes . En 2021 fueron 18 talleres agrupados una parte en Seminarios del Espacio de Formación de Promotores Sociosanitarios y otros abordaron la atención a la salud en 2021, la experiencia de planes locales en Canelones y la actualidad del pensamiento de Paulo Freire a 100 años de su nacimiento. La publicación (en formato papel y digital) de un libro y la realización de 6 videos cortos sobre las experiencias de la Red MCS con apoyo de OPS fueron hitos de esta labor a fines de 2021. La tesis interactuó con un proyecto de investigación Udelar con apoyo CSIC sobre Descentralización y Trama Local de Cuidados, del cual el autor forma parte. Investigando todas estas experiencias se llega a conclusiones que procuran caracterizar estos procesos y aportar a los debates teóricos en las encrucijadas latinoamericanas. By investigating the development of social participation in health, this thesis seeks to contribute to the analysis of socio-health transformations in Uruguay. It is a way to rescue the struggles of many people to build profound changes in health. The advances, difficulties, contradictions and complexity of these processes are studied interacting with the social protagonists through a methodological design of PAR Research-Action-Participation. Despite the importance of health reform as a historical, structural and inconclusive change, there is a relative lack of research linking empirical surveys with theoretical debates, prioritizing the voice of social actors and interacting with them. The current serious health crisis increases the need for knowledge of these processes, their different actors and their projection. Transformations in health are a fundamental part of the struggles for the democratization of society and the State in Uruguay and throughout Latin America. As well as education, social security, labor relations, women's rights and other fields. The first decades of the 21st century were the unprecedented scenario of progressive governments and then neoliberal and conservative reactions in a continent marked by inequality and oppression. Social participation and the effective democratization of social life and state structures are a critical node of these Latin American processes. The theoretical framework is the currents that emphasize the reinvention, radicalization, deepening of democracy in the face of strong inequalities and mechanisms of oppression typical of capitalism, patriarchy, racism and colonialism. Also as the construction of alternative civilizational models in the face of the crises of an environmentally sick planet. In a first stage (2016-2018) the research was focused on participatory organizations from the SNIS resulting in a master's thesis. Between 2019 and 2021 the axis was the territorial and community networks within the framework of the Network of Healthy Municipalities and Communities. In the first period, it interacted with instances of training-action of workers and users that culminated in the creation of the Social Health Front in 2017. This Front carried out various collective actions agreeing on a common platform with analysis, questions and proposals for the SNIS. During 2019, the experiences of Municipality A of Montevideo were addressed. The context since 2020 incorporates two transcendent changes: pandemic and new national government. The pandemic is analyzed in its different dimensions and approach strategies, with emphasis on social protagonism. The research was enriched by the actions of the Healthy Municipalities and Communities Network made up of various social, institutional and academic actors. In 2020 this Network held 16 open workshops, a Community Network Animators Course, 6 community intervention projects, Tutors Course, website, YouTube channel, culminating with a participatory evaluation and systematization of learning. In 2021 there were 18 workshops grouped a part in Seminars of the Training Space of Socio-sanitary Promoters and others addressed health care in 2021, the experience of local plans in Canelones and the actuality of Paulo Freire's thought 100 years after his birth. The publication (in paper and digital format) of a book and the realization of 6 short videos on the experiences of the MCS Network with paho support were milestones of this work at the end of 2021. The thesis interacted with a Udelar research project supported by CSIC on Decentralization and Local Care Network, of which the author is a part. Investigating these experiences leads to conclusions that seek to contribute to the theoretical debates at the Latin American crossroads. Ao investigar o desenvolvimento da participação social em saúde, esta tese procura contribuir para a análise das transformações sociossanitárias no Uruguai. É uma forma de resgatar as lutas de muitas pessoas para construir mudanças profundas na saúde. Os avanços, dificuldades, contradições e complexidade desses processos são estudados interagindo com os protagonistas sociais através de um desenho metodológico de Pesquisa-Ação-Participação PAR. Apesar da importância da reforma da saúde como uma mudança histórica, estrutural e inconclusiva, há relativa carência de pesquisas que relacionem pesquisas empíricas com debates teóricos, priorizando a voz dos atores sociais e interagindo com eles. A grave crise atual de saúde aumenta a necessidade de conhecimento desses processos, seus diferentes atores e sua projeção. As transformações na saúde são parte fundamental das lutas pela democratização da sociedade e do Estado no Uruguai e em toda a América Latina. Bem como educação, seguridade social, relações de trabalho, direitos das mulheres e outros campos. As primeiras décadas do século 21 foram o cenário inédito de governos progressistas e depois de reações neoliberais e conservadoras em um continente marcado pela desigualdade e opressão. A participação social e a democratização efetiva da vida social e das estruturas do Estado são um nó crítico nesses processos latino-americanos. O referencial teórico são as correntes que enfatizam a reinvenção, a radicalização, o aprofundamento da democracia diante das fortes desigualdades e mecanismos de opressão típicos do capitalismo, patriarcado, racismo e colonialismo. Também como a construção de modelos civilizacionais alternativos diante das crises de um planeta ambientalmente enfermo. Numa primeira fase (2016-2018) a investigação centrou-se nos órgãos participativos do SNIS, resultando numa dissertação de mestrado. Entre 2019 e 2021 o eixo foram as redes territoriais e comunitárias no âmbito da Rede de Municípios e Comunidades Saudáveis. No primeiro período, interagiu com instâncias de formação-ação de trabalhadores e usuários que culminaram na criação da Frente Social de Saúde em 2017. Esta Frente realizou diversas ações coletivas pactuando uma plataforma comum com análises, questionamentos e propostas para o SNIS. Durante 2019, foram abordadas as experiências do Município A de Montevidéu. O contexto desde 2020 incorpora duas mudanças transcendentes: pandemia e novo governo nacional. A pandemia é analisada em suas diferentes dimensões e estratégias de abordagem, com ênfase no protagonismo social. A pesquisa foi enriquecida pelas ações da Rede Municípios e Comunidades Saudáveis, composta por diversos atores sociais, institucionais e acadêmicos. Em 2020 esta Rede realizou 16 workshops abertos, um Curso de Animadores de Rede Comunitária, 6 projetos de intervenção comunitária, Curso de Tutores, site, canal YouTube, culminando numa avaliação participativa e sistematização da aprendizagem. Em 2021, foram 18 oficinas agrupadas em Seminários do Espaço de Formação de Promotores Socioanimados e outros voltados para a saúde em 2021, a experiência de planos locais em Canelones e a realidade do pensamento de Paulo Freire 100 anos após seu nascimento. A publicação (em papel e formato digital) de um livro e a realização de 6 vídeos curtos sobre as experiências da Rede MCS com apoio da OPS foram marcos deste trabalho no final de 2021. A tese interagiu com um projeto de pesquisa da Udelar apoiado pelo CSIC sobre Descentralização e Rede Local de Atenção, do qual a autora faz parte. A investigação dessas experiências leva a conclusões que buscam contribuir para os debates teóricos iniciais na encruzilhada latino-americana.

ilustraciones, gráficas, tablas La diversidad lingüística es una parte fundamental en el patrimonio de la humanidad. Cada lengua posee el conocimiento ancestral y la cosmovisión propia de su pueblo y la pérdida de una lengua indígena conlleva un daño irreparable, ya que con ella se perderían los saberes ancestrales y la cultura de su gente. En 2011, el Ministerio de Cultura realizó una serie de autodiagnósticos de diversas comunidades indígenas en el territorio nacional. Tomando como punto de partida este proceso y con el fin de conocer el estado lingüístico de las comunidades murui del Putumayo, que no entraron en el estudio realizado por el Ministerio de Cultura, se planificó la realización de un autodiagnóstico sociolingüístico en cuatro comunidades del municipio de Puerto Leguízamo. Debido a la pandemia de COVID-19, las restricciones y los aislamientos que fueron decretados por el gobierno colombiano durante el año 2020, se tuvo que replantear y ajustar la metodología de Investigación Acción Participativa de esta investigación, para adaptarla a un contexto de virtualidad, basado en el uso de las TIC, lo cual permitió apoyar y llevar a cabo un autodiagnóstico sociolingüístico en cuatro comunidades murui. Para la realización de esta investigación, se utilizaron la encuesta sociolingüística que fue aplicada por los líderes de cada comunidad, quienes participaron como coinvestigadores de campo; las entrevistas semiestructuradas y la recolección de historias de vida a través de aplicaciones de mensajería instantánea como WhatsApp. La encuesta sociolingüística permitió la recolección de datos generales y específicos sobre la situación sociolingüística de las comunidades y las lenguas indígenas presentes dentro de las mismas. Las entrevistas permitieron conocer de primera mano la historia de vida de los participantes, la percepción que ellos tienen de la lengua desde sus contextos personales y sus actitudes hacia las lenguas indígenas. En los resultados obtenidos se puede observar que estas comunidades se caracterizan por ser multilingües y multiétnicas, donde el español es la lengua predominante y de uso común en los espacios sociales y familiares; sin embargo, las lenguas indígenas tienen un papel fundamental en la identidad y, por lo tanto, gozan de una actitud favorable que propende a la conservación y que ha motivado su aprendizaje como L2 en edades adultas. Esta es la primera investigación de este tipo que se lleva a cabo en este municipio, bajo esta metodología de investigación en la que los líderes de las comunidades tienen un rol activo y esencial, con el fin de aportar un mejor entendimiento de la situación étnica y sociolingüística de sus comunidades y, a su vez, indagar sobre la vitalidad de las lenguas y las actitudes que se tienen hacia ellas, lo que va de la mano con la identificación de las posibles causas del debilitamiento. (Texto tomado de la fuente). Linguistic diversity is a fundamental part of the heritage of humanity. Each language possesses the ancestral knowledge and the own worldview of its town, so the loss of an indigenous language entails irreparable damage. With it, the ancestral knowledge and the culture of its people would be lost. In 2011, the Ministry of Culture presented a series of self-diagnoses of various indigenous communities in the national territory. In order to know the linguistic status of the Putumayo Murui communities, which did not enter the study carried out by the Ministry of Culture, a sociolinguistic self-diagnosis was planned in four communities of the municipality of Puerto Leguízamo, Putumayo. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the restrictions, and isolations that the Colombian government decreed during 2020, the Participatory Action Research methodology of this research had to be rethought and adjusted to adapt it to a virtual context based on the use of ICT, which made it possible to carry out a sociolinguistic self-diagnosis in these four communities. To carry out this research, the sociolinguistic survey applied by the leaders of each community, who in turn participated as co-researchers in the field, was used in the first place. On the other hand, semi-structured interviews and the collection of life stories through instant messaging applications such as WhatsApp were used. The sociolinguistic survey allowed the collection of general and specific data on the sociolinguistic situation of the communities and the indigenous languages present within them. Furthermore, the interviews allowed us to know firsthand the life history of the participants, the perception that they have of the language from their contexts, and their attitudes towards indigenous languages. In the results obtained, it can be observed that these communities are characterized by being multilingual and multi-ethnic, where Spanish is the predominant language and is commonly used in social and family spaces. However, indigenous languages play a fundamental role in identity and enjoy a favorable attitude that conserves and motivates their learning as L2 in adulthood. This research is the first of its kind to be carried out in this municipality under this research methodology. Thus, the leaders of the communities have an active and essential role in providing a better understanding of the ethnic situation and sociolinguistics of their communities and, in turn, inquire about the vitality of languages and the attitudes they have towards them, which goes hand in hand with the identification of the possible causes of weakening. As a result, it can be observed that these communities are characterized by being multilingual and multi-ethnic, where Spanish is the predominant language and is commonly used in social and family spaces. However, indigenous languages play a fundamental role in constructing identity and, therefore, enjoy a favorable attitude that tends to conserve and has motivated their learning as L2 in adulthood. This research is the first of its kind being carried out in this municipality. Under this research methodology, community leaders play an active and essential role in order to provide a better understanding of the ethnic situation and sociolinguistics of their communities and, in turn, inquire about the vitality of languages and the attitudes they have towards them. This goes hand in hand with the identification of possible causes of their weakening. Incluye anexos Maestría Magíster en Lingüística Sociolingüística

Significance Apoptotic processes play an important role in the development and physiology of almost all metazoan clades. In the highly diverse group of insects, apoptotic pathways have been characterized in only a few dipteran and lepidopteran species, which may not be representative of all insect species. Here, we report the first complete annotation of the apoptotic pathway in a hemipteran insect, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. We showed that its apoptotic pathway is rewired compared to other insects, with a significant increase in the number of inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) and evidence for functional diversification and structural modularity of this protein family. These novelties are widespread in the aphid lineage, suggesting a yet not understood novel aphid-specific function of IAPs., Apoptosis, a conserved form of programmed cell death, shows interspecies differences that may reflect evolutionary diversification and adaptation, a notion that remains largely untested. Among insects, the most speciose animal group, the apoptotic pathway has only been fully characterized in Drosophila melanogaster, and apoptosis-related proteins have been studied in a few other dipteran and lepidopteran species. Here, we studied the apoptotic pathway in the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, an insect pest belonging to the Hemiptera, an earlier-diverging and distantly related order. We combined phylogenetic analyses and conserved domain identification to annotate the apoptotic pathway in A. pisum and found low caspase diversity and a large expansion of its inhibitory part, with 28 inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs). We analyzed the spatiotemporal expression of a selected set of pea aphid IAPs and showed that they are differentially expressed in different life stages and tissues, suggesting functional diversification. Five IAPs are specifically induced in bacteriocytes, the specialized cells housing symbiotic bacteria, during their cell death. We demonstrated the antiapoptotic role of these five IAPs using heterologous expression in a tractable in vivo model, the Drosophila melanogaster developing eye. Interestingly, IAPs with the strongest antiapoptotic potential contain two BIR and two RING domains, a domain association that has not been observed in any other species. We finally analyzed all available aphid genomes and found that they all show large IAP expansion, with new combinations of protein domains, suggestive of evolutionarily novel aphid-specific functions.