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Paratesticular lesions of neuroblastoma are in contrast to testicular infiltration extremely rare. Six cases were reported in literature. It is debated, whether localizations are either metastatic lesions or part of multicentric disease. We present a 9-month-old boy with stage 4 neuroblastoma, in which an unsuspected scrotal localization was already present at birth. This lesion had not grown, in contrast to the other sites. The case illustrates that neuroblastoma is a multicentric tumor, originating in the adrenal area and paratesticular sympathic remnants. The lesions differed in clinical behavior. It further illustrates that multicentric localizations exhibit different clinical behavior.

Research in recent years in periodontology has seen a shift from surgery towards medicine. While surgery, particularly regenerative, and including implants, continues to form an important element of periodontal treatment, the volume of treatment required and the results of recent and ongoing: non-surgical studies clearly show that most future periodontics will be based on a physician-type approach. Improved diagnostics based on more precise periodontal disease classification, simplification of mechanical oral hygiene equipment and procedures, and the development of conventional and non-conventional chemical and physical adjuncts may be expected to reduce the rate of common periodontal disease advance, resulting in less complex treatments, and more of the latter coming to lie within the competence of the generalist and the hygienist working together. The rationale for non-surgical adjunctive therapy is extensive, far beyond the usual antimicrobial logic. It will also be important to control the oral microflora for systemic reasons, since increasingly strong links are being established between focal infection of oral origin, much of it periodontal, and a range of systemic diseases, including coronary heart disease, stroke, gastrointestinal disorders, and low birth weight, apart from severe, overt systemic infections. All these developments derive from a greatly improved understanding of the fundamentally ecological nature of the natural microbial biofilm that is dental plaque, and of its interactions with its human host.

Summary The rationale for the adjunctive use of chemical anti-plaque agents depends on many factors in addition to the inherent antimicrobial properties of those agents. What is indicated generally is a basic oral hygiene regimen, as simple as it can be, bearing in mind the practical difficulties of getting people to clean their teeth optimally. Chemical adjuncts in many cases have the potential to simplify plaque control regimens. The mode of delivery may be critical to the success or otherwise of an adjunct. Adjuncts may simplify and accelerate the work of hygienists as well as patients. They may also serve to control plaque in severe forms of infectious inflammatory periodontal disease, as well as providing practical means of plaque control in the handicapped, or in those unable to practice optimal conventional home care oral hygiene. Chemical anti-plaque adjuncts offer a prospect of re-establishing the homoeostasis of oral microbial biofilms fully consonant with the aims of modern periodontal medicine. Resume Le raisonnement visant a ajouter des agents chimiques anti-plaque depend de nombreux facteurs en sus des proprietes anti-microbiennes de ces agents. Un regime d'hygiene bucco-dentaire de base, aussi simple que possible, est generalement indique, en tenant compte des difficultes pratiques visant a obliger les gens a se nettoyer les dents de la meilleure maniere possible. Les additifs chimiques, dans de nombreux cas, ont le potentiel de simplifier les regimes de controle de la plaque. Le mode de prestation peut etre critique au succes ou autre d'un additif. Ceux-ci peuvent simplifier le travail des hygienistes, ainsi que des patients. Ils peuvent egalement servir a controler la plaque sous des formes graves de parodontopathie inflammatoire infectieuse, ainsi que de fournir des moyens pratiques de controler la plaque chez les handicapes ou chez ceux qui ne peuvent pas exercer la meilleure hygiene bucco-dentaire possible en soins personnels conventionnels. Les additifs chimiques anti-plaque offrent la perspective de retablir l'homeostasie des microfilms microbiens de la cavite buccale et sont totalement conformes aux buts de la medecine parodontale moderne. Zusammenfassung Der Grund fur die zusatzliche Verwendung chemischer Mittel gegen Plaque ist neben den inharenten antimikrobiellen Eigenschaften dieser Mittel von zahlreichen Faktoren abhangig. Prinzipiell sind ganz einfach grundlegende mundhygienische Praktiken indiziert, wobei die praktischen Schwierigkeiten berucksichtigt werden mussen, andere Personen dazu zu bringen, ihre Zahne optimal zu reinigen. Mit chemischen Hilfsmitteln besteht in vielen Fallen die Moglichkeit, die Praktiken zur Plaquekontrolle zu erleichtern. Die Darreichungart kann fur den Erfolg entscheidend sein. Chemische Hilfsmittel konnen die Arbeit der Dentalhygienikerin sowie der Patienten erleichtern und beschleunigen. Sie konnen ferner bei schwerwiegenden infektiosen parodontalen Entzundungskrankheiten zur Plaquekontrolle dienen. Zudem stellen sie ein praktisches Mittel zur Plaquekontrolle dar fur Behinderte oder fur diejenigen, denen es nicht moglich ist, optimale herkommliche Mundhygienepraktiken durchzufuhren. Chemische Hilfsmittel gegen Plaque bieten eine gute Prognose, die Homoostase mikrobieller Biofilme wiederherzustellen, was ganzlich im Einklang mit den Zielen moderner Parodontalmedizin steht. Resumen La razon fundamental del uso adjunto de agentes quimicos anti-placa depende de varios factores aparte de las propiedades inherentes de dichos agentes. Por lo general lo que esta indicado es un regimen basico de higiene oral, lo mas sencillo posible, teniendo en cuenta las dificultades practicas para lograr que la gente limpie sus dientes de manera optima. En muchos casos los aditivos quimicos tienen la facultad potencial de simplificar los metodos de control de placa. La forma de entrega puede ser crucial para el exito o fracaso del aditivo. Estos productos pueden simplificar y acelerar el trabajo de los higienistas como tambien el de los pacientes. Ademas pueden servir para controlar la placa en los casos de formas severas de enfermedad periodontal inflamatoria infecciosa, asi como tambien para proporcionar un medio practico para el control de la placa en minusvalidos, o en aquellos que no pueden practicar un cuidado optimo de higiene oral convencional en el hogar. Los aditivos quimicos anti-placa ofrecen la perspectiva de restablecer la homeostasis de las biopeliculas microbianas orales en consonancia total con los objetivos de la medicina periodontal moderna.

The present clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effects of a bioactive glass, Perioglas, in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects. 20 patients, 23-55 years of age (44 sites), with intrabony defects completed the 1-year study. Teeth with furcation involvement were excluded. After completion of initial therapy, defects were randomly assigned to either a test or control procedure. Following flap reflection, root planing and removal of chronic inflammatory tissue in both groups, the test defects were restored with the bioactive glass particulate material. Mucoperiosteal flaps were replaced, sutured and a periodontal dressing was used. All the patients received postoperative antibiotics and analgesics and were seen at 1 week for suture removal. Follow-up was then carried out weekly and at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 1 year post-surgery. Plaque score, bleeding score, probing pocket depth (PPD), probing attachment level (PAL) and gingival recession were recorded at baseline, 3 months and 1 year. Standardised radiographs for computer-assisted densitometric image analysis (CADIA) were taken at baseline, immediately post-operatively and at 1 year. The CADIA data showed a significant increase (F-ratio: 15.67, p < 0.001) in radiographic density and volume between the defects treated with the Perioglas when compared to those treated with surgical debridement only. PPD and PAL showed significant improvements in both experimental and control sites, with a greater trend to improvement in the experimental sites. It was concluded that this bioactive glass is effective as an adjunct to conventional surgery in the treatment of intrabony defects.

The distribution and composition of the resident microflora were determined in approximal gingival margin plaque from 21 premolars extracted from schoolchildren (mean age 12.0 +/- 1.8 yr). Indigo carmine (5% w v) was used to visualize plaque to facilitate sampling. About 1 mm2 of plaque was removed from sites away from (A), to the side of (S), and below (B) the contact area. Plaque samples were dispersed, serially diluted, and cultured on selective and non-selective agar media. An average of seven to nine species was found at each subsite. Streptococcus and Actinomyces were subdivided on the basis of a range of biochemical tests. The predominant Actinomyces and streptococcal species at most subsites were A. naeslundii and Strep. mitis biovar I. A. naeslundii and A. odontolyticus were isolated more often at subsite B (90.5 and 57.1%, respectively), and A. israelii at subsite S (66.7%) Strep. mitis 1 and Strep. sanguis were found more frequently at subsite S (76.2 and 66.7% respectively), whereas Strep mutans, Strep. sobrinus, Strep. gordonii and Veillonella spp. were recovered most commonly from subsite B (85.7, 33.3, 38.1 and 76.2%, respectively). The isolation frequencies of Strep. mutans and Strep. sobrinus were significantly higher at subsite B (A B p0.01 and p0.05, respectively). Veillonella spp. were significantly higher at subsites B and S (AB, p0.01; BS, p0.05), while Neisseria spp. were most common at subsite A (AB. p0.03). IgAl protease-producing species were found at each subsite, but they formed only a small proportion of the total Streptococcus population. This study has shown that local variations were evident at different subsites, both with respect to species prevalence and to proportions of each species within each subsite. The population shifts in gingival margin plaque appear to relate to the location of plaque in relation to the most caries-prone site below the contact area B.

Blood vessel features in periodontal pocket soft tissues may be significant in the pathogenesis and progression of chronic periodontitis. The aim of this study was to make a quantitative histological assessment of the vasculature in soft tissue biopsies from patients with chronic adult periodontitis and patients with healthy periodontal tissues. We have also investigated changes in tissue morphology at both the histological and ultrastructural level. Twelve interdental biopsies were obtained, 6 from chronic adult periodontitis patients and 6 from healthy volunteers. The specimens were sliced, fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde, postfixed in 1% buffered osmium tetroxide, dehydrated, and embeded in araldite. One micron semithin sections were differentially stained with a dichromatic technique. The number of blood vessels (BV) for sub-epithelial, superficial and deep connective tissue layers were then assessed. Only in the sub-epithelial connective tissue layer was there a significant increase in the number of blood vessels (95% Confidence interval [CI]) in the chronic adult periodontitis specimens when compared to healthy specimens. The results of this study seem to indicate that a dichromatic staining technique facilitates the identification and quantification of blood vessels in epoxy resin embedded specimens at light microscope level, and that there is an increase in the number of blood vessels in the chronic adult periodontitis lesions.

http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/FEL2013/papers/wepso05.pdf; International audience; LUNEX5 (free electron Laser Using a New accelerator for the Exploitation of X-ray radiation of 5th generation) aims at investigating the production of short, intense, and coherent pulses in the soft X-ray region. A 400 MeV superconducting linear accelerator and a laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA), will feed a single Free Electron Laser line with High order Harmonic in Gas and Echo Enable Harmonic Generation seeding. After the Conceptual Design Report (CDR), R&D has been launched on specific magnetic elements (cryo-ready 3 m long in-vacuum undulator, a variable strong permanent magnet quadrupoles), on diagnostics (Smith-Purcell, electro-optics). In recent transport studies of a LWFA based on more realistic beam parameters (1 % energy spread, 1 μm beam size and 1 mrad divergence) than the ones assumed in the CDR, a longitudinal and transverse manipulation enables to provide theoretical amplification. A test experiment is under preparation. It is noted in this context that among the French scientific community's interest in experiments at operating FELs is increasing.

Generally it is believed that one of the causes of vascular expansion is the increase in length of small capillaries, which in turn is attributed to an increase in the number of endothelial cells. In this report we suggest a new hypothesis for a different mechanism for the increased length of small capillaries, which excludes an increase in the number of endothelial cells. This hypothesis is based upon the possibility of a longitudinal expansion of blood vessels, and has been explained and justified through a series of mathematical examples.

A case of severe gingival overgrowth associated with combined drug therapy of cyclosporin A and nifedipine is reported. The frequently increased vascularity of the gingival tissues in such cases often causes problems with bleeding both during and after surgery. Acrylic suckdown splints have been used postoperatively to assist haemostasis; however, these can interfere with function and cause discomfort. This report describes a combined treatment approach using conventional gingivectomy and carbon dioxide laser for the removal of the hypertrophic soft tissue. The benefits of such combined treatment include reduced bleeding during surgery with consequent reduced operating time and rapid post-operative haemostasis, thus eliminating the need for a splint.

This study concerns the apical border (AB) plaque in relation to severe forms of periodontitis (SP), including juvenile, post-juvenile, and rapidly progressing periodontitis. Twenty-four (24) teeth from 16 patients with SP were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The AB was not discrete, with islands of bacteria in the so-called plaque-free zone (PFZ). Coronal to the AB the established plaque consisted of a layer of Gram-positive cocci and ghost cells and a superficial layer mainly of Gram-negative morphotypes, including cocci, rods, filaments, fusiforms, and spirochetes. The most apical apparently intact organisms in the PFZ were in bacterial islands or in isolation and were predominantly Gram-negative cocci and rods, with ghost cells in abundance. Ruthenium red, alcian blue-lanthanum nitrate, and safranin O were used to label matrix polyanionic macromolecules, and periodic acid (thiosemicarbazide) silver proteinate for intracellular polysaccharide (IPS). The matrix components were mainly fibrillar. Many intact bacteria exhibited extracellular polysaccharides or glycocalyces associated with their cell wall, and cytoplasmic IPS granules. The latter varied in distribution and were evident even in the most apically advanced intact microorganisms. The results indicate that IPS and some matrix features of the apical border plaque in severe periodontitis in certain aspects resemble those of sub-contact area plaque on children's teeth, in health or associated with early chronic gingivitis, and with those in chronic adult periodontitis. They also suggest the establishment of acidic regions in the microniche at the bottom of the periodontal pocket in the various forms of periodontitis differing in rate of progression. It was concluded that there was a limited range of intact bacterial morphotypes in the apical border plaque in severe periodontitis, similar to those in chronic adult periodontitis.

Environmental problems such as smog, acid rain and the greenhouse effect have drawn increased attention to the role of fossil energy. To obtain sustainable development, a reduction in fossil energy consumption is necessary, in urban as well as in rural areas. In rural areas, land use and land exploitation as well as energy consumption depend on such factors as soil properties, water management systems and physical layout. These factors, and in this way the energy consumption, can be influenced by rural reconstructions. Modern rural reconstructions aim at improvement of land and water use conditions, accessibility, and conditions for outdoor recreation and for nature development. Energy productivity and consumption for various land uses as related to reconstruction of the countryside have been studied. This research paper focuses on the improvement of water management and parcellation, the rural road system, outdoor recreation and landscape-ecological systems. Results are applied to the Melderslo Land Reallocation Project in the southern Province of Limburg, in the Netherlands. Environmental problems require a reduction in fossil energy consumption, part of which has to be achieved in rural areas. This study shows that rural reconstruction can contribute to this goal.

Experimental determination of the shear stress for punching meniscal tissue.Meniscectomy (surgical treatment of a lesion of one of the menisci) is the most frequently performed arthroscopic procedure. The performance of a meniscectomy is not optimal with the currently available instruments. To design new instruments, the punching force of meniscal tissue is an important parameter. Quantitative data are unavailable. The meniscal punching process was simulated by pushing a rod through meniscal tissue at constant speed. Three punching rods were tested: a solid rod of Oslash; 3.00 mm, and two hollow tubes (Oslash; 3.00-2.60 mm) with sharpened cutting edges of 0.15 mm and 0.125 mm thick, respectively. Nineteen menisci acquired from 10 human cadaveric knee joints were punched (30 tests). The force and displacement were recorded from which the maximum shear stress was determined (average added with three times the standard deviation).The maximum shear stress for the solid rod was determined at 10.2 N/mm2. This rod required a significantly lower punch force in comparison with the hollow tube having a 0.15 mm cutting edge (plt;0.01).The maximum shear stress for punching can be applied to design instruments, and virtual reality training environments. This type of experiment is suitable to form a database with material properties of human tissue similar to databases for the manufacturing industry.

This study investigates the population structure of the Tucunare (Cichla pleiozona) in the Bolivian Amazon (Upper Madera) by using nuclear (EPIC-PCR, 67 individuals) and mitochondria] (Control Region, 41 published and 76 new sequences) DNA analyses, in relation with ecological (water quality: muddy, clear and mix) and geographic factors. Our analyses of both markers showed the highest diversity in clear waters (Yata, Middle and Upper Itenez), and the existence of two populations in muddy waters (Secure and Ichilo) and one in mix waters (Manuripi). On the other hand, mitochondrial analyses identified three populations in clear waters where nuclear analyses identified a panmictic population. The highest diversity observed in the Yata-Itenez system suggests that an aquatic refuge occurred during the past in this area. The possible explanations for the observed discrepancy between nuclear and mitochondrial markers are discussed, and a sex-biased dispersal seems to be the most plausible hypothesis in the light of the available information and field observations.

2 strontium chloride hexahydrate-containing dentifrices (SCH), similar except for their respective abrasive systems, diatomaceous earth or silica-based, were compared for their effects on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation as part of a 2-month randomised double-blind parallel clinical study. No attempt was made to change the patients' oral hygiene prior to participation in the study. Plaque was assessed using the Silness & Loe index and the gingival condition by the Loe & Silness index GI. There was a slight and non-significant increase in plaque accumulation at 2 weeks from baseline, but relatively negligible change thereafter, the effect being identical in both groups. Similarly, the gingival condition showed a slight index change from baseline, although it tended to be slightly higher in the diatomaceous earth group. The results do not support the conclusions of previous studies which indicated that SCH dentifrices increased plaque accumulation. Neither plaque accumulation nor gingival condition significantly changed from baseline levels during the course of the study.

This study explores the relationship between morphology and diet in four Andean killifishes (Orestias) from Lake Titicaca that are known to differ in habitat use. Species that fed preferentially on amphipods (Orestias albus) or molluscs (Orestias luteus) separated in multivariate space from other species that feed on cladocera and algae (Orestias agassii and Orestias jussiei). Generally, specimens feeding on cladocera were characterized by a short, blunt nose with a small mouth; whereas, specimens feeding on amphipods exhibited a long snout with a large mouth. Specimens including molluscs in their diet tended to have a larger posterior part of the head and the larger opercles than others; while the occurrence of substratum in gut content was generally related to a short but deep head. The present analysis suggests that the littoral O. jussiei has an intermediate phenotype and diet between the pelagic (O. agassii) and benthic (O. albus and O. luteus) species. Results suggest that resource partitioning was occurring and that several morphological traits relate to characteristics of the diet, and it is inferred that the benthic, the pelagic and the littoral zones in the lake host different prey communities constituting distinct adaptive landscapes.

A review of pathological mechanisms that can explain the relationship between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is necessary to improve the management of both conditions. Metabolic syndrome is a combination of obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia. All these have been examined in recent years in terms of their relationship to periodontitis. Reviewed data indicate an association between some of them (body mass index, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C], triglycerides, high blood pressure, among others) and periodontitis. Oxidative stress may act as a potential common link to explain relationships between each component of metabolic syndrome and periodontitis. Both conditions show increased serum levels of products derived from oxidative damage, with a pro-inflammatory state likely influencing each other bidirectionally. Adipocytokines might modulate the oxidant/anti-oxidant balance in this relationship., Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Italy, Grupo de investigacion CTS113 Junta de Andalucia, Spain

This study compared CPITN with plaque index (PlI), gingival index (GI), papilla bleeding index (PBI), and probeable pocket depth (PPD). 52 patients were examined, mean age 43 years. Partial mouth random recording (2 upper and 1 lower or 1 upper and 2 lower sextants) was made by CPITN of 150 sextants, and at 6 sites around each tooth in each sextant for each index using a pressure-sensitive probe, with Newman tip and Williams markings, and a WHO 621 tip, probing pressure 0.25 N. Ranges of each index were compared with corresponding CPITN data. Most (71%) sextants had CPITN scores of 4, indicating periodontitis. None had CPITN scored 0 or 1. A given CPITN code was found to represent extremes of ranges for all other indices evaluated. There was no relation between CPITN and PlI or GI, nor did CPITN reflect the number of sites affected per sextant, but there was a tendency for CPITN to relate with PBI and PPD. It was concluded that CPITN may be used as a general indicator of bleeding and pocket depth, but not of plaque or gingivitis. Other indices are required to reliably assess chronic inflammatory periodontal disease status in a given mouth.

The effects on chronic periodontitis of a simplified oral hygiene regimen combined with subgingival irrigation with 0.5% metronidazole were investigated. 19 patients, with 548 pockets greater than or equal to 4 mm, completed a 3-month randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. At day 0, prior to treatment, and at days 7, 28, 56 and 84, plaque index, sulcus bleeding index and probable pocket depth were recorded. The simplified oral hygiene regimen consisted of (1) one episode of root debridement, removal of subgingival approximal overhangs on restorations and subcontact area debridement with abrasive strips and polishing, and (2) instruction in Bass brushing (twice daily) with no stress on interdental cleaning. After baseline debridement, patients were allocated 0.5% metronidazole or a placebo. They were instructed to irrigate subgingivally once daily for 28 days. Treatment resulted in marked improvement in both groups and proportionately more sites improved in the metronidazole group at 28, 56 and 84 days. There were no significant differences between the procedures at any time. It was concluded that a simplified oral hygiene regimen combined with daily subgingival irrigation with 0.5% metronidazole or a placebo was effective in reducing periodontitis for at least a further 8 weeks, and that proportionately more sites improved in the metronidazole group.

Program managers throughout the DoD are faced with technology portfolio management problems. Critical to these efforts is the need to track the performance of the technology on a routine, ongoing basis. This thesis focuses on solving this general problem in the specific context of the United States Navy's Cryptologic Carry-On Program (CCOP). This study provides a demonstration of how a software suite that monitors process performance can be implemented to provide ongoing return on investment information about CCOP technology. This follow-on research and trial implementation demonstrate how the Knowledge Value Added (KVA) Methodology that is embedded in the performance monitoring software is used to formulate a framework for extracting and analyzing performance parameters and measures of effectiveness for each CCOP system. KVA was used to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of CCOP systems and the impact they have on the Intelligence Collection Process (ICP) onboard the USS GONZALES. The analysis of the subprocess outputs involved in the ICP in common units of change, a price per unit of output is generated to allocate both cost and revenue at the subprocess level. With this level of financial detail, a return on investment (ROI) analysis can be conducted for each process. http://archive.org/details/usingknowledgeva109453350 US Navy (USN) authors. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

It has been stated that cyclosporin and nifedipine produce gingival overgrowth. However, the specific pathogenic mechanism remains uncertain. We used an experimental rat model to test the hypothesis that changes in collagen metabolism and numbers of gingival blood vessels are not mediated by intracellular calcium concentration (ratiometric Fura-2 AM measurement) in gingival fibroblasts. In the cyclosporin group, both width (364.2 ± 67.5 μm) and microvessel density (number of vessels/mm2, stained with anti-CD34 antibody) (41.6 ± 5.1) of gingiva were statistically different when compared with those in the control group (width = 184.3 ± 35.2 μm, microvessel density = 19.6 ± 2.4). The nifedipine group showed the highest content of collagen (proportion of total stroma occupied by collagen, stained with Picro-Mallory) (nifedipine group = 66.3 ± 9.4, cyclosporin group = 55.2 ± 7.9, control group = 30.1 ± 10.2). Freshly cultured fibroblasts from the cyclosporin group exhibited higher ratiometric values of fluorescence than did both the control and nifedipine groups (p = 0.03). Our results support the hypothesis that changes in gingival collagen metabolism are not mediated by calcium intracellular oscillations.

Land use planning nowadays is a commonly used instrument to address the needed optimization of our land resources for the future. In the past, the instrument was primarily used as a means of improving and/or enlarging farmland and farming conditions. More recently, it has become important for other land uses, such as recreation, nature, infrastructure, as well as urban planning. With the world facing many negative changes, such as the depletion of biotic and human resources because of technological developments, new policies are needed to address these problems, and land use planning is one of them. Older planning instruments, such as land consolidation programs, had to be changed from a purely agricultural instrument to a multifunctional (often referred to as an ‘integral’) instrument.