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PURPOSE To identify the drug infusion vessel for use in obtaining the best drug distribution in arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 16 cases of advanced pancreatic cancer (pancreatic head, n = 12; pancreatic body and/or tail, n = 4), computed tomography during arterial injection of contrast material was performed at the time of angiography. The sites of catheter placement were celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and their branches, such as gastroduodenal artery, inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery, or dorsal pancreatic artery. RESULTS In the cases of pancreatic head cancer, all except one with hepatomesenteric vascular variation were supplied by the celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery (dual supply). In the cases of pancreatic body and/or tail cancer, two were supplied by celiac artery alone and two showed dual supply. In the cases of pancreatic head cancer, when the areas supplied by the main trunk were compared with those supplied by its branches, three of nine cases on the celiac artery side and four cases on the superior mesenteric artery side showed that the areas were not consistent, with a partial defect observed in the areas supplied by branches of the superior mesenteric artery. In the cases of pancreatic body and/or tail cancer, on both sides, one of two cases was not consistent. CONCLUSION To achieve optimal drug distribution in arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer, drug infusion via both the celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery is required in the majority of cases. In many cases, optimal drug distribution is not attainable with drug infusion via a branch; therefore, drug infusion should be administered via the main trunk.

The fabrication of organized molecular-scale structures is key to realizing high-performance molecular- and conjugated-polymer devices. Here, we demonstrate a unique single-molecular processing technique using electrochemistry, termed 'electrochemical epitaxial polymerization'. This technique is based on step-by-step electropolymerization of the monomer by applying voltage pulses to a monomer–electrolyte solution that also contains iodine. Using this technique, we observe the formation of high-density arrays of single conjugated-polymer wires as long as 75 nm on the surface of a Au(111) electrode. Our findings unveil the mechanism of electropolymerization, showing that the conjugated polymer wires grow from nuclei adsorbed on the iodine-covered Au(111) surface. The results may also open the door to mass-production of molecular-scale devices based on conjugated polymers.

A 26-year-old man developed progressive, massive ascites and hematemesis due to rupture of esophageal varices. Combination diagnostic modalities of color doppler ultrasonography, enhanced computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging led to the case being diagnosed as acute Budd-Chiari syndrome with severe stricture of the intrahepatic inferior vena cava. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty this resulted in great improvement of the clinical manifestations.

One-hundred and fifteen subjects were diagnosed with Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and 93 subjects with atrophic gastritis (AG) from tests of HP antibodies or serum levels of pepsinogen I and pepsinogen II involving 210 inhabitants, who participated in the health check-up program. Logistic regression analysis found that refreshing (isotonic) beverages significantly reduced the risk of HP infection (odds ratio: 0.767, 95% C.I.: 0.616-0.956). A higher frequency of intake for margarine (odds ratio: 1.413, 95% C.I.: 1.080-1.848), cheese (odds ratio: 1.416, 95% C.I.: 1.044-1.920), Tsukemono (odds ratio: 1.277, 95% C.I.: 1.000-1.631) or Cola-beverages (odds ratio: 1.471, 95% C.I.: 1.051-1.239) showed a significantly increased risk of AG. In addition, high serum values ofmgr;-carotene (odds ratio: 0.691, 95%C.I.: 0.498-0.958), linoleic acid (odds ratio: 0.594, 95%C.I.: 0.382-0.924), andmgr;-linolenic acid (odds: 0.987, 95%C.I.: 0.976-0.998) were found to reduce the risk of AG, but not HP infection. Furthermore, these results suggest that a more frequent intake of margarine, Tsukemono (pickled vegetables), or Cola-beverages may be a risk factor for AG, while foods rich in carotenes, such as,mgr;-carotene and n-6PUFAs, such asmgr;-linolenic acid, may reduce the risk of AG.

2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)-benzotriazole (HMB) is nominated as the restricted ingredients in cosmetics in Japanese Pharmaceutical Affairs Act. So the analytical method for HMB was investigated by HPLC. After dissolving HMB in cream or oil with tetrahydrofuran and making the constant volume with methanol, the test solution was prepared. Twenty micro-liter of the test solution was determined by HPLC by using CAPCELL PAK C18 column, the mixture of methanol and water (17:3) as mobile phase, the detection wavelength at 306 nm. The concentrations of 10 to 80 micrograms/ml HMB gave the linear relationship between the concentrations and the peak areas. In creams and oil 0.1% and 1% HMB were sufficiently determined by the established method.

A two-step procedure of two-dimensional polymer constructed from benzo[b]trithiophene (BTT) was proposed by electrochemical polymerization and thermal conversion. Electropolymerized BTT oligomer on...

The color change of a novel photochromic polymer film of 4,4’‐bipyridinium‐tetrakis [3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate was shown to occur in less than 20 ps by the ps‐laser excitation of an ion‐pair charge‐transfer band due to photoinduced electron transfer, which may be applied to ultrafast photon‐mode recording.

We demonstrate that ultrafast modulation of second-harmonic (SH) intensity from a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film consisting of a ruthenium complex is possible by laser irradiation of thefilms. The switching of the second-harmonic intensity is demonstrated to occur in less than 2 ps by a picosecond pump-probe experiment. Results from time-resolved fluorescence studies of the LB film correlate quantitatively with those of the second-harmonic generation (SHG). The mechanism of the photoinduccd SHG switching is ascribed to the change of molecular hyperpolarizability of the ruthenium complex on going from the ground state to the excited state

Thin films of a C60–ethylenediamine (EDA) adduct were prepared from an EDA solution of the adduct particles. An inverted-type organic thin-film solar cell using the thin film of the C60–EDA adduct as a buffer layer was fabricated. The solar cell performance suggested that the C60–EDA adduct thin film functioned as an electron-transporting layer, similarly to the titanium oxides in typical inverted-type organic thin-film solar cells.

A monolayer of a 1:4 mixture of ( N,N '-dioctadecyl-4,4′-dicarboxamide-2,2′-bipyridine)-bis (2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) perchlorate (RuC18B) and dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (2C18NB) was deposited alternately with a monolayer of 2C18NB alone. A second harmonic signal from alternate Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films was observed upon irradiation with an Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. When alternate LB films were excited with the third harmonic (355 nm, 0.1–10 mJ cm −2 ) of an Nd:YAG laser before irradiation of a 1064 nm pulse, the intensity of second harmonic light (SHL) from the LB films decreased depending on the intensity of the 355 nm pulse. The intensity of SHL was varied reversibly many times. Such photochemical modulation of SHL was most probably attributed to the difference of second order nonlinear coefficients between the ground and the excited state of the Ru-complex.

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a newly designed stent-graft placed across the renal arteries for exclusion of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) with short or tortuous proximal necks. Methods: Among a group of AAA patients treated with endovascular grafting, 5 had tortuous proximal necks and 13 had necks Results: The stent-grafts were correctly placed at the intended site in all 18 patients. Renal function was not affected except transiently in 1 patient who developed bilateral renal artery stenoses 24 hours after the procedure; Palmaz stents were deployed in each renal artery to reestablish satisfactory blood flow. Of the 33 renal arteries crossed by the bare stent-graft segment, all were patent over a mean 14-month follow-up (range 7–24), including the patient with Palmaz stents implanted for postprocedural renal stenosis. Complete aneurysm exclusion was maintained in 15 (83%) of 18 patients; proximal leaks persisted in 3 patients, including 2 with severely angled proximal necks. Conclusions: Transrenal placement of the uncovered leading edge of custom-made spiral Z-stent—based endografts appears feasible and clinically effective in the treatment of AAAs with short or tortuous proximal necks.

Purpose This study evaluates the relationship between the therapeutic effect of arterial infusion therapy for severe acute pancreatitis and drug distribution on CT-arteriography (CTA). Materials and Methods Eleven patients with severe acute pancreatitis were treated by arterial infusion with use of protease inhibitor and antibiotics. Ten patients had an inflammation of the entire pancreas, while one had pancreatitis localized to the body and tail of the pancreas. The arterial infusion drugs were infused into the celiac artery, splenic artery, inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, and common hepatic artery. The drug distributions were evaluated by CTA in 10 patients. The duration of arterial infusion ranged from 3 to 39 days. The relationship between the distribution on the CTA and the change in clinical grading of pancreatitis as evaluated by an APACHE II score was studied. Results Of the nine patients with inflammation of the entire pancreas, six showed the distribution of contrast material to the entire area of pancreatic inflammation (a good distribution) on the CTA, and the remaining three did not show the distribution of contrast material to cover the entire area of pancreatic inflammation (a poor distribution). One patient with localized pancreatitis showed a good distribution. In seven patients with a good distribution, the APACHE II score was decreased from 11.7 points to 4.3 points during follow-up. In the remaining three patients with a poor distribution, the APACHE II score was decreased from 12.3 points to nine points, but was decreased to five points after the additional interventions. One patient without CTA showed a marked improvement in the APACHE II score. No clinically important complications were observed. Conclusion The present study findings suggest that arterial infusion is effective in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. A good drug distribution to the area of inflammation is needed to ensure a proper therapeutic effect.

Ultrafast dynamics of transient photobleaching and recovery of cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanoparticles of different size ranging from less than 3.5 nm to greater than 5.0 nm, dispersed in Nafion films, in self-assembled films, and in aqueous solutions were studied upon excitation at 400 nm with a femtosecond laser. All samples gave transient bleaching in less than 1 ps and a multi-exponential recovery in the wavelength region above about 410 nm. The peak wavelength of the transient bleaching and its time dependence together with the recovery behavior were affected by the particle size, surface treatment and the supporting medium. The peak of the transient bleaching spectrum of larger CdS nanoparticles showed a red-shift during the recovery process, while for the smaller particles no such change was observed. CdS nanoparticles in self-assembled films showed an extremely long-lived bleaching recovery process. Fluorescence-activated CdS nanoparticles in aqueous solutions, which showed very strong and sharp fluorescence near the exciton absorption, showed very fast recovery. These results were explained by the decay of excitons and the recombination of surface trapped electron-hole pairs with different energies depending on the particle size.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Purpose: of this paper is to clear the property and ability of an unequal diameter twin roll caster to cast commercial size strip. Therefore, 400mm-width strip was cast as first step. Surface-condition, microstructure and mechanical property of the strip was investigated. Design/methodology/approach: Method used in the present study was an unequal diameter twin roll caster. This method was devised to realize easy operation of the twin roll casting and increase of casting speed. Findings: are that 400-width-strip of 3084, 5182 and 6022 could be cast at speed of 20 m/min. This strip was about 4 mm-thick. There were some defects on the surface. As cast strip could be cold-rolled down to sheet of 1 mm-thick. 180 degrees bending test was operated on the 6022 sheet after T4 heat treatment. Crack did not occurred at the outer surface when strip was bent at width-direction. Research limitations/implications: is that the quantity of the melt was 21kg and investigation of the properties was not enough for practical use. The larger weight of melt must be cast for production. Practical implications: are as below. The 400mm-width strip can be cast easily by the unequal diameter twin roll caster. This caster can be adapted to 3083, 5182 and 6022. Originality/value: as below. The economy sheet with 400mm width can be produced by the unequal diameter twin roll caster. 3083, 5182 and 6022 can be cast at the speed of 20m/min. The thickness of the strip was about 4mm.

Transient species upon pulsed laser excitation of ultrathin polymer and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films was detected sensitively by the optical waveguide (OWG) method. Tetratolylporphyrin in poly(methylmethacrylate) films and amphiphilic tetraphenylporphyrin in mixed LB films with dioctadecyldimethylammonium were prepared on the surface of OWGs. These films were excited with the second harmonics of a ns Nd:YAG laser in controlled environment. The transient absorption of excited triplet porphyrins was detected sensitively by Ar+ laser, He-Ne laser, or diode lasers as a probe. Transient absorption in LB films with only two monolayers was observed by the present method. It was about hundred times increase of sensitivity as compared with a conventional normal incidence measurement. Different decay dynamics were observed for excited triplet state porphyrins in polymer films and in LB films, which was attributed to the different spatial distribution of chromophores.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Ultrafast photon-mode recording based on photoinduced electron transfer reaction was proposed using ion-pair charge-transfer (IPCT) complexes of 4,4-bipyridinium salts. Results with two kinds of counter anions, tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate and iodide, were reported. These anions made electronic interactions with 4,4-bipyridinium ions in solutions and in solid films to give characteristic absorption in the visible region. The dynamics of color changes from pale yellow or orange to blue upon excitation of IPCT bands of these complexes in solutions were studied by femtosecond (fs) pulsed laser. Transient absorption at about 600 nm appeared in about 0.3 ps in both samples, which was controlled by the time-resolution of our fs laser system. Such extremely fast color changes were due to the fact that the IPCT absorption band is associated with the electronic transition from a partially charge-transferred ground state to an alomost completely charge-separated excited state. The decay behavior was totally different between two salts. Tetrakis[3,5- bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate salts showed a decay curve composed of a fast component with 80 ps lifetime and of an extremely slow one corresponding to steady and reversible color changes.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Photoinduced electron transfer reactions were observed at room temperature in organic solvents by steady and flash photolysis of ion-pair charge-transfer complexes between styrylpyridinium derivatives having electron-withdrawing groups at para-position of a styryl group and tetraphenylborates as their counter ions. In addition to the remarkable colour changes due to a characteristic absorption of styrylpyridinyl radicals in the visible region, a charge resonance absorption band (CR band) was observed in the near infrared region depending on the substituent. The latter was due to the electronic interaction of photogenerated neutral radicals with their parent styrylpyridinium cations. The rise of the CR band upon ns laser excitation was as fast as that of the radical itself.

Bipyridine- and terpyridine-based ruthenium complexes containing fully conjugated ligands terminated with thiol groups were prepared and immobilized in self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold surface, single molecules of which were observed with scanning tunnelling microscopy.

Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) nanofibers containing 2,9,16,23-tetra-tert-butyl-29H,31H- phthalocyanine free base (H2TTBPc) and fullerene (C60) were prepared by electrospinning. The nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Under the various conditions of electrospinning such as the concentrations of PVP and an organic volatile salt, and the sizes of the nozzle, we could find good conditions to obtain as-spun nanofibers of which average diameter was 429 nm. The incorporated H2TTBPc in the nanofibers shows highly oriented α -type crystalline state in the presence of C60 as compared with that of the film prepared by a casting method.

The nanorod arrays of ZnO incorporated with lithium atoms show specific crystallinity, photoluminescence and absorption properties, which are promising for the improvement of photovoltaic performance of hybrid solar cells based on ZnO/poly(3-hexylthiophene). Li ions can be incorporated into ZnO crystals during the hydrothermal growth of the nanorods. The presence of Li in ZnO crystal was confirmed through X-ray diffraction analysis and by the photoluminescence spectra obtained. The difference in photovoltaic properties brought about by Li doping was determined from concentrations of the precursor solution. It was determined that appropriate Li doping improves both the short circuit current density (J_[sc]) and open circuit voltage (V_[oc]). The quenching of photoluminescence of Li-doped ZnO nanorods/P3HT films indicates effective charge transfer at the interface due to oxygen-enrichment of the surface, corresponding to the enhancement of J_[sc]. The improvement of V_[oc] was due to the suppression of the charge injection from the electrode brought about by the increase in barrier height at the ITO/ZnO interface as the work function of the ZnO nanorods was reduced after Li ion doping. However, further substitution of Li to Zn (Li_[Zn]) leads to increased reverse current densities of minority carriers decreasing V_[oc] after the maximum value at 5 atom% incorporation. The maximum power conversion efficiency of 0.37% was obtained at 5 atom% doping, although improvements in photovoltaic performances through Li doping were still seen up to 20 atom% doping.

Purpose Segmental transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with use of iodized oil mixed with an anticancer drug, followed by injection of gelatin sponge particles, was undertaken to evaluate its antitumor effect and its influence on normal tissue in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients and Methods Histologic findings in 12 patients who underwent hepatectomy after segmental TAE were compared with findings on plain radiographs and computed tomographic (CT) scans. Visualization of the portal veins contiguous to the tumor on radiographs and the pattern of iodized oil accumulation in the tumor and vicinity on CT scans after TAE were assessed. Results Complete necrosis of the tumor was achieved in 10 cases (83%), while complete necrosis of daughter nodules and capsular invasion was observed histologically in eight of these 10 patients (80%). The degree of tumor necrosis correlated with the pattern of iodized oil accumulation in and near the tumor. Partial necrosis of normal tissue near the tumor correlated with accumulation of iodized oil. Conclusion Segmental TAE may be an excellent therapeutic method for treatment of HCC that is localized in one or a few segmental or sub-segmental regions.

A 26-year-old male was admitted to our hospital having suffered from subfever, sterile pyuria and renal insufficiency for 1 year. There had been no apparent hematuria/proteinuria, and evidence of infection, allergy or intoxication was not demonstrated. Open renal biopsy revealed severe tubulointerstitial changes with granuloma accompanied by neither caseous necrosis nor giant cells. Infiltrating cells mostly consisted of CD4 and CD8 T cells, and some proximal tubular cells presented MHC class II antigen. Following the negative culture of biopsied specimen for acid-fast bacilli, diagnosis of idiopathic granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis was made, and steroid therapy was started. Two months later, pyuria disappeared and renal function improved significantly, proving the effectiveness of steroid on idiopathic granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis.

A patient with atrophic unilateral hydronephrosis due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction associated with hypertension was successfully treated by nephrectomy. Preoperatively, plasma renin activity was elevated in both the peripheral vein and affected renal vein. Renin concentration in the resected kidney was high, and immunohistochemical localization of renin was observed along the afferent arterioles of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and in arterioles at some distance from the glomeruli.

Well-ordered nanohole arrays on atomically flat gold (111) surfaces were fabricated by wet etching through block copolymer (BC) masks using ferri/ferrocyanide etchant. Amphiphilic BCs consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and liquid crystalline poly(methacrylate) with azobenzene mesogens [PMA(Az)], PEOm-b-PMA(Az)n, blended with poly(ethylene glycol) monomethylether (EO) form hexagonally arranged ion-transporting nanocylinders of EO-blended PEO microdomains in the BC masks. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed a hexagonally arranged nanohole array on each terrace of the gold surface after the total wet nanopattering including a 5 min etching. The diameter (d) and distance between neighboring nanoholes (D) were controlled by the degree of polymerization of the BC. Two kinds of nanohole arrays with (d, D) = (12 nm, 25 nm) and (20 nm, 41 nm) were obtained in good agreement with the d and D of the EO-blended PEO microdomains of the masks. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) indicated that the depth of nanoholes was 3.5 A, corresponding to the thickness of a single atomic layer of gold, and the flatness of the bottom of the holes was confirmed.

The so-called embryonal hyperplasia of Bowman's capsular epithelium (EHBCE) is a rather specific lesion occurring in kidneys of patients maintained on chronic dialysis. It consists of poorly differentiated cells proliferating around sclerosed or obsolescent glomeruli. In this study, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characterization of EHBCE was performed. The poorly differentiated cells in the lesion exhibited a positive reaction for vimentin and a negative one for cytokeratin (PKK 1) and epithelial membrane antigen. On ultrastructural examination, specialized junctions between adjoining cells, microvilli-like structures on their surfaces, and immature basal folds were observed. These observations suggest that the cells of EHBCE may be associated with the anlage of glomerular epithelium. The background in which neoplasms like renal cell carcinoma or atypical epithelium of cyst wall develop in end-stage kidneys of adult patients on long-term dialysis may cause such a proliferation of poorly differentiated cells in young or paediatric age group patients.

A 41-year-old Japanese woman with lipoprotein glomerulopathy is reported. The patient presented with nephrotic syndrome, hyperlipoproteinemia and an increased level of plasma Apo E. The damaged glomeruli showed various degrees of capillary dilatation and accumulation of some material-often showing stratification, along with mesangial proliferation and mesangial interposition. The accumulated material was stained positive for beta-lipoprotein by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Capillary dilatation resulted from gradual accumulation of the lipoprotein as well as destruction of the mesangium, as if being torn off, due to increased intraluminal pressure. The patient's eldest sister also suffers from the same renal disease, suggesting a hereditary predisposition.

An autopsy case of an elderly man with Takayasu's arteritis and atherosclerosis is presented. Ischemic signs and symptoms including anginal attack were aggravated with activity of arteritis despite administration of prednisolone throughout the entire course. The autopsy revealed severe atherosclerosis over the aorta and its branches, and arteritis in the fibrotic stage in localized area. Vessels of vital organs including heart and kidneys, did not show Takayasu's arteritis but were atherosclerotic. This case highlights the numerous problems encountered in the treatment of elderly patients with vasculitis such as Takayasu's arteritis.

A paediatric case of lipoprotein glomerulopathy, a new kidney disease characterized by glomerular lipoprotein thrombi, is reported. The patient had massive proteinuria from the age of 8 years, when the nephrotic syndrome was first detected. This was resistant to conventional treatment for more than 10 years. During the course of the disease, the hyperlipidaemia characteristic of hyper-pre-beta-lipoproteinaemia and elevation of apoprotein E persisted, and renal function gradually deteriorated. The renal histopathological findings from four biopsies were essentially the same, with storage of beta-lipoprotein in dilated, balloon-like glomerular capillary lumina. However, the number of glomeruli showing global sclerosis increased and tubulo-interstitial changes progressed in parallel with the gradual clinical deterioration. As in other cases reported in Japan some familial involvement has been noted.

A photoconductive atomic force microscope (AFM), which is a contact mode current-sensing AFM combined with an optical pumping laser, was developed in order to investigate the interaction between light and matter in a nanometer-scale tinny structure. The principle of the photoconductive AFM is the measurement of the photocurrent in an individual nanometer-scale structure, and also two-dimensional mapping of the photoelectric property by scanning the conductive cantilever on the surface of a sample. The photoelectric property of an organic thin film with copper phthalocyanine was demonstrated to test the performance of this system. Nanometer-scale point contact photocurrent, point contact current–voltage characteristics and photoconductive imaging could be attained using the system. Photoconductive AFM has the potential to be of use in various fields of nanometer-scale photonics.

The steady excitation of an ion-pair charge-transfer band of 1-octadecyl-4-(4-nitrostyryl)pyridium tetraphenylborate formed a fairly stable 1-octadecyl-4-(4-nitrostyryl)pyridinyl radical accompanying, for the first time, a charge resonance band owing to its interaction with a parent cation at room temperature in organic solutions.

Strong second harmonic light was observed for the first time from intermolecular ion-pair charge-transfer complexes of nitrostyrylpyridinium tetraphenylborate, the intensity of which decreased on irradiation at wavelengths longer than 370 nm to induce charge separation.

Upon Nd-YAG laser irradiation of a Langmuir-Blodgett film containing Ru(II)-bipyridine metal complex, strong second-harmonic light at 532 nm is observed. The second-harmonic light intensity is remarkably suppressed when the ruthenium complex is excited by other laser pulses (either 355 nm or 460 nm) just before Nd-YAG laser irradiation at 1064 nm. This phenomenon is ascribed to the reduction in hyperpolarizability on going from the ground state to a metal-to-ligand charge-transferred excited state. The optical modulation of SHG becomes possible, for the first time, by the aid of laser-induced electronic transition.

In 1962, Umiker reported the difficulty of cytological diagnosis of voided urine, especially in class III group. Up to the present, it seems that this problem has been not resolved.We performed a statistical analysis and a karyomethric examination using available materials for cytology of Sakai Municipal Hospital from 1974 to 1977. Our statistical data were similar to Umiker's. In 84% we observed desquamated cell clusters in the voided urine of patients with transitional cell carcinoma. Consequently we conducted a karyometry on cells in clusters in the voided urine of patients with transitional cell carcinomas grade III, II, I and false positive. Totally 33 patients were karyometrically examined.The discriminant point between transitional cell carcinoma grade I and grade II was determined by the comparison of nuclear sizes (p

The crystal structure of the copper (II) complex of 2-hydrazino-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine (LH) has been determined from three-dimensional X-ray diffractometer data by heavy atom Fourier methods. Crystals of [Cu (LH)2 (H2O)] Cl2·2H2O are triclinic with unit cell dimensions a=10.020 (2), b=14.384 (2), c=7.205 (1) A, α=104.63 (2)°, β=111.04 (1)°, γ=84.93 (2)°, space group P 1, and Z=2. Block-diagonal least-squares refinement using 3126 independent reflections yielded an R value of 0.062. There are two mirror-image complex molecules in a unit cell. Each copper (II) complex has five coordinated bonds and assumes a distorted square pyramid structure. The two ligand molecules, (LH)2 are trans coordinated to the copper (II) ion through nitrogen atoms N3 of the pyrimidine rings and also through the amino nitrogen atoms of the hydrazino groups. In each copper (II) complex, the one apical coordination site is occupied by the water oxygen atom. The hydroxyl group at C4 of the pyrimidine ring takes the keto form, since the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group transfers to N1 of the ring. The chloride ions are not directly hydrogen bonded to the N1 atoms of the pyrimidine bases, but are bound to the apical water oxygen atoms. The pyrimidine rings in the crystals are not stacked in parallel but are inclined at an angle of 18.9 or 18.8°.