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We present the analysis of narrowband whistler wave signatures observed in the inner heliosphere (0.3-1 au). These signatures are bumps in the spectral density in the 10-200 Hz frequency range of the AC magnetic field as measured by the search coil magnetometer on board the Helios1 spacecraft. We show that the majority of whistler signatures are observed in the slow solar wind (<500 km/s) and their occurrence increases with the radial distance (R), from ~3% at 0.3 au to ~10% at 0.9 au. In the fast solar wind (>600 km/s), whistler activity is significantly lower; whistler signatures start to appear for R > 0.6 au and their number increases from ~0.03% at 0.65 au to ~1% at 0.9 au. We have studied the variation of the electron core and halo anisotropy, as well as the electron normalized heat flux as a function of R and of the solar wind speed. We find that, in the slow wind electron core and halo anisotropy is higher than in fast one, and also that these anisotropies increase radially in both types of winds, which is in line with the occurrence of whistler signatures. We hypothesize the existence of a feedback mechanism to explain the observed radial variations of the occurrence of whistlers in relation with the halo anisotropy.

In this paper, we propose Helios, a heterogeneity-aware FL framework to tackle the straggler issue. Helios identifies individual devices' heterogeneous training capability, and therefore the expected neural network model training volumes regarding the collaborative training pace. For straggling devices, a "soft-training" method is proposed to dynamically compress the original identical training model into the expected volume through a rotating neuron training approach. With extensive algorithm analysis and optimization schemes, the stragglers can be accelerated while retaining the convergence for local training as well as federated collaboration., Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures

We present new methodological features and physical ingredients included in the 1D radiative transfer code HELIOS, improving the hemispheric two-stream formalism. We conduct a thorough intercomparison survey with several established forward models, including COOLTLUSTY, PHOENIX, and find satisfactory consistency with their results. Then, we explore the impact of (i) different groups of opacity sources, (ii) a stellar path length adjustment, and (iii) a scattering correction on self-consistently calculated atmospheric temperatures and planetary emission spectra. First, we observe that temperature-pressure (T-P) profiles are very sensitive to the opacities included, with metal oxides, hydrides, the alkali atoms (and ionized hydrogen) playing an important role for the absorption of shortwave radiation (in very hot surroundings). Moreover, if these species are sufficiently abundant, they are likely to induce non-monotonic T-P profiles. Second, without the stellar path length adjustment, the incoming stellar flux is significantly underestimated for zenith angles above 80{\deg}, which somewhat affects the upper atmospheric temperatures and the planetary emission. Third, the scattering correction improves the accuracy of the computation of the reflected stellar light by ~10%. We use HELIOS to calculate a grid of cloud-free atmospheres in radiative-convective equilibrium for self-luminous planets for a range of effective temperatures, surface gravities, metallicities, and C/O ratios, to be used by planetary evolution studies. Furthermore, we calculate dayside temperatures and secondary eclipse spectra for a sample of exoplanets for varying chemistry and heat redistribution. These results may be used to make predictions on the feasibility of atmospheric characterizations with future observations., Comment: 33 pages, 18 figures, accepted for publication in AJ

Up to present, the largest data set of SEP events in the inner heliosphere are the observations by the two Helios spacecraft. We re-visit a sample of 15 solar relativistic electron events measured by the Helios mission with the goal of better characterising the injection histories of solar energetic particles and their interplanetary transport conditions at heliocentric distances <1 AU. The measurements provided by the E6 instrument on board Helios provide us with the electron directional distributions in eight different sectors that we use to infer the detailed evolution of the electron pitch-angle distributions. The results of a Monte Carlo interplanetary transport model, combined with a full inversion procedure, were used to fit the observed directional intensities in the 300-800 keV nominal energy channel. Unlike previous studies, we have considered both the energy and angular responses of the detector. This method allowed us to infer the electron release time profile at the source and determine the electron interplanetary transport conditions. We discuss the duration of the release time profiles and the values of the radial mean free path, and compare them with the values reported previously in the literature using earlier approaches. Five of the events show short injection histories (<30 min) at the Sun and ten events show long-lasting (>30 min) injections. The values of mean free path range from 0.02 AU to 0.27 AU. The inferred injection histories match with the radio and soft x-ray emissions found in literature. We find no dependence of the radial mean free path on the radial distance. In addition, we find no apparent relation between the strength of interplanetary scattering and the size of the solar particle release.