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The present study revises the taxonomy of the lace bug genus Perissonemia Drake & Poor, 1937 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae: Tinginae) from Japan. Three species are recognized and (re)described: P. occasa Drake, 1942 from Honshu, P. okinawensis sp. nov. from the central part of the Ryukyu Islands, and P. yaeyamensis sp. nov. from the southern part of the Ryukyu Islands. Previous records of P. occasa from the central and southern parts of the Ryukyu Islands are confirmed as misidentifications of P. okinawensis sp. nov. and P. yaeyamensis sp. nov., respectively. The host plant relationships are discussed for P. occasa and P. yaeyamensis sp. nov. Photographs of living individuals of P. occasa and P. yaeyamensis sp. nov. are presented. A key is provided to facilitate the identification of the three species of Perissonemia distributed in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Neotropical assassin bug genus Montina Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) is revised for Colombia. Montina has not been adequately explored taxonomically, with its last described species published in 1867. It has ten valid species distributed in tropical areas of Central and South America, but none of them have been formally recorded from Colombia. We describe three new species, M. calarca Mejía-Soto & Forero sp. nov., M. gladiator Mejía-Soto & Forero sp. nov., M. tikuna Mejía-Soto & Forero sp. nov., and report seven species as new records for the country: M. confusa (Stål, 1859), M. distincta (Stål, 1859), M. fumosa (Stål, 1867), M. lobata Stål, 1859, M. rufi cornis (Fabricius, 1803), M. scutellaris Stål, 1859, and M. testacea (Stål, 1859). Montina calarca sp. nov. is distinguished by the reddish coloration with black head and legs; densely setose pronotum; connexival margin rounded on segments 4, 5, and 6 without protuberances, connexivum black with a narrow red band on margin; and translucent yellow membrane with hyaline cells and darkened veins. Montina gladiator sp. nov. is distinguished by the red coloration, with black legs, scutellum, and abdomen; connexival margin 4-5 lobed, 6 straight, segments 2-4 with acute posterior process on each segment, connexivum dark brown to black with a narrow red band on its margin. Montina tikuna sp. nov. is distinguished by the reddish-brown coloration, with black scutellum and abdomen; connexival margin nearly straight, segments 2-4 with small posterior acute process, 5-6 with obtuse process, connexivum black; ventral laterotergites only with black scattered erect setae. New characters help delimit Montina and differentiate it from Ploeogaster Amyot & Serville, 1843, its most similar genus. For all species we provide a diagnosis, images, documentation of genitalia, and distribution maps. A key to all the species of Montina is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on the habitats, their seasonal changes, and the life cycle of Mesovelia egorovi Kanyukova, 1981 from the coastal tidal zone in the south of Primorskii Territory are reported. Development of one generation from overwintered eggs was observed during the summer of 2021. Nymphal development took about 5 weeks, and the adults were observed in nature for 6 weeks. The finds and habitat conditions of other euryhaline species of the genus Mesovelia Mulsant et Rey from the Asian and American Pacific coasts are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New information is provided on the insects (Orthoptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera) collected from the common ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. in the south of the Russian Far East (Primorskii Territory), their trophic relationships, and damage caused to the plant. Observations in stationary cages mounted on ragweed plants have revealed the phytophagous species adapted to feeding and developing on this weed and damaging it: Apolygus lucorum (M.-D.) (development on ragweed from oviposition to adult), Eurydema dominulus (Scop.), Graphosoma rubrolineatum (Westw.), Palomena viridissima (Poda) (from the IV or V instar nymph to adult) (Heteroptera); Chlorissa obliterata (Walk.), Ectropis excellens (Butl.), Phthonosema tendinosaria (Brem.), Mocis annetta (Butl.), and Helicoverpa armigera (Hbn.) (from the last instar larva to pupa or adult) (Lepidoptera). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palomena prasina (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and Gonocerus acuteangulatus (Goeze) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) are new pests in French hazel orchards (Corylus avellana L., Corylaceae). Knowing the symptoms in growing hazelnuts resulting from pests feeding on them is important for risk assessment and risk management. Insects were isolated in net sleeves on hazelnuts of the Pauetet cultivar at various phenological stages for 1 week, and symptoms resulting from the insects' feeding were observed at harvest. From pre‐shell expansion to kernel expansion and from kernel expansion to kernel maturation, feeding mainly results in blank nuts and necrotic spots, respectively. The feeding of adult insects, as well as third‐ and fourth‐instars, resulted in blank nuts. When adults and fifth‐instars fed on the kernel, necrotic spots resulted. The stylet penetration potential of adult insects and late‐instars is higher, allowing them to reach the kernel and cause abortion or necrotic spotting. Blank nuts are the main damage observed, and their intensity is highly related to changes in both hazelnut and bug phenology. Therefore, symptoms should be discussed in light of the cultivar and bug occurrence in the field. This study contributes to the development of decision tools for integrated pest management of true bug pests that feed on hazelnuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species composition of aquatic (Nepomorpha) and semiaquatic (Gerromorpha) Heteroptera were examined from protected and unprotected study sites in three streams associated with Kaeng Krachan National Park. At each stream, both quantitative and qualitative sampling methods were used during seven collecting events (November 2018 to June 2020). A total of 11 families, representing 33 genera and 60 species, were collected in this study, with more Nepomorpha families but higher species richness in Gerromorpha. The species richness of both protected and unprotected sampling sites were lowest during the fifth sampling event. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in richness between protected and unprotected sampling sites for any sampling event based on a paired t-test analysis. Based on an nMDS analysis, the patterns of species composition of aquatic and semiaquatic heteropterans were unclear among protected and unprotected sampling sites. The use of aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera as bioindicators for habitat quality is still uncertain. Additional physiochemical characters of the water and physical characters of the stream may lead to a clearer picture of the relationship between aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera and stream habitat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identities of two species of assassin bugs in the tribe Ectinoderini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) from the Indochinese Peninsula are reviewed, resulting in the following new synonymy and new combinations: Amulius Stål, 1865 = Parapanthous Distant, 1919, syn. n.; Amulius spinicollis (Distant, 1919), comb. n. (transferred from Parapanthous) and Ectinoderus confragosus (Distant, 1919), comb. n. (transferred from Amulius). Lectotypes of these species are designated. The hemelytral venations of Amulius and Ectinoderus Westwood, 1843 are briefly discussed and their diagnoses accordingly revised. Amulius is newly reported from Vietnam and Ectinoderus is recorded from Cambodia for the first time.

Pygolampis striata Miller, 1940 is described based on a single male specimen. However, there are no records of the species since then. Therefore, the females and nymphs have not been described, and knowledge about their habitat is insufficient.This is the first record of the Assassin bug Pygolampis striata Miller, 1940 from Japan and Indonesia. Here, this species has been re-described, and for the first time, the female has been described. The species was collected from the surfaces of dried Poaceae grasslands using the "Gasa-Gasa collecting method".

The occurrence of Belminus laportei Lent, Jurberg & Carcavallo, 1995 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) in French Guiana is reported for the first time. A triatomine specimen collected in Bélizon, French Guiana was found to be a female of Belminus laportei, a species known so far only from Pará State, Brazil. The discovery of this species broadens its known geographic distribution and increases the number of triatomines recorded from the French Guiana to fifteen.

Bagrada hilaris is a polyphagous herbivore reported as an invasive pest in the United States. During the course of dissecting Burmeister hilaris unique crystals were observed in both the midgut and oviducts. Crystals were identified using X-ray diffraction techniques. Both acicular (i.e., needle-like, slender, and/or tapered) and cubic (i.e., cube shaped) crystals were observed in six of 75 individuals examined (8.0%). The crystals were mainly observed in females (6.7%), followed by males (1.3%) with no crystals observed in the minimal number of nymphs examined (0%). Crystals of both types were detected in the midgut and lateral oviducts of the females and midgut in males. The acicular crystals often appeared as distinct bundles when present in the midgut and oviducts. Crystals varied in size with the acicular crystals ranging from 0.12 mm to 0.5 mm in length although the cubic crystals ranged in length from 0.25 mm to over 1.0 mm with widths of ∼0.25 mm. The cubic crystals were identified as allantoin although the acicular crystals were most likely dl-allantoin in combination with halite. While allantoin in a soluble form is often found in insect tissues and excreta; being present as a crystal, especially in such a large form, is curious and raises some interesting questions. More research is warranted to further understand mechanisms associated with such crystal formation in B. hilaris and can lead to a better understanding of the excretory process in this species and the role allantoin plays in the elimination of excess nitrogen.

Bagrada hilaris is a polyphagous herbivore reported as an invasive pest in the United States. During the course of dissecting Burmeister hilaris unique crystals were observed in both the midgut and oviducts. Crystals were identified using X-ray diffraction techniques. Both acicular (i.e., needle-like, slender, and/or tapered) and cubic (i.e., cube shaped) crystals were observed in six of 75 individuals examined (8.0%). The crystals were mainly observed in females (6.7%), followed by males (1.3%) with no crystals observed in the minimal number of nymphs examined (0%). Crystals of both types were detected in the midgut and lateral oviducts of the females and midgut in males. The acicular crystals often appeared as distinct bundles when present in the midgut and oviducts. Crystals varied in size with the acicular crystals ranging from 0.12 mm to 0.5 mm in length although the cubic crystals ranged in length from 0.25 mm to over 1.0 mm with widths of ∼0.25 mm. The cubic crystals were identified as allantoin although the acicular crystals were most likely dl-allantoin in combination with halite. While allantoin in a soluble form is often found in insect tissues and excreta; being present as a crystal, especially in such a large form, is curious and raises some interesting questions. More research is warranted to further understand mechanisms associated with such crystal formation in B. hilaris and can lead to a better understanding of the excretory process in this species and the role allantoin plays in the elimination of excess nitrogen.

Rhynocoris fuscipes (Fabricius 1787) is an important predator in China. In current study, the complete mitochondrial genome of R. fuscipes is determined. The mitogenome is 15,542 bp in size and comprises of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and a control region. Gene arrangement is identical to that of the putative ancestral arrangement of insects. All protein-coding genes initiate with ATN codons and terminate with TAA codons except for COII, ND4, and ND5 use TA or a single T residue as the termination codons. All tRNAs have the clover-leaf structure except for the tRNASer(AGN) and the length of them range from 62 to 70 bp. The phylogenetic result supports the monophyly of Harpactorinae and the sister relationship between R. fuscipes and Rhynocoris incertis.

The insect order Hemiptera, one of the best-studied insect lineages with respect to bacterial symbioses, still contains major branches that lack comprehensive characterization of associated bacterial symbionts. The Pyrrhocoroidea (Largidae [220 species] and Pyrrhocoridae [∼300 species]) is a clade of the hemipteran infraorder Pentatomomorpha. Studies on bacterial symbionts of this group have focused on members of Pyrrhocoridae, but recent examination of species of two genera of Largidae demonstrated divergent symbiotic complexes in these putative sister families. We surveyed the associated bacterial diversity of this group using paired-end Illumina sequencing and targeted Sanger sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA amplicons of 30 pyrrhocoroid taxa, including 17 species of Largidae, in order to determine bacterial associates and the similarity of associated microbial communities among species. We also used molecular data (4,800 bp in 5 loci, for 57 ingroup and 12 outgroup taxa) to infer a phylogeny of the host superfamily, in order to trace the evolution of symbiotic complexes among Pentatomomorpha species. We undertook multiple lines of investigation (i.e., experimental rearing, fluorescence in situ hybridization microscopy, and phylogenetic and coevolutionary analyses) to elucidate potential transmission routes for largid symbionts. We found a prevalent and specific association of Largidae with Burkholderia strains of the plant-associated beneficial and environmental clade, housed in midgut tubules. As in other distantly related Heteroptera, symbiotic bacteria seem to be acquired from the environment every generation. We review the current understanding of symbiotic complexes within Pentatomomorpha and discuss means to further investigate the evolution and function of these symbioses.ImportanceObligate symbioses with bacteria are common in insects, particularly Hemiptera, in which various forms of symbiosis occur. However, knowledge regarding symbionts remains incomplete for major hemipteran lineages. Thus, an accurate understanding of how these partnerships evolved and changed over millions of years is not yet achievable. We contribute to our understanding of the evolution of symbiotic complexes in Hemiptera by characterizing bacterial associates of Pyrrhocoroidea, focusing on the family Largidae. Members of Largidae are associated with specific symbiotic Burkholderia strains from a different clade than Burkholderia symbionts in other Burkholderia-associated Hemiptera. Evidence suggests that species of Largidae reacquire specific symbiotic bacteria from the environment every generation, which is a rare strategy for insects, with potentially volatile evolutionary ramifications, but one that must have persisted in Largidae and related lineages since their origin in the Cretaceous Period.

В работе представлен аннотированный список полужесткокрылых насекомых (Heteroptera) Висимского заповедника, где на основе многолетних сборов и литературных данных приводится 104 вида из 22 семейств. Впервые на изученной территории выявлен 81 вид, из них Hebrus ruficeps Thomson, 1871, Bothynotus pilosus (Boheman, 1852), Phytocoris intricatus Flor, 1861, Berytinus crassipes (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1835), Emblethis denticollis Horvath, 1878, Graptopeltus lynceus Fabricius, 1775 и Peritrechus angusticollis (R. F. Sahlberg, 1848) являются новыми для фауны Свердловской области.

Edessa meditabunda (F., 1794) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is considered a potential pest for soybean crops in the Neotropical region. During winter (i.e. the soybean off-season), the stink bugs seek alternative host plants such as Saccharum angustifolium (Nees) Trin. and Andropogon bicornis L. at the edge of crop fields for shelter. The objective of this study was to investigate the population density between plants and tussock diameter, spatial distribution and sample size of E. meditabunda on A. bocornis and S. angustifolium at the edge of cultivated areas during soybean off-season. In both plants, the increase of tussock diameter resulted in a higher population density of E. meditabunda. Tussocks of S. angustifolium had a higher average number of stink bugs.plant-1 than A. bicornis. We observed an aggregation trend in both plant species. For practical applicability following Integrated Pest Management, a minimum sample size of 106 and 116 plants for A. bicornis and S. angustifolium respectively was obtained. Evaluation of host plants at the edges of crop fields during soybean off-season plays an important role in management strategies during the next cropping season.

The lace bug genus Eritingis Drake and Ruhoff, 1962 is widely distributed in the Australian and Oriental Regions, whereas only a single species, E. recentis (Drake and Poor, 1937), has been recorded from the Oriental Region. To date, E. recentis is known to occur in Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, and Vietnam, but has not been recorded from Japan and Thailand.Eritingis and E. recentis are recorded from Japan and Thailand for the first time.

A new genus and species of Yuripopovinidae, Jinjupopovina eosahwae gen. et sp. nov. is described based on a piece of fragmentary fossil specimen from the lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation in Jinju City, South Korea. This species is the first record of Yuripopovinidae and the only heteropteran whose taxonomic status is reliably identified from the stratigraphic layer. Its antennal morphology provides a rare example of simultaneous enlargement in length and width among Heteroptera. Advantages and disadvantages of this antennal modification are discussed with references of other fossil and extant coreoids whose antennae are exaggerated. Our findings suggest that the antennae of Jinjupopovina facilitated visual signaling among infra-specific individuals or between reproductive partners. Evolutionary trends of the antennae in Yuripopovinidae are discussed with insights from Jinjupopovina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • New record of the genus Nysius from Korea. • Taxonomic review of the genus Nysius from Korea. • Key to the Korean Nysius species. The genus Nysius Dallas is the largest group in the subfamily Orsillinae (Lygaeoidea: Lygaeidae), and is a well-known agricultural pest that mainly feeds on grains. In Korea, N. plebeius and N. hidakai are well known to be agricultural pests. In the present study, we recognized six species of the genus Nysius Dallas from the Korean Peninsula. Among these, N. thymi (Wolff, 1804) was reported for the first time in the fauna. We provided new host plants, a key to the species of the genus from Korea, descriptions and diagnoses of these species using photographs of adult specimens and genitalia. We also present discussion on wrong host plants records of agricultural crops caused from misidentifications between N. plebeius and N. hidakai in Korea. Additionally, we confirmed that N. eximius and N. expressus are not occurring from South Korea based on the South Korean materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecular phylogeny of the Cimicoidea was reconstructed from an expanded sampling based on mitochondrial (16S, COI) and nuclear (18S, 28SD3) genes. The data were analyzed using maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP), and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic frameworks. The phylogenetic relationships inferred by the model-based analyses (ML and BI) were largely congruent with those inferred by the MP analysis in terms of the monophyly of most of the higher taxonomic groups and the species-level relationships. The following clades were recovered in all analyses: Cimiciformes; Nabidae: Prostemmatinae; Nabidae: Nabinae; Plokiophilidae; Microphysidae; Lasiochilidae; Cimicidae: Cacodminae; Cimicidae; Lyctocoridae; Anthocoridae s. str.; Cardiastethini excluding Amphiareus; Almeidini; Scolopini; Anthocorini; Oriini; Curaliidae + Lasiochilidae; Almeidini + Xylocorini; Oriini + Cardiastethini; and Anthocorini + Amphiareus. Reconstructions of ancestral copulation states based on Bayesian and parsimony inference indicated that at least one shift from standard insemination (SI) to traumatic insemination (TI) occurred within Cimicoidea, and an investigation of the evolutionary correlation between TI and paragenitalia (PG) revealed that the acquisition of PG in cimicoid females was correlated with the TI habit. Additionally, our morphological examination of various types of PG suggested that even the same PG type may not constitute a homologous feature at various taxonomic levels, indicating the convergent evolution of female morphology to adapt to TI.

Microbial symbionts are critical for the development and survival of many eukaryotes. Recent research suggests that the genes enabling these relationships can be localized in horizontally transferred regions of microbial genomes termed "symbiotic islands." Recently, a putative symbiotic island was found that may facilitate symbioses between true bugs and numerous Burkholderia species, based on analysis of five Burkholderia symbionts. We expanded on this work by exploring the putative island's prevalence, origin, and association with colonization across the bacterial family Burkholderiaceae. We performed a broad comparative analysis of 229 Burkholderiaceae genomes, including 8 new genomes of insect- or soil-associated Burkholderia sequenced for this study. We detected the region in 23% of the genomes; these were located solely within two Burkholderia clades. Our analyses suggested that the contiguous region arose at the common ancestor of plant- and insect-associated Burkholderia clades, but the genes themselves are ancestral. Although the region was initially discovered on plasmids and we did detect two likely instances of horizontal transfer within Burkholderia, we found that the region is almost always localized to a chromosome and does not possess any of the mobility elements that typify genomic islands. Finally, to attempt to deduce the region's function, we combined our data with information on several strains' abilities to colonize the insect's symbiotic organ. Although the region was associated with improved colonization of the host, this relationship was confounded with, and likely driven by, Burkholderia clade membership. These findings advance our understanding of the genomic underpinnings of a widespread insect-microbe symbiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organisms living on the surface of the water are classified as pleuston. Among pleustonic creatures (Heteroptera) are the families: water skeeters (Gerridae), marsh treaders (Hydrometridae), riffle bugs (Veliidae), and water treaders (Mesoveliidae). They are anatomically built to transfer their weight to be able to run on top of the water’s surface. They usually occur on water surfaces at the edges of lakes, ponds, wetlands or still water in brooks and rivers. They have mouthparts evolved for piercing and sucking, They are predators, commonly hunting aquatic larvae and crustaceans on the water’s surface but also feed on insects that have fallen onto the surface of the water. In this contribution, some experiments and observations in school aquaria are presented. Representatives of the genera Gerris, Hydrometra, and Velia are suitable for breeding and observation in aquaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The western leaffooted bug, Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Coreidae), is a key pest of almonds and pistachios in the USA. With limited monitoring strategies and no economic threshold developed, the use of broad-spectrum insecticides remains the primary control tactic for L. zonatus. In pursuit of more sustainable management options, experiments were carried out to assess the biocontrol potential of the egg parasitoid Hadronotus pennsylvanicus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) against L. zonatus. Biological and demographical attributes of H. pennsylvanicus were evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions. Mated females lived on average 116 days. However, female longevity declined by 74% when provided with host eggs, and by 97% when deprived of a suitable diet. Females produced an average 39.70 offspring, with peak fecundity observed within the first week of their lifespan. The total progeny was on average 92.75% female. Non-reproductive host mortality accounted for > 52% of the total egg mortality observed within the first two weeks, and represented the majority of total host egg mortality thereafter. Age of host eggs did not influence parasitism rates. Under laboratory conditions, H. pennsylvanicus exhibits suitable demographic and reproductive traits as a candidate biocontrol agent of L. zonatus. Further research is needed to determine how to best manipulate and enhance H. pennsylvanicus populations to promote biocontrol of L. zonatus under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six new state records are presented for the toad bug Gelastocoris oculatus oculatus (Fabricius): Delaware, Iowa, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, and Wyoming. The species is now known from 28 states and three Canadian provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal development of Molipteryx fuliginosa (Uhler) in Primorskii Territory, including the timing of oviposition and development until the emergence of adults, was studied during 6-year monitoring under natural and seminatural conditions. The species has a univoltine seasonal cycle. Eggs are laid randomly on various substrates, including the ground. The embryonic stage lasts from 12 to 36 days, depending on the air temperature. The development of nymphs from hatching to the final molt lasts from 55 to 83 days. The total duration of preimaginal development varies from 80 to 117 days. The optimal conditions and timing of seasonal development of M. fuliginosa in nature were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se registra la presencia de Monosteira unicostata (Mulsant y Rey, 1852) en la zona central de Chile, siendo el segundo país de Sudamérica en el que se detecta después de Argentina. Este chinche es originario de la Región Paleártica y es perjudicial para el cultivo de diversas especies frutales.

The lace bug species Acalypta marginata (Wolff, 1804) has to date been widely known to occur in the Palaearctic Region but has not been recorded from Japan.Acalypta marginata is recorded from Japan for the first time. Its habitat in Japan is the grassland of Hokkaido. A key to the species of Acalypta occurring in Japan is provided.

The indirect interactions among multiple prey sharing a common predator characterize apparent competition. In conservation biological control involving mosquitoes and controphic prey against generalist insect predators, apparent competition may be a crucial factor determining the extent of success. The possible influence of apparent competition on mosquito prey consumption by three water bugs (Heteroptera: Nepidae): Ranatra elongata, Ranatra filiformis, and Laccotrephes griseus was assessed under laboratory conditions. Tadpoles (Duttaphrynus melanostictus), chironomid larvae, snails (Racesina luteola) and fish fingerlings (Labeo rohita) were considered as alternative prey under two prey or multi prey conditions against instar IV larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus as target prey. Under two prey conditions all the predators exhibited a preference (significant Manly’s α) for mosquito larvae, against fish fingerlings by R. filiformis. In the presence of multiple prey, mosquito larvae were selected by the predators. Using the ratio of mosquito selectivity in two prey and multi-prey conditions as a measure of apparent competition, chironomid larvae had greatest effect in suppressing mosquito selectivity for R. elongata, and fish fingerlings for R. filiformis and L. griseus. It seems that the prey preference of R. elongata, R. filiformis and L. griseus may differentially evoke apparent competition among the prey. In the aquatic community where these predators and prey coexist, mosquito larvae may benefit from apparent competition that reduces their vulnerability to predators. The identity of the alternative prey appears to be an important factor for shielding the vulnerability of mosquito prey to the generalist insect predators.

The piercing-sucking mouthparts of the true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) have allowed diversification from a plant-feeding ancestor into a wide range of trophic strategies that include predation and blood-feeding. Crucial to the success of each of these strategies is the injection of venom. Here we review the current state of knowledge with regard to heteropteran venoms. Predaceous species produce venoms that induce rapid paralysis and liquefaction. These venoms are powerfully insecticidal, and may cause paralysis or death when injected into vertebrates. Disulfide-rich peptides, bioactive phospholipids, small molecules such as N,N-dimethylaniline and 1,2,5-trithiepane, and toxic enzymes such as phospholipase A2, have been reported in predatory venoms. However, the detailed composition and molecular targets of predatory venoms are largely unknown. In contrast, recent research into blood-feeding heteropterans has revealed the structure and function of many protein and non-protein components that facilitate acquisition of blood meals. Blood-feeding venoms lack paralytic or liquefying activity but instead are cocktails of pharmacological modulators that disable the host haemostatic systems simultaneously at multiple points. The multiple ways venom is used by heteropterans suggests that further study will reveal heteropteran venom components with a wide range of bioactivities that may be recruited for use as bioinsecticides, human therapeutics, and pharmacological tools.

The new genus Cundinablissus gen. nov., with the single species C. callejai sp. nov., is described from Colombia. A key to the known genera of Blissidae with apterous or micropterous condition from the Western Hemisphere is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first checklist of Heteroptera of Republic of Moldova, including 614 species. The short historical review includes names of the most important collectors and heteropterologists who have studied the Heteroptera fauna of Republic of Moldova. The list was compiled from data published in numerous monographs and individual papers, as well as from specimens stored in museum collections. The list also includes 2 species previously unpublished for the territory of the Republic of Moldova: Nysius graminicola (Kolenati, 1845) (Family Lygaeidae) and Geotomus elongatus (Herrich-Schăffer, 1840) (Family Cydnidae). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first record of Aradus bimaculatus Reuter, 1872 in Bulgaria and on the Balkan Peninsula is reported with data on the habitats and the true bug assemblage in the region during the collection period (end of February - end of March). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental management is one of the most important activities in ecological conservation at present. Faced with various socioeconomic impacts (e.g., urbanization, agriculture, and logging), practical and effective ways to analyze and determine how biodiversity is affected by these anthropogenic activities are essential. Utilizing niche theory helps to understand how similar groups of organisms respond to environmental changes based on the assumption that organisms with some niche overlap (i.e., similar resources) will respond similarly to these changes. Members of the order Odonata are frequently used as biological indicators due to their low survey costs, relatively easy taxonomic identification, and sensibility to environmental changes. In this study, using the PROTEST method, we analyze the cross-taxon congruence between Odonata and two aquatic organisms in Brazilian savanna streams: Gerromorpha and fishes. Although congruence was found between aquatic insects (~ 45%), this result changed when we only considered the species’ genera: no congruence for the aquatic insects was found, but instead we found a congruence between Odonata and fishes (~ 44%). Since Odonata showed congruence with the other groups in different taxonomical resolutions and it is a relatively easy and cheap group to collect and identify, we suggest that Odonata could be used as an indicator of disturbance for this set of organisms and hence serve as an alternative method to traditional environmental management techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A new genus, Eremosaldula Vinokurov et Luo, gen. n. with one species E. roborowskii (Jakovlev, 1889), comb. n., the family Saldidae, endemic to North-Western China, is described. The genus belongs to the tribe Saldoidini Reuter, 1912 and is similar to the genera Chartoscirta Stål, 1868 and Rupisalda Polhemus, 1985 with a high elevated callus on the anterior lobe of the pronotum, extending onto the sides of the prothorax. It differs from the genus Macrosaldula Leston et Southwood, 1964 in thickened apical antennomeres and in the pattern of the hemelytra atypical of the tribe Saldoidini (with two pale bands in the anterior and posterior halves of the corium). It also differs biotopically, being a halophilic inhabitant of the shores of salt lakes. The amended description of the type species is given based on new material, and information on the biology is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the citizen science project "Flowering meadows for Saxonian butterflies", more than 640 meadows are partially and at maximum three times annually mowed in order to change urban lawns into habitats for insects. In 2019, insect diversity was evaluated using the 100 sweep net technique during five visits at nine butterfly meadows (BM) and nine intensively mowed lawns (IML). The mean arthropod biomass of these five visits per site is significantly higher on BM compared to IML. All adult individuals of Apidae, Coleoptera, Heteroptera, Orthoptera, Papilionoidea as well as Asilidae and Syrphidae have been identified morphologically, revealing 260 species from all study sites. The mean number of species per visit is significantly higher on BM compared to IML. 90 species are recorded as larva and the mean number of species per visit is significantly higher on BM compared to IML. 42 species are recorded as larva as well as adult. The records of larvae provide evidence for reproduction on the meadows. Implications for insect conservation: Our results clearly demonstrate that a reduced mowing frequency together with an always partial mowing of the area support higher biomass, abundances and diversities of insects as well as reproduction of insects on urban lawns. Therefore, reduced mowing frequency together with partial mowing is recommended for urban lawns as well as meadows in the countryside and conservation areas to foster insect diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se proporciona información sobre los ejemplares tipo de Hemiptera, depositados en la colección entomológica del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, donde se listan 92 holotipos, 19 alotipos y 1894 paratipos pertenecientes a 13 familias.

The current climate warming is associated with the development of a second generation in populations of species such as Pyrrhocoris apterus (L.) (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae), which, in Central Europe, were univoltine in the 1980s. Females of the first generation that develop in spring either enter diapause immediately following the adult moult or after a period of oviposition that gives rise to a second generation. In 2005-2010, in overwintering populations, 3 ± 0.6% of females were fertilized. We explored the possibility that the females that overwintered in a fertilized state were those that had oviposited in the previous season. To test this hypothesis, we reared females of the first generation that moulted to the adult stage in June-August under natural conditions. For these females, we recorded oviposition, mortality and overwintering in the fertilized state. In 2004-2007, the majority (78%) of the first-generation females that oviposited in summer also died before winter and the rest entered dormancy and overwintered. Most of the overwintering females that had laid eggs before overwintering were fertilized. However, the majority (63%) of females that overwintered in the fertilized state had not laid eggs in the previous season; they only copulated and stored the sperm until the next spring. The presence of fertilized females in a hibernating population thus indicates pre-winter sexual activity but not the percentage of first-generation females that oviposit before overwintering.

The aim of this study is to review the faunistic and systematic studies on aquatic and semi-aquatic Heteroptera of Turkey and to make an analysis on the distribution and zoogeographically of the Turkish fauna. In this study, one species of Enicocephalomorpha, one species of Dipsocoromorpha, 51 species in 13 genera of Gerromorpha, four species in three genera of Leptopodomorpha and 55 species in 19 genera of Nepomorpha are reviewed. In total, 112 species belonging to 37 genera of five Infraorders are discussed from Turkey. Besides, all specimens were collected between 2009 and 2018 by the auther and the specimens deposited in the Nazife Tuatay Plant Protection Museum (Ankara) were also included in. It was determined that 94 species are distributed from Mediterranean, 57 species from Europe-Siberia and 90 species from Irano-Turanian. It was determined that nine species and subspecies comprising 8% of Turkish aquatic and semi-aquatic Heteroptera are endemic are located in Turkey. In addition, new locality records are given for the species that have been collected and diagnosed. Species composition, diversity and proportion of endemism varies considerably among the zoogeographic regions of the country.

We report the first record for Bulgaria of Campylosteira orientalis Horváth, 1881 and the genus Campylosteira, on the whole, along with data of the habitats and the true bug assemblage in the studied locality.

Chenicoris dilatatus gen. n. & sp. n. from southern China is described and placed in the largest assassin bug subfamily Harpactorinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae). The new species is similar to members of Isyndus Stål, 1859 in general habitus, but can be distinguished from the latter by the unarmed anterior pronotal lobe, the laterally dilated lobe-like abdominal segment V and several features of its genitalia.

A total 69 species from 44 genera and 6 families of the infraorder Cimicomorpha was recorded in urban cenoses of Kharkiv. For the first time Xylocoris galactinus is recorded from Mainland Ukraine; Catoplatus nigriceps and Stenodema holsata – from Forest-Steppe zone; Trigonotylus ruficornis – from Left-Bank Ukraine. Five species are new to Kharkiv region. The families Miridae were the most rich in species (46) and individual numbers, Nabidae (9) and Tingidae (8 species) were less represented. The species composition and individual abundance were the highest in the city parks and green areas of the suburbs, where 38 and 46 species were registered. Within the Forest Park, 29 species were recorded, in floodplain meadows – 19, and in the center of Kharkiv – only 6 species, the number of which was an order of magnitude less than in parks and green areas of the suburbs of the city. In terms of habitat preferences, about 40 species are represented by meadow individuals (almost 60% of the total number). 10 species are classified as polytopes (more than 8%). The forest group is represented by 15 species (about 12% out of total collected bugs). Among the trophic groups, herbivorous (most of Miridae, Tingidae) and zoophagous of different specializations (Nabidae, Anthocoridae, Reduviidae, some Miridae) were dominant. Broad mesophilous (48 species) predominated in the hygropreference. 12 species are assigned as mesoxerophilous, and 9 – mesohygrophilous. The main group is represented by hortobionts in habitat layer (49 species). Dendro- and tamnobionts are represented by 11 species, and stratobionts are noted singly. The level of faunal similarity of heteropterofauna of different areas (Jaccard index) was 0.10 to 0.65. The smallest similarity was noted between green areas of the city center and other urban cenoses (0.10–0.12). The maximum indices were observed for parks and forest areas (0.65), and the average for meadows (0.35–0.44).

Приводятся оригинальные данные продолжительности развития каждого личиночного возраста, динамики роста и морфометрических показателей преимагинальных фаз до имаго Molipteryx fuliginosa (Uhler 1860), полученные на основе наблюдений в естественных и приближенных к естественным условиях на юге Дальнего Востока России. Продолжительность времени развития личинок M. fuliginosa (дни) составляет соответственно: 5–7 (m = 6,0 ± 0,87) (возраст I); 13–16 (m = 14,5 ± 1,19) (II); 7–8 (m = 7,5 ± 0,54) (III); 11–23 (m = 16,6 ± 3,93) (IV); 19–38 (m = 27,9 ± 5,96) (V). С каждой линькой личинки увеличиваются в размерах. Интенсивность роста тела в длину и ширину на всех стадиях происходит довольно пропорционально, в 1,2–1,5 раза. У личинки II возраста перед появлением зачатков крыльев эти значения несколько выше: длина увеличивается в 1,5 раза, ширина в 1,4 раза. То же наблюдается в V возрастной стадии, при формировании половых различий: длина тела ♂ растёт в 1,3 раза, у ♀ в 1,5 раза. Ширина ♂ увеличивается в 1,2 раза, а у ♀ в 1,4 раза, при самом продолжительном сроке развития. У личинки среднего возраста (III) интенсивность роста тела ниже, чем у личинки II возраста, в этот период формируются внешне видимые отличительные признаки личинок III возраста — вершины крыловых чехликов и зачатки надкрылий. У личинок старших стадий (IV и V) продолжительность развития также увеличивается, продолжается развитие крыловых чехликов и формируются половые различия. Отношение длины тела нимф к длине тела взрослой особи (A, принятое равным 1) следующее: I: II: III: IV: V: A = 0,2: 0,3: 0,4: 0,6: 0,8: 1. Сравнительный анализ особенностей развития в условиях юга Приморского края Molipteryx fuliginosa (Uhler) и дальневосточного подвида щавелевого клопа — Coreus marginatus orientalis (Kiritshenko) (Heteroptera, Coreidae) показал, что развитие личинок C. m. orientalis до имаго укладывается в 40–45 дней, M. fuliginosa — в 55–83 дня. При этом средние показатели продолжительности развития I стадии сравниваемых видов совпадают. Личинки от второй до пятой стадии M. fuliginosa развиваются медленнее, чем C. m. orientalis — на 4, 3, 11 и 13 дней соответственно.

In recent years, a new phenomenon of early olive drop is causing production losses in olive groves throughout northern Italy. To analyze the possible causes, field and laboratory trials were performed to assess the involvement of fungal pathogens and insect pests in this disease. External and internal symptoms of fungal infections or insect-feeding activities were researched. Fungi present in healthy and dislodged olives were investigated. The relationship between olives that fell and Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) infestation was assessed in a controlled infestation trial, and the effectiveness of an insecticidal strategy in reducing early olive drop was tested in open field conditions. A comparable number of fungi, mostly endophytes, were isolated and identified from both healthy and dislodged olives. The damage observed on dislodged olives was primarily ascribed to pentatomids feeding activity. Six stink bugs species were found in olive canopies, that is, the invasive H. halys, which was by far the most abundant, and Acrosternum heegeri Fieber, Nezara viridula (Linnaeus), Palomena prasina (Linnaeus), Piezodorus lituratus (Fabricious), and Rhaphigaster nebulosa (Poda). Halyomorpha halys caused intense fruit drop in the controlled infestation trial, and its infestation level significantly correlated with the number of olives that fell. Native stink bugs, present in much lower population compared to H. halys, could also partially contribute to early drop of olives. Insect proof net significantly reduced the early olive drop disease, while insecticide applications only partially reduced the stink bugs population density and, proportionally, early olive drop., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America.)

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with two different probes, the canonical insect telomeric sequence (TTAGG) n and the sequence (TTAGGGATGG) n , was performed on meiotic chromosomes of two members of the true bug family Cimicidae (Cimicomorpha), the common bed bug Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758 and the tropical bed bug C . hemipterus (Fabricius, 1803), whose telomeric motifs were not known. In both species, there were no hybridization signals with the first probe, but strong signals at chromosomal ends were observed with the second probe, indicating the presence of a telomeric motif (TTAGGGATGG) n . This study represents the first FISH confirmation of the presence of a non-canonical telomeric motif not only for the infraorder Cimicomorpha but also for the suborder Heteroptera (Hemiptera) as a whole. The present finding is of key significance for unraveling the evolutionary shifts in the telomeric sequences in this suborder.

Many plant-feeding stinkbugs belonging to the infraorder Pentatomomorpha possess a specialized symbiotic organ at the posterior end of the midgut, in which mutualistic bacterial symbionts are harbored extracellularly. In species of the superfamily Pentatomoidea, these symbionts typically are verticallytransmitted from host mothers to offspring, whereas in species of the superfamilies Coreoidea and Lygaeoidea they are acquired from the environment. In the pentatomoid family Cydnidae, vertical symbiont transmission has been reported in several species. Here, we report the first case of environmental symbiont acquisition in Cydnidae, observed in the burrower bug Macroscytus japonensis. A comprehensive survey of 72 insect samples from 23 sites across the Japanese archipelago revealed that (1) symbionts exhibit remarkably high diversity, forming six distinct phylogenetic groups within the Enterobacteriaceae of the γ-Proteobacteria, (2) most symbionts are cultivable and closely related to free-living Pantoea-allied bacteria, and (3) symbiont phylogenetic groups do not reflect the host phylogeny. Microbial inspection of eggs revealed the absence of bacteria on the egg surface. These results strongly suggest that symbionts are acquired from the environment, not vertical transmission. Rearing experiments confirmed environmental symbiont acquisition. When environmental symbiont sources were experimentally withheld, nymphs became aposymbiotic and died before molting to the second instar, indicating that nymphs environmentally acquire symbionts during the first-instar stage and that symbionts are essential for nymphal growth and survival. This study highlights Cydnidae as the only pentatomoid family that includes species that environmentally acquire symbionts and those that vertically transmit symbionts, providing an ideal platform for comparative studies of the ecological and environmental factors that influence the evolution of symbiont transmission modes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

A new species of the genus Neotropiconyttus Kirkaldy, 1909 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae: Harpactorini) is described and illustrated. Neotropiconyttusarmandoi Gamboa & Gil-Santana, sp. nov. represents the first record of the genus for the Province of Napo in Colombia, and the first description of a male individual in the genus. The male specimen representing the new species was collected on a leaf of cacao ( Theobromacacao L.-Malvaceae). Its remarkable similarity in external coloration and structure with that of the true bug Monaloniondissimulatum Distant, 1883 (Hemiptera: Miridae) inhabiting cacao agroforestry systems suggests that the new species could be part of a mimetic complex that incorporates phytophagous and predator bugs. Comments and figures of type specimens of Neotropiconyttusalboannulatus (Stål, 1855) and Neotropiconyttusdama (Burmeister, 1838), and a key to the species of the genus are also provided., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Jean Gamboa, Hélcio R. Gil-Santana, Armando Gamboa-Tabares, Eidy Martínez-Viuche, Francisco Serna.)

A detailed description of the labial sensory organs of Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910 and L. zonatus (Dallas, 1852) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) is presented. The detailed morphology, location, and distribution of different sensilla types on mouthparts were investigated and shown in micrographs taken with a scanning electron microscope. Nine types of aporous sensilla, and three uniporous sensilla were found. The possible functions of these sensilla as well as similarities and differences between the mouthparts of Leptoglossus and those of other terrestrial Heteroptera are discussed. The tip of the labium constitutes a functional “touch and taste area”, combining the chemosensitivity of uniporous sensilla P1–P3 and the mechanoreceptivity of A8 and A9 hair-like sensilla. A set of two cone-like chemosensilla types (9 + 2) was found on each lateral lobe of the labial tip. Literature analysis showed that such a set of cone-like sensory organs on the labial tip may be common in terrestrial Heteroptera. This observation confirms that the number and arrangement of sensilla is conservative and can be important in diagnosing taxa at various levels and in phylogenetic studies based on morphology.

Background: The polyphagous mirid bug Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) and the green leafhopper Empoasca spp. Walsh are small pests that are widely distributed and important pests of many economically important crops, especially kiwis. Conventional monitoring methods are expensive, laborious and error-prone. Currently, deep learning methods are ineffective at recognizing them. This study proposes a new deep-learning-based YOLOv5s_HSSE model to automatically detect and count them on sticky card traps., Results: Based on a database of 1502 images, all images were collected from kiwi orchards at multiple locations and times. We trained the YOLOv5s model to detect and count them and then changed the activation function to Hard swish in YOLOv5s, introduced the SIoU Loss function, and added the squeeze-and-excitation attention mechanism to form a new YOLOv5s_HSSE model. Mean average precision of this model in the test dataset was 95.9%, the recall rate was 93.9% and the frames per second was 155, which are higher than those of other single-stage deep-learning models, such as SSD, YOLOv3 and YOLOv4., Conclusion: The proposed YOLOv5s_HSSE model can be used to identify and count A. lucorum and Empoasca spp., and it is a new, efficient and accurate monitoring method. Pest detection will benefit from the broader applications of deep learning. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.)

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has used its plenary power to replace the unidentifiable female lectotype of Rhyncholepta grandicallosa Bergroth, 1911 with a male neotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pentatoma semiannulata is an important fruit pest in Chinese agricultural system. In current study, the complete mitochondrial genome of P. semiannulata is determined. This mitogenome is 15,515 bp in size and comprises of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a control region. Gene order is identical to that of the putative ancestral arrangement of insects. All protein-coding genes initiate with ATN, except for ATP8, COX1 and NAD1 use GTG or TTG as the start codon, and terminate with TAA with the exception for COX2 which uses a single T residue as the stop codon. All tRNAs, ranging from 62 to 72 bp, have the clover-leaf structure except for tRNASer(AGN). The monophyly of Pentatomidae is highly supported by the phylogenetic tree and P. semiannulata is very close to other herbivorous species of the remaining Pentatomidae species.