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This study explores the laser-induced hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanostructures, focusing on the influence of various growth parameters. Using a laser to locally heat the synthesis solution, we achieved controlled growth of ZnO nanostructures. We examined the effects of laser power, exposure time, reagent concentration, and the addition of polyethyleneimine (PEI) on the morphology and distribution of the nanostructures. Results indicate that higher laser powers and extended exposure times lead to increased nanostructure diameters and heights, though they also introduce growth instability. Lower reagent concentrations produce needle-like structures, while higher concentrations yield larger but irregular formations. The addition of PEI accelerates growth, resulting in longer nanorods with reduced height variation but causes a chaotic structural arrangement and the formation of parasitic nanostructures. These findings underscore the critical role of growth parameters in tailoring the properties of ZnO nanostructures for potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the transition metal oxides, hematite (α-Fe2O3) has been widely used in the preparation of memristors because of its excellent physical and chemical properties. In this paper, α-Fe2O3 nanowire arrays with a preferred orientation along the [110] direction were prepared by a facile hydrothermal method and annealing treatment on the FTO substrate, and then α-Fe2O3 nanowire array-based Au/α-Fe2O3/FTO memristors were obtained by plating the Au electrodes on the as-prepared α-Fe2O3 nanowire arrays. The as-prepared α-Fe2O3 nanowire array-based Au/α-Fe2O3/FTO memristors have demonstrated stable nonvolatile bipolar resistive switching behaviors with a high resistive switching ratio of about two orders of magnitude, good resistance retention (up to 103 s), and ultralow set voltage (Vset = +2.63 V) and reset voltage (Vreset = −2 V). In addition, the space charge-limited conduction (SCLC) mechanism has been proposed to be in the high resistance state, and the formation and destruction of the conductive channels modulated by oxygen vacancies have been suggested to be responsible for the nonvolatile resistive switching behaviors of the Au/α-Fe2O3/FTO memristors. Our results show the potential of the Au/α-Fe2O3/FTO memristors in nonvolatile memory applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

POMs modified with lanthanide metals combine the advantages of POMs and lanthanide metals, and show promising properties in the fields of luminescence, magnetism, catalysis, etc. Comparing with the classical Keggin-type POMs, the Preyssler-type POMs with larger size exhibit a rich spatial structure evolution, thereby offering potential for the synthesis of polyoxometalates with excellent properties. In this paper, the Preyssler-type POMs K12.5Na1.5[NaP5W30O110] (P5W30) were selected as the research object, five polyoxometalates KNa{[Tb4(H2O)32](NaP5W30O110)}·24H2O(1), KNa{[Eu4(H2O)32](NaP5W30O110)}· ·19H2O(2), KNa{[La4(H2O)24](NaP5W30O110)}·22H2O(3), KNa{[Gd4(H2O)30](NaP5W30O110)}·20H2O(4), KNa{[Sm4(H2O)24](NaP5W30O110)}·21H2O(5) were designed and synthesized with different lanthanide metals by hydrothermal synthesis method. The effects of pH value, stoichiometric ratio and reaction temperature on the synthesis were summarized. The crystal structures of five polyoxometalates were described, and the coordination environment of lanthanide metals was analyzed. PXRD, infrared spectra, thermogravimetric and fluorescence properties of these compounds were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic surfaces endowed with antifouling characteristics are crucial in biomedical devices, frequently-contacted surfaces, food and cosmetic packaging, etc. Here, flexible Ti foil has been employed to grow TiO2 nanoneedles, known for their exceptional properties, using a modified hydrothermal synthesis method. The established hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 nanoneedles employs concentrated HCl solution that completely digests the Ti foil. In the present study, concentration of HCl was lowered systematically to unearth the optimal conditions for obtaining hydrothermally grown TiO2 nanoneedles. To make the surfaces antifouling under dark–light dual-mode conditions, deposition of varying loadings of photosensitizing AgBr was made. These nanostructures were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, respectively. Antibacterial efficacy of TiO2/AgBr heterojunctions was evaluated under both dark and visible light conditions against two representative gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Escherichia coli DH5-α. Notably, TiO2 nanostructures coated with 50 mg ml−1 of the AgBr precursor achieved complete bacterial clearance for P. fluorescens within 180–240 min in the dark, while a comparable activity was observed within 90–120 min under light conditions. In the case of E. coli DH5-α, even a lesser loading of 30 mg ml−1 was more effective. The crystal violet assay employing biofilm-forming P. fluorescens showed increased biofilm inhibition with higher AgBr loadings. The findings of this study highlight the multifunctional potential of the AgBr-loaded TiO2 nanostructure as a dual-mode antibacterial coating on metallic surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we have developed molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) nanosheets via an effective hydrothermal process by varying synthesis temperatures in a high-yield production. XRD results illustrate that all the products indexed to a hexagonal crystal phase of MoSe2 (2H-MoSe2) with crystallite sizes around 7 nm. TEM and HRTEM images confirmed a high-quality crystalline feature of MoSe2 nanosheets. Interestingly, the identified interplanar spacing of 0.61 nm corresponds to a well-organized atomic-scale arrangement with (hkil: 0002) plane of 2H-MoSe2 crystal. Additionally, Moiré fringes of different periodicities are clearly visible in some crystalline regions suggesting that MoSe2 nanosheets are well crystallized. The selected area electron diffraction patterns elucidate ring-like diffraction patterns indicating the polycrystalline nature of all the prepared MoSe2 nanosheets. UV–Vis absorption spectra scrutinize the mechanism for photo-response phenomenon and the observed excitonic peaks evidently demonstrate that the synthesized MoSe2 is in a semiconducting 2H phase with an optical bandgap ranging from 1.78 to 1.93 eV. Moreover, MoSe2 nanosheets possess a prominent methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption capacity of 50–70% and 54–83% in lower and higher adsorption times, respectively. In a nutshell, this study reveals the potential environmental application in the adsorption of organic dye MB in wastewater of hydrothermally produced MoSe2 nanosheets with structural and optical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, selective and accurate determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose has become essential for routine diagnosis. The present work demonstrates the hydrothermal synthesis of NiO nanosheet (NS)–MoS2-based composite system for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of H2O2 and glucose. To understand the structure, morphology and elemental constituents of the prepared composite system, various characterization techniques were employed, namely XRD, FTIR, FESEM, TEM and EDX. Redox activity and charge transfer process of the NiO–MoS2-based sensor electrode towards H2O2 and glucose were realized via using electrochemical techniques: cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry. To be mentioned, limit of detection (LOD) and sensitivity for detection of H2O2 are calculated to be 3 µM and 3925 µA mM−1 cm−2, respectively, under the linear range of 5–455 µM in 0.1 M PBS solution. Similarly, the LOD and sensitivity for sensing glucose is estimated to be 3.53 µM and 1880 µA mM−1 cm−2, respectively, under the linear range of 5–370 µM in 0.1 M NaOH solution. The cost-effective fabricated sensor exhibited good stability with a high selectivity towards the specific analytes only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin disulfide (SnS2) is a prominent candidate in the class of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), whose multiple electrical and electrochemical applications have recently steered much attention to energy storage devices like batteries and supercapacitors. Previous studies on the material came under the efforts to improve its applications by doping, creating composites, and other heterogeneous structures, which are complicated and less economical. Thus, pristine SnS2, utilizing its morphological features in conjunction with a suitable synthesis method, was investigated to improve efficiency and reduce cost without confusing processes or structural iterations. In this work, SnS2 is synthesized in its bare form using the hydrothermal method to investigate its potential supercapacitor application. The synthesis route followed a cost‐efficient and simple protocol, and the material shows a porous morphology favoring electrode–electrolyte interaction desirable for supercapacitors. A comprehensive study on the structural, morphological, and surface features done by XRD, FESEM, EDX, XPS, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis confirmed the formation of SnS2 and interior structure. Supercapacitor analysis by CV, GCD, EIS, and cyclic stability tests reveal an intermittent energy storage mechanism, with a capacitance of 109.6 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and high cyclic retention of 106% at 5 A g−1 after 7000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal thermal management (PTM) textiles with cooling functions have garnered substantial interest because of their ability to regulate individuals' temperature and provide comfort with low energy consumption. However, developing cellulose-based fabrics such as cotton with cooling functions remains a challenge due to the complex preparation process. Herein, a composite functional cellulosic fabric, based on cotton, is presented in this work to address the various inconveniences caused by hot weather. Controlled in situ growth of zinc oxide is achieved through hydrothermal synthesis. The ZnO nanorods deposited on the surface of the cotton fabric have excellent UV shielding ability and synergize solar reflection, resulting in a UPF value of 300 + for the modified fabric. Even after 100 friction cycles, this performance still reaches 80.25. The surface of the modified cotton fabric has a high solar reflectance (83.88%), a high thermal conductivity (98 W·m−2·K−1), and a cooling effect of 3.0 °C, achieved in a simulated heating environment compared with the original cotton. Due to these excellent properties and simple preparation steps, the cool-feeling fabrics fabricated by in situ growth of ZnO nanorods on the surface of cotton fabrics have promising application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity continues to be a major worldwide issue. Therefore, from a scientific perspective, it is crucial to develop a highly effective, affordable, environmentally friendly, and readily available metal-based adsorbent for wastewater treatment. This study focuses on synthesizing a mesoporous/nanosphere TiO2 using a free-template and eco-friendly method to effectively remove Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dye. The synthesis of TiO2 nanospheres was achieved through the use of titanium isopropoxide at 100 °C for 12 h in a one-pot hydrothermal process, successfully regulating their morphology and crystallite size. The TiO2 nanospheres were extensively characterized using multiple techniques, such as XRD, FE-SEM, zeta potential, FT-IR, HR-TEM, and BET surface area tools. Adsorption experiments revealed a notable capacity of 109 mg g−1 for RB5 dye, following pseudo-second-order kinetic behavior. The equilibrium data conformed well to the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating monolayer adsorption. Thermodynamic evaluations confirmed that the process was spontaneous, endothermic, and governed by physisorption. Calculations using density functional theory (DFT) provided additional support for the experimental findings, demonstrating strong binding interactions between the dye and the TiO2 (101) surface. The TiO2 nano-adsorbent showed excellent reusability and maintained high adsorption efficiency over multiple cycles, making it a promising candidate for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon microspheres have been synthesized by the hydrothermal method with fructose and a phosphoric acid solution at two different concentrations, which were used as precursors. The obtained materials were characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Batch sorption experiments were performed to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions by varying the initial concentration of MB (C0) from 50 to 500 mg/dm3, contact period, solution pH value, and temperature. Prepared sorbents consisted of microsphere particles with diameters in the range of 0.6–2.7 µm. The synthetic route was found to govern the microporous–mesoporous structure and surface acidic functional groups of the final product. A phosphoric acid concentration of 40 wt.% gave carbon material with a specific surface area of 932 m2/g and a total pore volume of 0.43 cm3/g. It was found that the extent of MB sorption by the obtained carbon microspheres increased with initial dye concentration, contact time, and especially solution pH but slightly decreased with increasing temperature. Kinetic studies showed that the dye sorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese oxide (α‐MnO2) with 1D tunneled cathode material is an attractive option for zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) as it offers high energy efficiency, cost‐effectiveness, natural abundance, safety, and environmental friendliness. However, it possesses inferior conductivity, which compromises its electrochemical performance in practical applications. To address this challenge, the integration of reduced graphene oxide is explored, renowned for its excellent conductivity, with α‐MnO2. This integration enhances the stability and conductivity of the composite structure. The reduction of graphene oxide is achieved through a hydrothermal method, facilitating the wrapping of reduced graphene oxide around α‐MnO2 nanorods. This synthesis approach not only saves energy but also aligns with the intended green approach. In this study, the impact of varying the hydrothermal reaction time on the properties of hydrothermally wrapped reduced graphene oxide on 1D α‐MnO2 (HWGOM) is investigated as a cathode material for ZIBs. A series of samples are prepared with hydrothermal reaction times of 4, 6, and 8 h, respectively. Specifically, HWGOM_6 demonstrates a highest specific capacity of 333 mAh g−1 at the current density of 200 mA g−1, along with remarkable cycling stability, retaining 94.3% of its capacity and achieving a coulombic efficiency of 97% over 500 cycles at a constant current density of 500 mA g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a straightforward hydrothermal method was conceptualized for the purpose of controlling the size and form of the zircon-type tetragonal phase of LaVO4:Eu nanostructures. Nanorods and nanosheaves have been selectively obtained by tuning the pH value. In particular, LaVO4:Eu nanorods covered by EDTA molecules are soluble in water. In addition, research on photoluminescence has demonstrated that Eu3+-doped LaVO4 nanorods exhibit significant red emission when exposed to ultraviolet light. This phenomenon has the potential to be utilized in a variety of disciplines, including visual display, catalysis, and biological imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Modern dentistry is turning towards natural sources to overcome the immunological, toxicological, aesthetic, and durability drawbacks of synthetic materials. Among the first biomaterials used as endosseous dental implants, mollusk shells also display unique features, such as high mechanical strength, superior toughness, hierarchical architecture, and layered, microporous structure. This review focusses on hydroxyapatite—a bioactive, osteoconductive, calcium-based material crucial for bone healing and regeneration. Mollusk-derived hydroxyapatite is widely available, cost-effective, sustainable, and a low-impact biomaterial. Thermal treatment coupled with wet chemical precipitation and hydrothermal synthesis are the most common methods used for its recovery since they provide efficiency, scalability, and the ability to produce highly crystalline and pure resulting materials. Several factors, such as temperature, pH, and sintering parameters, modulate the size, purity, and crystallinity of the final product. Experimental and clinical data support that mollusk shell-derived hydroxyapatite and its carbonated derivatives, especially their nanocrystaline forms, display notable bioactivity, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductivity without causing adverse immune reactions. These biomaterials are therefore highly relevant for specific dental applications, such as bone graft substitutes or dental implant coatings. However, continued research and clinical validation is needed to optimize the synthesis of mollusk shell-derived hydroxyapatite and determine its applicability to regenerative dentistry and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth vanadate has been reported as a promising active semiconductor for visible light harvesting. However, the rapid recombination of charge carriers has limited its photocatalytic properties. As an alternative route to treat contaminated water containing cyanide ions, photoactivated BiVO4 in combination with ozone has been investigated. BiVO4 photocatalysts were synthesized by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, as well as by sol–gel, obtaining the monoclinic crystalline structure and a band gap of ~ 2.5 eV by XRD and UV–Vis DRS. The morphological analysis, elemental chemical composition, BET surface area, stability, and photoluminescence characteristics were carried out for both samples. Although the majority composition belongs to BiVO4, the presence of secondary phases was confirmed by XPS. The BiVO4 obtained by sol–gel (sol–gel BVO) exhibited superior photocatalytic performance with a lower reaction time (15 min) to oxidize free cyanide under visible-light radiation in combination with ozone. The degradation kinetics is described by pseudo-zero-order kinetics, and the rate constant (k0) of BiVO4 synthesized by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method was found to be the lower of the two. The high efficiency of the photocatalytic ozonation for the removal of free cyanide can be ascribed to a combination of two oxidation systems and the synergy of both processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In our work, we report superior electrochemical performance of optimized 3D nanostructured, nickel-cobalt carbonate hydroxide hydrate (Ni3 − xCox-CHH (1 ≤ x ≤ 2)) materials with flower like morphology synthesised via one-step hydrothermal methods. A Ni rich sample (x = 1) demonstrate better specific capacitance and the improvement is attributed to more oxygen deficient neighbourhood of Ni compared to that of Co. The structural, morphological and electronic properties of the samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A comprehensive characterization was used for physicochemical properties-electrochemical performance correlation. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic charging and discharging (GCD) shows the supercapacitor feature of the samples for the composition containing the highest nickel concentration achieving a specific capacitance of 1649.51 F g− 1 at a current density of 1 A g− 1 and excellent rate capability of 1610.30 F g− 1 at a high current density of 5 A g− 1. The sample shows high cyclic stability of 80.86% after 3000 cycles. Improved specific capacitance is attributed to the synergy effect of bimetallic transition metals as well as improved surface area of flower like morphology. These findings show that Ni2Co-CHH electrode material demonstrates great potential as electrode material for supercapacitor device fabrication.

[Display omitted] • A p-n heterojunction composed of BiOI and /g-C 3 N 4 was fabricated for U(VI) photo-catalytic reduction. • The effects of various environmental factors on U(VI) reduction were detected. • The mechanism of U(VI) reduction was explored. Applicable to convert soluble U(VI) into the less mobile U(IV) form, the photocatalytic process is widely regarded as an efficient solution to uranium pollution. In the present study, BiOI/g-C 3 N 4 (BICN) composites were produced through uncomplicated hydrothermal synthesis, followed by U(VI) photocatalytic reduction. Batch experiments were conducted to demonstrate the exceptional capability of BICN to address uranium contamination. Specifically, the 5%-BICN composite exhibited higher photocatalytic efficiency in U(VI) reduction, with its performance improved by 1.5 times over BiOI and 3.0 times over g-C 3 N 4. Characterized by p-n heterojunction, BICN composites enhance the movement and separation efficiencies of photogenerated carriers, which significantly promotes the production of •O 2 − radicals that are critical for U(VI) photocatalytic reduction. These results provide crucial guidance on the potential application of BICN composites in environmental remediation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Oxide nanoparticles exhibit unique features such as high surface area, enhanced catalytic activity, and tunable optical and electrical properties, making them valuable to various industry applications as well as for the development of new research projects. Nowadays, ZrO2 nanoparticles are widely used as catalysts and precursors in ceramic technology. Hydrothermal synthesis with metal salts is one of the most common methods for producing stable tetragonal-phase zirconium dioxide nanoparticles. However, hydrothermal synthesis requires relatively high process temperatures (160–200 °C) and the use of advanced heat-resistant autoclaves capable of maintaining high pressure. This paper investigates how different precursors (ZrOCl₂·8H₂O and ZrO(NO₃)₂·2H₂O) and synthesis temperatures (110–160 °C) affect the phase composition, optical properties, size, and shape of ZrO₂ nanoparticles produced by hydrothermal synthesis without calcination. In addition, the effect of temperature exposure in the range of 100–1000 °C on the phase stability of the synthesized nanoparticles was studied. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy techniques were used to determine the structure and phase composition, while the optical properties were examined through the analysis of transmission and absorption spectra in the visible and UV ranges. It was found that the obtained particles at synthesis temperatures of 110–130 °C have predominantly cubic c-ZrO2 phase, which changes to monoclinic phase when heated above 500 °C. Analysis of visible and UV spectroscopy data reveals that the experimental samples have pronounced absorption in the middle UV range (200–260 nm) and have an energy band gap Eg varying from 4.8 to 5.1 eV. The hydrothermal powders synthesized in this study can be used as absorbers in the mid-UV range and as reinforcing additives in the preparation of technical ceramics.

Abstract The alkaline treatment synthesis of titania/titanate nanotubes (TNTs) requires highly concentrated alkaline solutions (≥ 10 mol/L), which pose environmental and productivity limitations. In contrast, a bottom-up synthesis method for peroxo-titanate nanotubes (PTNTs) has been developed. This method offers two advantages: it can synthesize materials using low-concentration alkaline solutions (1.5 mol/L) and produce photocatalytic materials that are responsive to visible light. In general, the higher the crystallinity of a catalyst, the better its properties. However, PTNTs synthesized at temperatures close to their boiling point (around 100 °C) exhibit low crystallinity. This study hypothesizes a hydrothermal synthesis method at higher temperatures will enhance the crystallinity and photocatalytic performance of PTNTs, synthesizing them at temperatures ranging from 120 to 200 °C using a method capable of exceeding the boiling point. Higher synthesis temperatures resulted in improved morphological and crystallographic properties of the PTNTs. However, the formation of peroxo-bonding, crucial for visible light responsiveness, decreased. Nevertheless, peroxo-bonding formation was still achievable at the highest temperature of 200 °C, and the sample exhibited the best Rhodamine B (Rh B) photodegradation performance under visible light due to its enhanced specific surface area and crystallinity. This study highlights the novelty and environmental significance of hydrothermally synthesized PTNTs as superior photocatalysts by optimizing the synthesis temperature while using lower concentration alkaline solutions.

Abstract Infections originating from pathogenic microorganisms can significantly impede the natural wound-healing process. To address this obstacle, innovative bio-active nanomaterials have been developed to enhance antibacterial capabilities. This study focuses on the preparation of nanocomposites from thermally reduced graphene oxide and zinc oxide (TRGO/ZnO). The hydrothermal method was employed to synthesize these nanocomposites, and their physicochemical properties were comprehensively characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) techniques. Subsequently, the potential of TRGO/ZnO nanocomposites as bio-active materials against wound infection-causing bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, was evaluated. Furthermore, the investigated samples show disrupted bacterial biofilm formation. A reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay was conducted to investigate the mechanism of nanocomposite inhibition against bacteria and for further in-vivo determination of antimicrobial activity. The MTT assay was performed to ensure the safety and biocompatibility of nanocomposite. The results suggest that TRGO/ZnO nanocomposites have the potential to serve as effective bio-active nanomaterials for combating pathogenic microorganisms present in wounds.

Abstract In this work, we reported the synthesis of honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom-derived nanoparticles via a hydrothermal method. This method not only ensures the preservation of the bee venom’s bioactive components but also enhances their potential stability, thus broadening the scope for their applications in the biomedicinal field. The synthesis method started with the homogenization suspension of bee venom, followed by its hydrothermal process to synthesize bee venom nanoparticles (BVNPs). The successful synthesis of BVNPs was characterized using various characteristic techniques such as Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier Transforms Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Zeta Potential (ZP), Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The synthesis of BVNPs through biosynthesis is shown by the visible violet-brown color development at 347 nm by UV–Vis spectroscopy. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of several functional groups in the BVNPs, including alcohols (–OH), phenols (C6H5–), carboxylic acids (–COOH), amines (–NH2, –NH–), aldehydes (–CHO), ketones (–CO–), nitriles (–CN), amides (–CO–N–), imines (–CNH–), esters (–COO–), and polysaccharides. These functional groups, as confirmed by their specific stretching and bending vibrational modes, contribute to the diverse biological activities of BVNPs, including cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The ZP of the BVNPs indicated good colloidal stability at − 45 mV. LCMS analysis confirmed the presence of major bioactive molecules, including melittin & apamin and TEM analysis shows the BVNPs exhibited a quasi-spherical shape with good dispersion, the average size was approximately 25 nm, with some being smaller (quantum dots) and interplanar spacing of 0.236 nm indicated a highly ordered crystalline structure. Moreover, the anticancer efficacy of the BVNPs was ascertained through in vitro assays against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, showing a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect. The findings of this study underscore the viability of hydrothermal synthesis in producing biologically active and structurally stable BVNPs, with a significant potential for anticancer activities. Graphical Abstract

The hydrothermal synthesis of Ba1−xCoxTiO3 (BCT) ceramic nanocrystals across varied substitution fractions (x = 0, …, 1) is the subject of this study. Hydrothermal synthesis is well known for producing high-purity and well-crystallized nanocrystals. A thorough examination is conducted to examine the effects on the structural and electrical properties of the resultant BCT nanocrystals by altering the cobalt substitution fraction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used to analyze the structure, while complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) is used to analyze the electrical properties. As the cobalt content rises, XRD examination reveals a smooth transition from the ferroelectric BaTiO3 phase to the ferromagnetic CoTiO3 phase, offering extensive insights into the phase composition and crystallographic alterations. This phase shift is important because it creates new opportunities to adjust the properties of the material for particular uses. The electrical activity of BCT nanocrystals is clarified further by CIS measurements. A distribution of relaxation times, frequently linked to complex microstructures or heterogeneous materials, is suggested by the detected non-Debye relaxation. A thermally activated conduction process, in which higher temperatures promote the passage of charge carriers, is suggested by the temperature-dependent increase in conductivity. This behavior is strongly dependent on the cobalt content, suggesting that cobalt enhances electrical conductivity and crystallinity through a catalytic effect. A frequency-dependent dielectric constant that rises with temperature and cobalt content is shown by investigating the dielectric characteristics of BCT nanocrystals. Improved polarization mechanisms inside the material are suggested by this increase in dielectric constant, which may be the result of cobalt ion presence. With a thorough grasp of the dielectric behavior, the examination of the loss angle further validates the non-Debye relaxation process.

The one step hydrothermal synthesis of encapsulated ruthenium nanoparticles on carbon results in solids displaying high potential in photo‐thermal catalysis. The integration of ruthenium into the carbon matrix has a twofold effect: (i) enhanced stability through prevention of metal sintering and oxidation and (ii) improved photothermal response. As a result, high efficiencies are achieved in the photo‐thermal decomposition of ammonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights With the increasing complexity of radiation environments, the development of effective shielding materials against 222Rn and gamma radiation is critical for ensuring human health and safety. This study utilized a two‐step hydrothermal method to synthesize Gd₂O(CO₃)₂@bismuth‐based metal–organic frameworks (Bi‐MOFs)/graphene nanoplatelets (GBG) composite fillers, followed by melt blending and hot‐press molding to develop GBG/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) composites aimed at shielding against 222Rn and gamma radiation. The successful synthesis and structural integrity of the composites were confirmed using various characterization techniques, including x‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy. The experimental results indicate that the GBG composite filler exhibits superior enhancement in 222Rn shielding capabilities, with the 222Rn diffusion coefficient of GBG/PMMA‐20 composites reduced to 1.41 × 10−13 m2/s, a 98.6% decrease compared to pure PMMA (1.04 × 10−11 m2/s). Furthermore, the GBG demonstrates outstanding improvements in gamma‐ray shielding performance, with the mass attenuation coefficient of GBG/PMMA‐50 reaching 2.70 cm2/g for 59.5 keV gamma rays, nearly 16 times higher than that of pure PMMA (0.16 cm2/g). Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the introduction of GBG fillers significantly improves the thermal stability of the PMMA composites. This work could offer an innovative approach to the design of 222Rn and gamma radiation shielding materials. Developed a novel composite for enhanced 222Rn and gamma radiation shielding. Introduced Gd‐based fillers to enhance gamma radiation attenuation in PMMA composites. Achieved superior thermal stability in PMMA composites compared to pure PMMA. Materials designed for application in high‐radiation environments, including mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shape and structure engineering of metal oxide nanomaterials are the potential strategies to optimize surface‐active sites with tunable selectivity for heterogeneous catalysis. This work reports the synthesis of two types of nanostructured CeO2–Nb2O5 catalysts: (i) one‐pot hydrothermal synthesis of CeO2–Nb2O5 (CeNb2O5‐HTS, HTS stands for hydrothermal synthesis) and (ii) CeO2 impregnation on hydrothermally synthesized Nb2O5 nanorods (CeNb2O5‐WI, WI stands for wet‐impregnation) to elucidate the role of particle shape and CeO2 addition in the structure–activity efficacy of Nb2O5 nanocatalyst for the selective oxidative C–N coupling of benzyl alcohol with aniline to produce N‐benzylideneaniline (NBA). The characterization studies showed nanorod morphology of Nb2O5 and high dispersion of CeO2 on Nb2O5 nanorods in the CeNb2O5‐WI catalyst with strong acidic sites and more oxygen vacancies. Consequently, a significantly enhanced catalytic activity was achieved with CeNb2O5‐WI nanocatalyst in the coupling of benzyl alcohol and aniline with 96% yield to NBA, whereas 62% conversion of aniline with 92% selectivity to NBA was obtained with pure Nb2O5 nanorods. In contrast, the CeNb2O5‐HTS catalyst gave 37% conversion of aniline only. The versatile efficiency of the CeNb2O5‐WI nanocatalyst is showcased by synthesizing various functional NBA products. The CeNb2O5‐WI catalyst can be recycled 4 times without much variation in NBA selectivity by achieving reasonably good conversion of aniline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composite material of nano CuO loaded on ion exchange resin (CuO@CER) as the carrier was prepared successfully by constant temperature oscillation and hydrothermal synthesis methods. It was applied to the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) as an organic pollutant, and further to explore the optimal conditions for CuO@CER photoelectrocatalytic degradation of MB. The results showed that the composite material had a typical core‐shell structure, and the nano CuO loaded on the ion exchange resin had good crystallinity and high purity. CuO@CER exhibited excellent photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic performance towards MB, with degradation rates of 92.02% and 95.20% in 70 min under their respective optimal reaction conditions. Furthermore, the photoelectrocatalytic stability of CuO@CER was good relatively, and the degradation rates of MB exceeded 96% after 5 cycles of photoelectrocatalytic experiments. Free radical quenching experiments indicated that superoxide radicals were the main active groups during the photoelectrocatalysis. Additionally, the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation for MB under the electric field was briefly analyzed. This study will provide technical support for the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of organic dye wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, one-pot and green method is reported for hydrothermal synthesis of highly fluorescent and magnetic carbon dots (CDs) by using D-glucose, as the carbon source. CDs were fully characterized by the UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, DLS, FTIR, TEM, EDS, XRD, and VSM. The nitrogen doping of different diamines significantly improved the fluorescence quantum yield (QY) of CDs with the maximum effect obtained by using m-phenylenediamine (mPDA). Temperature and reaction time also affected the QY of CDs with the best results obtained at 150 °C for 3 h. The heteroatom doping by innovative use of different metal sulfates including FeSO4, MnSO4, CuSO4, MgSO4, and ZnSO4, further improved the optical properties of CDs. Interestingly, the magnetic and multicolor CDs with high colloidal stability and QYs of 17.7, 16.5, and 53.9% at 460, 490, and 515 nm, respectively, were synthesized by using 0.1 M of glucose, mPDA and MnSO4. The resulted Mn-, S-, N-doped CDs represented rapid uptake and high-quality fluorescence imaging of the human fibroblast and umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro, without significant toxicity. The CDs also displayed high r1 relaxivity of 32.3 mM− 1 s− 1 and were used for high-contrast MR and fluorescence imaging of mouse tumor models, in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxide nanoparticles exhibit unique features such as high surface area, enhanced catalytic activity, and tunable optical and electrical properties, making them valuable to various industry applications as well as for the development of new research projects. Nowadays, ZrO2 nanoparticles are widely used as catalysts and precursors in ceramic technology. Hydrothermal synthesis with metal salts is one of the most common methods for producing stable tetragonal-phase zirconium dioxide nanoparticles. However, hydrothermal synthesis requires relatively high process temperatures (160–200 °C) and the use of advanced heat-resistant autoclaves capable of maintaining high pressure. This paper investigates how different precursors (ZrOCl₂·8H₂O and ZrO(NO₃)₂·2H₂O) and synthesis temperatures (110–160 °C) affect the phase composition, optical properties, size, and shape of ZrO₂ nanoparticles produced by hydrothermal synthesis without calcination. In addition, the effect of temperature exposure in the range of 100–1000 °C on the phase stability of the synthesized nanoparticles was studied. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy techniques were used to determine the structure and phase composition, while the optical properties were examined through the analysis of transmission and absorption spectra in the visible and UV ranges. It was found that the obtained particles at synthesis temperatures of 110–130 °C have predominantly cubic c-ZrO2 phase, which changes to monoclinic phase when heated above 500 °C. Analysis of visible and UV spectroscopy data reveals that the experimental samples have pronounced absorption in the middle UV range (200–260 nm) and have an energy band gap Eg varying from 4.8 to 5.1 eV. The hydrothermal powders synthesized in this study can be used as absorbers in the mid-UV range and as reinforcing additives in the preparation of technical ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt expansion and frost heave are the main diseases of salted frozen soil roadbeds. Salt swelling and frost heave disease are closely related to the salted soil water–salt migration, temperature variation, and salt crystallization amount change. This article establishes a coupled model of water, heat, and salt fields based on the capillary model and the unfrozen water characteristic curve. The study shows that the different initial moisture contents have minimal effects on the location of soil salt migration and aggregation. The different initial salt concentrations have a substantial effect on the soil water–salt migration aggregation position; when the concentration of sodium sulfate increases, different from chloride saline soils, the position of the freezing front fluctuates up and down over time. The water–salt migration and aggregation are smaller in the closed condition, where they are reduced by 38% and 20%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trace-level detection of isopropanol is important for human health monitoring and air quality surveillance. In this work, we report synthesis of high surface area two-dimensional (2D) nanoflakes of CuAl 2 O 4 using surfactant-assisted hydrothermal process and its application in ppb level detection of isopropanol. X-ray diffraction revealed the polycrystalline nature of the spinel and a nano crystallite size of 42 nm. The 2D morphology of CuAl 2 O 4 was confirmed using field emission scanning electron microscope whereas BET revealed the mesoporous nature and a high surface area of 41.8 m2g-1. The surface oxidation states of the material were found through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The 2D CuAl 2 O 4 demonstrated excellent sensing towards isopropanol with its response varying from 11.8 to 84.5 % (500 ppb–10 ppm) at 300 °C. The limit of detection of the spinel was found to be 56 ppb at its optimum operating temperature of 300 °C. In addition, the sensing layer was found to have response times in range 1101 s for 500 ppb to 168 s for 10 ppm and recovery times in the range 300 s for 500 ppb to 570 s for 10 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel neptunyl(VI) phosphate compound, (NpO2)3(PO4)2(Terpy), was synthesized by hydrothermal reaction. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pca21 with unit-cell parameters a = 13.9944 Å, b = 12.1989 Å, c = 13.1277 Å, V = 2241.1 Å3, and Z = 4. Related to the layered structure of the uranophane topology, it contains the first reported (NpVIO2)2(PO4)22− sheets, which are bonded via π–π interactions between the NpVIO2(Terpy)2+ ligands that are perpendicular to the sheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The woven carbon fibers (WCF) fabrics were functionalized by growing copper-oxide (CuO) nanostructures using Seed-assisted hydrothermal technique. The effective growth of CuO on surface hydrolyzed WCF samples were achieved by seeding followed by growth treatment in the prepared precursor solution. The impact of hydrothermal process parameters such as number of seeding cycles, duration of growth treatment and molar concentration of growth solution were studied by performing 96 set of experiments with three repetitions. In this work detailed analysis of structural, morphological, and elemental attributes of the CuO-coated WCF fabrics samples have been done. The WCF fabrics were uniformly coated with monoclinic CuO nanostructures having nanopellets, nanoflakes, nanowires, and nanoflowers morphologies. Different characterization techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy and thermo-gravimetric analyzer were used to study different attributes of CuO-modified WCF samples. The number of seeding treatments and the length of growth treatment had a significant impact on growth of CuO nanostructures on WCF. The detailed analysis exhibits that the developed CuO-modified WCF samples may enhance interfacial surface area, bonding capacity and reduce void content by allowing nanostructures to cross-link together and with polymer matrix while fabricating composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-butanol, a volatile organic compound prevalent in numerous industrial processes, poses significant risks to human health and the environment if not properly monitored. Consequently, the development of high-sensitivity n-butanol sensors is imperative. For this reason, NdFeO 3 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method and used for the detection of n-butanol. They were fully analyzed using characterization techniques such as XRD, BET, EDX, SEM, TEM and XPS. The test results revealed that the prepared samples exhibited a granular structure with an average diameter of approximately 65 nm. The specific surface area measured 15.415 m2/g, and the pore size was determined to be 16.638 nm. The NdFeO 3 sensor responds up to 441 for 100 ppm n-butanol at 260 °C, response and recovery times were 33 s and 7 s respectively. The response value of the NdFeO 3 sensor is still 4.3 for 1 ppm n-butanol with a minimum detection limit of 0.024 ppm. Simultaneously, the NdFeO 3 sensor has excellent selectivity, stability and moisture resistance. These good sensing properties indicate that this work provides a possible strategy for developing an economical and repeatable high performance gas sensor for the detection of n-butanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Designing and developing suitable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts with high activity and stability remain challenging in electrolytic water splitting. Hence, NiFe@NC@MoS 2 core-bishell composites wrapped by molybdenum disulphide (MoS 2) and nitrogen-doped graphene (NC) were prepared using hydrothermal synthesis in this research. NiFe@NC@MoS 2 composite exhibits excellent performance with an overpotential of 288 mV and a Tafel slope of 53.2 mV·dec−1 at a current density of 10 mA·cm−2 in 1 M KOH solution, which is superior to commercial RuO 2. NC and MoS 2 bishells create profuse edge active sites that enhance the adsorption ability of OOH* while lowering the overall overpotential of the product and improving its oxygen precipitation performance. The density function theory(DFT) analysis confirms that the layered MoS 2 in NiFe@NC@MoS 2 provides additional edge active sites and enhances electron transfer, thus increasing the intrinsic catalytic activity. This research paves a novel way for developing OER electrocatalysts with excellent catalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co9S8 is considered to be one of the most promising anode materials because of its high theoretical capacity. In this work, hierarchical cage-like Co9S8 microspheres composed of well-crystallized nanosheets are successfully synthesized at 180 °C by a hydrothermal method using KOH and disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (Na2EDTA) as a mineralizer and a complexing agent, respectively. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy measurements show that KOH is beneficial in promoting the crystallization and development of Co9S8, avoiding the formation of impurities, while Na2EDTA is conducive to the generation of cage-like microspheres with the micro/nano architecture and better crystallization. The unique hierarchical cage-like micro/nano architecture can effectively relieve the volume change in the cycling process, and the well-crystallized Co9S8 nanosheets in the cage-like microspheres can offer much more active sites for Li+ accommodation, and thus the hierarchical cage-like Co9S8 microspheres composed of well-crystallized nanosheets show superior cycling stability and rate capability, e.g., a high capacity of 303.5 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at a high rate of 1.0 A g−1. This work provides a new approach for improving the electrochemical performance of LIBs by constructing a hierarchical anode material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the extensive use of organic dyes has caused great pollution to the water environment. Zinc silicate with excellent adsorption and photocatalytic properties has been widely used in the treatment of organic dye wastewater. Therefore, we successfully prepared zinc silicate nanomaterials by simple hydrothermal method using zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4·7H2O) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as raw materials, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactant, and applied them to the treatment of organic dye wastewater. The composition, morphology and specific surface area of zinc silicate nanomaterials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The results show that the phase composition of the products has a transformation from hemimorphite Zn4Si2O7(OH)2·H2O to vermiculite Zn2SiO4, and the morphology has also an obvious change from nanosheets, nanoflowers to nanoparticles with the increase of TEOS content. The specific surface area and pore volume are 199.8 m2/g and 0.441 cm3/g for the flower-like zinc silicate nanomaterials. The zinc silicate nanomaterials show excellent adsorption and photocatalytic properties for organic dyes from aqueous solutions, and the maximum removal efficiencies can reach 89.8% and 96.2% for rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone loss in the alveolar ridge is a factor widely studied by dentists in implant surgeries, as it poses a major challenge for aesthetic and functional recovery in patients with large maxillary bone defects. Synthetic biomaterials function as grafts designed to replace and remodel bone tissue. Calcium phosphate is a biomaterial that has good properties such as biocompatibility and bioactivity, making it a reference in bone replacement treatments. A synthetic biomaterial such as calcium phosphate can be obtained by various synthesis techniques. The microwave hydrothermal method (HTMO) is a pathway that allows changes in synthesis parameters and significantly increases the transmission efficiency of materials such as synthetic calcium phosphate derivatives. The study proposes obtaining a biomaterial for bone grafting based on calcium phosphate by the microwave HTMO and evaluating its microstructural and physicochemical characteristics. The parameters tested in this process were temperature and reaction time. The calcium phosphate particulates were obtained by the microwave HTMO at temperatures of 110°C and 130°C for 60 min and calcined at 300°C, 500°C, and 700°C. Microstructural and physicochemical characterization analyses were carried out using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and X‐ray diffraction. The results obtained showed the presence of more than one calcium phosphate biological interest phase, as hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP), and octacalcium phosphate (OCP), highlighting with increasing calcination temperature, the β‐TCP phase becomes evident. The proposed synthesis method was efficient in obtaining a biomaterial with suitable physical and chemical characteristics, with an association of crystalline phases of biological interest related to the increase in synthesis temperature and calcination temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decades of research unveiled the unlimited potential of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Nevertheless, the hazardous and expensive production involving massive amounts of organic solvents has severely limited their widespread industrial adoption. Herein, the advantages of two eco-friendly strategies, base-assisted synthesis and modulated hydrothermal chemistry, were complementarily integrated, with the acetate anion introduced as a mild and efficacious modulator to regulate the coordination and tailor the crystallization pathway(s). The green, rapid, and scalable synthesis of a dual-ligand Zn-MOF was thereby achieved in water media, featuring an unprecedented space–time yield of 24 ton per m3 per day and a batch size exceeding a kilogram (i.e., 1.2 kg). Owing to its strong affinity toward CH4, the acquired Zn-MOF demonstrated a considerable CH4/N2 separation capacity under ambient conditions. This study not only facilitates the green and scalable production of MOFs but also offers a cost-effective adsorbent for CH4 recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruthenium (Ru)‐ and iridium (Ir)‐based nanomaterials have always been regarded as efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic electrolytes. Herein, we develop a facile dodecylamine‐assisted hydrothermal synthesis for producing carbon‐supported IrRu alloy nanoparticles with controllable Ir/Ru ratios and ultrafine sizes towards high‐efficiency OER and overall water electrolysis. In this strategy, the dodecylamine that serves as a capping and reducing agent enables the final IrRu alloy nanoparticles to possess average sizes <3 nm and high degree of dispersion on carbon substrate. By combining high OER activity of Ru with high acidic robustness of Ir, the as‐prepared IrRu/C nanoparticles at a suitable Ir/Ru ratio of 1/3 show good activity and durability for the OER electrocatalysis and overall water splitting. In specific, the Ir1Ru3/C catalyst exhibits the lowest overpotential of 302 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 and the highest mass activity of 120.5 mA mg−1 at 1.532 V for OER in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte. In addition, a two‐electrode acidic electrolyzer assembled with Ir1Ru3/C at anode and commercial Pt/C at cathode (Pt/C|| Ir1Ru3/C) exhibits a low cell voltage of 1.44 V for achieving the current density of 10 mA cm−2, along with a satisfied 20h durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alkaline treatment synthesis of titania/titanate nanotubes (TNTs) requires highly concentrated alkaline solutions (≥ 10 mol/L), which pose environmental and productivity limitations. In contrast, a bottom-up synthesis method for peroxo-titanate nanotubes (PTNTs) has been developed. This method offers two advantages: it can synthesize materials using low-concentration alkaline solutions (1.5 mol/L) and produce photocatalytic materials that are responsive to visible light. In general, the higher the crystallinity of a catalyst, the better its properties. However, PTNTs synthesized at temperatures close to their boiling point (around 100 °C) exhibit low crystallinity. This study hypothesizes a hydrothermal synthesis method at higher temperatures will enhance the crystallinity and photocatalytic performance of PTNTs, synthesizing them at temperatures ranging from 120 to 200 °C using a method capable of exceeding the boiling point. Higher synthesis temperatures resulted in improved morphological and crystallographic properties of the PTNTs. However, the formation of peroxo-bonding, crucial for visible light responsiveness, decreased. Nevertheless, peroxo-bonding formation was still achievable at the highest temperature of 200 °C, and the sample exhibited the best Rhodamine B (Rh B) photodegradation performance under visible light due to its enhanced specific surface area and crystallinity. This study highlights the novelty and environmental significance of hydrothermally synthesized PTNTs as superior photocatalysts by optimizing the synthesis temperature while using lower concentration alkaline solutions. Highlights: High-temperature hydrothermal synthesis significantly enhances the crystallinity and surface area of peroxo-titanate nanotubes (PTNTs). Optimized PTNTs achieve a 98.2% Rhodamine B degradation rate under visible light, outperforming conventional photocatalysts. The use of low-concentration alkaline solutions in PTNT synthesis presents a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional methods. This study demonstrates the potential of PTNTs as superior photocatalysts by balancing crystallinity and peroxo-bonding formation through temperature optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employment of yeasts as bio-templates to obtain hollow structured microspheres is recognized as a promising strategy in the view of resource utilization and sustainable development. In this study, carbon modified Bi 2 MoO 6 /Bi 2 S 3 hollow microspheres with rich oxygen vacancies were successfully prepared via in situ hydrothermal synthesis instead of removing yeast templates by calcination. As-obtained samples were characterized using SEM, EDS, TEM, XRD, XPS, EPR and UV–vis DRS analysis. It was shown that carbon modified Bi 2 MoO 6 /Bi 2 S 3 hollow microspheres, with a diameter of 2.2 μm, inherited the ellipsoidal shape from primitive yeast templates. In situ hydrothermal synthesis not only resulted in the integration of yeast-derived carbon into the Bi 2 MoO 6 structure through Bi–O–C and Mo–O–C bonds, but also produced oxygen vacancy defects in the sample. Under visible light irradiation, the carbon modified Bi 2 MoO 6 /Bi 2 S 3 photocatalyst exhibited an excellent degradation efficiency, achieving 87.0 % removal of methylene blue (MB) within 100 min. With photoelectric tests and active species trapping experiments, the potential mechanism for the remarkable photocatalytic performance of carbon modified Bi 2 MoO 6 /Bi 2 S 3 was discussed preliminarily. This work explored an economical, simple and feasible approach for the multi-strategy modification of photocatalysts, and provided a new cognition on the versatile application of biological templates in material design and fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study proposes the utilization of microwave-assisted methods for converting neutralization slag (NS) into hydroxyapatite (HAP), offering an alternative to the conventional hydrothermal method. The microwave-assisted approach addresses the challenges encountered in hydrothermal reactions, such as particle agglomeration, reduced specific surface area, prolonged reaction time, high temperature requirements, and inadequate saturation adsorption capacity. By employing the response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design, the study found that the microwave-assisted method significantly reduced the synthesis time from 90 to 25 min and the temperature from 120 °C to 56 °C. Furthermore, the microwave method consumed only 1/43 of the energy utilized in hydrothermal synthesis. To assess the performance of the synthesized HAP, various detection methods were utilized, including XRD, SEM-EDS, FTIR, Zeta potential, and ICP, which analyzed the crystal structure, crystallinity, morphology, chemical composition, and surface charge of HAP. The BET method was used to measure the specific surface area, further confirming the successful synthesis of HAP. The HAP synthesized through this microwave-assisted method exhibited a saturation adsorption capacity of up to 98.4 mg/g of fluoride ions from vanadium industrial raffinate. This study demonstrates that the microwave-assisted method provides a viable solution for reducing energy consumption and enhancing HAP synthesis efficiency for wastewater treatment in the vanadium industry. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alarming global rise in antibiotic resistance, driven by the widespread overuse of traditional antibiotics, has created an urgent demand for new antimicrobial solutions. This study presents zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods as a potential nano-antibiotic agent. ZnO nanorods, with a 2:3 aspect ratio, were synthesized using an efficient one-step hydrothermal method at a low temperature of 100°C, reducing the synthesis time to just 5 hours. The synthesized ZnO nanorods' morphology, structure, and composition were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The potent antimicrobial activity of these nanorods against common bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus was examined through optical density at 600 nm (OD600) measurements and inhibition zone analysis, demonstrating substantial inhibition of bacterial growth. In particular, at a concentration of 5 mg/mL, ZnO nanorods achieved a 96% reduction of B. subtilis bacteria in OD600 and an impressive 99.87% reduction in culturing assays within one day, showcasing bactericidal efficiency on par with tetracycline at 0.003 mg/mL. Furthermore, a predictive model of bacterial growth was developed and validated, providing insights into the time-dependent bactericidal efficiency of the synthesized nanorods. These results highlight the potential of ZnO-based composites as a promising solution to combat antibiotic resistance, paving the way for next-generation antimicrobial materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the structure/property characteristics of polyacids, the design and synthesis of new inorganic organic hybrid materials based on POMs is of great significance for the rapid and effective removal of pollutants in wastewater. In addition, many researchers have synthesized a large number of POMs-based inorganic organic hybrid compounds with organic cations as templates. Based on the above background, in this article, a new supramolecular compound named o-[C20H18N2O4][Mo8O26]0.5.H2O was obtained through hydrothermal method by reacting 1, 2-bis[4-nitrile-pyridine)-N-methylene]phenyldibromide (L1) with (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O. The compound was characterized by IR, PXRD, and single crystal X-ray analysis. Single crystal X-ray analysis shows that the compound consists of a [β-Mo8O26] 2–, a dicarboxylic acid chelating ligand and a water molecule. This compound exhibits good catalytic activity towards MB. The degradation rate of MB by photocatalysis of compound 1 was 75.2%. The novelty of this work lies in the synthesis of a cyano-hydrolyzed ligand and the high efficiency of MB degradation of the compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A supercapattery merges the advantageous characteristics of batteries and supercapacitors (SCs). During this research, we synthesized strontium sulfide (SrS) using the hydrothermal method, and then we doped it with nitrogen/graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs). For SrS/NGQDs, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis determined the total surface area to be 15.50 m²/g. Using the three-electrode assembly, the composite strontium sulfide (SrS/NGQDs) revealed a specific capacity (Cs) of 737 Cg-1. Battery-graded SrS/N-GQDs was utilized as anode and activated carbon (AC) as cathode to assemble a hybrid supercapacitor (SC). It delivered a remarkable power density of 1440 Wkg-1, the SrS/N-GQDs//AC supercapattery displayed 167 Cg-1 in terms of capacity and an energy density of 35.7 Whkg-1. SrS/N-GQDs//AC maintained 91% of its initial capacity after 5000 cycles. SrS/N-GQDs has remarkable electrochemical performance, indicating its potential use as a nanostructured electrode in next-gen electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered double hydroxide (LDH) exhibits a remarkable trait referred to as the 'memory effect,' demonstrating its capacity to reconstruct its layered structure from calcined oxides through hydrothermal treatment. Its uniqueness has garnered significant interest from researchers in both industrial and academic domains. Various methods have been utilized to synthesize LDH but most LDH studies still utilize alkali precipitants which might taint the final LDH product. Thus, in this study, layered double hydroxides involving MgAl/NiAl/ZnAl were synthesized via an alkali-free hydrothermal approach in which the formed precipitates of LDH were thermally destroyed via calcination at 450 °C before undergoing a rehydration treatment at 110 °C for 24 h to restore its original structure. Particularly, the physiochemical properties of MgAl/NiAl/ZnAl LDH have been undertaken by multiple techniques such as Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The resultant products exhibited exceptional crystallinity, accompanied by notably larger crystallite sizes and crystallinity index, particularly post-hydrothermal treatment. Among the fresh and calcined products studied, those subjected to HTM (4:1) treatment demonstrated the highest specific surface area and crystallinity surpassing both the fresh and calcined samples. In essence, this research showcased how utilizing the hydrothermal approach resulted in the most substantial increase in crystallite size and specific surface area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crystal structure of a new polymorph of metaboric acid, δ-HBO2 (s.g. Pnma, a = 14.7578(9), b = 9.3973(5), c = 3.6352(2) Å) is described. The structure consists of flat six-membered B3O3(OH)3 rings forming chains linked to each other by hydrogen bonds. Also, the stability of δ-HBO2 phase was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is the most abundant aromatic renewable polymer in nature. However, its very stable structure limits its widespread application. To achieve high-value utilization of lignin, this study used solid base oxides to depolymerize calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) for the synthesis of phenolic compounds. The catalyst precursors were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, and the corresponding mesoporous metal oxides NiO, MgCoOx, and NiMgCoOx were obtained after calcination. MgCoOx and NiMgCoOx had similar but stronger basicity compared to NiO. While all oxides promoted the depolymerization of CLS, NiMgCoOx was identified as the best catalyst, achieving a maximum liquid product yield of 74.3 wt.% and a selectivity of phenolic compounds of 74.52% in the liquid product. In addition, NiMgCoOx showed satisfactory structural and catalytic stability. The experimental results indicated that solid base oxides can capture the active hydrogen in CLS, causing the hydrolysis reaction of ether bonds, and the resulting products continuously depolymerize or polymerize; Co present in the catalyst promotes the adsorption of hydrogen by Ni, while NiO in NiMgCoOx facilitates the adsorption of both reactants and hydrogen. The combination of Ni and Co improves hydrogenation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a groundbreaking technique for controllably synthesizing nanosized semiconductive two‐dimensional (2D) (Cu–S)n metal–organic framework (MOF)/graphene nanocomposites for electrochemical sensing of neurotransmitter 2‐phenethylamine (PEA). The (Cu–S)n MOF size is controlled by graphene oxide proportions, enhancing electrocatalytic activity. The modified electrode exhibits a surface area increase from 0.0639 to 0.1906 cm2 and impressive limit of detection (0.0156 and 0.004 μM) within linear ranges of 15–200 μM and 1–10 μM, offering exceptional selectivity, reproducibility, and repeatability for biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]