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Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy utilizing synchrotron radiation has been used to study the adsorption of oxygen on a NbC(100) surface at 110 K. At the initial stage ( 2 (> 10 L), a molecularly adsorbed layer is formed upon the initial chemisorbed layer. The molecular species in the second overlayer is more weakly bonded to the surface than those in the initial chemisorbed layer. From polarization dependent measurements, the orientation of the O 2 species in the second overlayer is found to be parallel to the surface. By heating the surface at 200 K, the molecularly adsorbed layer is removed and the underlying initial chemisorbed layer reappears.

The reflectivity spectrum of Y 3 Al 5 O 12 (YAG) single crystals at 297 K is presented in the region of 6.734 eV ≤ E ≤116 eV. The spectra of optical constants derived from the reflectivity by the Kramers-Kronig analysis are tentatively interpreted in terms of the energy levels of the constituent atoms of YAG. Plasma resonance peaks are found at 23.3 8 eV and 36.2 0 eV in which the valence-band electrons and valence- as well as full-band electrons participate, respectively. The structure of absorption due to excitations of the electrons in the Al 3+ L 2,3 levels is found in the region of E ≥76 eV. The free electron-like absorption calculated by the Drude formula by use of the line shape parameters of the plasma resonance line is compared with the dielectric constant in the region of E ≥24 eV. The effective optical dielectric constant calculated from the optical constant e 2 is found to be in good agreement at 116 eV with the optical dielectric constant derived from the dispersion formula.

Optical absorption in the tail region and reflectivity at room temperature in the VUV region up to 42 eV are measured on Y 2 O 3 single crystals. Various optical constants as functions of photon energy are derived therefrom by use of the Kramers-Kronig relation. The Urbach rule parameters are also determined experimentally for the tail. A tentative interpretation is given on the spectral structures found in the optical constants, referring to the energy levels of Y 2+ and Y 3+ free ions.

CORONARY heart disease and stroke continue to be the subjects of intensive epidemiologic study in many parts of the world. Particular research interest has been focused on the apparent differences in the prevalence and incidence of coronary heart disease among various racial and geographically separate population groups [l-4]. As a result of these intensive efforts to explain the epidemiology of these diseases and to determine methods of control, pioneering studies have established risk factors for coronary heart disease [.5-lo] and are now establishing such risk factors for cerebrovascular disease as well [l 1, 121. At present, multifactorial causation has been accepted, the strongest evidence being the demonstrated relationship between elevated blood lipid levels, elevated blood pressure levels, and heavy cigarette smoking with coronary atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations [5-10, 13-161. Studies in many countries have shown that in most populations exhibiting a high serum cholesterol in men, there is also a high prevalence of coronary heart disease [17-191. Usually these people eat a diet high in fat, especially in the form of meat and dairy fat. In most populations with low cholesterol levels and a low prevalence of coronary heart disease, the intake of fat is low and the fat which is ingested is derived primarily from fish and vegetable oils [ 17-201.

Energy distributions of the 4f partial states in lanthanide-copper compounds, RCu6 (R = Ce, Pr, Nd and Sm) and CexLa1-xCu6 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.0), have been measured by means of 4d-4f resonant photoemission. Main 4f peaks shift toward the high binding energy and the 4f partial density of states near the Fermi edge decreases successively in the order of CeCu6, PrCu6 and NdCu6. In SmCu6, an appreciable magnitude of the 4f feature is observed near the Fermi edge in addition to the main feature occurring above 4 eV indicating the coexistence of Sm2+ and Sm3+ ions in this compound. The main 4f feature in CexLa1-xCu6 can be approximated by a Lorentzian shape. The location of the 4f peak and its width are dependent on the concentration of 4f electrons. The shape of the 3D1 line of the lanthanum ion as observed in partial yield spectra varies with the concentration of lanthanum ions.

Since 1946 a continuous effort to evaluate the potential genetic effects of the atomic bombs has been sustained. Observations on children born in Hiroshima and Nagasaki include sex ratio, congenital malformations, stillbirths, survival of liveborn infants, chromosomal abnormalities (sex chromosomal abnormalities and balanced chromosomal rearrangements), mutations altering protein structure or activity, and physical growth and development. There are no statistically significant differences between the children of parents who received increased amounts of radiation at the time of the bombings and those whose parents did not. However, the difference between the two sets of children is consistent with the hypothesis of a genetic effect of the exposure, but its magnitude suggests humans are not as sensitive to the genetic effects of radiation as projected from the mouse paradigm.Key words: Hiroshima–Nagasaki, genetic doubling dose, radiation.

The photoelectron spectra of the Cu x Ni 1- x and Ag x Pd 1- x alloy systems have been measured by means of a resonant photoemission technique to study the alloying effecton the valence band satellite. In the Cu x Ni 1- x alloy system, the resonance intensity, which is defined as the area of the structure of the CIS of the 6 eV satellite normalized by Ni concentration, is found to increase with increasing Cu concentration. However, the difference intensity, which is defined as the difference between on- and off-resonance spectra normalized by Ni concentration, decreases with increasing Cu concentration. It is concluded that a valence electron transfer from the Ni 3 d state to the Cu 4 s state occurs upon alloying. This finding does not agree with the rigid band model, which explains the decrease in magnetic moment in terms of alloying. It is suggested that the “two-hole bound state” in the Ni or Pd atomic site is a resonant state mixed with the neighboring valence hole state in the Cu or Ag atomic site.

Hydrostatic pressure shifts of valence and core exciton peaks in KI are measured with a modulation method at about 120 K. The pressure coefficients are determined to be, in units of 10 -3 meV/bar, 17.0 and 4.7 for the valence excitons at 5.73 and 7.22 eV, and 18.8, 17.0 and -38.7 for the core excitons at 19.95, 20.20 and 21.05 eV, respectively. The pressure shifts of the lowest exciton at 5.73 eV and the core excitons are discussed with a simple model of localized transitions. Experimental results for the lowest exciton and the core excitons at 19.95 and 20.20 eV are explained well in this model, but the shift of the core exciton at 21.05 eV does not agree with the theoretical expectation. The exciton-phonon interaction term contributing to thermal shifts of the excitons is deduced from the present pressure coefficients.

The energy states of 4 f electrons in Ce x La 1- x Cu 6 ( x =0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1) have been studied by means of resonant photoemission. At any concentration of cerium ions, the energy distribution of 4 f partial density of states shows a leading peak with a skew Lorentzian shape and weak features on both sides of the peak. As the concentration of cerium ions increases, the width of the leading peak increases and its position moves toward the low binding energy, and the 4 f partial density of states per cerium atom near the Fermi edge increases. Fine structures near the 4 d threshold in photoyield spectra have also been observed. The shape of the 3 D 1 line of the lanthanum ion varies with the concentration of lanthanum ions. The origin of the observed dependence of energy distribution curves and photoyield spectra on the concentration of cerium ions is discussed.

A frequency of positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs) was determined among 2566 atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan during the two-year period 1975 to 1977. The frequency of positive HBsAg (79% of subjects remained persistently antigen positive) was significantly higher in those exposed to 100 rad or more than in the controls. This difference between exposure groups was more marked among the younger age groups. However, contrary to expectation, there was no difference between the dose groups in the distribution by high vs. low titers among the antigen-positive individuals. There was no difference between the two comparison groups in the occurrence of positive anti-HBs reactions (prevalence of hepatitis B virus). The above findings suggest that immune competence, using the prevalence of positive HBsAg as an index, is depressed in the high dose group, but further study, including follow-up of those with persistent positive HBsAg reactions, is called for. With respect to HBsAg subtypes, adr occurs with higher and adw with lower frequency in Nagasaki than in Hiroshima, corresponding to earlier reports for the Japan archipelago of reverse and complementary distributions of these two subtypes.

A study of coronary heart disease (CHD) among Japanese migrants compared with Japanese living in Japan provided the opportunity to study factors possibly responsible for the high rates of CHD in America as compared with Japan. Comparable methods were employed in examining 11,900 men of Japanese ancestry aged 45--69 living in Japan, Hawaii and California. The age-adjusted prevalence rates for definite CHD as determined by ECG were: Japan 5.3, Hawaii 5.2 and California 10.8/1000. For definite plus possible CHD the rates were 25.4, 34.7 and 44.6. The prevalence of angina pectoris and pain of possible myocardial infarction, determined by questionnaire, showed a similar gradient. Elevated serum cholesterol showed a Japan-Hawaii-California gradient, but the prevalence of hypertension in Japan was intermediate between the prevalence in Hawaii and the higher prevalence in California. The three geographic locations were compared as to prevalence of CHD at comparable levels of blood pressure and cholesterol. At each blood pressure level and at each cholesterol level, the greater prevalence of CHD in California persisted. These facts, plus the near universality of smoking in Japan, suggest that conventional risk factors only partly explain the observed gradient in CHD.

Carbon-contaminated mirrors and gratings have been cleaned by a d.c. glow discharge in oxygen. The reflectance of mirrors and the efficiency of gratings were measured in situ before and after cleaning in the photon-energy range 4 ~ 40 eV or 100 ~ 1000 eV using reflectrometers which incorporated a discharge electrode. Angle-resolved scattering of mirrors and diffraction patterns of gratings were also measured. The mirror reflectance was restored to that of original mirror materials and the scattering level was reduced rather than increased by the discharge cleaning. The grating efficiency of the inside first order was drastically improved by cleaning, even by nearly an order of magnitude in some energy regions. Furthermore, the effect of a blaze was shown to be recovered by examining changes in the efficiencies of other orders as well.

In a survey having a 90 percent chance of detecting a quadrupling of risk, no significant increase in leukemia has been observed in the offspring of persons exposed to atomic bomb radiation in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In the children with leukemia who were born to previously irradiated parents, there was no unusual finding in regard to the interval from parental exposure to onset, age at onset, or type of leukemia. Failure to demonstrate a radiation effect does not mean that there is no such effect. It merely means that within the experience thus far open to observation, no effect is to be seen. There now is sufficient experience to justify a long period of observation of the F1 and subsequent generations for a possible increase of leukemia.

Internal mechanisms of settling sediments are mathematically analysed on the basis of consolidetion theory and the basic differential equations for settling of concentrated suspensions are presented. The basic equations are solved numerically in view of variable consolidation coefficients C1. The analytical solutions of the variations of hydraulic excess pressure distribution and porosity distributions in settling sediments and of the settling curves compare very favorably with settling data experimentally obtained by using thick suspensions of zinc oxide and ferric oxide. It is emphasized that the basic equations should be solved numerically on the basis of variation in C1 and it may be enormously in error if a constant C1 is assumed. In addition, the so-called comprssion-permeability characteristics in the low compressive pressure region can be well determined analytically by using batch settling data.

The definition of filtration resistance is modified by considering relative solid-liquid velocity. The internal flow mechanism in a filter cake is reexamined in view of the movement of solids during compression. Under conditions of short filtrations involving highly concentrated slurries, the velocity of solids is shown to be comparable to the velocity of the liquid. A differential equation is proposed for the flow through compressible cakes in which the pressure gradient is assumed proportional to the difference in average velocities of the liquid and solid rather than to the average velocity of the liquid alone. An improved definition of the average filtration resistance is developed on the basis of the new flow equation.

圧搾過程の理論的解析法を提案するとともに, 圧縮性の異なる三種類の試料 (圧縮性指数n=031-077) を用いて圧搾実験を行ない, その妥当性を検討した。脱液機構より, 圧搾過程は一般に濾過および圧密現象に基づいた二つの分離機構に分けて解析するのが妥当である。両期間は新たに定義した圧搾操作上の諸変数, すなわち, 修正濾過係数Kw, 修正圧密係数Cs, 濾過比Uf, 圧密比Uc, および時間係数τf, τm, τcによって解析することができる。これらの諸変数はいわゆる圧縮透過実験結果に基づいてその理論推定値を求めることができ, 三種類の試料を用いた定圧々搾において理論と実験結果との間にかなり良い一致を得た。

By means of Motokawa's method of electric flicker the authors examined changes in electrie filicker values (EFV) of 5 healthy males due to loads with and without oral administratin of Thioctic acid (10mg) one hour in advance. As loads, mascular labor, mental work, alcohol drinking, and deep breathing of air were chosen. 1) As muscular labor, step-tests were taken. The step test continued for 15 minutes, the rate of going up and down the two steps (each 25 cm high) being 12 per minute. EFV obtained just after such test with administration of Thioctic acid showed only slight increase, while that with out Thioctioc acid showed remarkable increase. 2) As mental work, the authors used a method of concentrative attention lasting 15 minute. The method was as follows; Five small lamps were lighted by the experimenter in random order, and the subject was requested to press a key only when two lamps were lighted simulataneously. The interval between successive flashes was 1 second. EFV obtained just after this performance with adminiration Thioctic acid was remarkably smaller than EFV without it and recovery of the former was faster than of the latter. 3) EFV obtained after drinking 15s40% alcohol (100ccs40cc) increased remarkably, but EFV obtained after alcohol drinking combined with Thioctic acid administration did not show any marked increase and returned rapidly to the initial value. 4) By deep breathings of air (20s22 times per minute), EFV increased remarkably, regardless of whether the Thioctic acid has been administered or not. Summarizing the above results, it is stated that administration of Thioctic acid in advance is effective in reducing fatigue caused by mascular labor, mental work and alcohol drinking, but not effective in preventing the effect of acapnia caused by deep breathing of air.

The prevalence rate of primary carcinoma of the liver was 2.6% in Nagasaki, Japan and 0.9% in Hiroshima. No relationship between primary carcinoma of the liver and ionizing radiation was demonstrated. Posthepatitic cirrhosis was the type of cirrhosis most commonly found in association with a hepatoma. The threefold difference between these cities in the prevalence rate of carcinoma of the liver is in part explained by the greater tendency of cirrhosis in Nagasaki to be associated with a hepatoma.

Cerebral vascular disease (CVD) in the population of Hiroshima, Japan, is described for the period 1958–1964. The incidence of CVD in the male population over 30 yr of age was 7.4/1000/yr and in females 4.1, approximately twice the observed incidence of CHD. Being based on examined individuals only, these estimates are biased downward, perhaps by a factor of 10 per cent. The frequency of cerebral thrombosis was twice that of cerebral hemorrhage. Our findings on incidence and type of CVD are in accord with the known high incidence of this disease in Japan but do not suggest that any disease other than atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries is responsible. Hypertension, cardiomegaly (ascertained by ECG or chest film), and proteinuria were important factors in the risk of subsequent CVD. The singular association between hypertension and CVD, and the evidence that CVD is declining in Japan, the U.S. and Europe during a period of widespread use of antihypertensive agents, encourage further epidemiologic study in CVD.

Observations of definite rheumatoid arthritis in a fixed population of 11,393 atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki for the period April, 1965 through December, 1966, based on a prospective study designed for specific detection of rheumatoid arthritis are reported. Routine complete physical examinations were performed on all persons in the sample. Screening procedures utilized in all subjects included: completion of a questionnaire and performance of ‘rheumatoid factor’ tests. When indicated by results of clinical and laboratory examinations, PA roentogenograms of the hands and wrists were obtained. A rheumatologist (ID) reviewed the medical records of all individuals in whom there was evidence to suspect rheumatoid arthritis. 1303 of individual patients whose earlier examinations indicated the need, were recalled for clarification, confirmation and classification of their disease. The time of onset of disease was also established. The prevalence rate of definite rheumatoid arthritis was 0.38 per cent for males and 0.65 per cent for females, over 20 years of age, and 0.55 per cent for both sexes. This prevalence rate for females was significantly lower than the age adjusted rate in a comparable population in Tecumseh, but this was not so for males. The incidence rate of definite rheumatoid arthritis was 0.07 per cent for males and 0.11 per cent for females per year. In this sample of Japanese, the prevalence rate of positive latex tube fixation tests for the rheumatoid factor was consistently higher than reported for the comparable Tecumseh, Michigan, population. Adequate explanation of this difference is not now available. The relationship between rheumatoid arthritis or rheumatoid factor and environmental factors such as education, occupation, and other physical findings such as level of serum uric acid and blood pressure was studied. No relationship was detected between prevalence and incidence of rheumatoid arthritis and exposure to radiation from the atomic bombs. The age-sex specific mean uric acid values for Japanese men and women were very similar to those in a Caucasian population. In this population survey, as reported in others, very few cases of gout were detected.

凝集性酸化第二鉄サスベンシヨンの沈でんについて検討した。まず希薄濃度領域における沈降速度を実測し, これを干渉沈降に対する実験式に適用して凝集体の直径と内部空隙率を求めた。本文ではこの優集体の内部空隙率を沈降状態を考察するための1つの尺度に選んだ, その結果, 沈降曲線はこの凝集体が存在できる隈界濃度と, 幾集体の疎充てんに対応する濃度によりて3つの形に分けることができる。また。沈降管内の固体量と平衡堆積層の空隙率との関係がわかれば。隈界濃度より濃厚数領域における沈降曲線が (5) 式から求められる。

定圧炉過ゲーク内のsqueezing actionに基づく炉液および固体粒子の速度変化に着目して炉過機構を再検討し, 炉過の基礎微分方程式, 炉液流速分布式と粒子移動速度分布式ならびにその相関関係式, 平均炉過比抵抗の定義式ならびにRuthの比抵杭に乗ずべき補正項JRの理論式を導いた。JRの値は先に導かれた補正項Jに比べスラリー濃度の変化による影響が著しく, 特に濃耳スラリーの炉過ではケーク内炉液流速および固体粒子の移動速度分布を考慮する必要のあることを明らかにした。

For 1950-80, 194 ovarian cancer cases were ascertained among the 70,030 females of the Radiation Effects Research Foundation's Life-Span Study E-85 sample, and 106 autopsied cases with benign ovarian neoplasms were ascertained among all 3,046 autopsies performed in the same sample. On the basis of microscopic review, 66% of the cancer and 84% of the benign tumor cases were classified by histologic type. The age-adjusted ovarian cancer incidence rates showed a statistically significant increase with increased exposure dose, both in the entire exposed group (P less than .01) and in the microscopically reviewed subset (P less than .01). This dose response was only significant (P less than .01) in the latter half of the study period, 1965-80. The radiation effect was higher in the younger age group at the time of the bomb (ATB) for the specific attained age or was adjusted for attained age. In general, relative risk (greater than or equal to 100 rad vs. 0 rad) did not differ by attained age, except for the youngest age group, less than 20 years old ATB, where the relative risk tended to decrease with increased attained age, although cases were few in number and follow-up study was necessary. Estimated minimum latent period for radiation-induced ovarian cancer seemed to be 15-20 years. The proportion of autopsied cases with benign ovarian tumor increased with increasing exposure dose, both in the entire series of cases (P less than .05) and in the microscopically reviewed subset. Statistical significance, however, was not achieved in the latter group (P greater than .10). The distribution of histologic types of both cancer and benign tumor of the ovary did not vary significantly with radiation dose. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that radiation injury of the ovaries and secondary excess of gonadotropic hormones are important causative factors in the development of ovarian neoplasms.

A continuing study of mortality rates among children born to survivors of the atomic bombings and a suitable group of controls has been updated; the average interval between birth and verification of death or survival is 17 years. The mortality experience is now based on 18,946 children liveborn to parents one or both of whom were proximally exposed, receiving jointly an estimated dose of 117 rem; 16,516 children born to distally exposed parents receiving essentially no radiation; and 17,263 children born to parents not in Hiroshima or Nagasaki at the time of the bombings. No clearly significant effect of parental exposure on child's survival can be demonstrated either by a contingency χ2 type of analysis or regression analysis. On the basis of the regression data, the minimal gametic doubling dose of radiation of this type for mutations resulting in death during (on the average) the first 17 years of life among liveborn infants conceived 0–13 years after parental exposure is estimated at 46 rem for fathers and 125 rem for mothers. On the basis of experimental data, the gametic doubling dose for chronic, low-level radiation would be expected to be three to four times this value for males and as much as 1000 rem for females.

The mortality and predictive factors of coronary heart disease among men of Japanese ancestry in Japan and Hawaii were compared on the basis of 12 years follow-up data using comparable methods of case ascertainment and risk factor measurements. Among 1,687 men (Japan) and 7,536 men (Hawaii) who were free of coronary heart disease and aged 45-69 at baseline examination in 1965-1968, 20 (Japan) and 123 (Hawaii) cases of fatal coronary heart disease were identified. The age-adjusted mortality rate was 40% higher in Hawaii than in Japan. The difference was not statistically significant, but consistent with earlier studies. More than half of this difference in mortality rate was attributed to different levels of known risk factors in the two cohorts. In multivariate analysis using the combined population, age, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, serum glucose, cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake (inversely) remained as significant predictors of coronary heart disease mortality. Although the associations of risk factors with coronary heart disease tended to be stronger in Hawaii than in Japan, there was no statistically significant difference in regression coefficient for any of the risk factors studied. These findings cannot be claimed to be definitive because of the small number of cases, especially in Japan.

Blood pressure is a powerful predictor of the occurrence of coronary heart disease (CHD). Within a population, the measurement of an individual’s blood pressure is perhaps the single most accurate guide to that individual’s risk of subsequently developing CHD. This ‘within-population’ accuracy of prediction does not extend to comparisons between populations. In the United States, for example, blacks have higher mean blood pressures than whites, but not higher rates of CHD[1]. In the West Indies, average blood pressure levels are high, but not the rate of occurrence of CHD [2]. Similarly, blood pressure levels in Japan are comparable to those in western countries [3, 4], but the rate of occurrence of CHD in Japan is much lower than in western countries [5, 6].

In addition to our previous results [Phys. Rev. B 38, 1131 (1988)], we report further photoemission evidence for the bulk magnetic phase transition in Cr. An emission from the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{4}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{1}$ bands unique to the paramagnetic phase disappears at above the N\'eel temperature.

The valence-band photoemission of Ni(110) shows that the two-hole satellite appears at a constant binding energy of 6.0 eV away from the 3p..-->..3d resonance in accord with earlier results, but on resonance it shifts to --6.8 eV. Interpretation of this new result in terms of the singlet and triplet satellite states is proposed.

Ninety girl students have been identified, who were 14-15 years old when exposed to the atomic bomb while at the Central Telephone Office in Hiroshima located at a distance of 550 meters from the hypocenter. The mortality rate of the students exposed on the second floor of the building was estimated to be 50.9% and those exposed on the first floor (ground level) 33.3%. Doses to the students exposed on the second floor were estimated from cytogenetic evidence to be around 6 Gy in the T65 Dose system or appear to be 4 Gy in the DS86 system. These data indicate that LD50 is around 4 Gy in these young females. Among 28 students who were confirmed to be alive in 1965 and followed to the end of 1988, six students had breast cancer, mostly of invasive ductal type carcinoma. The incidence of breast cancer in the adolescent group was very high, the relative risk being 23.1 with 95% confidence limits of 12.9 to 42.2.

Radiation-induced cancer mortality rates among atomic bomb survivors with doses of at least 100 rad and patients with ankylosing spondylitis given X-ray therapy have been compared for the first time. The estimated average mean bone marrow dose for the spondylitics is more than twice that for atomic bomb survivors, and yet spondylitics experienced only half the risk of radiation-induced leukemia of atomic bomb survivors. For sites that were heavily irradiated in the spondylitics, provisional estimates indicate comparable doses in the two studies, and similar levels of cancer risk were observed. For these sites, when information from the studies was combined, there were statistically significant excesses for cancers of the esophagus, stomach, lung, and ovaries, multiple myeloma, other lymphomas, and tumors of the spinal cord and nerves. Very high relative risks (RR's) for tumors of the spinal cord and nerves were observed in both studies. For sites that were lightly irradiated in the spondylitics, in addition to previously documented sites, there was a statistically significant excess of cancers of the liver and gallbladder among atomic bomb survivors. A previous subdivision of cancer sites into radiosensitive and other tissues was not supported by the atomic bomb survivor data. Changes in the rates of radiation-induced cancers with age at exposure and time since exposure were studied and compared with the use of generalized linear modeling of the RR's and also by examination of the excess mortality rates. The level of agreement between the two studies was high; provided it is accepted that the reduced level of leukemia risk in the spondylitics is due to cell sterilization, no inconsistencies were found. For a group of solid tumors selected from heavily irradiated sites in the spondylitics, excess risk increased with both age at exposure and time since exposure and RR decreased with age at exposure, but it did not vary with time since exposure between about 5 and at least 30 years following exposure. The finding of a constant RR with time since exposure did not extend to all remaining neoplasms other than leukemia, because the RR for these neoplasms increased with time since exposure in atomic bomb survivors.

During 1961-75, 128 cases of primary liver carcinoma (PLC) in the Radiation Effects Research Foundation life-span study extended sample and 301 cases of liver cirrhosis in the pathology study sample were observed. The presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was assessed in all of the cases with the use of orcein and aldehyde fuchsin stains and was confirmed by the immunofluorescence technique. The incidence of PLC was two times higher in Nagasaki than in Hiroshima, which was statistically significant, but little difference was noted in the prevalence of cirrhosis in the two cities. Findings that might possibly explain the higher PLC incidence in Nagasaki were 1) the 2.3 times higher presence in Nagasaki than in Hiroshima of HBsAg in the livers of subjects without liver disease and 2) the two times higher prevalence in Nagasaki than in Hiroshima of cirrhosis with PLC. We believe that the higher incidence of PLC in Nagasaki is attributable to hepatitis B virus infection, although other factors (e.g., immunologic competence affected by radiation) cannot be excluded. In both cities, a suggestive relationship of radiation dose to cirrhosis prevalence, but not to PCL prevalence, was noted. To clarify possible radiation effects on cirrhosis prevalence, furthermore » follow-up of the populations of these two cities is necessary.« less

Elevated total leukocyte count in a biennial examination period is shown to be a significant (p = 0.001) predictor of cerebral infarction (CI) incidence in the subsequent 2 yr examination period, in a large Japanese cohort study. This association is not explainable on the basis of corresponding age, sex or blood pressure levels. The extent to which the association might be attributable to cigarette smoking habits could not be thoroughly examined with available data. Relative risks associated with a specific elevated leukocyte count may be larger among persons less than 65 yr of age than among older persons. When counts of specific leukocyte cell lines are considered a significant (p = 0.0006) role for netrophil count emerges, while an additional predictive role for other leukocyte cell types could not be detected. In contrast, there is a suggestion that cerebral hemorrhage (CH) risk may be lower following an elevated leukocyte count. In particular, a negative association between lymphocyte count and CH incidence in the subsequent biennial examination cycle, is nearly significant (p = 0.07), in spite of a rather small number of CH cases in the sample.

As part of the Ni-Hon-San Study, stroke incidence was compared in the Japan and Hawaii cohorts. Stroke cases were classified in two types, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and thrombo-embolic stroke (T-E). For each type the incidence in Japan was about three times as great as in Hawaii. The ratio ICH/T-E was 1/2.2 and 1/1.6 in Japan and Hawaii, respectively. Blood pressure was the most important risk factor, followed by age for total stroke in both Japan and Hawaii. Proteinuria was also a risk factor in Hawaii. Conversely, an index of animal food intake was inversely related to total stroke, significantly in Hawaii, and at a suggestive level for total and hemorrhagic stroke in Japan. Since the levels of blood pressure do not differ between Japan and Hawaii, one possible explanation for the large difference in stroke incidence between the two cohorts may be the fact that animal protein and saturated fat intake, which is inversely associated with stroke incidence, is much greater in Hawaii than in Japan. This explanation would support epidemiologic and experimental studies in Japan which suggest that dietary animal protein and fat exert an inhibitory effect on the incidence of stroke.

International data show marked geographic variability in mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD)[1]. Mortality in the United States is among the highest and that in Japan is among the lowest reported. The determination of reasons for these marked differences is made difficult by confounding genetic, environmental, and cultural variation and by the differences in diagnostic techniques and reporting practices used in various countries. One of the methods that has been found useful in overcoming some of these difficulties is the study of migrant populations [2]. Large numbers of Japanese migrated to Hawaii and California late in the 19th century and early in the 20th century. Gordon reported a gradient of CHD mortality with men of Japanese ancestry living in the United States experiencing risks that were intermediate between the low levels in Japan and the high levels among Caucasian Americans [3,4]. Gordon also demonstrated a gradient of increasing CHD mortality among Japanese men in Japan, Hawaii, and California. The gradient of mortality from cerebrovascular disease was the reverse.

The incidence of lung cancer during 1950-80 in a cohort of Japanese A-bomb survivors and controls was investigated. A total of 1, 057 cases were identified; 608 of these diagnoses were based on histopathological examination, and 442 were confirmed by the present investigators. The distributions of histologic types varied significantly between the sexes (p < .001), with adenocarcinoma more frequent among women and epidermoid and small cell carcinoma more frequent among men. The distributions of primary sites did not differ significantly between the sexes. The relative risk (RR) of lung cancer increased significantly with A-bomb radiation dose (p < .0001): based on tentative 1965 dose estimates as revised in 1978 (T65DR) and a linear RR model, the estimated RR at 100 rad (±s.e.) is 1.41 ± 0.09. Among Hiroshima survivors the women experienced radiation-related excess RR nearly twice as great as men (p = .06). RR increased with decreasing age at the time of bombing (ATB; p = .07), and after allowing for this effect, there was no significant evidence that RR varied systematically with attained age. Small cell carcinoma displayed somewhat greater sensitivity to radiation than did adenocarcinoma or epidermoid carcinoma; however the variation between the histology-specific RR functions was not statistically significant (p = .44).

The authors examined 155 autopsy cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in the Life Span Study sample including both A-bomb survivors and controls in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1954 to 1974). Hashimoto's thyroiditis was classified into lymphoid, diffuse and fibrous types and the following results were obtained. No difference existed in the effects of A-bomb radiation in the incidence and ATB. The ratio of males to females did not reveal statistical significance, even though reversed ratio was noted in the high dose group. The variation of thyroid gland weight in T65 dose or by variant showed no significant pattern, even though the smallest average weight was found in the highest radiation exposure group. The complication in the patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis were noted to have high prevalance of ovarian cancer and low prevalence of stomach cancer and total cancer. Only two patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis were found to be complicated with thyroid carcinoma. Among collagen diseases, the prevalence of rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis was high as complication. And the prevance of combined diseases suggested that no late effect of A-bomb radiation existed.

Coronary heart disease incidence during 1958-1974, in a cohort of Hiroshima and Nagasaki residents, was found to relate significantly (p = 0.01) to total leukocyte count, taken an average of two years earlier. Relative risks, as a function of leukocyte count, did not appear to depend on sex or cigarette smoking status, but may be larger for subjects less than 65 years of age than for older persons. This study examines, for the first time, differential leukocyte counts and percentages in relation to coronary heart disease incidence. Both neutrophil count and eosinophil count significantly relate to coronary heart disease incidence, while there is also a suggestion for a relationship with monocyte count. A possible immunopathologic basis for such associations is mentioned. It will be important for other studies to confirm these relationships, however, as the present data do not allow one to clearly show the relative risk, at a specified total leukocyte count, to depend on the differential leukocyte fractions. Available data also leave uncertainty concerning the "independence" of leukocyte counts in the specification of coronary heart disease risk, relative to such known risk factors as cigarette smoking habits and serum cholesterol levels.

An analysis of the dose response within the low-dose range (as here defined, doses of less than 50 cGy (50 rad) was conducted among A-bomb survivors in the ABCC-RERF cohort in an attempt to detect the phenomenon of radiation hormesis, if it is present. These studies include as endpoints cancer mortality, cancer incidence, the frequency of cells with chromosomal aberrations, the phytohemagglutinin response of peripheral lymphocytes and the frequency of mental retardation among survivors exposed in utero. In general, the dose response for these indices of radiation damage varied among comparison groups within the low-dose range, but failed to suggest the existence of radiation hormesis.

A study was made of the incidence of cerebrovascular disease, the chronological trends, and the relationship between the disease types and risk factors in 16,491 citizens of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The subjects underwent medical examination at least once between 1958-74, and were free of cerebrovascular disease at the initial examination. During the 16-year period, 1.162 cases of cerebrovascular disease developed in the study population, with diagnosis definite in 621. By type, there were 108 cases of cerebral hemorrhage, 469 cases of cerebral infarction, 33 cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 11 cases of other unclassifiable types. As a risk factor of cerebral hemorrhage, elevation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was the most closely related to onset, and left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiogram (ECG), and proteinuria were also related. However, a tendency was seen for the risk to be higher when the levels of serum cholesterol were lower. In cerebral infarction, aging like systolic blood pressure, was a most important risk factor. Left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG, proteinuria, and diabetes could also be risk factors. However, the relation to blood pressure, especially diastolic blood pressure, was not so great as in the case of cerebral hemorrhage.

The relationship of serum cholesterol and other risk factors to cardiovascular disease was investigated in a 16-year cohort of 16,711 residents of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Examined in detail were the relationship of serum cholesterol, and the joint relationships of serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and other risk factors to coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebral infarction (CI), and cerebral hemorrhage (CH). Baseline and biennially collected risk factor data were analyzed. The latter type of measurement permitted separate investigation of both the short-term and long-term effects of cholesterol measurements. In both types of analyses, both serum cholesterol and blood pressure showed strong associations with CHD incidence. In particular, there were strong associations with short-term and delayed CHD incidence. Furthermore, the association of cholesterol with short-term CHD incidence could not be explained by its association with delayed CHD incidence, or vice versa. Multivariate analyses that also included several other risk factors (smoking habits, clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, left ventricular hypertrophy or strain on electrocardiogram, relative body weight, hematocrit, and proteinuria) for which data were available showed such risk factors to be of lesser, but generally non-negligible, importance in this population. In the case of CH and CI, serum cholesterol was found to be weakly or not at all related to incidence of either disease while blood pressure remained a strong correlate. For CI some suggestion of a statistical interaction between blood pressure and serum cholesterol was found. Discussed are implications for theories of disease pathogenesis for CHD, CI and CH.

From 1959 to 1962, 6859 Japanese clinic subjects had assays of serum peptic activity (referred to as "pepsin" in this study). By 1969 the incidence of stomach cancer was three times higher among men whose pepsin levels had been below 200 μg per milliliter (tyrosine equivalents). A similar trend was not as clear among the women with low pepsins. In 1959, 1251 persons had Diagnex Blue (DB) tests for stomach acidity. There was, over the next 10 years, a significantly higher age-adjusted incidence of stomach cancer among those whose Diagnex Blue tests had been abnormal. A subgroup of 695 persons had both pepsin and Diagnex Blue testing. Those with both low serum pepsin levels and abnormal Diagnex Blue tests comprised only 3.5 per cent of the group but constituted over 30 per cent of the stomach cancers diagnosed. None of these results could be attributed to an effect of atomic-bomb radiation.