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The article discusses the role photography played in maintaining a relationship between the medical fields of surgery and dentistry in the First World War. Topics include the role photography played in medical profession including making visual records of observations and aiding facial reconstructive surgery, and the role of photographic illustration in maintaining medical records and documentation.

A table of contents for the March 2016 issue of the Austrian history periodical "Mitteilungen des Instituts fuer Österreichische Geschichtsforschung MIÖEG" is presented on topics including the painting galleries at Schönbrunn Palace, the history of surgery in the principality of Glogau, and the abdication of Austrian archduke Leopold Ferdinand of Tuscany.

Georgia and the Atlanta area are associated with three important figures in the history of surgery. Crawford Long (1815-1878) discovered the anesthetic effects of ether while in practice in Jefferson. Born in Culloden, Alfred Blalock (1899-1964) was a pioneer researcher in shock and resuscitation, and developed the Blalock-Taussig shunt for Tetralogy of Fallot. His technician, African-American Vivien Thomas (1910-1985), was a full partner in the landmark advances. Louis T. Wright (1891-1952) was born in LaGrange and grew up in the Jim Crow South. As the country's leading black surgeon, he led the integration of major hospitals and helped lay the groundwork for the landmark civil rights legislation of the 1960s that integrated American medicine. Their stories, with roots in small towns in Georgia, reveal the deep surgical traditions of the South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The surgical management of shoulder instability is an expanding and increasingly complex area of study within orthopaedics. This article describes the history and evolution of shoulder instability surgery, examining the development of its key principles, the currently accepted concepts and available surgical interventions.Methods: A comprehensive review of the available literature was performed using PubMed. The reference lists of reviewed articles were also scrutinised to ensure relevant information was included.Results: The various types of shoulder instability including anterior, posterior and multidirectional instability are discussed, focussing on the history of surgical management of these topics, the current concepts and the results of available surgical interventions.Conclusions: The last century has seen important advancements in the understanding and treatment of shoulder instability. The transition from open to arthroscopic surgery has allowed the discovery of previously unrecognised pathologic entities and facilitated techniques to treat these. Nevertheless, open surgery still produces comparable results in the treatment of many instability-related conditions and is often required in complex or revision cases, particularly in the presence of bone loss. More high-quality research is required to better understand and characterise this spectrum of conditions so that successful evidence-based management algorithms can be developed.Level Of Evidence: IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern surgery has been evolved in Iran by the establishment of Dar al-Funun and Tehran University in 1851 and 1934 respectively. Professor Yahya Adl established the first academic department of surgery at Tehran University in 1930s and he is known as the father of modern surgery in Iran. Until recent times, women's options for obtaining advanced surgical training programs were severely restricted all over the world. Dr. Sakineh Pari, born in 1902, was the first Iranian female surgeon. The aim of this article is to introduce Dr. Sakineh Pari as the first woman surgeon in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors describe a history of surgical congresses in the Russian Empire, the USSR and the Russian Federation from the I Congress of Russian Surgeons held on December 28-30, 1900 in Moscow in the building of the Moscow Meeting of Doctors to the XLVIII (XIV) Congress of Surgeons of Russia held on November 25-27, 2022 in Moscow in the hotel «Cosmos». The time and place of congresses, as well as chairmen are named. The main issues are listed. Scientific issues of congresses between 1900 and 1986 are summarized in tables. The authors present a brief history of Russian surgical societies including the current Russian Society of Surgeons. Surgical forums of the 21 st century are considered in detail (Congresses of Surgeons of Russia, National Surgical Congresses, All-Russian Surgical Forums). Finally, the authors came to conclusion that 55 surgical forums have been held in Russia for more than 120 years. Surgeons presented all aspects of surgery in Russia. Their issues are essentially the history of Russian surgery, and their works are sources for analysis of the past and present of Russian surgery.

Several eminent surgeons made breakthroughs in knee surgery throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Before that, knee injuries were only treated conservatively and it was thanks to the progress made in the field of biomechanics and biology that new surgical treatments were proposed. The history of medicine recalls some illustrious surgeons such as Thomas Annandale and Mayo Robson who were the first to perform and describe their revolutionary experience regarding meniscal and anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Less famous are the forefathers of multi-ligament reconstructive surgery: the purpose of this paper was to shed some light on the pioneers of this particular field of orthopaedic practice, which is gaining increasing interest in current clinical practice. Level of evidence V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) operation has perhaps become one of extensively studied operation in the history of surgery. It has been shown to be highly effective for the relief of ischemic heart diseases, and to have prolonged life in some subsets of patients. Diabetes mellitus is an established independent risk factor for causing significant morbidity and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting. The objective of this study was to compare the complications after CABG in diabetic and non-diabetic patients during hospital stay in the first 3 to 4 days. Methodology: It was a prospective study with three days follow up of 200 patients undergoing CABG with the use of heart lung machine (on pump). Patients were divided in to two groups i.e. diabetics and non-diabetics. Independent sample t-test was used to compare the means of two groups in pre and postoperative conditions while chi-sqaure test was used for bivariate analysis to confirm the significant association of complications for two groups. p-value = 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The mean age of diabetic patients was 56.10 ± 8.63 years and mean age of non-diabetics was 54.78 ± 11.17 years. Of all the data analyzed there was an overall male predominance. The two groups of patients were similar with regard to ejection fraction pre and post operatively. There was a significant difference in postoperative urea and creatinine levels in both groups. The types of complications within the two groups differed in that the immediate renal dysfunction (36%), bleeding (14%)and intra-aortic balloon pump use (17%) were significantly greater (p-value<0.05) in diabetic patients compared to the non-diabetics (13%, 8%and 7% respectively). Occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation, low cardiac output syndrome and prolong ventilator support were statistically insignificant for both groups. Conclusion: Diabetics have worst hospital and long term outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting in terms of immediate renal dysfunction, bleeding and intra-aortic balloon pump use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how, over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the appreciation of skill in surgery shifted in characteristic ways. Skill is a problematic category in surgery. Its evaluation is embedded into wider cultural expectations and evaluations, which changed over time. The paper examines the discussions about surgical skill in a variety of contexts: the highly competitive environment of celebrity practitioners in the amphitheatres of early nineteenth-century Britain; the science-oriented, technocratic German-language university hospitals later in the century; and the elitist surgeons of late nineteenth and early twentieth-century United States with their concerns about distancing themselves from commercialism and cheap showmanship. For analysing the interaction of surgical practices with their various contexts the paper makes use of the concept of ‘performance’ and examines how the rules of surgical performance varied according to the prevailing technical, social, and moral conditions. Over the course of the century, surgical performance looked more and more recognisably modern, increasingly following the ideals of replicability, universality and standardisation. The changing ideals of surgical skill are a crucial element of the complex history of the emergence of modern surgery, but also an illuminating example of the history of skill in modern medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Colorectal surgery has its roots in the early civilisations and its development followed a complex pathway never disjoined from the social and cultural environment where it took place. Method: The most relevant historical sources have been evaluated. Results: A comprehensive review of the history of colorectal surgery is presented, from the ancient Egyptian culture to the modern achievements. The development of surgery of colon, rectum and anus is reported with particular reference to the social environment and history; as the development of colorectal surgery parallels the occurrence of human historical events, the study of the former cannot be disjoined from the latter. Conclusion: Study and knowledge of the history of medicine - and, in particular, of colorectal surgery for those interested in this particular subject - is a privileged way to understand who we are nowadays and where we come from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the development in composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) worldwide as of May 2015. The history of transplantation is discussed which can be traced back to 348 A.D. when sainted twins Cosmas and Damien replaced a patient's cancerous leg with the leg of a deceased Ethopian man. The first successful kidney transplants were reportedly performed in the early 1950s which led to significant developments in solid organ transplantation.

Résumé Considéré comme l’un des pères de la chirurgie pédiatrique en France, Louis Ombrédanne (1871–1956) fut aussi un grand chirurgien plasticien. Assistant de Nélaton (1851–1911), il écrivit avec lui deux livres sur la rhinoplastie et les autoplasties faisant le point sur ces techniques au début du xx e siècle. En 1906, il décrivit une technique de reconstruction du sein utilisant le muscle petit pectoral et un lambeau axillaire et thoracique. De 1908 à 1941, Louis Ombrédanne se consacra à la chirurgie pédiatrique principalement dans le domaine des malformations congénitales. De 1924 à 1941, il fut titulaire de la chaire de « Chirurgie infantile et orthopédie » à l’hôpital des Enfants–Malades à Paris. En 1907, Louis Ombrédanne mis au point un appareil d’anesthésie par inhalation qui fut utilisé avec succès en Europe pendant cinquante ans. Summary One of the fathers of pediatric surgery in France, Louis Ombrédanne (1871–1956) was a great plastic surgeon. During his residency he was initiated to plastic surgery by Charles Nélaton (1851–1911). Both wrote two books: “La rhinoplastie” and “Les autoplasties”, taking stock of these techniques in the early 20th century. In 1906, he was the first to describe the pectoral muscle flap for immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy. He used this flap in conjunction with an axillo thoracic flap. From 1908 to 1941, Louis Ombrédanne practised pediatric surgery, most of which was devoted in reconstruction of congenital and acquire anomalies. From 1924 to 1941, he was Professor of pediatric surgery at the hospital Enfants–Malades in Paris. In 1907, Louis Ombrédanne created a prototype of an ether inhaler as a safe anesthetic device. The device was successfully used for fifty years in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I would herein like to look back upon surgery for esophageal cancer, particularly on lymphadenectomy, and to speculate a little on the future prospects for esophageal surgery. There are two schools of thought on lymphadenectomy in esophageal cancer: one believes in en bloc esophagectomy, which is commonly performed in Western countries; the other believes in three-field lymphadenectomy, which is commonly performed in Japan. We esophageal surgeons at Kurume University have contributed to some advances in three-field lymphadenectomy. For example, we initiated functional mediastinal dissection to ensure patient safety, and we proposed the lymph node compartment theory to assess the clinical importance of regional nodes. Oncological surgery has progressed in terms of its safety, radicality and functional preservation, leading to improved quality-of-life for patients after surgery. This then evolved to the current development of multimodal and individualized tailor-made treatments. I believe that surgery for esophageal cancer will become bipolarized in the future. One strand will evolve as salvage surgery for residual or recurrent tumors, which non-surgical therapies have failed to cure, and the other strand will evolve as less invasive surgery, adjuvant surgery, for cancers at the relatively early stage, for which micro-metastasis can be cured by non-surgical therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Rotator cuff surgery is a rapidly evolving branch in orthopaedics, which has raised from a minor niche to a fully recognized subspecialty. This article summarizes its history, examining the development of its key principles and the technical advancements. Methods: Literature was thoroughly searched, and few senior surgeons were interviewed in order to identify the significant steps in the evolution of rotator cuff surgery. Results: A wide variety of surgical options is available to reduce pain and restore function after rotator cuff tears. Rotator cuff repair surgical techniques evolved from open to arthroscopic and are still in development, with new fixation techniques and biological solutions to enhance tendon healing being proposed, tested in laboratory and in clinical trials. Although good or excellent results are often obtained, there is little evidence that the results of rotator cuff repair are improving with the decades. An overall high re-tear rate remains, but patients with failed rotator cuff repairs can experience outcomes comparable with those after successful repairs. Conclusions: Rotator cuff repair techniques evolve at a fast pace, with new solutions often being used without solid clinical evidence of superiority. It is necessary to conduct high-level clinical studies, in which data relating to anatomical integrity, patient self-assessed comfort and function, together with precise description of patient's condition and surgical technique, are collected. Level of evidence: IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ernest Amory Codman had an early penchant fondness for recording surgical complications and analyzing these recordings to determine a surgeon's ability along with a hospital's efficiency. This idea and the actions that followed suit in his career were not well received by his fellow colleagues. However, Codman's influence and spirit remained and helped shape important institutions in American medicine such as the The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of aphasia secondary to tuberculosis deserves attention for two reasons: first, for better understanding rare etiologies of aphasia in medical history; and secondly, for initiating a multidisciplinary discussion relevant to aphasiologists, neurologists, pathologists, and clinicians generally. This article will focus on clinical observations of tuberculosis-related aphasia in the nineteenth century, highlighting a noteworthy case report presented by Booth and Curtis (1893). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This essay focuses on "hermaphrodites" and the emerging profession of surgery in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Europe. During this period, surgeons made novel claims about their authority to regulate sexual difference by surgically "correcting" errant sexual anatomies. Their theories about sex, I argue, drew upon both ancient roots and contemporary conflicts to conceptualize sexual difference in ways that influenced Western Europe for centuries thereafter. I argue that a close examination of medieval surgical texts complicates orthodox narratives in the broader history of sex and sexuality: medieval theorists approached sex in sophisticated and varied manners that belie any simple opposition of modern and premodern paradigms. In addition, because surgical treatments of hermaphrodites in the Middle Ages prefigure in many ways the treatment of atypical sex (a condition now called, controversially, intersex or disorders/differences of sex development) in the modern world, I suggest that the writings of medieval surgeons have the potential to provide new perspectives on our current debates about surgery and sexual difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health experts advise and expect patients to eat healthily after bariatric surgery. For patients, difficulties with eating might have been a long-standing, problematic part of life—a part that is not necessarily healed by surgery. Empirical research on patients’ experiences of eating practices after bariatric surgery is lacking. Aiming to contribute to the development of clinical practice, we explored meanings attached to eating in the long term and sought descriptions of change and bodily sensations. We interviewed 14 patients at least 5 years after bariatric surgery. The surgical restriction forced changes in the way patients sensed their own body in eating, but the uncertainty related to maintaining weight loss in the long term remained. Meanings attached to eating transcended food as choices situated in a nourishment and health perspective, and were not necessarily changed. Eating was an existential and embodied practice, which remained an ambiguous and sensitive matter after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Niels Thorkild Rovsing (1862 to 1927) was a Danish surgeon. His eponyms include the Rovsing sign of acute appendicitis, the Rovsing syndrome (abdominal pain in a horseshoe kidney), the Rovsing operation I (for polycystic kidney), and the Rovsing operation II (to separate a fused "horseshoe" kidney). He received his M.D. degree in 1885 and his Ph.D. in 1889 from Copenhagen University. Rovsing practiced surgery from 1892 to 1902 at the Queen Louise Children's Hospital and the Red Cross Hospital, both located in Copenhagen. He became Professor of Surgery in 1899 and Director of Surgery at the Royal Frederiks Hospital in 1904. Rovsing earned international recognition for his innovative urological surgery. Together with his colleague, Eilert A. Tscherning, Rovsing founded the Danish Surgical Society (Dansk Kirurgisk Selskap) in 1908. His advocacy for antisepsis and Listerism advanced his notoriety and exemplified his medical leadership. His clarion call for a modern hospital led to the construction of the Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet) that opened in 1910. Rovsing was an Honorary Member of the Edinburgh Medico-Chirurgical Society and the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland. Rovsing served briefly as Denmark's Minister of Education in 1920. He died in 1927 from cardiac failure and laryngeal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This perspective article describes unique aspects of Theodor Billroth's personality and life, which enabled him to succeed and become a leading figure of 19th century medicine. These qualities are discussed with today's developing surgeon in mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the second of five articles reviewing the historical origins of some of the more commonly used surgical instruments and takes "time out" to remind current surgeons about the surgical pioneers on whose shoulders they now stand and whose inventions they now use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the living, professional and scientific activities of Wacław Pelikan (1799-1871), an efficient and famous surgeon, rector of Vilnius University in the twentieths of the 19th century. His inglorious political activity meantime in Vilnius is widely analyzed. His surgical activity in laryngology: operation of epulis and removal of a foreign body from the larynx by laryngofissure are reported with great accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The first reliable statistic data about perioperatory mortality were published in 1841 by the French Joseph-Francois Malgaigne (1806-1863): he referred to a mean mortality of 60% for amputations and this bad result was to be attributed mainly to hospital acquired diseases. The idea of "hospital acquired disease" although vague, included five infective nosologic entities, which at that time were diagnosed more frequently: erysipelas, tetan, pyemia, septicemia, and gangrene. Nonetheless, the suppuration with pus production was considered from most of the surgeons and doctors of that time as a necessary and unavoidable step in the process of wound healing. During the end of the eighteenth century, hospitals of the main European cities were transforming into aggregations of several wards, where the high concentration of patients created poor sanitary conditions and a consistent increase of perioperatory mortality. In 1865, Lister applied his first antiseptic dressing on the surface of an exposed fracture. These experimental attempts lead to an effective reduction of wound infections respect to the dressing with strings used previously. DISCUSSION: Lister's innovations in the field of wound treatment were based on two brand new concepts: germs causing rot were ubiquitarious and the wound infection was not a normal step in the process of wound healing. The concept of antisepsis was hardly accepted in the European surgical world: "Of all countries, Italy is the most indifferent and uninterested in experimenting this method, which has been so favorably judged from the greatest surgical societies in Germany". This quotation from the young surgeon Giuseppe Ruggi (1844-1925) from Bologna comes from his article where he presented his first experiences on aseptic medications started the previous year in the Surgical Department of Maggiore Hospital in Bologna. In his report, Ruggi described the adopted technique and suggested that the medication should be extended to all the surgical patients of the hospital:"... this is needed to totally remove from the hospital all those elements of infection which grow in the wounds dressed with the old method". The experimentation of this new dressing for the few treated cases was rigorous and concerned both the sterilization of surgical tools with the fenic acid (5%) and the shaving of the skin. Ruggi also observed that there was no correlation between the seriousness of the wound and its extension or way of healing: when "simple" cases that "should heal without complication" showed fever he often realized that "it was often due to a medication performed without following the rules for an accurate disinfection and dressing". Ruggi thought that the fever was connected to "reabsorption of pyrogenic substances, which can be removed cleaning and disinfecting the wound" in cases of wounds not accurately dressed and rarely medicated. Frequent postoperative medications of the wound were able to eliminate the fever within 2 h. Ruggi's attitude toward the fine reasoning lead him to introduce the concept of immunodeficiency related to physical deterioration: "... patients treated for surgical disease may sometimes suffer from complications of medical conditions, which initially escape the most accurate investigations... The surgical operation could, in some cases, hold the balance of power". CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results, published in 1879, appear extremely interesting. As he wrote in 1898, for the presentation of his case record of more than 1000 laparotomies, he had started "... operating as a young surgeon without any tutor, helped only by his mind and what he could deduce from publications existing at the moment ...". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: Surgery is one of the most rapidly developing specialties in the past century. Diagnostic methods, operation technique, and knowledge of the diseases are changing continuously. In the academic history, lots of classic papers brought advances for surgery. They were accepted and cited numerously by the medical specialists all over the world. Citation analysis reflects the recognition a work has received in the scientific community by its peers DATA SOURCES: The articles in the field of surgery have been cited at least 1,000 times since its publication to 2011 were analyzed. By categorizing the publication year, journals, authors, institutions, countries, life citation cycles, level of evidence provided, and characteristics of the topmost articles, we intended to determine what qualities make the articles important to the specialty. The methodology used in this study was based on the Science Citation Index Expanded database of Web of Science from Thomson Reuters. According to Journal Citation Reports of 2011, it indexes 8,336 journals with citation references across 176Web of Science categories in science edition. Level of evidence of these articles was graded according to the standard provided by Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. CONCLUSION: Totally 36 articles have been cited at least 1,000 times since their publication to the year 2011. According to their citation histories, 35 articles were further evaluated. These topmost articles covered 8 subspecialties of surgery and were published in 17 journals. The publication year varied from 1940 to 1999 and the articles provided different level of evidence, most of which are retrospective studies of case series. Six articles were research articles including animal model, histology analysis, and laboratory research. The others were clinical articles. From the results of citation analysis, the classic articles are not always in top citations. In addition, some of these articles have no citations after several years post their publication. The introduction of a commonly used classification or scoring system is a major factor in propelling citation by other authors. The most cited articles in surgery present their long academic life in spite of their level of evidence and journal impact factor in which they were published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bruno da Longobucco (1200-1286) was born at the turn of the 13th Century in Longobucco (Calabria, Italy), at that time named Longoburgo. He was the first academic surgeon of the Middle Ages, a period when surgery was disregarded by mainstream physicians and was the practice of barbers, charlatans and phlebotomists. After training at the medical school of Salerno and the University of Boulogne, he was one of the founders of the University of Padua and became the first Professor of Surgery. His books Chirurgia Magna and Chirurgia Parva , were ones of the most disseminated surgical texts of the Middle Ages and it is argued helped surgery regain its reputation. Despite his importance to late medieval period, he has been essentially overlooked in the records of the history of surgery. Currently, there are no articles in English about his life indexed on PubMed, Scopus or Embase. One solitary article on Bruno's life and influence was published in 1960s in a small journal in Italian, but this is no longer active and there is no electronic means to access the original article. The aim of this article is to provide education and rediscovery of the impact of this critical figure, his works and his historic role to the development and renaissance of surgery for contemporary surgeons., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2022 Pata, Linardi, Brady, Pellino and D'Ambrosio.)