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Hawaiian poetry developed in the nurturing embrace of oral tradition for nearly two thousand years before American missionaries introduced writing in the 1820s. Once literacy was established, Native Hawaiians enthusiastically set out to use the new technology to record their oral traditions in writing. During this period they also experimented with and developed new forms of mele, such as hula ku'i. After the Hawaiian language was banned and the government overthrown in the late nineteenth century, there was a period where Hawaiian poetry was carried forward into the twentieth century by entertainers—singers, dancers, and musicians—who kept the performance aspect of Hawaiian poetry alive. The art of Hawaiian poetry was transformed in the latter half of the twentieth century, when haku mele (poets) began to write primarily in English and Hawai'i Creole English while still maintaining Hawaiian themes and utilizing traditional metaphors. Since then, contemporary Hawaiian poetry in these languages has thrived alongside Hawaiian-language compositions, which are still perpetuated, mostly through the practice of hula. Today, Hawaiian poetry can be best described by using the metaphor of a haku lei, where different strands of language and influence are woven together to create something beautiful and unique, an enduring and perpetual symbol of Hawaiian cultural tradition—a lei ho'oheno no nā kau a kau, a lei to be cherished for all seasons.

Maps, and the ability to spatially organize the place we live, are basic necessities of human survival and may very well be “one of the oldest forms of human communication”. Whether they are derived from scientific or mythological impetus, maps do the same thing – they tell stories of the relationships between people and their places of importance. Every map is a blending of experience, theoretical concepts, and technical craftsmanship; “constructions of reality”; representations of the environment as seen by the societies that create them. The way people experience their environment and express their relationship with it is directly linked to their epistemology, which in turn indicates how knowledge is processed and used. Indigenous and Western science share many similar characteristics, yet are distinctly different in ways that affect how geographical information is communicated. Hawaiian cartography is an “incorporating culture” that privileges processes such as mo‘olelo (stories), oli (chant), ‘ölelo no‘eau (proverbs), hula (dance), mele (song) and mo‘o kü ‘auhau (genealogy). This article describes and defines Hawaiian cartography, identifies the internal struggles an academic Indigenous Hawaiian cartographer shares with other Indigenous scholars attempting to negotiate different epistemologies, and presents three autoethnographic Hawaiian cartographic projects that are necessary steps in resolving the differences between Western and Indigenous epistemologies.

The Hula Decision Support System ~HDSS! is designed to aid Hula site operators in managing groundwater levels in the Hula Lake region of Israel. Groundwater levels are managed by controlling water levels by using adjustable dams in a grid of drainage canals and by the timing and intensity of irrigation. Water levels in the canals are controlled by a set of hydraulic structures. Groundwater levels are to be maintained within a specified range to minimize decomposition and subsidence of the peat soils, ensure year-round green cover of the area, and avoid saturation conditions in the crop root zone, thereby allowing farmers to continue cultivation of their fields. The management module for the HDSS performs optimization with the following two objectives: ~1! minimize deviation from the specified groundwater target level, and ~2! minimize supply of water from the Jordan River to the Hula drainage canals ~water quantity is limited!. The second objective is achieved indirectly in the HDSS by determining the dam settings and irrigation quantity and timing over a period of eight weeks and then solving again whenever conditions change. The results are checked by simulation using MODFLOW within the GMS modeling package. The procedure is demonstrated and analyzed.

Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2012. 392 pp. hardcover $89.95; softcover $24.95

The Motu and the Hula, two south coast Papua New Guinea societies, are linguistically related, have similar social organisation and were economically linked before European colonisation. They were both introduced to Christianity by the London Missionary Society in the late 19th century, and each appeared to incorporate the new religion into their social life and thought quickly and unproblematically. More than a century later, however, generalities about the similar adoption of Christianity by the Motu and the Hula are no longer possible. Nor are generalities about the engagement with Christianity within one or the other group, as individual Motu and Hula villages have unique histories. In this regard, while Christianity has now arguably become part of putative tradition among the Motu, some Hula are experiencing conflict between Christianity and their sense of tradition. In particular, while in the Motu village of Pari Christian virtues are appealed to as part of Pari's conception of itself as a ‘traditional’ Motu village, the situation in the Hula village of Irupara is more or less the contrary. Many people in Irupara are now lamenting ‘tradition’ as something lost, a forgotten essence destroyed or replaced by Christianity. Based on fieldwork in both villages, this paper discusses some differences in their engagement with Christianity and compares contemporary perceptions of religion, tradition and identity in both societies, informing a commentary on notions of tradition and anthropological representations of the Melanesian experience of Christianity.

Rybakov, M., Fleischer, L., ten Brink, U. 2003. The Hula Valley subsurface structure inferred from gravity data. Isr. J. Earth. Sci. 52: 113–122. We use the 3-D gravity inversion technique to model the shape of the Hula basin, a pull-apart basin along the Dead Sea Transform. The interpretation was constrained using the Notera-3-well density logs and current geological knowledge. The model obtained by inversion shows a rhomb-shaped graben filled with approximately 4 km of young sediments in the deepest part of the basin. The reliability of this model was verified using 3-D forward modeling with an accuracy of 0.5 km. Curvature attributes of the gravity field depict the main fault pattern, suggesting that the Hula basin is a subsiding rhomb-shaped graben, bordered by steep-sided, deep basement faults on the western and eastern sides (Qiryat Shemona and Jordan River faults) and by gradual, en-echelon step faults on the southern and northern margins of the basin.

Background: Sub-optimal breast feeding contributed a significant number of infants’ death. Although breast feeding is universal in Ethiopia, the practice is not optimal. Hence, this study assessed the prevalence of sub-optimal breast feeding practice and its associated factors in rural communities of Hula District, Southern Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 634 women with infants aged 6 to 12 months. Multistage sampling technique was employed to select study subjects. Interviewer administered structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20.0. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors of delayed initiation of breastfeeding and non-exclusive breastfeeding. Results: The prevalence of suboptimal breast feeding of infants was found to be 56.9%. Nearly half (49.4%) of the mothers delayed initiation of breast feeding, and 13.4% of the infants were fed breast non-exclusively. Having formal education [AOR: 1.74; 95% CI (1.17, 2.59)], family size < 5 [AOR=1.59; 95% CI (1.03, 2.45)], having one under five child [AOR=1.88; 95% CI (1.29, 2.75)], lower number of antenatal care visits [AOR= 2.40; 95% CI (1.68, 3.43)] and lack of counseling on breastfeeding [AOR= 1.69; 95% CI (1.19, 2.41)] were negatively associated with delayed initiation of breast feeding. Similarly, not attending formal education, low birth order and lack of knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding were also negatively associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice. Conclusion: In this study, sub-optimal breast feeding was found to be high. Delayed initiation and non-exclusive breastfeeding practices were major contributors to sub-optimal breast feeding. Keywords: Sub-optimal breast feeding, Hula District

Background Nutritious complementary foods are needed in countries where undernutrition and stunting are major problems, but mothers may be reluctant to change from traditional gruels. Objective To test whether a recipe-based complementary feeding education intervention would improve knowledge and practice of mothers with young children in Hula, Ethiopia. Methods A baseline survey of 200 eligible, randomly selected mother—child pairs gathered data on sociodemographic characteristics, food security status, knowledge and practices concerning complementary feeding, food group intakes of children aged 6 to 23 months by 24-hour recalls, and children's anthropometric measurements. Twice a month for 6 months, women in the intervention group received an education session consisting of eight specific messages using Alive and Thrive posters and a demonstration and tasting of a local barley and maize porridge recipe containing 30% broad beans. The control group lived in a different area and had no intervention. Results At 6 months, knowledge and practice scores regarding complementary feeding were significantly improved ( p < .001) in the intervention group but not in the control group. The intervention resulted in improvement of children's dietary diversity, as well as mean intake of energy and selected nutrients, compared with children in the control group. Changes in height and weight did not differ between the two groups. Conclusions Community-based nutrition education over 6 months that included demonstration of a local porridge recipe with broad beans added improved the complementary feeding practices of caregivers and the nutritional status of their young children.

"Standard" histories of Hawai'i record the demise and disenfranchisement of the native Hawaiian population. These histories draw upon publicly available data such as population statistics and government documents, the majority of which are in the English language. Historians and sociologists have commented on trajectories of assimilation in the decades following the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy and annexation to the U.S. at the end of the nineteenth century, touting the rise of English standard education as a cornerstone in social transformation.

The sixty‐four year old Kodak Hula Show1 is one of the oldest staged tourist performances in the world. Created for the benefit of tourists wishing to take pictures of hula dancers, the event has always promoted photography as a naturalized, integral part of the tourist experience. The show and the tourists’ photography complement one another in establishing and reinforcing Eastman Kodak's, tourists’ and performers’ goals. Performers’ ideology, Kodak's promotional ploys, and tourist expectations shape the construction, memorialization, and idealization of Hawaiian culture as presented in the show. The performance itself is mirrored and extended in the photographic goals of tourists. The strong emphasis placed on tourists and photography at the show is a major element in the event's association with kitsch. An examination of the Kodak Hula Show and the tourist photography it promotes provides insights into reasons that performative events for tourists are so often linked with and well‐suited to the photogr...

Lono presided over the annual makahiki celebrations, which where held on the island for four consecutive months, usually from October or November through February or March. This was a time of ritual, sports competition, offerings to the chiefs, divination of the fruitfulness of the coming year, and much feasting and hula. During the makahiki war was forbidden, people did little work and enjoyed themselves.1

The expected renewal of peace negotiations between Syria and Israel is likely to bring up again an issue that has been the central component of territorial conflict between the two since 1948: sovereignty in what were, between 1949 and 1967, three demilitarized zones (DMZs) declared on the Israeli side of the Syrian–Israeli frontier. The DMZs, the regime that maintained them, and the significance they had for Syrian–Israeli relations have been studied at some length.1 This article contributes an analysis of the history and implications of one of the three DMZs from the point of view of those for whom the zone was and still is a homeland—the Kirad bedouin moiety, who are now displaced and dispossessed.

During the 1950s the natural Lake Hula and swamps were dried and more than 65×106 m2 of wetland area with a unique natural composition of fauna and flora was turned over to agricultural use. Forty five years later 5.5×106 m2 of this area went through processes causing soil deterioration and a reclamation project was proposed for these soils. The proposal was implemented aimed at ensuring income resource to the land owners and to remove pollutants from the Lake Kinneret inputs. It was found that the newly created (1994) Lake Agmon is acting as a nitrogen sink and the phosphorus is recycled by submerged macrophytes. Long term records of nutrient influx from the catchment (with Hula Valley being major contributor) into Lake Kinneret indicates a decline of organic nitrogen and an increase of SRP. The potential effect of nutrient loads reduction by the Hula Project is presented.

Lake Agmon, a small shallow water body (area 1.1 km2, mean depth Peridinium gatunense, which blooms annually in Lake Kinneret downstream of the Hula Valley, was not recorded in Lake Hula and did not occur in Lake Agmon.

A portion of the former Lake Hula wetland (northern Israel) was re-flooded in spring 1994 and the physical, chemical and biological developments within the resulting new lake and wetland complex (Agmon) was followed closely by a multi-disciplinary scientific team. The first three years of study relating to Lake Agmon are reported in this issue of Wetlands Ecology & Management. We provide in this paper a general background on the Lake Hula Draining Project in the 1950s and the recent re-flooding and creation of the Agmon wetland.

The draining of the Lake Hula and swamps, northern Israel, during the late 1950s resulted in the loss of a very diverse and rare ecosystem. Oxidation of the peat soil resulted in ground surface subsidence, while heavy autumn winds have eroded the dry peat. Moreover, agriculture on the peat soils is restricted, because of a nitrate surplus. Predictions that the sinking would continue and that more areas would go out of agricultural production led authorities to re-flood a portion of the Hula Valley in 1994. The aim of the present study was to monitor the spontaneous establishment of vegetation in the re-flooded area, the Agmon wetlands, and to reestablish some of the major plant species lost from the valley when Lake Hula was drained. Within the first two years, 74 plant species colonized the wetland spontaneously. Five out of 11 species designated for reintroduction were successfully established. Cyperus papyrus and Cynodon dactylon demonstrated sustainable potential for lake-shore stabilization. Cyperus papyrus was reintroduced from seedlings and rapidly became the dominant riparian species, while Cynodon dactylon established spontaneously. Re-introduced Nymphaea alba clones were established only in enclosures protected from grazing by the semi-aquatic mammal Myocastor coypu. Nuphar lutea and Iris pseudacorus showed better resistance to grazing. These results demonstrate a high potential for successful re-establishment of much of the original Hula swamp macrophytic vegetation by either spontaneous colonization by extant species from the surrounding areas or by introduction of locally extinct species. As such, there is a good chance that the associated faunal components of the former Lake Hula and swamps that have returned to the region since the Hula rehabilitation project commenced will continue to flourish.

It is Tuesday morning at Methodist Central, a small half-day kindergarten attached to, and run by, a Methodist church in a densely populated area in central Suva. This is Preschool Week in Fiji. Some of the children in the class attended a festival in Sukuna Park in downtown Suva a few days before where the kindergarten children marched to the park and sang and danced for the assembled parents. Today, many of the 30-some children in the class have come in costume. One little girl wears the traditional indigenous Fijian masi (tapa or bark cloth) to honor the family of a child giving his or her first public meke (traditional indigenous Fijian dance). Others have come in the favored dress for public performances by school children and at resorts, remotely linked to Fiji’s ethnic cultures, plastic Hawaiian hula skirts with coconut bras; still others are dressed as things such as carrots and superheroes. Teacher Grace, an Indo-Fijian woman, and Teacher Luisa, an indigenous Fijian woman, call the children over to sit on a rug where the class usually assembles.

Ethnic minorities share an unequal burden of cardiometabolic syndrome. Physical activity (PA) has been shown to be an important factor for improving the outcomes of these diseases. While metabolic equivalents (METs) have been calculated for diverse activities, most cultural activities have not been evaluated. Hula, the traditional dance of Native Hawaiians, is practiced by men and women of all ages but its MET value is unknown. To our knowledge, this is the first scientific evaluation of energy expenditure of hula. 19 competitive hula dancers performed 2 dance sets of low- and high-intensity hula. METs were measured with a portable indirect calorimetry device. Mean and standard deviations were calculated for all the variables. A 2-way ANOVA was conducted to identify differences for gender and intensity. The mean MET were 5.7 (range 3.17-9.77) and 7.55 (range 4.43-12.0) for low-intensity and high-intensity, respectively. There was a significant difference between intensities and no significant difference between genders. This study demonstrates that the energy expenditure of both low- and high-intensity hula met the recommended guidelines for moderate and vigorous intensity exercise, respectively, and that hula can be utilized as a prescribed PA.

This is a performance of oli, mele, and hula that explores the wide range of chant, song, and dance that Kanaka Maoli have both created and adopted to forge the unique and celebrated music of Hawaii. Scholar/musicians Keawe Lopes, Puakea Nogelmeier, Jon Osorio, and Aaron Sala combine their diverse talents, musical experience and love for the language in this presentation of music, dance, and conversation. Our music is in our nature. Ho‘olono i ka leo o ka makani.

The Hula Nature Reserve (HNR) (0.3 km(2)) in northern Israel is a semiarid wetland ecosystem within the greater Hula Valley. In the 1950s, approximately 60 km(2) of wetlands were drained and converted to farmland. The HNR was established during this time to preserve some of the native flora and fauna. Agricultural runoff and a reflooding of the area with peat water in 1999 resulted in high sulfate (SO(4) (2-)) concentrations of 66.67 ± 4.00 mg/L. We identified the existence of SO(4) (2-), nitrate (NO(3) (-)), and ammonium (NH(4) (+)) nutrient gradients as well as related mechanisms affecting the growth and dieback of Cyperus papyrus. The observed changes in the C. papyrus populations were caused primarily by fluctuations in SO(4) (2-). After two key events that affected levels of SO(4) (2-) in the HNR, C. papyrus coverage was altered by more than 80%.

Many types of humanoid robots have been developed, but it is hard to find one with supple spine structure. To act in a proper manner with sophisticated, human-like motions, we believe that humanoid robots should make use of their spines effectively. To find out how to use the spine flexibly and elegantly, we focused on dancing, the art of beautiful movements. Dancing demands you to develop flexible and well coordinated movements of the torso, so we decided to pick up a movement of the sort and achieve it by the musculo-skeletal humanoid KOJIRO, in order to improve the skills needed for dancing. We took hula hooping as an ideal sample, and after generalizing the principal of hula hooping motion by an exclusive hula-hooping robot, we will describe the trials of hula hooping by KOJIRO as the first step toward dancing humanoids(Fig.1).

Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov (GBY) is located in the southern Hula Valley, which, in turn, is located in the northernmost segment of the Dead Sea Rift, part of the Great African Rift System. This region is an integral part of the “Levantine Corridor,” a land bridge connecting Africa and Europe, through which the diffusion and biotic exchange of many organisms took place in prehistoric times. The Hula Valley has preserved data of a phenomenon of great importance in human history: archaeological evidence recording hominin diffusion/migration out of Africa and into Eurasia. The unique sedimentological and hydrological conditions prevailing in the Hula, along with extensive and intensive tectonic activity, resulted in the complex and minimal exposure of Plio-Pleistocene geological formations. One of these, the Benot Ya‘akov Formation, has revealed many unique hominin artifacts, fossil bones, and a multitude of organic remains. Its examination has significantly contributed to our understanding of the paleoecological conditions that prevailed in the region, as well as enabling a comparison between the paleoecological systems of the Early and Middle Pleistocene in Africa and the Levant, areas in which hominins were active already in very early prehistory.

The Wii Fit� is a form of interactive gaming designed to elicit health and fitness benefits to replace sedentary gaming. This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of Wii Fit� fitness games. The purpose of the study was to determine the %[latin capital V with dot above]O2max and energy expenditure from different Wii Fit� games at different levels including the step and hula games. Eight healthy young women completed a preliminary trial to determine [latin capital V with dot above]O2max and later played the Wii Fit� during 2 separate counterbalanced trials. During each session, subjects played levels of Wii Fit� games for 10 minutes each level. One session involved beginning and intermediate hula, and the other session involved beginning and intermediate steps. The [latin capital V with dot above]O2 was measured continuously via metabolic cart, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed at the end of each game level. The lowest %[latin capital V with dot above]O2max, kcal·min-1, and RPE occurred during the beginning step game and the highest values occurred during the intermediate hula game. Respiratory exchange ratio was significantly higher in the intermediate hula than beginning hula game but was not significantly different between step game levels. The intermediate hula and step games produced the greatest energy expenditure with an equivalent effect of a walking speed of >5.63 km·h-1 (>3.5 miles·h-1). This is the first study to determine the percentage of [latin capital V with dot above]O2max and caloric expenditure elicited by different Wii Fit� video games at different game levels in adults. Findings suggest that the Wii Fit� can be used as an effective activity for promoting physical health in this population.

The Hula wetland, a freshwater lake surrounded by swamps in the watershed basin of the Sea of Galilee, was drained in the 1950s for arable land and to reduce evaporation, thereby increasing the usable water available. A nature reserve was then designated, but this did not prevent species extinction. Later, severe environmental problems developed in the area; therefore, a rehabilitation project was implemented. The Hula wetland provides a good example of changes in ecosystem services under different management regimes and is, therefore, an appropriate setting for analysing trade-offs between different ecosystem services. Before drainage, the wetland provided a variety of ecosystem services. Following drainage, agricultural production services were dominant, but they declined over time. An analysis of the impact of drainage and rehabilitation on the Hula wetland is presented, and ecosystem service trade-offs that occurred over the past 80 years are evaluated.

We consider twirling of a hula-hoop when the waist of a sportsman moves along an elliptic trajectory close to a circle. For the case of the circular trajectory, two families of exact solutions are obtained. Both of them correspond to twirling of the hula-hoop with a constant angular speed equal to the speed of the excitation. We show that one family of solutions is stable, while the other one is unstable. These exact solutions allow us to obtain approximate solutions for the case of an elliptic trajectory of the waist. We demonstrate that in order to twirl a hula-hoop one needs to rotate the waist with a phase difference lying between \pi/2 and \pi. An interesting effect of inverse twirling is described when the waist moves in opposite direction to the hula-hoop rotation. The approximate analytical solutions are compared with the results of numerical simulation, Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures