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Aloe vera is one of many medicinal plants used as hypoglycemic. Higher glucose levels are one of the characteristics of diabetes mellitus. This research aimed to study effectiveness of Aloe vera peel extract on insulin and serum glucose levels of rats with type 2 diabetic. Twenty Wistar rats were induced intraperitoneally using single dose of 65 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) and 230 mg/kg of nicotinamide acid (NA). The rats were divided into control and treatment groups, which was supplemented using 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight of Aloe vera peel extracts for 28 days, respectively. The serum glucose levels were measured after three days of induction, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment, while the insulin levels were measured after three days of induction and at the end of treatment. In the control groups, the serum glucose levels in the second and fourth weeks remained significantly higher (p

Derris scandens and Thunbergia erecta are two medicinal plants have been identified to have many reported phytochemicals and significant medicinal value. Both of these medicinally valuable plants are available in Bangladesh as well as many other countries of the world. The objective of this study was to determine the hypoglycemic effects of extracts from leaves of two medicinal plants Derris scandens and Thunbergia erecta in Swiss albino mice. In vivo Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) method was applied to measure the hypoglycemic effects of methanol extract of leaves of Derris scandens (MEDS) and methanol extract of leaves of Thunbergia erecta (METE). MEDS at doses 200 and 400 mg/kg BW reduced the blood glucose level by 23.45% and 29.62% respectively on the other hand METE reduced the blood glucose level by 22.22% and 40.74% at doses 200 and 400 mg/kg BW respectively. These percentage reduction of blood glucose levels for both MEDS and METE at doses 200 and 400 mg/kg BW were comparable with the blood sugar reduction potential (28.80%) showed by the standard drug glibenclamide at dose 10 mg/kg BW. This study manifest that both MEDS and METE have potency for hypoglycemic effects in the animal model.

Okara is the byproduct of tofu or soymilk production process. The okara used in this paper contains 58.60% total dietary fiber (TDF), 55.63% insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and 1.91% soluble dietary fiber (SDF). Okara may be considered a good source of dietary fiber for the high fiber content, cheap cost and wide resource. Okara dietary fiber mainly consists of arabinose, galactose, xylose and galacturonic acid, and its molecular weight is from 724 kDa to 2081 kDa. Replacing 25%, 15% or 10% wheat flour with okara powder to make noodle, steamed bread or bread, the three okara foods have almost similar taste and quality to control foods. Their TDF contents increase from 7.97%, 13.83% and 14.97% to 25.71%, 21.95% and 22.73%, respectively, compared to control foods, and the enhancement is mainly IDF. The hypoglycemic effects of these okara foods were evaluated by glycemic index (GI) using in vivo study. The results showed the GI for okara bread, okara steamed bread and okara noodle were 49±8, 54±2 and 52±14, respectively, referring to glucose (GI=100). The GI of okara foods was distinctly lower than that of control foods (bread 67±3, steamed bread 86±10, and noodle 77±11). The hypoglycemic effect could be caused by okara dietary fiber. The study suggests that replacing part wheat flour with okara powder to make principal foods is a potential method for okara's application.

Insect tea, listed in the “Compendium of Materia Medica” by Li Shizhen, is not only a traditional drink for the ethnic minority in southwest China, but also one of China's traditional export commodities. Insect tea is made of the feces of insects that feed on plants, and characterized by minimal dose, enjoyable tea flavor, few tea-residues, and superb transparency. Insect tea has been used to clear summer heat, protect the spleen and stomach, and facilitate digestion. Modern research has suggested that insect tea is safe and nutritional, and it has blood lipid lowering, antihypertensive and hypoglycemic effects. At present, due to the household production of insect tea, there are a variety of species of tea-producing insects and feeding plants. In the present review, we summarized the types, civilian applications, nutritional value, pharmacological activity and safety of insect tea, in an effort to provide scientific knowledge for future study.

The present study was designed to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of the daily oral dose of 0.50 to 0.75 g/kg of yeast hydrolysate (YH) containing high Cyclo-His-Pro (51.0 mg CHP/g YH) on normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats for 14 days. In STZ-induced diabetic rats, after administrations of the YH for 14 days, the body weight gain was significantly increased in dose dependent manner, and the plasma glucose levels were decreased approximately (60%) as compared to the STZ induced diabetic control group. Glucose level showed significant differences between the diabetic control (DC) and the YH administered groups in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ( P

In the present study, the ethanolic extract of Achyranthus aspera L. Leaves (EEA) were investigated for their pharmacognostic characteristics and hypoglycemic effects. The pharmacognosy of the plant was carried out using microscopic and macroscopic tools. Macroscopic studies revealed that the leaves were cauline, ramel, opposite, exstipulate, simple, sub-sessile, ovate, entire, acute, unicostate, reticulate, rough, coriaceous and hairy. The stem was erect, herbaceous, quadrangular, branched, solid, green and pubescent, while various internal parts were observed using powder drug for microscopic study. The hypoglycemic effect of the plant was studied in healthy normoglycemic rabbits. The EEA was tested in three doses (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg), and a dose dependent hypoglycemic effect was observed. The most significant hypoglycemic effect was observed against higher dose (200 mg/kg) which remained for 5 h while the hypoglycemic effect remained significant for 3 h against the lower dose. It was concluded that EEA has hypoglycemic properties and it is recommended for the treatment of diabetes mellitus II. Key words: Pharmacognostic, hypoglycemic, Achyranthus aspera L.

A series of amides of 2,3-dihydroimidazo- and 2,3,4,10-tetrahydropyrimido[1,2-a]benzimidazolyl-N-acetic acids were synthesized. Their pharmacological activity was studied. It was established that the synthesized substances possessed antiaggregant properties and antiarrhythmic activity. Some of these amides exhibited antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects in addition to antagonist activity with respect to serotonin 5-HT2 and purine P2Y1 receptors.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes and its prevalence is rapidly increasing throughout the world. Modifications of lifestyle such as suitable diet and exercise programs along with pharmacotherapy and education of patients are beneficial therapies for patients with type 2 diabetes. The ethnopharmacological use of herbal medicines, many of them part of our diet as spices, vegetables and fruits, has been developed for the treatment of diabetes due to inexpensiveness, easy availability and few side effects. Aim of the study Our aim is to present a review for researchers who are interested in the biologically active dietary plants traditionally utilized in the treatment of diabetes. Materials and methods Information was obtained from a literature search of electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Pubmed, Sci Finder and Cochrane. Common and scientific name of the fruits, vegetables, beverages, oils and spices and the words ‘antidiabetic’, ‘hypoglycemic’, ‘anti-hyperglycemic’, ‘type 2 diabetes’ were used as keywords for search. Results Certain fruits and vegetables are functional foods and their consumption reduces the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Hypoglycemic effects of fruits and vegetables may be due to their inducing nature on pancreatic β-cells for insulin secretion, or bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids and anthocyanins, which act as insulin-like molecules or insulin secretagogues. Conclusion This write-up covers hypoglycemic, anti-hyperglycemic and anti-diabetic activities of some dietary fruits, vegetables, beverages, oils and spices and their active hypoglycemic constituents. Including such plant species in the diet might improve management of type 2 diabetes.

Vijayasar ( Pterocarpus marsupium ) has been mentioned in Charak Samhita , as a remedy for Madhumeha (Diabetes Mellitus). A study conducted by ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) revealed that the hypoglycemic effects of Vijayasar are comparable to that of tolbutamide. Karela ( Mormordica charantia ) is another herb used in Madhumeha and it is a routinely used vegetable in Nepal. In this study we measured the effectiveness of Karela in patients of Madhumeha and compared with that of Vijayasar . A total of sixty four patients diagnosed with Madhumeha (Fasting Blood Glucose ≥126mg/dl or Post Prandial Blood Glucose≥200mg/dl) were given either Karela or Vijayasar powder two times a day for one month, along with dietary and lifestyle advices and their blood glucose levels were measured before initiating treatment and after one month of treatment. Changes in the subjective complaints of Madhumeha like Prabhutamutrata, Avilmutrata, etc. and appearance of adverse events were also evaluated. Randomization of treatment was done and dosage was titrated on the basis of glycemic control and duration of Madhumeha . The mean reductions in fasting blood glucose and post prandial blood glucose in Karela treated group are 60.83 mg/dl and 79.74 mg/dl respectively and that in Vijayasar treated. Karela is a safe and effective medicine in the management of Madhumeha and it is as effective as Vijayasar.

Background Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterised by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a global epidemic ravaging both developed and developing countries. The situation will worsen if nothing is done urgently. In fact, the need to identify natural products with antidiabetic potentials is of great importance as supported by several research efforts all over the world, in search of antidiabetic plant based products that are safe and efficacious. Available literatures show that several phytochemicals with antidiabetic properties have been identified in certain plants amongst which include Uvaria chamae. The potentials of Uvaria chamae as an antidiabetic and hypolipidemic drug-candidate are thus tested. Methods Diabetes mellitus was experimentally induced after the rats were fasted overnight by administering intraperitoneally, 60 mg/kg streptozotocin. After 72 h, the rats with plasma glucose levels >200 mg/dl were classified as diabetic. A total of six groups containing five rats per group were used. One group of diabetic rats was untreated. Three diabetic groups, each were treated orally with 100, 250 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the extract. Another diabetic group was treated with insulin (0.5 IU/kg) subcutaneously. The control received 0.5 ml (2% solution) of acacia orally. The treatment was for 8 days. The effects of the extract on weight, plasma glucose and other biochemical parameters were evaluated using standard procedures. Results The diabetic rats treated with the extract showed significant reductions (p

Atrelado ao valor nutricional vem sendo atribuída à berinjela algumas propriedades funcionais, como a capacidade de diminuir o colesterol plasmático e o efeito hipoglicêmico. Por suas características nutricionais, a farinha de berinjela se destaca como um importante ingrediente alimentar, visto que apresenta, em relação à farinha de trigo, maior teor de proteínas, cinzas e fibra alimentar. Dados sobre os efeitos benéficos da berinjela evidenciam a importância do conhecimento detalhado de sua composição química para especificações nutricionais, adequação de dietas e para a ciência de alimentos. Em vista do manejo diferenciado, o cultivo sustentável demanda cultivares bem adaptadas e que proporcionem o melhor rendimento e elevado padrão de qualidade, o que pode interferir na composição dos frutos e, por conseguinte na farinha elaborada a partir destes. Dessa maneira, objetivou-se avaliar as características físico-químicas das farinhas de berinjela de diferentes genótipos sob o sistema de cultivo orgânico. Os resultados demonstraram que o genótipo comprida foi o que proporcionou a obtenção de uma farinha com maior potencial nutritivo, destacando-se nos conteúdos de proteínas, lipídeos e cinzas, frente aos demais materiais analisados.Physicalchemical quality of the flour of eggplants genotypes (Solanum melongena L.) submitted to an organic cultivationAbstract: Besides its nutritional value, it has been atributed to eggplant some functional properties, just like the capacity to diminish plasmatic cholestherol and its hypoglycemic effects, the eggplant outstands, for its nutritional characteristics, as an important ingredient , said that it shows in relation to wheat flour (ordinary baking flour) a bigger fiber and protein rate. Datum about the benefits of the eggplant raise the relevance on the detailed knowledge of its chemical composition to nutritional especifications. From adequating diets to food industialization sciences, and to the care and attention of the particular handling, the sustainable cultivation demands. Well-adapted practices which brings the best results and high quality levels which can interfere on the composition of the fruit, therefore in the flour made of these ones. This way, the objective was to evaluate the physicalchemichal charactheristics of the flours made of different eggplant genotypes under the organic cultivation system. The results showed that the long genotype "comprido " is the one of which is made the flour, which contains the best potential of nutrition, outstanding the contents of protein, lipids and ashes before the other observed materials.

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of Phloridzin. Methods and Materials: High fat diet induced diabetic KKAy mice were administered with phloridzin at an oral dose (60 mg/kg/day, ig.) for 10 weeks. A range of parameters, including blood glucose and lipid, serum insulin, glucose tolerance, were tested to evaluate its anti-hyperglycemic effects. Results: Phloridzin decreased water-intake, body weight, FBG, FINS, HOME-IR, Serum leptin, and CRP levels, increased serum adiponectin level in diabetic mice. Phloridzin also improved the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to a certain degree. In addition, phloridzin decreased liver index, and epididymal, perirenal white adipose tissue indexs, increased pancreas index in diabetic mice. At last, phloridzin increased hepatic GK activity and hepatic glycogen level, decreased hepatic PEPCK, G-6-Pase activities in diabetic mice. Conclusions: Phloridzin possessed anti-hyperglycemic activities.

Aim. There is evidence thatAnethum graveolens(AG) has been used for centuries in Asian traditional medicine, and its constituents have useful effects on the control and management of diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. AG has many useful effects, including hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects, and it has been reported to reduce the incidence of diabetic complications. It acts mainly by affecting antioxidant capacity and change in some genes in glucose and lipid pathways. The aim of the present paper was to summarize pharmacological effects of AG in the management of diabetes.Methods. To prepare this review, a pharmacological and phytochemical literature survey was performed using Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Also, some historical and ethnopharmacological literature sources were used.Results. This review plans to provide readers with an assessment of the pharmacological effects of AG, especially in diabetes.Conclusion. The paper highlights the therapeutic effects of AG which would aid in supporting their safe use in the management of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Objectives: The 4-Aminoquinoline, Chloroquine is still indicated for treatment of malaria fever due to sensitive Plasmodium species. The hypoglycemic effects of Chloroquine have been sparsely reported in human and animal models of type 2 diabetes and a widely held perception among health caregivers in this part of the world is that administering intramuscularly Chloroquine to fasting malaria patients could be complicated by syncope directly caused by hypoglycemia. This study investigated the effects of a single adult human intramuscular bolus of Chloroquine on the blood glucose level in fasting normoglycemic Wistar rats. Methods: Fifteen acclimatized adult male rats were randomly divided into three groups of 5 per group. Group I and II rats were fasted overnight and received 4.17 mg/kg of intramuscular Chloroquine in the morning. Group III rats were also fasted but received 1ml of sterile water injection. Fasting blood sugar level was determined immediately after injection and at 2 hour and 4 hour intervals using Accucheck glucometer. Results: The results were recorded as Mean ± SEM. The mean sugar levels of the groups were compared with each other within a given time point as well between the different time intervals within a given group using Student’s t test of significance. There were no observable statistical significant differences between the Mean blood glucose levels of the groups. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that intramuscular Chloroquine injection in fasted normoglycemic rats did not lower significantly lower their blood glucose level and syncope in fasting adult humans immediately following treatment by this route was likely the result of a cardiovascular complication rather than from a Chloroquine-induced hypoglycemic effect.

Since ancient period in India, Madhumeha (diabetes mellitus) has been treated using indigenous medicines. A rapid increase in the occurrence of diabetes is a serious threat to the humankind. The drugs originated from new bioactive plants have shown more efficacy than oral hypoglycemic agents used in the clinical therapy. Recently attention has been directed toward the selection and confirmation of plants with antidiabetic potential. A number of studies have confirmed the benefits of Ayurvedic plants with hypoglycemic effects in the management of this disorder. These plants usually delay the diabetic complications and rectify the metabolic abnormalities. The present chapter reviews the Ayurvedic perspective of diabetes and the various plants used in diabetes treatment with their mechanism of action and pharmacological test results. Also, the article emphasizes the rational use of traditional as well as indigenous natural medicines.

Two-layered dissolving microneedles (DMs) containing intermediate-acting insulin, protamine sulfate insulin (PSI), were prepared. Then a pharmacodynamic study was performed to evaluate the prolonged hypoglycemic effects in rats. The DMs were approximately 497±5 μm long, with 303±3 μm diameter at their base. The length of the insulin loaded space was 182±4 μm. PSI contents in DMs were 0.51±0.02 IU. A three-month stability study showed that 99.9±1.4% of PSI was recovered at 4 °C. As the temperature increased to 40 °C, recovery decreased to 97.5±2.0%. PSI was released within 5 min from DMs. Hypoglycemic effects of PSI DMs were evaluated in rats where subcutaneous injection preparations were used as references. Total area above the plasma glucose level (% of the pre-dose level) vs. time curve as an index of hypoglycemic effect was 144.0±16.0% h and 243.3±8.5% h for PSI DMs at 1.46 and 3.28 IU/kg. The relative pharmacologic availability of PSI from DMs were 100.2±9.8% and 91.4±4.1%. No significant difference of hypoglycemic curves was found between DMs and injection solutions, which suggests the usefulness of two-layered DMs of PSI for the displacement therapy of sc injection preparation.

Momordica charantia (known as bitter melon) is a tropical and subtropical vine of cucurbitaceae plant group native to Africa. It is being widely used and advertised for its hypoglycemic effects. However, to date, no large clinical trial has been published on the efficacy of any type of such preparation. The main objective of this case report is to increase the awareness of the latent power of this commonly used herb.

To investigate the anti-diabetic activity of ethanol and aqueous peel and seed extracts obtained from three different grape species (Cambell Early, MBA, and Kyoho), alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity was examined. All extracts showed anti-diabetic activity, especially aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory effect above 70%. Thus, we used aqueous extract to check the potential hypoglycemic effects in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice model. The results showed that the blood glucose level of STZ-induced diabetic mice decreased drastically after 3 hr when the aqueous extract of Cambell Early seed was treated to the mice model. The aqueous extract of Kyoho seed lessened blood glucose level by 60%. Together, these data indicate that extracts of grape peel and seed (aqueous or ethanol) may have potential in improving hypoglycemic effects in the diabetic symptoms, suggesting that further investigation on biomarker expressions should be rewarding.

Phenylethanoid glycosides are a group of phenolic compounds with diverse biological activities such as hypotensive, diuretic, and hypoglycemic effects. In this study, a target profiling analysis approach using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS) was established on the basis of parent ion scanning for m/z 161, the characteristic product ion for phenylethanoid glycosides. It was successfully employed to discriminate the chemical composition of phenylethanoid glycosides between Plantaginis Herba and Plantaginis Semen, two medicinal parts of Plantago plants, which are widely used as herbal medicine in China. Totally, 34 phenylethanoid glycosides were characterized and tentatively identified by their retention times, MS, and tandem quadrupole MS (MS/MS) data. Combined with chemometrics analysis of principal component analysis and orthogonal projection to latent structural discriminate analysis, eight of them, especially acteoside and plantamajoside, were picked out and contributed to the chemical distinction between Plantaginis Herba and Plantaginis Semen, which might be responsible for the differences in diuretic and hypotensive effects between the two medicinal parts. This new approach for target profiling provides not only a novel idea for specific analysis of active chemical constituents in the same type, but also a promising and reference method for quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicines.

For the purpose of investigating the in vitro antidiabetic activity of a medicinal herb mixture prepared through traditional antidiabetic prescription, the study analyzed the existence of insulin-similar components and examined -amylase and -glucosidase inhibition activity. As a result of arranging the medicinal herb mixture extracts over the 3T3-L1 fibroblast in the concentration of , which confirmed that it included much of insulin sensitizer components as 151.7% in the differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblast. The inhibition activity against -amylase of the medicinal herb mixture extracts as hypoglycemic agent were 38.4, 31.5 and 16.6% in the concentration of 10.0, 1.0 and 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. The inhibition activity against -glucosidase of the medicinal herb mixture extracts were 81.3, 35.8 and 26.7% in the concentration of 10.0, 1.0 and 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. The inhibition activity against -glucosidase in the ethyl acetate fractions of the water and 80% ethanol extracts were 66.9% and 55.1%, respectively, the highest levels in the various solvent extracts.

Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) has been described earlier and its use in ancient medicinal practice is well known. The hypoglycemic effects of fenugreek have been studied in many animal models and diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the preventive efficiency of dietary fenugreek on diet-induced metabolic diseases in rats. The diets used in this study were a standard diet, a high-fat high-sucrose (HFS) diet, and a HFS diet containing 0.5 g/kg b. w./day fenugreek based on the modified version of the AIN-93G purified diet, for 12 weeks, respectively. The rats fed the HFS diet containing fenugreek showed significantly lower fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR than the rats fed the HFS diet. Therefore, fenugreek improved insulin sensitivity in rats. The triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in the plasma were significantly lower in the fenugreek-administered group. Moreover, distinct reductions of triglyceride, total cholesterol, free fatty acid, and phospholipid levels in the liver were found in the rats fed the HFS diet containing fenugreek. These results suggest that fenugreek enhanced insulin sensitivity at least partly by improving lipid metabolism disorders in the plasma and the liver in the rats induced by the HFS diet.

Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosaL.) extracts have been used for many years in folk medicine to treat diabetes, with the first published research study being reported in 1940. This review summarizes the current literature regarding banaba and its constituents. The hypoglycemic effects of banaba have be

5 Abstract: The evaluation of the acute and subchronc toxicities of a Nigerian polyherbal tea remedy, prepared with Anthocleista vogelii, Ficus exasperata leaves and Viscum album (mistletoe), was carried out in Swiss albino mice and Wistar rats of both sexes. The lyophilized extract in the dose ranges of 1.0 g to 20.0 g/kg body weight was administered orally to the mice and observed continuously for the first 4 h and hourly for the next 12 h, then 6 hourly for 56 h (72 h, acute toxicity). Wistar rats were also fed with different doses of the lyophilized formulation for 30 days and the effects on some tissues - heart, liver and testes - wer e histologically evaluated. Also the effects on the biochemical and haematological parameters were evaluated (subchronic toxicity model). The median acute toxicity value (LD50) of the polyherbal tea was determined to be 8.970 g/kg body weight. The tea significantly reduced (p

Diabetes is a disorder affecting various-aged humans and which can with time cause serious problems for the patient. Medicinal plants are known for their hypoglycemic effects; and among which is ginger (Zingiber officinale) known also for its culinary uses. This study, therefore, was undertaken to evaluate the histological effect of 21-day treatment of aqueous ginger extract used at 500 mg / kg BW on female diabetic rats. Fifteen female albino rats were divided into three groups; Group I: control, Group II: non-treated diabetic, and Group III: ginger extract-treated diabetic rats. The ginger extract-treated diabetic group received the daily dose orally for three weeks. Results show that organ weight was not significantly changed. Light microscopic examination of 5µm sections of extract-treated Kidney and Lung of the diabetic rats revealed approximately normal histological structure compared with the untreated ones. The normal appearance of glomeruli and alveoli as well as the normal alveolar wall assumed the ameliorative effect ginger aqueous extract could have on kidney and lung of diabetic rats. These results indicated that this dose of ginger extract may be effective in the treatment of diabetic rats.

This study aimed at analyzing both body and glycemic parameters resulting from the administration of high fat diet and Bauhinia forficata aqueous extract (AqE) in rats. Initially, sixty-day-old rats were divided into two groups. Group C was fed with normocaloric diet and group D was fed with a high fat diet composed of 20% proteins; 48% carbohydrate, 20% lipid, 4% cellulose, 5% vitamin and mineral salts. On the 120 day-old group D was subdivided with another D + I group, fed a hyperlipid diet plus administration of Bauhinia forficata AqE for gavage. During experimental period, body mass, food intake and glucose were evaluated. The animals were sacrificed at the age of 150 days. Group D, at 120 days, presented higher body mass compared to group C, but there were no changes in dietary intake. The glycaemia of group D increased compared to group C. At 150 days, the D + I group had a decrease in body mass and glycaemia, and group D continued to gain body mass without changing food intake. Therefore, the findings show that the two-month-diet-period increased body weight and blood glucose. AqE of plant B. forficata has pharmacological potential in reducing body mass and decreasing in blood glucose concentrations.

As a percutaneous sustained-release preparation, insulin micropiles (MPs) were prepared with biodegradable polymers poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as the base. The obtained PLA, PCL, and PLGA MPs of which the insulin:polymer ratio was 1:2 were administered to rat skin at 40 IU/kg and hypoglycemic effects measured for 6 days. The order of the hypoglycemic effect was PLAPCLPLGA. PLA MP showed the strongest hypoglycemic effect (2 days). The hypoglycemic effect of insulin PLA MP was dependent on the formulation; the order was insulin:PLA (2:1)insulin:PLA (1:1)insulin:PLA (1:2). As the ratio of insulin to the polymer base increased, the hypoglycemic effect increased. The area above the plasma glucose levels vs. time curves for 6 days from insulin:PLA (2:1) MPs, 10, 20, 30, and 40 IU/ kg, were 249 ± 108, 2003 ± 379, 3960 ± 794, and 6311 ± 726%·h. A dose-dependent hypoglycemic effect was obtained at 10-40 IU/kg and pharmacological availabilities were 11.1%, 44.5%, 58.6%, and 70%, respectively. Insulin:PLA (2:1) MP showed high plasma insulin level, 86.9-134.7 IU/mL, for 3 days. There was no damage to rat skin. These results suggest the usefulness of insulin:PLA (2:1) MP as a sustained-release percutaneous delivery system for insulin.

Background: Aegle marmelos belongs to the family Rutaceae, a medium-sized perennial tree which grows in subtropical and tropical parts of India and South-East Asia. Studies have reported that leaf extracts of A. marmelos have anticancer, cardiotonic, antidyslipidemic, and hypoglycemic effects and were ethnologically used for the treatment of dropsy, opthalmitis, ulcers, beri beri, and cholera. Objective: In the present study, we have carried out nontargeted analysis of the leaf extract of A. marmelos Correa ex Roxb., by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and estimated the inhibitory concentration (IC50) in human cancer cell lines using MCF-7, H-460, and SF-268. Materials and Methods: Dried leaves of A. marmelos were extracted with 50% aqueous alcohol using Soxhlet apparatus. The dried extract was suspended in water and re-extracted with petroleum ether and the fraction was named as AMPEF (petroleum ether fraction of Aegle marmelos leaf extract); the dry yield of the AMPEF was found to be 7.56% (w/w). Nontargeted GC/MS analysis of AMPEF was performed using Shimadzu QP 2000 GC equipped with ULBON-HR-5 capillary column and mass spectrometer as detector. The cancer cell lines were obtained from the National Centre for Cell Science, Pune. In vitro cytotoxic activity of AMPEF on cancer cell lines was conducted using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium assay. Results: GC/MS analysis of the AMPEF enabled the identification of 26 compounds, and IC50of AMPEF in MCF-7, H-460, and SF-268 was found to be 0.53 ± 0.10, 0.65 ± 0.05, and 0.18 ± 0.01 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The AMPEF was found to be a potential cytotoxic agent against the used cell lines. Abbreviations used: AMPEF: Petroleum ether fraction of leaf extract of Aegle marmelos; DMBA: 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene; IC: Inhibitory concentration; MTT:3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology; RT: Retention time; TIC: Total ion chromatogram.

【目的】霊芝菌糸体培養培地抽出物 (WER) は，マンネンタケ菌糸体をバガスおよび米糠を含む固形培地に接種し，子実体発生直前に培地と共に熱水抽出したものである．本研究では，WER の 2 型糖尿病態改善効果について検証した． 【方法】KK-Ay マウスに，WER を含む飼料を摂取させ，経時的に血糖値および血中インスリン量を測定した．また，インスリン感受性試験を行った．さらに，骨格筋および脂肪組織を摘出し GLUT4 蛋白質の発現量を測定した． 【結果・考察】WER 摂取群では，対照群と比較し血糖値および血中インスリン量が有意に低下した．また，WER 摂取群ではインスリンによる血糖値低下作用の増強が認められた．さらに，WER 摂取群の骨格筋および脂肪細胞膜では，GLUT4 蛋白質の発現増大が認められた．これらの結果から，WER は 2 型糖尿病マウスにおいて，インスリン抵抗性を改善し血糖上昇を抑制すること，またその機序の一部に GLUT4 の膜移行の促進が関与することが示唆された．

This study was designed to evaluate the anti-obesity and hypoglycemic effects of Gugija (Lycium chinense Mill) extracts in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We investigated the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of extracts from Gugija. Gugija was extracted by 70% EtOH and 80% MeOH and aqueous, respectively. A single oral dose of Gugija extract inhibited the increase of blood glucose levels significantly at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min and decreased incremental response areas under the glycemic response curve. These results suggest that Gugija 70% EtOH extracts may delay carbohydrate digestion and reduce postprandial hyperglycemia. In addition, triglyceride content in 3T3-L1 adipocytes decreased at higher concentrations of Gugija 70% EtOH extract. Free fatty acid content in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was increased at higher concentrations of Gugija 70% EtOH extract. Also, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), the key insulin signaling pathway transcription factor, was remarkably increased by the Gugija 70% EtOH extract when compared to those of control cells in protein expression levels. Therefore, Gugija can be developed as an effective anti-obesity and hypoglycemic agent.

Two kinds of insulin were loaded into self-dissolving micropile array tip (following tip). Fully-loaded tip (f-tip) and partially-loaded tip (p-tip) were prepared using chondroitin sulfate for the percutaneous administration of insulin. One hundred micropiles were constructed on a 1.0 x 1.0 cm tip. The mean length of the micropile in a tip were 483.4 +/- 4.7 mum for the f-tip and 492.6 +/- 2.4 mum for the p-tip. The insulin content of the p-tip was 28.5% of that of the f-tip. The pharmacological efficiency of insulin loaded tip was evaluated in rat experiments by measuring their hypoglycemic effects. The maximum hypoglycemic effect of insulin was observed at 1.7 +/- 0.2 h for the f-tip and 1.5 +/- 0.2 h for the p-tip. Good dose-dependency was observed for the plasma glucose level vs. time curves. These results suggest the usefulness of p-tip as a percutaneous DDS of insulin.

We previously reported that peripheral injection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) exhibits hypophagic and hypoglycemic effects in obese hyperglycemic animals, indicating its antiobesity and antidiabetic effects. Since previous studies were focused on the effect of BDNF on overt diabetic animals with severe hyperglycemia, there was no evidence whether BDNF is effective or not for the development of diabetes in prediabetic animal models. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of BDNF on preventing the development of diabetes in db/db mice. First, we characterized age-related changes in the pathophysiology of diabetes in db/db mice. We chose 8 week-old db/db mice as the early diabetic stage (early intervention study) and 4 week-old db/db mice as the prediabetic stage (prevention study). Next, we examined the effects of BDNF on the progression of diabetes in early diabetic db/db mice. In the early intervention study using 8 week-old db/db mice, intermittent treatment with BDNF prevented the deterioration in hyperglycemia. Lastly, we examined the preventive effects of BDNF on the development of diabetes in prediabetic db/db mice. In the prevention study using 4 week-old db/db mice, treatment with BDNF prevented the age-related increase in blood glucose concentration. These results showed for the first time that BDNF prevents the development of diabetes in prediabetic db/db mice.

Sesquiterpene glycoside, nerolidol-3-O-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->4)-alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)-[alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->6)]-beta-d-glucopyranoside was isolated from dried leaves of loquat [Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., Rosaceae]. Hypoglycemic effects of this natural product were assessed in normal and alloxan-diabetic mice model. Animals received orally administration of the sesquiterpene glycoside in dose of 25 and 75 mg/kg. The anti-hyperglycemic effect was compared with gliclazide's. The dose of 25 and 75 mg/kg both exerted a significant (p

The methanolic extract from the whole plant of Sinocrassula indica (Crassulaceae) was found to inhibit the increase in serum glucose levels in oral administration of sucrose and glucose in rats at a dose of 250 mg/kg (p.o.). However, the extract did not inhibit the increase in serum glucose levels after intraperitoneal administration of glucose in these animals but did partly inhibit the gastric emptying. On the other hand, this extract significantly inhibited the increase in serum glucose levels after administration for 2 weeks in KK-Ay mice, a genetically type II diabetic mice, at a dose of 250 mg/kg/d (p.o.) without significant changes of the weights of body, liver, and visceral fat. From the extract, four new acylated flavonol glycosides, sinocrassosides A1, A2, B1, and B2, were isolated together with 11 flavonoids and 2 megastigmanes. The absolute stereostructures of the four new compounds were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence.

The purpose of this study was to compare the long-term effects of small intakes of tsao-ko, turmeric and garlic on the levels of body fat, plasma lipids, lipid peroxides, glucose and liver lipids in adult mice. Six groups (n=8 per group) of adult male mice (25 weeks old) were fed a diet containing 1% or 0.1% tsao-ko (Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemair), turmeric or garlic powder for 90 days. The final percent change in body weight tended to be lower in mice in the tsao-ko diet group than that in turmeric diet group. There was a significant reduction in plasma and liver triacylylglycerol concentrations in mice on the 0.1% tsao-ko diet compared with those in the 0.1% garlic diet group. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower in animals on the 1% tsao-ko and garlic diets compared with those on the 1% turmeric diet. The hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of tsao-ko were more pronounced than those of turmeric or garlic.

A new lignan named tadehaginosin, together with a known compound 3,4-dihydro-4-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxycoumarin, was isolated from the aerial part of Tadehagi triquetrum. The new structure was determined by various spectroscopic techniques (1H and 13C APT, HSQC, HMBC, 1H–1HCOSY, NOESY and HR-ESI-MS). The two isolates were evaluated for their hypoglycemic effects in vitro. Biological investigation showed that both of them possessed the capability to increase glucose consumption by HepG2 cells.

The novel gluconeogenesis inhibitor FR225654, isolated from the culture broth of Phoma sp. No. 00144, has an unique structure that consists of a highly oxygenated trans-decalin ring and a beta-keto-enol, with a characteristic side chain. This compound selectively inhibited gluconeogenesis of rat primary hepatocytes and had hypoglycemic effects in several in vivo mouse models.

Hypertension and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) often occur simultaneously and the combination requires vigorous control of hypertension. This can generally be achieved by a combination of antihypertensive drugs. The present study examines the antihypertensive and possible hypoglycemic effects of combined therapy with endothelin A (ETA) receptor antagonist LU-135252 and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor trandolapril in male Cohen-Rosenthal Diabetic Hypertensive (CRDH) rats.Rats were divided into four groups as follows: group I served as control; group II--LU-135252 30 mg/kg/day; group III--trandolapril 0.1 mg/kg/day and group IV--both LU-135252 30 mg/kg/day and trandolapril 0.1 mg/kg/day. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and plasma glucose levels were evaluated at the beginning of the experiment and after 2, 4 and 6 weeks.SBP decreased significantly in all treated groups after 2, 4 and 6 weeks of treatment compared to baseline. Maximum decrease was in group IV (combination) from 174.8+/-3.7 to 136.1+/-2.4 mmHg (22%) (p0.0001); in group III (trandolapril) from 165.8+/-2.7 to 137.5+/-2.9 mmHg (17%) (p=0.0002); and in group II (LU-135252) and from 169.1+/-3.1 to 147.8+/-2.5 mmHg (12%) (p=0.0004). Glucose levels in plasma decreased significantly after 6 weeks of treatment. Maximum decrease was in group IV: from 501.0+/-42.8 to 178.6+/-7.3 mg/dl (62%) (p0.0001); in group III from 428.2+/-47.7 to 146.8+/-5.6 mg/dl (63%) (p0.0001); and in group II from 491.2+/-39.3 to 272.2+/-28.3 mg/dl (42%) (p=0.0002).The SBP decrease was additive when both drugs were given together. Thus, combination of ETA antagonist and ACE inhibitor appears to offer a rational fixed-dose antihypertensive therapy, which is superior to that of either drug alone. The decrease in glucose level, which was the least impressive while on LU-135252 alone, was more prominent during combination after 2 weeks, although without further decrease.

Soy isoflavones have many effects similar to those of estrogen and have become popular among postmenopausal women as an alternative for hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of soy isoflavones on glucose, insulin, and lipid profiles in postmenopausal Taiwanese women.We conducted a randomized, double-blind, active placebo-controlled clinical trial to compare the effects of isoflavones with estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) on blood glucose, insulin, and lipid profiles in postmenopausal Taiwanese women. Thirty postmenopausal Taiwanese women were randomly assigned to two groups, and each received treatment for 6 months. The isoflavone group received 100 mg isoflavone soft capsules, 300 mg calcium, and a blank vitamin capsule per day. The estrogen active control group received 0.625 mg conjugated estrogen, 300 mg calcium, and blank isoflavone soft capsules per day. We measured baseline levels of fasting blood sugar, insulin, lipid profiles, and isoflavone concentrations prior to the study and repeated the same measurements every 3 months for a total duration of 6 months.Two-way ANOVA revealed that fasting glucose (p0.001) and insulin (p0.005) levels were significantly affected by estrogen and isoflavone treatments after 6 months. For the isoflavone group, the average blood genistein concentration was 6-10 times higher than those of the estrogen group. Within the same periods, the fasting blood glucose was reduced to 83% and 85% of the baseline levels, and insulin was reduced to 56% and 67% of the baseline levels, respectively, in the estrogen and isoflavone groups.Soy isoflavones (100 mg) and 0.625 mg conjugated estrogen equally lower fasting blood glucose and insulin levels in postmenopausal women.

A recent randomized and double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study has indicated that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) decrease blood glucose in patients with type II diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the GLP extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of GLP at 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg for 4 weeks resulted in a reduction of blood glucose levels by 12.5, 18.7 and 33.7% respectively, while glibenclamide treatment brought the hyperglycemic value down to normal. The hypoglycemic effect was supported by a significant decrease in glycosylated haemoglobin and increased plasma insulin levels (p＜0.01) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This study showed that GLP has similar hypoglycemic effects as glibenclamide in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.