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There is a high prevalence of children whose parents suffer with a substance use disorder (SUD), which is associated with negative outcomes for children such as behavior problems and parents' child abuse potential. To understand negative consequences for children, it is important to consider a cumulative risk model, examining the impact of multiple co-occurring risks, as well as examine unique singular risk factors, such as parenting stress, which may have a direct effect on outcomes as well as mediate an association between cumulative risk and outcomes. Data came from 99 mothers with SUD, engaged in a substance treatment program. Results found support for a cumulative risk model for child behavior problems and parents' child abuse potential, without the inclusion of parenting stress. However, parenting stress partially and fully mediated the relation between cumulative risk and child behavior problems and cumulative risk and parent child abuse potential, respectively. Results suggest the importance of intervention programs targeting parenting stress, to help reduce child behavior problems and parents' child abuse potential, among parents with high levels of risk and SUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stemming intimate partner violence among adults demands earlier education and skill-building supportive of healthy youth and young adult dating relationships. The current U.S.-based study examines a spectrum of youth and young adult relationship dynamics (RDs), inclusive of abusive interactions. In a nationally representative cohort of youth aged 10–18 at baseline and one parent or caregiver, survey responses regarding RDs from 618 participants ages 15–23 at wave 5 follow-up were analyzed. Latent class analysis of four positive dynamics, six problematic dynamics, and three scales of adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) were estimated, yielding four latent profiles of dating RDs. Relationships characterized by Unhealthy and Intense RDs both exhibited high probability of ARA but differed from each other in terms of other positive and problematic dynamics. Relationships characterized by Disengaged RDs had lower probability of ARA but elevated probability of awkward communications, negative feelings, social liability, and other challenging dynamics. Several baseline covariates were significantly associated with profiles of dating RDs approximately 5 years later. Younger participants were more likely to subsequently fall in an Intense or Disengaged RDs profile, as were participants with baseline emotional health problems. Further, classification in the Unhealthy RDs profile was less likely for participants reporting a better baseline relationship with their parents and more likely for those exposed to violence in childhood. These findings suggest that in addition to developmental maturity, youth and young adults would benefit from closer investigation and processing of past emotional and relational issues and traumas to foster healthier dating relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional methods for estimating structural deterioration are generally costly and inefficient. Recent studies have demonstrated that implementing a network of piezoelectric transducers mounted to critical regions of concrete structural members substantially increases the efficacy of the structural health monitoring (SHM) method. This study uses a recently developed electro-mechanical-admittance (EMA)-based SHM system for real-time damage diagnosis of carbon FRP (C-FRP) ropes installed as shear composite reinforcement in RC deep beams. The applied SHM technique uses the frequency response measurements of a network of piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) patches. The proposed strengthening methods using C-FRP ropes as ETS and NSM shear reinforcement and the applied anchorage techniques significantly enhanced the strength and the overall performance of the examined beams. The retrofitted beams exhibited increased shear capacity and improved post-peak response with substantial ductility compared with the brittle failure of the non-strengthened specimens. The health condition and the potential debonding failure of the applied composite fiber material were also examined and quantified using the proposed SHM technique. Damage quantification of C-FRP ropes is achieved by comparing and assessing the values of several statistical damage indices. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed monitoring system successfully diagnosed the region where the damage occurred by providing early warning of the forthcoming critical shear cracking of concrete and C-FRP rope debonding failures. Furthermore, the internal PZT transducers showed sound indications of the C-FRP rope's health condition, demonstrating a direct correlation with the mechanical performance of the fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is rich in marine resources, and the use of seawater, sea sand and coral instead of fresh water, river sand and gravel can solve problems such as the scarcity of traditional materials for marine engineering construction. Additionally, fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars have demonstrated excellent corrosion resistance performance, which can effectively solve the problem of the corrosion of steel in harsh marine environments. To study the bond performance between FRP bars and sea sand coral concrete (SSCC), 72 specimens of direct Pull-out were designed, and relevant tests were carried out to explore the effects of fibre types, bar diameters, bond lengths and SSCC strength grades. The results show that the bond strength between carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars and SSCC was higher than that of basalt fibre-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars and glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. The splitting damage pattern occurred in most of the specimens; the bond strength between FRP bars and SSCC decreased with increasing diameter and bond length of FRP bars but increased with increasing SSCC strength grade. As a result, by fitting the bond-slip curves obtained from the tests, the bond-slip constitutive relationship between FRP bars and SSCC specimens was obtained, which clearly and precisely represents the bond failure process of SSCC with FRP bar reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shear behavior of joints in precast concrete columns with a new type of column-to-column connection was investigated in this research. Shear tests were performed with 12 precast concrete columns. The influences of the shear key width (0, 70 mm, 100 mm), the diameter of the reinforcement across the joint (0, 16 mm) and the axial compression load ratio (0.3, 0.4, 0.5) on the shear performance of the joint were studied. An expression to give the prediction of the shear capacity of such joints is proposed. The data show that: (1) shear keys have a huge influence on the shear capacity of precast column joints, but the increment of shear capacity due to such influence is limited over a range of shear key widths from 70 to 100 mm; (2) when the axial compression load ratio does not exceed 0.5, a joint's shear capacity enhances gradually with the load ratio; (3) the expression developed in these experiments outperforms those recommended by four widely-used codes in giving the prediction of the shear capacity of column-to-column connections with shear keys, reinforcement across the joint and grouting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-surface mounted (NSM) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) technique is known as a promising alternative to the externally bonded (EB) FRP technique for strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) members, on account of its many advantages such as high bond efficiency with concrete and good durability. Shear strengthening of RC beams by near-surface mounting the FRP bars/strips into the concrete cover on beam sides is one of the most prevalent applications of NSM FRP. Abundant experimental studies have been conducted to investigate the behaviour of NSM FRP shear strengthened beams, and many strength models for predicting the contribution of NSM FRPs to the shear capacity of the beam have been proposed. The present paper presents a comprehensive review of these strength models, in which all the models collected from the existing literature are first classified into three categories based on their used approach and then summarized and discussed. This paper not only aims to bring a deep understanding of the existing strength models for NSM FRP shear strengthened RC beams, but also provides a background and basis for the assessment of these models by using the newly-generated experimental database in the companion paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homelessness among college students is an increasing concern on campuses across the U.S. Homelessness during college is associated with food insecurity, mental health concerns, and academic challenges including dropped classes, low GRE, and delayed degree completion. Homeless education liaisons--a role often filled by financial aid officers--are tasked with assisting students experiencing homelessness as the students navigate systems of support for basic needs while pursuing their degrees. Little is known about the perspectives or experiences of these professionals in terms of their role as a liaison. Our aim was to inform efforts to support these professionals by gaining an understanding of the knowledge and experiences of liaisons and their professional development preferences and needs. Based on survey data collected from 49 liaisons in four states, we identified gaps in understanding of college student homelessness, such as underestimates of the rate of student homelessness. We pinpointed areas of potential professional development including methods to identify and reach all students at risk for or experiencing homelessness and approaches for collaboration with community partners. We found that liaisons welcomed professional development and preferred online training and peer support as approaches to gain knowledge and skills to fulfill their critical roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are highly prevalent during early childhood and can lead to behavioral difficulties. Parent report questionnaires are widely used to assess children's behavior, but they are subject to parental bias. The aim of this study was to investigate parental discrepancies in internalized and externalized behavior ratings of children who sustain mTBI in early childhood (i.e., between 18 and 60 months) and to determine if parenting stress or family burden related to the injury contribute to parental discrepancies. Mothers and fathers of 85 children with mTBI, 58 orthopedic injured (OI), and 82 typically developing children (TDC) completed the Child Behavior Checklist 6 months after the injury. The primary caregiver completed the Parental Distress subscale of the Parenting Stress Index and the Family Burden of Injury Interview. Mothers reported more internalized and externalized behavior problems than fathers in the mTBI group. No group difference was found in the OI or TDC groups. Neither parenting stress nor family burden related to the injury predicted discrepancies in behavior ratings. Mothers' and fathers' perceptions of behavior after their young child sustains mTBI appear to differ, suggesting that both parents' views are useful in understanding outcome. This difference was not found in either of the comparison groups indicating that factors related to mTBI may underlie the rating discrepancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The dowel effect in hybrid bonded fiber reinforced plastic (HB-FRP) to concrete joints is difficult to quantify and make the anchoring joint instability. A new HB-FRP joint was built, which eliminates bonding between steel and FRP plates. Based on an empirical model of external bonding FRP (EB-FRP) to concrete joints and the new model of slip at debonding, the new unified bond-slip model of the HB-FRP joints is proposed. The parameters that affect the bond-slip model are analyzed. Pull-off tests are conducted for eight specimens with different numbers of mechanical fasteners, which has verified the proposed model. The load-slip relationship at the loaded end of the FRP plate was well predicted by the partial interaction numerical calculation and further verify the theoretical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Caregivers of autistic children present with high stress levels, which have been associated with poorer child outcomes in several domains, including language development. However, prior to this study, it was unknown whether elevated caregiver stress was associated with language development in infant siblings of autistic children (Sibs-autism), who are at increased likelihood of receiving a future diagnosis of autism and/or language impairment compared to infant siblings of non-autistic children. This study explored the degree to which, as well as the mechanisms by which, caregiver stress was linked with later language outcomes of Sibs-autism and infant siblings of non-autistic children (Sibs-NA). Method: Participants were 50 infants (28 Sibs-autism; 22 Sibs-NA) aged 12– 18 months at the first time point in this study (Time 1). Infants were seen again 9 months later, at 21–27 months of age (Time 2). Caregiver stress was measured via a validated self-report measure at Time 1. Caregiver language input, the putative mechanism by which caregiver stress may influence later language outcomes, was collected via two daylong recordings from digital recording (Language ENvironment Analysis) devices worn by the child at this same time point. Child language outcomes were measured via standardized and caregiver report measures at Time 2. Results: Several models testing hypothesized indirect effects of caregiver stress on later child language outcomes through caregiver language input were statistically significant. Specifically, significant indirect effects suggest that (a) caregivers with increased stress tend to speak less to their infants, and (b) this reduced language input tends to covary with reduced child language outcomes later in life for Sibs-autism and Sibs-NA. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into links between caregiver stress, caregiver language input, and language outcomes in Sibs-autism and Sibs-NA. Further work is necessary to understand how to best support caregivers and optimize the language learning environments for infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study sought to analyse the impact of elderly age on long-term prognosis of superficial spreading melanoma (SSM) after surgery. Methods: A population-based cohort of patients undergoing resection for SSM from 2004 to 2015 was collected, using data from National Cancer Institute‘ Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)* Stat software. Patients were divided into the non-elderly group (≤70 years) and elderly group (>70 years). Baseline characteristics and long-term survivals were compared between the two groups. A 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) was used to reduce the risk of bias. The impact of the elderly age on overall survival (OS) and cause-specific mortality (CSM) was estimated by Cox-regression and competing-risk regression models. Results: Among 12 536 patients with SSM after resection included into the cohort, 8664 patients were ≤70 years, and 3872 were >70 years. Patients in the elderly group had higher incidences of multiple tumours, worse tumour stage and infiltration degree, lymphatic metastasis, and larger size of primary lesions. Using PSM, 3581 pairs of patients were created. On matched analysis, the elderly group was associated with worse OS and CSM. On multivariable Cox-regression and competing-risk regression analyses, elderly age was identified as an independent risk factor of OS and CSM after adjusting for other prognostic variables. Conclusions: The elderly age of patients was independently associated with worse OS and CSM after resection of SSM when baseline and tumour characteristics were balanced. Adjuvant therapy and individualized strategy on follow-up should be made for elderly patients after resection of SSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the time-dependent interfacial behavior of near-surface-mounted (NSM) carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips bonded to a concrete substrate using inorganic resins. Four types of bonding agents (mortar, polyester-silica, ultra-high-performance concrete [UHPC], and geopolymer) are tested to appraise the potential for NSM application with a focus on rheological and mechanical performance during a curing period of 28 days. Unlike the case of the mortar and geopolymer resins, the rheological resistance of the polyester-silica and UHPC resins increases within 30 minutes, owing to an evolved setting process. The hydration of mortar continues for up to 28 days of curing in line with assorted chemical reactions. The compressive strength of polyester-silica gradually ascends to 35 MPa (5076 psi) at 28 days, while that of UHPC rapidly rises to 95.3 MPa (13,822 psi) at 3 days. Contrary to the stabilized interfacial capacity of the specimens with mortar and geopolymer after 7 days, the capacity of the specimens with polyester-silica steadily develops until 28 days. Unlike the failure mode of other cases over time, a shift in the plane of failure is noticed for the mortar-bonded interface. The post-peak response and energy dissipation of the interface are controlled by the resin type and curing period. Analytical modeling quantifies the level of hazard and clarifies the functional equivalence of the interface with the inorganic resins against conventional organic epoxy resins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues related to problems with institutional models of care for at-risk children in India have long been addressed by conversations around de-institutionalization. Researchers, however, believe that despite the benefits of family-based alternative care, there are multiple practical constraints in the stated transition. Fostering resilience among institutionalized children has been considered a worthier goal for intervention. The purpose of this study was to understand the pattern of resilience among adolescents with experience of family disruption due to parental loss and resultant relocation to an institutional set-up. Study 1 utilized semi-structured interviews with eight institutional caretakers in the age range of 28–50 years, and study 2 involved focus groups with 19 resilient adolescents in the age range of 14–19 years. Data from the both studies was thematically analyzed. Findings showed that against the backdrop of pre-admission adversities, resilience was conceptualized as a realization about the need to achieve in life and acquisition of a set of culturally sanctioned behavioral attributes. Resources within the institutional context itself were found to have fostered these resilient outcomes. Our findings suggest that by offering resident children needed resources, institutional care holds the potential to provide a permanent and stable living arrangement when other options are unfeasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critical developmental implications of childcare centre teachers' caregiving sensitivity have been extensively documented. More efforts are pressing to identify antecedents of such sensitivity and elucidate implicated mechanisms. This study examined the association between socioeconomic status and caregiving sensitivity among Chinese childcare centre teachers, with adaptive caregiving belief as a mediator and childcare centre type as a moderator. Survey data for 1,316 Chinese teachers were used. The results indicated that teachers' monthly income was positively associated with their caregiving sensitivity via positive associations with their verbal stimulation beliefs. This effect did not vary by childcare centre type. Our findings highlight possible avenues for interventions aimed at promoting caregiving quality in childcare centre setting, such as improving teachers' adaptive caregiving belief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child maltreatment is a severe worldwide public health problem because of its negative consequences and should therefore be prevented through parenting programs to improve parental behavior and practices. The present review aimed to update a published review of 5 years of empirical studies on universal parenting programs to strengthen positive parenting and prevent child maltreatment. A systematic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Lilacs, and SciELO databases was performed to identify the studies of group-based structured parenting programs published from 2015 to 2019. Eighteen studies were found that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that 14 different parenting programs were conducted in high-, medium-, and low-income countries, showing an increase in the number of studies in low-income countries compared with the previous review. In 89% of the studies, the parenting outcomes improved in the post-intervention. Additionally, studies have demonstrated that these programs also improved other parental outcomes such as mental health, couple relationships, coparenting, and coping ability of parents. From 18 studies, nine child variables were evaluated, and eight of them showed a decrease in behavior problems. Regarding the methodological quality of the studies, 55%, 28%, and 17% were classified as moderate, weak, and strong, respectively. In conclusion, the positive changes in parenting and child behavior outcomes encourage the implementation of parenting programs as a universal prevention strategy. Further research should increase the methodological quality of the design study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies indicate that college students experience high rates of food insecurity. Growing awareness of food insecurity on college campuses has resulted in efforts by many institutions to address the problem through innovative programs such as food pantries, campus gardens, and educational workshops. While these initiatives play an important role in facilitating food access, they fall short of meeting students' needs. There is little research on how students' experiences or knowledge can inform strategies to address food insecurity, nor is there extensive research on how students view this issue for themselves and their peers. This study looks at the benefits of engaging students in participatory action research (PAR) to address college food insecurity. PAR is particularly well suited to address campus food insecurity given its tenets of research, reflection, and action. This paper examines how a PAR project, conducted throughout a semester-long community-engaged learning course at the University of San Francisco (USF), resulted in innovative strategies to address college food insecurity. This justice-based research approach deepened students' understanding of the issue and inspired them to want to change their campus food systems. Students worked to shift the narrative of food insecurity on campus away from an individual experience that carries stigma toward one of community, relationships, and collective action. This study shows the opportunities to address food insecurity not only through immediate needs-based solutions but also through a justice-based research methodology that centers student experiences and knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This ethnographic research explores the meaning and experiences of food insecurity among LGBTQIA+ college students to understand how identity might play a role in those experiences. We offer research-informed recommendations that student- serving programs could implement to increase accessibility and inclusivity for LGBTQIA+ students to reduce food insecurity. The study was conducted at a large, public, Tier 1 research university in North Texas. We used purposive sampling and recruited participants through emails and class announcements. We conducted 22 in-depth, semistructured interviews with students who identified as LGBTQIA+. LGBTQIA+ students do not initially associate their food insecurity with their LGBTQIA+ identity, and many of their experiences are similar to non-LGBTQIA+ students. However, ongoing homophobia, stigma, and discrimination against people who identify as LGBTQIA+ can add additional anxiety and challenges that influence their experiences in ways that are different from non-LGBTQIA+ students. LGBTQIA+ students are at greater risk of losing family support, are more likely to seek emotional support from peers, and have increased anxiety about responses to their identity, which can affect their willingness to seek resources. Our results indicate that food insecurity has an emotional, mental, and physical impact on students, which impacts their academic success. As universities strive to be more welcoming to LGBTQIA+ students, we recommend services that will build community, create safe spaces, and strengthen trust for students to have a positive college experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities have implemented a range of initiatives to address food and housing insecurity, but few studies have examined how campus communities are engaging around these issues. This article explores how North Carolina State University conducted asset-mapping workshops, a communitybased participatory research (CBPR) method, to mobilize the campus community and identify solutions to address the root causes of food insecurity and other forms of basic needs insecurity among students. Workshop participants identified exemplary resources focused on addressing students' immediate needs (e.g., campus food pantries, a student emergency fund). At the same time, they stated that basic needs insecurity is tied to longerterm, systemic issues like wage inequality and a lack of affordable housing. Participants also noted that historically marginalized students (e.g., LGBTQ+, low-income, first-generation college) often experience food and housing insecurity in complex ways requiring targeted solutions. Our results suggest that CBPR methods like asset mapping offer an approach that, when done well, can center the voices and experiences of diverse campus populations to identify and address the complex structural and systemic processes that shape students' experiences of food and housing insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The many adverse effects of child maltreatment make the scientific investigation of this phenomenon a matter of vital importance. Although the relationship between maltreatment and problematic emotion reactivity and regulation has been studied, the strength and specificity of these associations are not yet clear. We examine the magnitude of the maltreatment-child-emotion reactivity/regulation link. Studies with substantiated maltreatment involving children aged up to 18 were included, along with a smaller number of longitudinal studies (58 papers reviewed, encompassing more than 11,900 children). In comparison to nonmaltreated children, maltreated children experience more negative emotions, behave in a manner indicative of more negative emotion, and display emotion dysregulation. We outline several theoretical implications of our results., (© 2019 Society for Research in Child Development.)

Identification of early promotive and risk factors for social competence is important for fostering children's successful social development; particularly given social competence is essential for children's later academic and psychological wellbeing. While research suggests that the early parent-child relationship, genetics, and prenatal influences are associated with social competence, there is less research considering how these factors may operate together to shape children's social competence in early childhood. Using a genetically informed sample from the Early Growth and Development Study (N = 561), we examined multiple levels of influence (i.e., genetic, prenatal, parenting, and child characteristics) on children's social competence at 4.5 years old. Results from structural equation models showed adoptive mother overreactivity at 18 months was positively associated with child dysregulation at 27 months, which, in turn, was associated with lower levels of social competence at 4.5 years. Also, child reactivity at 18 months was independently associated with higher levels of adoptive mother overreactivity at 27 months, which, in turn, was associated with lower levels of social competence at 4.5 years. Finally, we found an evocative effect on adoptive fathers' overreactivity at 18 months such that prenatal birth mother distress was negatively associated with adoptive fathers' overreactivity at 18 months. Overall, this study found evidence for genetic influences, and bidirectional associations between parent and child in toddlerhood that are related to lower levels of social competence when children were 4.5 years old. We also found that the prenatal environment was associated with parenting, but not with child behavior directly. This study's ability to simultaneously examine multiple domains of influence helps provide a more comprehensive picture of important mechanisms and developmental periods for children's early social competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An explosion inside a cabin will converge at the corners to form high-pressure areas, significantly impacting the destruction of a bulkhead structure. This paper investigates shock wave convergence characteristics at the corners when the explosive detonates at the center of the cabin, based on a combination of the wall reflection law for shock waves and a numerical simulation method. The parameter K represents the aspect ratio of the cabin structure. This study shows that when 1 ≤ K ≤ 1.19, the high pressure at the corner is caused by the superposition of Mach waves along both wall surfaces. However, for the initial shock wave, when 1.2 < K ≤ 2, the high pressure is caused by the superposition of Mach waves along the longer wall surface and regular reflected waves on the shorter wall surface; when 2 < K, the cause are Mach waves along the longer wall surface and the corresponding positive reflection on the shorter wall surface. The influence of K on the range for the high-pressure region at the corner is also analyzed, the functional relationship between the range of the high-pressure area and K is given, and the universality is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perspectives of parents themselves should be central in framing services delivered to families experiencing homelessness. We explored the strengths and positive features of mother–child relationships and insight into mothers' views of the impact of living in shelters. We conducted qualitative coding of the Five‐Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) of 41 mothers of young children. Results revealed a wide variety of strategies that mothers used to promote their children's resilient functioning. This included focusing on their children's strengths, providing unconditional love and engaging in positive activities together. Mothers also voiced varied approaches to parenting, including many positive practices. Mothers' FMSS included ways that living in the shelter had a negative impact on their child's functioning, and they reported negative changes in their relationship with their child since moving into the shelter. Finally, mothers discussed ways in which living in the shelter had influenced their parenting styles and approaches to discipline. We discuss implications of the findings for supporting families residing in shelters, and we provide recommendations for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to motherhood is a significant developmental milestone in many women's lives. This transitional period may be more stressful for women with a history of childhood maltreatment (CM) than for women without such a history. This study tested whether parental self-efficacy (PSE) accounts for the link between CM and parental stress in mothers transitioning to motherhood. The study used a convenience sample of 1,306 first-time mothers of children aged two years or younger. Mothers filled out online self-report questionnaires assessing history of CM, PSE, and prenatal stress. Consistent with the hypotheses, exposure to CM was directly associated with greater parental stress. Also, PSE partially mediated the associations between CM and parental stress, such that mothers with a history of childhood abuse reported a lower level of PSE, which in turn was associated with greater parental stress. In conclusion, the study highlights the important role of negative cognitions related to parenting for maternal dysfunction following exposure to childhood abuse. These findings suggest a need to incorporate preventive interventions designed to promote PSE for mothers exposed to CM. Such programs may alleviate parental stress and further support the healthy development of the child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earth-covered magazine has some characteristics that are safer than the above-ground magazine and are more economical than underground magazine. To investigate the pressure distribution and the structural failure under the internal explosion, the scaled tests of the earth-covered magazine were conducted under a 0.5 kg TNT explosive charge. The overpressure in the 0°, 90°, and 180° directions outside the structure and the debris distribution were obtained. The numerical simulations were constructed in LS-DYNA software to analyze the test results. The results show that the external overpressure has a directional characteristic that the maximum and minimum overpressure appear in 0° and 180° directions, respectively. In the double logarithmic coordinate system, the overpressure peaks in three directions are linearly related to the scaled distance. Most of the fragments in the 0° direction hit the ground within the front range of ±60°, and the further fragments (40 m or more) were confined to a limited sector within the front range of ±30°. The internal explosion numerical simulation shows that the concrete cracks first appeared at the roof and the ground, and then the damage occurred at the intersection of the walls, and then the damage occurred at each surface. The maximum debris velocity of the side and rear walls is lower than that of the front wall due to the limitation of the soil. The motion equations of the debris combined with numerical simulation can be adopted to predict the projection distance of fragments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attempts to understand college student food insecurity have primarily focused on demographic characteristics associated with higher rates of food insecurity, and have recommended improving awareness of and access to resources such as campus food pantries. We argue in this article that this emphasis on individual‐level factors and efforts can lead to stigma or shame for many of those using pantries and other programs. Our survey and interview data collected from 2016 to 2019 show that many college students see hunger as tied to their individual failures. We find that an individualistic perspective on the experience of student food insecurity neglects the larger institutional and social contexts, including changes to financial aid, college funding options, food assistance policies, and discrimination. We propose an alternative model for understanding the stigma of student food insecurity that connects language and stereotypes to power differentials affecting access beyond the individual, and thus better addresses the root causes of student food insecurity. Intentos de comprender la inseguridad alimentaria de estudiantes universitarios suelen enfocarse en las características demográficas asociadas con incidencias altas de inseguridad alimentaria y han recomendado mejorar la información sobre y el acceso a recursos como las despensas de alimentos universitarias. En este artículo proponemos que este énfasis en factores y esfuerzos a nivel del individuo pueden conducir a que muchos quienes usan despensas y otros programas de asistencia sientan estigma o vergüenza por ello. Los datos que recopilamos entre 2016 y 2019 por medio de encuestas y entrevistas demuestran que muchos estudiantes universitarios consideran que el hambre está ligado a fracasos del individuo mismo. Concluimos que al tomar una perspectiva individualista sobre la experiencia de la inseguridad alimentaria estudiantil se ignoran contextos institucionales y sociales más amplios que afectan al problema, incluyendo los cambios en la ayuda financiera universitaria, las opciones de financiación universitaria, las políticas de asistencia alimentaria, y la discriminación. Proponemos un modelo alternativo para comprender el estigma de la inseguridad alimentaria de los estudiantes que conecta el lenguaje y los estereotipos con las diferencias de poder que afectan el acceso más allá del individuo y, por lo tanto, mejor aborda las causas fundamentales de la inseguridad alimentaria de los estudiantes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulceration and high mitosis are considered among the major unfavorable prognostic factors in the survival of cutaneous melanoma patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of these parameters and to compare them to see which one is superior to predicting prognosis across all clinical stages of melanoma. A total of 1,074 melanomas were analyzed retrospectively. Tumor ulceration was found to be limited to the local stage for predicting survival, whereas, mitosis maintained its prognostic strength for predicting survival across all clinical stages. Furthermore, no survival differences were observed between ulceration and mitosis across clinical stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel–concrete bond is instrumental in transferring tensile forces to the concrete via the bond stresses, whose values and distribution along a steel bar vary with the level of the load applied to the reinforcement. To study the profile of the strains in the reinforcement, the variation of the bond-stress distribution is considered and the bond stresses are introduced according to Model Code 2010. The transfer length where the bond stresses are active is shown to be a function of the slip in the cracked sections. This slip can be evaluated from the concrete strains based on the plane-section hypothesis to take care of the strain compatibility between the concrete and the reinforcement. The equilibrium of the internal forces, the constitutive laws of the materials and the bond stress-slip law make it possible to model the kinematic interaction between the concrete and the reinforcement. An iterative algorithm is proposed to calculate the steel strains, and the effectiveness of the numerical procedure is checked against the test data coming from simply-supported RC beams tested in this research project or available in the literature. The results show that the nonlinear evolution of steel–concrete slip close to the cracks may increase the transfer length of the bond stresses by 50% under increasing loads, and the steel strains by up to 90% along the bonded length. As a result, the steel-strain profile becomes a slightly-nonlinear function of the load, which is also markedly affected by the crack pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the main raw materials of engineered cementitious composite (ECC), fly ash exerts the "ball effect" and "pozzolanic effect" in concrete, which improves the working performance of concrete and enhances the strength of the concrete matrix. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber has been widely used in the preparation of ECC, while ground fly ash can be used to enhance the performance of ECC as a kind of high-activity admixture. In this paper, the compressive strength, flexural strength and flexural toughness of ECC prepared from different types of fly ash (raw fly ash, sorted fly ash and ground fly ash) are compared, and the rheological properties of the ECC are analyzed by studying the two parameters of yield stress and plastic viscosity. The results show that the smaller the particle size of fly ash is, the more sufficient it reacts with Ca(OH)2 produced by cement hydration, and the more it can improve the compressive strength and flexural strength of the matrix. In addition, the smaller the particle size of fly ash, the higher the yield stress and plastic viscosity of ECC; therefore, the distribution of PVA fiber in ECC is more uniform, thereby improving the flexural toughness and ductility of ECC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the scope and adverse clinical consequences of child abuse, assessment of salient etiological factors can lend critical insights needed for abuse prevention. Increasingly, dual-processing models have been applied to aggression, which postulate that parallel automatic and conscious processes can evoke aggressive behavior, implicating both affective and cognitive elements in both routes. Using two samples of mothers (n = 110 and n = 195), the current investigation considered evidence of the reliability and convergent, concurrent, and construct validity of the new Automatic Parent Emotion Analog Response task relevant to parent–child aggression, contrasted with a self-reported conscious processing measure. Findings provide evidence that affective reactions of both anger and worry relate to child abuse risk and inclination to respond aggressively, and demonstrate how mothers' automatic reactions relate to both perceived child misbehavior and child dangerous behavior. Current results lend psychometric support for automatic processing in parent–child aggression consistent with other dual-processing theories of aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the bond-slip constitutive model between prestressed tendons and concrete, the pull-out tests of single-strand and multi-strands specimens are carried out. The effect of the number of prestressed tendons on the failure mode, slip characteristics and concrete strain of the pull-out specimens are analyzed, and the constitutive models of bond-slip between for single- strand and multi-strand tendons are also proposed. The results show that the bond mechanism between steel strand and concrete is basically similar to that of deformed steel bar, but the slip process of steel strand along the axis direction is accompanied by rotation phenomenon because it is twisted. Moreover, compared with the single-strand prestressed tendon, the average ultimate bond stress of each tendon of the three-strand prestressed tendons decreases by 13.2%. In addition, the calculated result of the pull-out limit load for the single-strand prestressed tendon is only 2% higher than the experimental value, while the corresponding value of three-strand prestressed tendon is only 3.74% lower than the experimental value. This means that the proposed bond-slip models for single- strand and multi-strand tendons have high reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) can be characterised by its flowability, stability and passing ability. Although SCC tends to have a more uniform microstructure in the concrete–reinforcement interfacial transition zone, the reduction of the nominal size and coarse aggregate content in the concrete mix may adversely affect its shear strength. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the shear strength of SCC by means of push-off tests of 45 specimens, produced with one conventional concrete and two SCC mixtures, with two different coarse aggregate contents (reference and reduced by 30%). The transverse reinforcement ratio ranged from 0.46% to 2.28%, using closed stirrups crossing the shear plane. The increase of reinforcement ratio resulted in improvements in shear strength for specimens with one, two and three stirrups, while specimens with four and five stirrups had a premature failure owing to concrete crushing near the notch. No significant difference in shear strength was identified owing to concrete type or coarse aggregate. The experimental results were also compared with codes estimates, and Eurocode 2 presented the best fit to experimental results when compared with the American code ACI 318 and the Canadian standard CSA A23.3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Parents of children with eczema or psoriasis experience high levels of parenting stress, which can negatively impact their child's mental and physical health. Aims: We aimed to investigate the effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability of a mindful parenting intervention for parents of children with eczema or psoriasis. Method: Seven parents of children (4–12 years old) with eczema or psoriasis took part in an 8-week mindful parenting group intervention. A single-case experimental design was adopted, whereby parents completed daily idiographic measures of parenting stress related to their child's skin condition. Parents also completed standardised questionnaires measuring their parenting stress, depression, anxiety and quality of life, and children completed a quality of life measure, at four time points: baseline, pre-intervention, post-intervention and 6-week follow-up. Parents provided qualitative feedback after the intervention. Results: All parents completed the intervention and showed improvements in idiographic measures of parenting stress from baseline to follow-up. Improvements in parenting stress were larger at follow-up than post-intervention, suggesting the benefits of intervention continue beyond the intervention. Six of seven parent–child dyads showed improvement in at least one of the wellbeing measures, from pre-intervention to post-intervention or follow-up. Feasibility was demonstrated through good participant retention, adherence to home practice, and treatment fidelity. Acceptability was demonstrated through positive parent evaluations of the intervention. Conclusions: Mindful parenting can be an effective, feasible and acceptable intervention for parents of children with eczema or psoriasis. Future studies should attempt to replicate the findings through randomised controlled trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting the time-dependent behaviour of prestressed concrete (PC) beams is crucial as time effects under serviceability loading can result in a critical loss of prestress. The conventional technique using moment-curvature (M/χ) to simulate the behaviour of PC beams is based on the Euler-Bernoulli corollary of a linear strain profile in which all deformations are accommodated through changes in the material strain, i.e. it is strain based. Consequently, the M/χ approach cannot directly accommodate discrete deformations associated with tension stiffening, such as the formation of individual cracks and reinforcement slip. Hence, the M/χ approach can simulate the behaviour prior to cracking purely through mechanics. However, for post-cracking behaviour it requires empirically derived correction factors, such as empirically derived flexural rigidities, to allow for the deformations associated with tension stiffening. This paper presents a displacement-based moment-rotation (M/Θ) approach for determining the behaviour of PC beams by applying the Euler-Bernoulli theorem of plane sections, as opposed to the conventional M/χ approach of a linear strain profile. Being based on plane sections, the M/Θ approach deals directly with displacements and, consequently, can simulate the mechanics of tension stiffening directly. The approach is shown to accommodate the time effects of concrete creep, shrinkage and reinforcement relaxation and can develop equivalent flexural rigidities directly from mechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maltreatment survivors may be at risk for parenting challenges, although the previous literature is inconsistent, has focused on individual maltreatment forms, and has overlooked posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and other trauma exposure. The current study, thus, aimed to expand this research in four key ways by (a) examining all five maltreatment forms; (b) controlling for other nonmaltreatment trauma exposure to better isolate the role of maltreatment; (c) investigating maltreatment types and PTSS simultaneously; and (d) exploring novel parenting factors, specifically four types of parenting beliefs and developmental knowledge. Trauma-exposed parents (N = 301; M age = 26.49 years, SD = 8.34, range: 18-69 years; 66.8% female; 59.8% White) participated in the study. A path analytic model indicated that, surprisingly, none of the maltreatment types nor cumulative trauma exposure corresponded with parental beliefs related to one's child, self, partner, or social relationships. PTSS, however, were tied to all four parenting belief types as well as developmental knowledge, βs = -.05-.40. Physical and emotional abuse were linked to less accurate developmental knowledge, β = .02, and maladaptive parenting practices, β = .03. Sexual abuse, neglect, and witnessing domestic violence were not associated with any of the parenting factors. Thus, current trauma symptoms are likely a more critical intervention focus than maltreatment experiences, although physical and emotional abuse may also play a role in parenting knowledge and behaviors. These findings also signal the importance of including all five maltreatment forms and PTSS when conducting research on the interaction between trauma and parenting., (© 2023 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.)

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in increased parenting stress and substance use. At the same time that mental health and social service needs increased, access to services, including among those receiving treatment, decreased due to stay-at-home orders. Few programs were equipped or prepared to translate their interventions to a virtual format at the start of the pandemic. There is a critical need to identify effective adaptations to substance use and family-focused treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Effective program adaptations have continued relevance for the expansion of access to family-focused addiction services beyond the pandemic itself, particularly for rural or other hard to reach populations. Seventy-three semi-structured interviews were conducted with the five agencies participating in the implementation of the In-Home Recovery Program (IHRP), an in-home, substance use disorder (SUD) treatment program. Using a rapid analysis approach two coders analyzed interviews for recurring concepts and themes. Facilitators for adapting services included: (1) the introduction of virtual toxicology screens, (2) helping parents access technology, (3) assisting parents with non-identified children to decrease their stress, and (4) anticipating reoccurrences of substances during the pandemic. Barriers to adapting services included: (1) engaging young children in virtual treatment, (2) privacy, and (3) engaging in telehealth with parents experiencing domestic violence or reoccurrence of substances. Findings reveal virtual substance use treatment is possible. Facilitators to adaptation such as providing access to technology and virtual toxicology screens demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of utilizing telehealth interventions for substance use. Barriers to adaptations were primarily related to the infant mental health component. Telehealth is likely not appropriate for children below the age of five. Individual sessions focusing on caregiving, rather than dyadic treatment may be more suitable to virtual formats., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Parents of children with developmental disorders (DD) or disabilities report greater parenting stress than parents of typically developing children. To minimise this stress, stressful factors need to be known and stress needs to be recognised early. The present cross-sectional study aims to systematically assess and compare parenting stress in families of children with various types of disabilities. In addition, the assessment of parenting stress by attending paediatricians will be evaluated., Methods: We surveyed 611 parents about their parenting stress at the Children's Development Center (CDC). Three questionnaires, including the German versions of the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) and Impact on Family Scale (IOFS), were used to evaluate parenting stress. Furthermore, attending paediatricians assessed of the child's type of disability and their perception of parenting stress in a separate questionnaire., Results: Fifty-five percent of all parents reported stress at a clinically relevant level, 65% in the child domain and 39% in the parent domain of the PSI. Parenting stress differed significantly across diagnostic categories (p < 0.01) and was associated with childhood disability related issues of behaviour, sleep or feeding issues. Parenting stress was often underestimated by the paediatricians, especially when the children had disabilities perceived as less severe. In one-third of parents with clinically relevant total stress, paediatricians reported low stress levels. Parent-reported financial problems, social isolation, and partnership conflicts were not suspected by paediatricians in ≥85% of cases., Conclusions: Clinically relevant parenting stress was found more often than in comparable studies. An assessment of parenting stress by paediatricians may be complicated by time constraints in medical appointments, the mainly child-centred consultation, or restricted expression of parents' stress. Paediatricians should move from a purely child-centred to a holistic, family-centred approach to treatment. Routine screening of parenting stress using standardised questionnaires could be helpful to identify affected families., (© 2023 The Authors. Child: Care, Health and Development published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Psychological distress is the most common complication of pregnancy. High-risk concerns can include severe emotion dysregulation, suicidality and self-injury, and health risk behaviours, which bear substantial consequences for caregivers and families. Yet, effective, comprehensive interventions for high-risk caregivers have received limited attention. Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is a frontline treatment for such concerns. Accordingly, we conducted a scoping review on the implementation of DBT in the perinatal period. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Seven studies were identified; study designs included case studies and single-arm pilot trials. Most studies used DBT-informed protocols with significant adaptations, few included multiple components of DBT (i.e. skills group, individual therapy, phone coaching and consultation team), and none met criteria for adherent delivery of all four modes of DBT treatment. Findings suggest DBT-informed interventions may be successfully implemented to treat a range of perinatal mental health symptoms, including borderline personality disorder, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress, and to promote emotion regulation and positive parenting behaviours. While results provide preliminary support for perinatal DBT, this literature is scant and empirical rigour considerably lacking. Clinical implications and future directions are outlined to aid researchers and providers in addressing the ongoing perinatal mental health crisis and developing sorely needed interventions to address the needs of high-risk caregivers., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive skin cancer with epithelial and neuroendocrine differentiation, the incidence of which has increased substantially during the last decades. Risk factors include advanced age, fair skin type, UV exposure, and immunosuppression. Pathogenetically, a type caused by the Merkel cell polyomavirus is distinguished from a UV-induced type with a high tumor mutational burden. Clinically, MCC presents as a mostly painless, rapidly growing, reddish-violet tumor with a shiny surface, which is preferentially localized in the head-neck region and at the distal extremities. A reliable diagnosis can only be made based on histological and immunohistochemical features. At initial diagnosis, 20-26% of patients show locoregional metastases and 8-14% distant metastases, making staging examinations indispensable. If there is no clinical evidence of metastases, a sentinel lymph node biopsy is recommended. Essential columns of therapy are surgery, adjuvant or palliative radiotherapy and, in advanced inoperable stages, medicamentous tumor therapy. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors has led to a paradigm shift, as they provide a considerably longer duration of response and better survival rates than chemotherapy. The PD-L1 inhibitor avelumab is approved for treatment of metastatic MCC in Germany, but the PD-1 antibodies pembrolizumab and nivolumab are also used with success. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment concepts, immune combination therapies and targeted therapies as monotherapy or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors are in the clinical trial phase., (© 2023 Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft (DDG).)

Structural racism contributes to homelessness in the United States, as evidenced by the stark racial disparities in who experiences it. This paper reviews research at the intersections of race and homelessness to advance efforts to understand and address racial inequities. Part 1 offers a synthesis of homelessness research from the 1980s to 2015, where several scholars examined the role of race and racism despite mainstream efforts to present the issue as race-neutral. Part 2 presents the results of a systematic scoping review of research at the intersections of race and homelessness from 2016 to 2021. The 90 articles included demonstrate a growing, multidisciplinary body of literature that documents how needs and trajectories of people experiencing homelessness differ by race, examines how the racialized structuring of society contributes to homelessness risk, and explores how programs, policies, and grassroots action can address inequities. In addition to charting findings and implications, included studies are appraised against research principles developed by Critical Race Theory scholars, mapping the potential of existing research on race and homelessness to challenge racism., (© 2023 Society for Community Research and Action.)

This study assessed maternal caregiving quality and children's prosocial behavior as related to changes in child self‐esteem from early childhood across the transition into formal schooling. Although a robust literature indicates that sensitive caregiving promotes self‐esteem, less is known about the potential contribution of children's positive social behavior to enhanced self‐esteem. This study drew on a diverse sample of young children (N = 250; Mage = 4.085, SD =.249; 50% female, 50% male; 46% Latinx) to evaluate prospective relations between an observational assessment of sensitive maternal caregiving at the age of 4 and child reports of self‐esteem at the age of 8 as mediated by teacher‐reports of children's prosocial behavior at the age of 6. Analyses revealed a significant indirect pathway whereby sensitive maternal caregiving promoted children's self‐esteem via children's prosocial behavior. These findings highlight both sensitive caregiving and children's prosocial behavior as promising points of intervention to bolster children's self‐esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with developmental delays or disabilities (DD) are at risk for self-regulation difficulties and behaviour problems compared to typically developing children. Intervening early is crucial to prevent long-term adjustment challenges across home and school contexts. Parenting has been identified as a malleable target of intervention for improving children's adaptive functioning across behavioural, emotional and cognitive domains. Although parent management training (PMT) is an identified best-practice, key questions remain about the critical components of interventions and how novel approaches like video feedback may offer additional benefits. Using a pre-test-post-test one group and superiority design, we evaluated the efficacy of two models of the Keeping Parents Trained and Supported (KEEP) preschool program with parent-only components among 175 families with children diagnosed or at-risk for DD. KEEP-P included core PMT (Oregon Model) methods and KEEP-V integrated KEEP with Filming Interactions to Nurture Development video coaching methods for enhancing developmentally supportive interactions. Intervention outcomes on children's behaviour problems and executive functioning, parenting stress and parent–child relationship quality were compared between groups. Both groups demonstrated significant reductions over time in child behavioural problems, developmental problems and parenting stress. Significant improvements were observed in children's executive functioning, parents' sense of competence and mindfulness in parenting. Group differences were observed in parent's sense of competence, with individuals receiving KEEP-P displaying greater increases over time. Higher intervention dosage predicted a greater reduction in stressful child behaviours and greater improvements in children's inhibitory control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article prompts a new examination of advising practice. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted normal modes of operation, it presents a unique opportunity to determine new approaches that address the equity gap in student degree attainment. A specific theory of racialized organizations is used as a lens for examining advising practice and for critiquing how our advising practice either reinforces or disrupts systemic racial inequities in higher education. Reflective questions also provided a way to think about and question our practice from an organizational perspective. This paper proposes treating the COVID-19 pandemic as a catalyst for broadening the discussion of advisement beyond individual advisor actions and toward advising organizations that are more oriented toward social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have documented the difficult experience of raising a child with a developmental delay (DD; DeGrace et al., 2014) but the majority of research has focused on non-Latinx White families and their experiences in childrearing and interacting with service providers (Hayes & Watson, 2013; Blanche et al., 2015). Additionally, stigma associated with mental illness and DD disproportionally affects Latinx communities (Burke et al., 2019). Familism plays a unique role among families of Latinx backgrounds (Moore, 1970; Coohey, 2001) and may act as a buffer to caregiver mental health. The current study aims to (1) determine the association between affiliate stigma and parenting stress among Latinx parents of young children with DD and (2) test whether familism moderates the relationship between affiliate stigma and parenting stress. Results revealed that the relationship between affiliate stigma and parenting stress was strongest in caregivers who reported low levels of familism, suggesting that familism may act as a buffer. More research is needed to further unpack the protective factors of familism on caregiver mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, young people are a major demographic group and a key constituency in socioeconomic policy considerations. However, in a neoliberal era, the social inclusion of youth is in jeopardy. This qualitative study explored young people's connectedness to community and opportunities for social inclusion in Newfoundland and Labrador. The perspectives of social capital, social exclusion, and sense of community provided a theoretical framework for the study. A purposive sample of 23 youth aged 15 to 24 years provided data through interviews, which we analyzed inductively, using thematic analysis. We found that young people connected to their communities through informal associations and non-profit organizations. These structures provided networks of supportive relationships and inclusive spaces, where young people felt a sense of belonging, and had opportunities for participation. Opportunities took the form of resources and activities that promoted personal growth and community building. For example, through associations and non-profit organizations, participants engaged in general educational development, entrepreneurial training, part-time and volunteer work, and advocacy. However, participants also reported some barriers to inclusion in their communities. Personal level factors, such as illness and environmental level factors, such as low-income and social stigma were barriers to inclusion. These findings provide a basis for policymakers and practitioners to promote youth social inclusion in Newfoundland and Labrador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]