Search

e20522Background: The golden surgery standard of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is lobectomy with dissection of mediastinal lymph nodes. Due to the risks of reduced pulmonary reserv...

e20525Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related deaths in China. Along with rapid development of new technologies, the modes of surgeries are experiencing changes. The purposes...

e20535Background: Postoperative or perioperative systematic chemotherapies (CTs) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been widely accepted due to providing significant clinical ...

4052Background: Ivor Lewis (Iv) and McKeown (Mc) are two commonly used minimally invasive esophagectomy. Currently, there are limited data to compare effectiveness and safety between Iv and Mc in C...

With the fierce competition in the hotel market, hotels have paid a great deal of attention to hotel branding to acquire competitive advantages. Therefore, hotel brand equity (HBE) has gradually become the focus of research in the industry. This article discusses HBE's dimensions and their relationships from the information economics point of view and the cognitive psychology point of view and proposes an HBE dimensions relationship theory based on them. Empirical research is provided and validates the proposed theory. The conclusion is that HBE dimensions contain perceived quality, brand credibility, brand image, brand awareness, information cost saving, and perceived risk. Among them, perceived quality, information cost saving, brand awareness, and brand image have a positive effect on brand equity, whereas perceived risk has a negative effect on brand equity. Furthermore, brand credibility is the mediating variable between perceived quality, information cost saving, and brand equity. Also, through the ...

The anti-proliferative and anti-tumour effects of donkey milk on A549 human lung cancer cells were investigated in vitro, and its effects on cell cycle progression, apoptosis and cytokine production were examined. Donkey milk active fractions reduced the viability of A549 cells in dose-dependent and time-dependent manners. Fraction-IV, a fraction of whey protein with a molecular mass >10 kDa, was the most effective fraction ( P P

Constructing double-scale structures on material surface is helpful for achieving its superhydrophobicity. Therefore, it is quite necessary to investigate the forming mechanisms of double-scale structures on material surface. In the study, the forming mechanisms of various structures induced by femtosecond laser on the K9 glass surface are discussed, such as crater, ripples, and cones. The surface with double-scale structures is fabricated by femtosecond laser. On the surface, the apparent contact angle and sliding angle of a droplet are 152.3±1.5° and 4.6±0.8°, respectively. Lastly, through theoretical and experimental analyses, we demonstrate that the double-scale structures are effective for realizing superhydrophobicity of material surface and restricting the wetting transition from Cassie mode to Wenzel mode.

With rapid progress in ultra-short laser technology, two-photon photopolymerization (TPP) has been introduced into the domain of microfabrication. Its characters and process are described in this paper, as well as its experimental system. Through suitable experiments, it is identified that the spatial resolution of this technique can be increased as the scanning speed of focal spot and numerical aperture of objective lens rise, or as the laser power decreases. Finally, the paper presents some microstructures fabricated by this technique, such as micro-impeller, photonic crystal, micro-wells array, and so on, which illustrate its practicability in fabricating micro–nanostructures.

清朝の光緒年間の初期に，「中興の臣」とされる左宗棠の部下で，湖南出身の劉福堂（別名劉厚基）という人物が赴任先の陝西の要塞都市である楡林で『圖開勝跡』という漢籍を編集した。同書には清朝末期の楡林地域の碑刻などが数多く抄録されているだけでなく，ときの辺疆における軍事状況を反映した絵画や隣接するオルドス・モンゴルを描いた地圖と絵画，さらにはオルドス・モンゴルの盟長をつとめていたバダラホ（1808–1883）が書いた満洲語の文章も収められている。こうした豊富な内容を有する『圖開勝跡』は清朝の西北部から中央アジアの東部までを巻きこんだ回民反乱時の陝西地域とオルドス地域の社会を活写した第一級の資料である。 劉福堂とバダラホ王の二人は協力し合って陝西北部の回民反乱軍を鎮圧した。反乱鎮圧後，バダラホ王は劉福堂の本『圖開勝跡』のなかに「凱旋圖」を書き添えて，自分の戦功をアピールした。「凱旋圖」にはオルドスの7 つの旗内にある寺院や遊牧民の天幕と家畜群，それに王（ジャサク，札薩克）の住む宮殿が活写されている。本論文ではまず「凱旋圖」が成立した歴史的な背景を解説し，その上で同圖が伝えるオルドス7 旗の歴史的・民族学的情報を抽出し整理する。バダラホ王の「凱旋圖」は19 世紀末のオルドス・モンゴルの政治と社会を研究するのに欠かせない重要な資料であることが明らかになった。, In the early phase of the Guangxu ( 光緒) era, during the Qing dynasty,a Chinese administrator called Liu Futang ( 劉福堂, also known as Liu Houji劉厚基), who came from Hunan province, was engaged in the compilation ofa historical book titled “Tukai Shengji” ( 圖開勝跡). This book was writtenin Chinese. Liu Futang served the renowned Chinese statesman and militaryleader Zuo Zongtang ( 左宗棠). Zuo Zongtang is famous for his allegianceand distinction in his political and military career. He saved his country fromcivil wars and conflicts against foreign powers, thus re-establishing the powerof the Qing dynasty, which had been suffering from serious crises underminingChinese sovereignty. The compilation of the book was carried out in Yulin( 楡林), a fortress town in Shanxi province, where Liu Futang and his troopswere stationed. Included in the book are not only many epitaphs collectednear Yulin around the end of the Qing dynasty, but also paintings and drawingsdepicting military expeditions along the frontier regions of China. Thebook also contains maps and paintings of Ordos, Mongolia. Furthermore, it isworth noting that it includes a collection of writings in the Manchurian language,written by Jasagh Badaraqu (1808–1883) of Ordos Mongolia. “TukaiShengji” is an excellent collection of historical materials vividly describingthe circumstances of Shanxi and Ordos around the end of the 19th century,when the Hui Rebellion broke out, spreading over a vast region of north westChina and the eastern part of Central Asia. As far as I know, however, noin depth research of this book has been presented in the academic circles ofMongolian studies before.Liu Futang and Jasagh Badaraqu coordinated their military efforts andtogether calmed the Hui rebellion in north Shanxi. After successfully suppressingthe Hui uprising, King Badaraqu had several picture scrolls titled the“Return of the Army in Triumph” incorporated into “Tukai Shengji”, whichwas being compiled by Liu Futang. It is understood that, by doing so, KingBadaraqu was pursuing publicity for his military distinction. Graphicallydepicted in these scrolls are temples in the seven Ordos banners in those days,tents and livestock owned by nomad tribes, the palace of Jasagh and otheritems. This paper extracts, streamlines and presents historical as well as ethnologicalinformation about the seven Ordos banners that is incorporated intothese seven picture scrolls. Based on that information, this paper discussesthe historical background against which the scrolls were produced, thus analysingthe specific nature of the paintings. It has been proved that these picturescrolls, the “Return of the Army in Triumph”, are indispensable historicalmaterials for us to understand Ordos Mongol politics and society around theend of the 19th century.

Objective: This study is to investigate risk factors of intracranial hemorrhage and their effects on prognosis in patients with brain intracranial arteriovenous malformation (AVM) after interventional therapy. Methods: A total of 80 cases of brain AVM patients were admitted to our hospital and received interventional embolism treatment from December 2011 to July 2014. The patients all were confirmed by digital subtraction angiography. Risk factors of intracranial hemorrhage after interventional therapy were analyzed by multivariate analysis. The factors included age, sex, AVM diameter, vein drainage types, embolism area, etc. Meanwhile, the patients were followed up for 60 months after interventional embolism therapy, so as to assess the impact of related risk factors on prognosis. Results: By logistic regression analysis, it was found that age, AVM diameter, AVM combined with aneurysm, embolism area and venous drainage types were related risk factors those could lead to intracranial hemorrhage. Meanwhile, it was identified by receiver operating characteristic curve that embolism area, AVM diameter and AVM combined with aneurysm were risk factors had considerable influence on prognosis while the diagnosis significance of age and venous drainage types was poor (P > 0.05). The survival curves of embolism area and AVM diameter on prognosis had been identified by Kaplan-Meier analysis and it showed that embolism area < 50% and AVM diameter ≥ 3 cm had a better prognosis than embolism area ≥ 50% and AVM diameter < 3 cm (P < 0.05). Conclusions: A series of risk factors were related to intracranial hemorrhage and some of them had considerable influence on prognosis, which, could help to reduce the risk of intracranial hemorrhage and improve long-term survival rate.

The conversion of progesterone (1) by Aspergillus sp. was studied. The major metabolites formed from progesterone were identified as 11α-hydroxyl progesterone (2), 15α-hydroxyl progesterone (3), 15β-hydroxypreg-1,4-dien-3,20-dione (4), 6β,11α-dihydroxypregesterone (5).Conversion products were characterized by spectroscopic methods including H NMR, C NMR and MS. Introduction Microbial conversion of steroids provide an important method of obtaining new steroid derivatives of potential pharmaceutical activity, which additionally fulfills green chemistry principles[1-2]. The major advantage of biological catalysts is their capability to catalyze novel reactions with regioand stereo-selectivity[3]. Since 11αhydroxylation of progesterone by Rhizopus arrhizus was patented in 1952[4]. A wide variety of microorganisms have been investigated and have been successfully applied to transform a wide range of steroids to produce functionalized compounds with therapeutic use and commercial value[5-7]. The Aspergillus genus is an important source of fungal pathogen which can cause severe seed yield loss in soybeans and other crops[8]. However, strains of Aspergillus genus had never used in the biotransformation of steroids. During our screening program for isolation of microorganism from Paris polyphylla Smith var. Yunnanenis capable of transforming progesterone, a strain of Aspergillus sp. was isolated from rhizome of Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanenis and applied for converting progesterone hydroxylation in different position. Materials and methods Chemicals Progesterone (1) was purchased from Yancheng Xinyi PharmC Qingdao). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis was carried out on precoated plates with 0.20-0.25 mm thick silica gel GF254 (Qingdao) with detection by heating silica gel plates sprayed with 10% H2SO4 in EtOH. Isolation of transformed products The mycelium was filtered from the fermentation broth and extracted three times with ethanol, while the broth was extracted three times with EtOAc. That was evaporated under reduced pressure and brown crude (10.53 g) was obtained. Then the crude was subject to silica gel CC to afford Compound 2 (345 mg), 3 (123 mg), 4 (13 mg), 5 (18 mg) on elution with petroleum ether/EtOAc (9:1-1:9), Chemical structures of the products were determined by means of spectral data and mentioned in respective order. Results and discussion Fig. 1. The structures of Progesterone (1) and the biotransformed products 11α-hydroxyl progesterone (2), 15αhydroxyl progesterone (3), 15β-hydroxypreg-1,4-dien-3,20-dione (4), 6β,11α–dihydroxypregesterone (5). A.versicolor converted progesterone into the compound 2, 3, 4 and 5 (Fig. 1). All of them are more polar than the substrate itself. CNMR data of the substrate as well as the conversion products are listed in Table 1. The analytical data of compound 2, 3, 4 and 5 are mentioned in respective order. 11α-hydroxyprogesterone (2) Crystallized from methanol; m.p.: 155-157oC. H NMR (CDC l3, 400 MHz,δin ppm,multi.,J in Hz): 5.70(1H, m, H-4),0.65 (3H, s, H-18), 1.2 (3H, s, H-19), 4.99 (1H, m, H-11). ESI-MS: m/z 354.2 [M+Na]; m/z 369.2 [M+K]. Mass spectru m indicated a molecular of composition C21H30O3. It unequivocally confirms the structure o f 11α-hydroxyprogesterone[9,10]. 15α-hydroxyl progesterone (3) Crystallized from methanol; m.p.: 229-231C (methanol). H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz,δ in ppm,multi., J in Hz): 5.64 (1H, m, H-4), 4.10 (1H, m, H15β), 2.81 (1H, t, H-17α), 0.67 (3H, s, H-8), 1.17 (3H, s, H-19), 2.12 (3H, s, H-21).ESI-M S: m∕z: 353 [M+Na]. Mass spectrum indicated a molecular of composition C21H30O3. It is in accordance with the literature data for 15α-hydroxyl pregesterone[11]. 15β-hydroxypreg-1,4-dien-3,20-dione (4) Crystallized from methanol; m.p.: 229-234oC. H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz,δ in ppm, multi., J in Hz): 6.09 (1H, s, H-4), 7.06 (1H, d, H-1)

アメリカの社会学者ポーリン・ボスPauline Boss はベトナム戦争やカンボジア戦争で行方不明と宣告された兵士らの家族を対象に研究した結果，「曖昧な喪失」Ambiguous Loss という概念を打ち出した。いわゆる「曖昧な喪失」には二つのパターンがあり，第一のタイプは死んでいるかそれとも生きているか不明瞭な為，人々が家族成員によって身体的には不在であるが，心理的には存在していると認知される場合である。第二のタイプは人が身体的に存在しているが，心理的には不在であると認められたケースで，アルツハイマー病などがその例証とされている。 私は本論文において，中国内モンゴル自治区のモンゴル人たちを「曖昧な喪失」感に陥った集団だと定義している。彼らは人口の面では少数派でありながら，政策的には「主体民族」とされている。文化大革命など過酷な政治運動を経験してきた彼らは，同胞の国たるモンゴル国への憧れも政治的には危険な行動とされている。本論文はこのような「曖昧な喪失」感に包まれている内モンゴル人を対象とした際に，どのような民族誌が作成可能かを探ろうとするものである。具体的な事例として「ラクダの火をまつる儀礼」をとりあげている。この儀礼には「牧畜儀礼」的な側面と，「拝火信仰」的な側面，という二つの性質がある。儀礼に使用される供物と儀礼の流れを詳細に検討し，またモンゴル人が「ラクダの火」を「生命の火」と呼んでいることなどから，古い「原初の火」崇拝の要素が確認できた。 「曖昧な喪失」に陥った個々のクライエントたちに対し，共同体や国家レベルでの癒しが必要不可欠であるとされている。同様に，「曖昧な喪失」感に包まれた集団や民族の場合だと，民族文化の復興が有効な「癒し」の一つとなる。「ラクダの火をまつる儀礼」を近年から復活させたモンゴル人たちにもそのような強い意識が確認できる。こうした中，現地出身の私，つまりネイティブ人類学者の私は，復活された民族文化に積極的に関わっていくことになった。, The American sociologist Pauline Boss conducted a survey of families ofsoldiers designated as missing in action during the Vietnam and CambodianWars. Her study culminated in the launching of a concept called “AmbiguousLoss”. There are two different types of “Ambiguous Loss”. The authordescribes the first type as those where a family member is physically absent, butpsychologically present because it is unclear whether they are dead or alive.The second type of ambiguous loss is where the person is physically present,but psychologically absent, as exemplified by patients of Alzheimer’s disease.In this paper, I would like to propose that Mongols living in the MongolAutonomous Region in China are also people who have been traumatisedby this sentiment of “Ambiguous Loss” like those described in PaulineBoss’s book. As far as population size is concerned, these Mongols representan ethnic minority. Nevertheless, in view of government policies, they aredefined as a “major ethnic group” (zhuti minzu). These Mongols have undergonea series of harsh political upheavals in their history, including the “GreatCultural Revolution”. Even today, the admission or disclosure of any specialaffinity to, or adoration of Mongolia, the nation of their compatriots, is politicallydangerous.This paper aims to explore and identify what sort of ethnic recording andarchiving would be feasible for these Mongols in Inner Mongolia, who havebeen immobilised by the sense of “Ambiguous Loss”. As an example of possiblemeasures, the author presents the “Mongolian camel fire ritual”. This ritualconsists of two elements. One is the tradition of “nomadic rituals”, whilethe other is associated with a reminiscence of the Zoroastrian faith. The authorscrutinises the offerings and procedures of the camel fire ritual. It is noted thatMongols call “camel fire” the “fire of life”. Based on these observations, it isdemonstrated that underlying the Mongolian camel fire ritual people’s worshipof the “Primitive Fire” in ancient times.It is strongly urged in society that support for healing be provided bycommunities and national governments for those individuals afflicted by“Ambiguous Loss”. Such an effort is indispensable. As for ethnic groups traumatisedby a sense of “Ambiguous Loss”, the restoration of their traditionalculture would be an effective method of “cure”. For example, in Inner Mongolia,the “Camel Fire Ritual” was reinstated by Mongolian communities inrecent years. Such an initiative indicates how strongly they are aware of theimportance of their ethnicity, culture and tradition. I was born and broughtup in Inner Mongolia. As a native Mongol anthropologist, I am now activelyengaged with the restoration of Mongolian ethnic culture.

「スニト部のギルーン・バートル」（Sönid-ün Gilügün Bayatur）という人物は，13 世紀のモンゴル・ハーン国時代に大いに活躍した，と年代記はそろって記述する。スニトは13 世紀の『モンゴル秘史』にも見られる有名な部族の名称である。ギルーンは名前で，バートルは「勇士」を意味する爵号である。ギルーン・バートルはまずチンギス・ハーンをまつる八白宮祭祀のなかでその存在が認められる。祭祀者たち（Darqad）にチンギス・ハーンからの恩賜を配る儀礼の場で，ギルーン・バートルの直系子孫を称する者がその祖先の功績に基づいてチンギス・ハーンからの恩賜を拝受する。八白宮祭祀のなかで，ギルーン・バートルはチンギス・ハーンに追随した「4 人のバートル（勇士）」のひとりとして位置づけられている。このような位置づけは17 世紀以降に書かれたモンゴルの年代記の記述とも一致する。 つづいて19 世紀半ば頃の清朝道光年間にギルーン・バートルはもう一度登場する。今度は八白宮の祭祀者ダルハトのひとり，ユムドルジ（Yümdorji）という人物が，自らは13 世紀のギルーン・バートルの直系子孫で，代々八白宮の祭祀者集団内のバートル（勇士）という職掌をつとめてきたと主張する。ユムドルジは税金納入をめぐってオルドスの貴族たちと対立するが，シリンゴル盟のスニト左旗の王公たちの支持をとりつけたため，ことを有利に運ぶ。スニト左旗の王公たちとユムドルジは，13 世紀のスニト部のギルーン・バートルはユムドルジの直接の祖先である，という共通した歴史的認識を有していたことから，ユムドルジを支持したのである。このように，ギルーン・バートルという13 世紀に存在したとされる人物はチンギス・ハーンの八白宮祭祀のなかでその功績がずっと認められてきただけでなく，その子孫を称する人物も広く認知されていた。モンゴルにとって，歴史あるいは歴史上の人物は決して過去のものではなく，現在を活きる存在であることが分かる。, There is a man’s name that appears several times in historic documentsof Mongolia compiled at different times over many centuries. The name isGilügün Bayatur, and the man was from a tribe called Sönid. Sönid is mentionedin The Secret History of the Mongols, which was written in the 13thcentury. To be exact, “Gilügün” was, in fact, his name by birth, whereas“Bayatur” was an acquired title meaning “brave warrior”. Amongst ancientrecords, the oldest reference to “Gilügün Bayatur” is found in the descriptionof the traditional ritual of “Eight White Tents”, which is dedicated to GenghisKhan. Part of the ritual is the reconstruction of a historic scene, in which officiatingpriests called “Darqad” in Mongolian are bestowed with royal gifts byGenghis Khan. Involved with this tradition is a direct descendant of GilügünBayatur, who comes forward to receive the reward from Genghis Khan, thusbeing honoured on behalf of his ancestors for their devotion and allegiance tohis lordship of supremacy. As these proceedings of “Eight White Tents” suggest,Gilügün Bayatur is defined as one of the leading followers of GenghisKhan, manifesting the values of heroic loyalty, and contributing to his lordship’shistoric expedition. As a matter of fact, this great warrior figure concurswith some expressions discovered in Mongolian chronicles from the 17th centuryonward.Following these precedents, the famous warrior appears once again ina manuscript written in the middle of the 19th century during the Dao Guang(道光) era of the Qing dynasty. Contained in this document is a statement bya man named Yümdorji, an officiating priest (Darqad), who claims that he isa legitimate direct descendant of Gilügün Bayatur, the courage of whom wasrecorded in the 13th century archive, and that his family has been serving inthe proceedings of “Eight White Tents” through generations, fulfilling the roleof “Bayatur”. Once Yümdorji was involved in a conflict with local aristocrats(Tayiji) in the Yeke Juu League (Ordos) in relation to an issue of tax payments.As soon as unequivocal support was extended, however, to Yümdorjiby feudal lords of the Sönid East Banner in the Silingol League, the situationturned round entirely in his favour. The reason why the royals of the SönidEast Banner took the side of Yümdorji was that they acknowledged that hewas the legitimate descendant of Gilügün Bayatur from the ethnic group ofSönid during the 13th century. What is worth noting is that the man namedGilügün Bayatur, who is believed to have existed during the 13th century, hasalways been honoured over many centuries in the tradition of “Eight WhiteTents”, the ritual to worship Genghis Khan, for his bravery and dedication.Furthermore, this fact itself emphasizes that historic figures as well as historyare not a mere representation of the past, but that they exist in the present,symbolizing the fundamental values of Mongolia.

本論文は「歴史」の書き方,「歴史」の語り方を分析し,歴史研究と人類学的研究との相互接点を探ろうとするものである。具体的には,19世紀末に発生し,中国北西部と中央アジアを舞台として展開した回民反乱を分析対象とする。回民反乱について,現代中国の通史類は「少数民族による反清朝闘争」であると政治的な評価を下し,回民反乱軍による略奪や虐殺行為に触れていない。一方,各地の地方史誌はr通史が書こうとしなかった回民反乱軍による被害を記述している。また,通史や地方史誌と対照的なのはモンゴルの年代記である。口頭伝承の要素を大いに帯びている年代記は,モソゴル軍の軍功を賞賛するために回民反乱を淡々と描いている。上述の諸史料をさらに回族側の捉え方と比較すると,まったく異なった,鮮明な「生き方の歴史」が浮かび上がってくる。歴史研究における「外部からの視点」と「内なる視点」を検討し,人類学的な歴史研究と「生き方の歴史」との共通性を探求することこそ,過去の出来事を解明する手がかりとなることを強調しておきたい。, In this paper, the way in which "history" is recorded, written ornarrated is analysed, thereby exploring the interface between the studiesof history and anthropology. Specifically, the discussion is focused onthe Hui(M) Rebellion in China, which broke out at the end of the 19thcentury, spreading over a vast area in the north-east of the nation andCentral Asia. State-sponsored publications of history such as Tongshi(A.. general history) or others define the Hui Rebellion as a "revolt byan ethnic minority, which stood against rule by the Qing dynasty".They do not in the least touch upon the pillage, atrocities or massacresperpetrated by the insurgent Hui troops. On the other hand, regionalhistory books that were compiled in various localities describe the seriousdamage caused by the Hui rebel army. Keen attention should be paid toMongolian chronicles compiled over centuries, in the contents of whichwe can find a striking contrast to Tongshi or regional history. Thosechronicles represent the strong influence of the oral tradition of theMongols from ancient times. While admiring the gallant fight that theMongolian army fought against the insurgent troops, the chroniclesdescribe the rise and fall of the Rebellion in a calm and objective manner.Furthermore, when the historical materials used in Tongshi orother state-sponsored publications are compared with the records keptby the Hui rebels, light can be shed from an utterly different angle,revealing more diverse facets of the background, to underscore the"history of people's way of life" incisively. Given these phenomena inhistory writings, it is recommended that both "external" and "internalperspectives" be integrated in the study of history. An emphasis shouldbe placed on the importance of understanding the common attributesand nature of the anthropological approach to history on one hand, andthe "history of a way of life" on the other. I believe that the explorationof the commonality between the two will open up a new road to lead usto the unequivocal elucidation of the historical incidents that humankindhas undergone.

Background The relationship between age at onset (AAO) and major depression (MD) has been studied in US, European and Chinese populations. However, larger sample studies are needed to replicate and extend earlier findings. Methods We re-examined the relationship between AAO and the clinical features of recurrent MD in Han Chinese women by analyzing the phase I ( N =1848), phase II ( N =4169) and total combined data ( N =6017) from the CONVERGE project. Linear, logistic, multiple linear and multinomial logistic regression models were used to determine the association of AAO with continuous, binary and categorical variables. Results The effect size of the association between AAO and clinical features of MD was quite similar in the phase I and phase II samples. These results confirmed that MD patients with earlier AAO tended to suffer more severe, recurrent and chronic illness and cases of MD with earlier AAO showed increased neuroticism, greater family history and psychiatric comorbidity. In addition, we showed that earlier AAO of MD in Han Chinese women was associated with premenstrual symptoms, postnatal depression, a highly authoritarian or cold childhood parental rearing style and a reduced probability for having melancholia. Limitations Data were collected retrospectively through interview and recall bias may have affected the results. Conclusions MD with earlier AAO in Han Chinese women shows a distinct set of clinical features which are similar to those reported in Western populations.

This paper researches on the propagation characteristics of partial discharge in internal GIS. Through the external UHF sensor to receive the electromagnetic wave signals emitted from the surface of the insulator metal pouring hole flange and using the finite difference time domain method, by means of XFDTD modeling, simulation and analysis the propagation characteristics of partial discharge signals in GIS cavity. The result shows that the UHF partial discharge signal along the GIS cavity axis direction emitted from the metal flange pouring hole has the maximum electric field component; electric field strength modulus value in the center is greater than the modulus of both sides, and both sides are symmetrical distribution; the direction of the magnetic field is parallel to long edge and the strength of magnetic field modulus value in the short- side is greater than the midline of long side.

This paper examines the ways in which ‘history’ is recorded, written or narrated, thereby exploring the interface between history and anthropology. The discussion focuses on the Hui Muslim Rebellion in the Qing period, which broke out at the end of the 19th century, spreading over a vast area in the northwest of the empire and Central Asia. State-sponsored publications of history such as Tong shi (General History) or others describe the Hui Rebellion as a ‘revolt by an ethnic minority against the Qing dynasty’. They do not describe the pillage, atrocities and massacres perpetrated by the insurgent Hui troops. However, regional history books compiled in various localities describe the serious destruction caused by the Hui rebel army. The paper also explores the diverse representations of the rebellion by Mongol and Hui historians. While recognising the courage of the Hui insurgents whom the Mongolian army fought, the privately written Mongolian chronicles describe the rise and fall of the Rebellion in a relatively neutral and objective manner. Hui historical sources provide an entirely different perspective, revealing the religious motivation of the rebellion, and providing the basis for the sort of ethnohistorical project that Zhang calls a ‘history of people's way of life’. Given these widely differing perspectives in the historical records, the paper urges the exploration of the commonality between the anthropological approach to history and Zhang's ‘history of a way of life’ approach so as to better elucidate historical incidents that have had a major impact on history.

叙事詩「チンギス・ハーンの二頭の駿馬」は,写本と口頭伝承の形で内蒙古自治区西部オルドス地域を中心に伝わっている。叙事詩の写本は古くからその種類が多く,民間に多数存在する。一方,口頭伝承では「聖主の二頭の駿馬」という民歌で広く知られている。従来の研究は叙事詩の物語の分析に重点をおいてきた。そこで本稿は,叙事詩の写本公開を基本的な目的とする。そのうえで,叙事詩の写本と口頭伝承のテキストとの比較検討を試みる。それによって,写本とロ頭伝承の関連性を明らかにし,叙事詩の物語の再生産についての仮説をうちたてる。, A Mongolian epic Cinggis qayan-u er-e goyar jayal -un tuyuji (TwoGreat Steeds of Cinggis Qayan) has been preserved for centuries in theform both of manuscript and oral tradition, mainly in Ordus, which isan autonomous region in Inner Mongolia. There exist many differentmanuscripts for this epic, which have been collected and reported byresearchers through generations. The entire corpus of manuscripts,however, has not yet been identified or elucidated. On the other hand,the oral tradition has taken the form of "Urtu-yin dayuu" the title ofwhich is "Ejen boyda-yin qoyar jayal" (Two Great Steeds of the HolyQayan) . "Urtu-yin dayuu" literally means a "long song". This paper isaimed at publicising two manuscripts, which the author discovered inOrdus, as well as a text that has existed in the Mongolian People'sRepublic for many years.Conventionally, the study of the epic has centred round the analysisof the stories that are described in it. For this reason, there has not beensufficient academic work to date that aims to compare the written epicwith the "long song", which is the oral tradition. In this paper, in orderto shed light from a new angle, the author aims to identify various formsof the "long song" entitled "Two Great Steeds of the Holy Qayan",which have been passed on through generations of people in Ordus, thuselucidating the structure and content of the oral tradition. Then acomparison will be made between the oral tradition and the manuscriptsin relation to what is described.As for the content, most of the manuscripts which have been discoveredin the Ordus region consist of the following two stories. Thefirst is about two horses, which are called "Yeke Jayal" (Big Jayal) and"Bay-a Jayal" (Small Jayal) . They were born in a huge herd of 100,000horses owned by Cinggis qayan. As they grew as outstanding younghorses, they contributed greatly to the success of the great hunt carriedout by Cinggis Qayan and his men, in which a hunting ground was encircledby hundreds of hunters on horseback who chased wild game outinto the open. Unfortunately, however, despite the high calibre whichboth Jayal demonstrated, they somehow failed to gain legitimate creditfrom people for their contribution.Disappointed and grieved, the two horses left Cinggis Qayan'scourt, running off to the remote countryside, where they spent a fewyears without attending to any official duty or assignment. However,their dedication and loyalty to Cinggis Qayan was so genuine that theycould never forget their Qayan. Eventually they came back to the courtagain. Deeply pleased with their return, Cinggis Qayan set out for agreat hunt again, when everybody generously rewarded the achievementof the horses with sincere words of adoration. To their great pleasure,the two Jayal came to be admired by literally everybody in the country,enjoying the fame. This concludes the first story.Of the two Jayal, Bay-a Jayal (Small Jayal) alone reappears at theend of the second story. The hero in this is a little boy who was takeninto bondage as a hostage and forced to work as a shepherd looking aftera herd of sheep owned by a wealthy man. Although the rich man possessedas many as 100,000 horses, he was utterly ignorant of the value ofhorses, incapable of telling a great steed from others of poor breed.There happened to be a fine horse in the herd, which could run extremelyfast. In the rich man's possession, however, the value of this horse wastotally wasted, without him being given any chance to show his excellence. The boy immediately discovered the outstanding strength andnature of this horse and, a few years later, managed to ride off on hisback to seek freedom from bondage. Unfortunately, however, the boywas chased and recaptured in the end by a pursuer riding "Small Jayal".Tragically enough, "Small Jayal" ran too fast during the chase and exhaustedhimself only to die after running the race. The story ends withthe remarks that, since that incident, great steeds have come to be bornonly in the "Land of the Han", and not anywhere else.It is generally believed that the former half of the epic was constructedduring the dynasty of Mongolia-Qayan in the 13th century,whereas the latter was created between the 14th and 15th centuries. Onthe other hand, the "long song" titled "Two Great Steeds of the HolyQayan" includes only the former half of the epic, which is, in fact, themost moving legend. Whereas those who recite the epic are experts withspecial skill, the "long song" can be performed by almost everybody.Currently the number of specialists who can narrate the epic is gettingextremely low in Ordus. In this context, it would be fair to say that the"long song" titled "Two Great Steeds of the Holy Qayan" was made asa popularisation and simplified version of the authentic epic "Two GreatSteeds of Cinggis Qayan".

The ritual of worshipping Toloi Ejen, the youngest child of CinggisQaan, had been maintained in the Ordus region in Inner Mongolia until1956. In Mongolian society, based on ultimogeniture, the youngestchild is considered to be "the son who keeps the furnace and fire" and inheritsall the property from his forefathers. At the same time, theyoungest child is under an obligation to perform rituals to worship hisfamily's ancestors.In the Ordus region, the ritual clan, which administers the ancestralritual for the youngest son, Toloi Ejen, is called "dargad". The darqadusually worship Toloi Ejen, but they also worship the successiveancestors of the Cinggis Qaan family, on behalf of Toloi Ejen. Theritual in which Cinggis Qaan's ancestors are worshipped is administeredby the same darqad, the ritual clan worshipping Toloi Ejen, and theserituals are called yaril-un tayily-a.This paper will focus on the Toloi Ejen ritual during the era of thelate Ching dynasty and the early Republic of China, and analysehistorical documents. Analysis will also be made of the social structureof the ritual clan, the darqad, which had been administering the ToloiEjen ritual, mainly on the basis of data and materials obtained throughthe field work of the writer. Following that, the actual state of the ToloiEjen ritual is described and particulary, the connection between theToloi Ejen ritual and yaril-un tayily-a will be analyzed. By this, themulti-layered structure of the ancestor worship ritual of the OrdusMongols will be examined. The Toloi Ejen ritual and yaril-un tayily-aare both political rituals to demonstrate the superiority of the prestigiousBorjigin family from which Cinggis Qaan was descended.

Background Phobic fears are common in the general population and among individuals with major depression (MD). We know little about the prevalence, clinical correlates, and structure of phobic fears in Chinese women with MD. Methods We assessed 22 phobic fears in 6017 Han Chinese women with MD. We used exploratory factor analysis to examine the structure of these phobic fears. We examined the relationship between individual phobic fears and the severity of MD, neuroticism, comorbid panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and dysthymia using logistic regression models. Results The frequency of phobic fears ranged from 3.0% (eating in public) to 36.0% (snakes). Phobic fears were significantly associated with more severe MD, high neuroticism, and co-morbid panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and dysthymia. Our factor analysis suggested four underlying subgroups of phobic fears which differed in their clinical correlates, severity and patterns of comorbidity. Limitations Data were collected retrospectively through interview and recall bias may have affected the results. Conclusions Phobic fears are correlated with comorbid MD and more severe MD. These phobic fears clearly subdivide into four subgroups that differ meaningfully from each other.

The distributed control systems are applied widely in communication, navigation and power fields. With growing in both systems complexity and speed of data exchange, the real time performance of systems is required. Existing clock synchronization techniques include those for wide-area network (WAN) applications with large propagation delays, e.g., the Network Time Protocol (NTP), and those for control systems over local-area networks (LANs), e.g., the IEEE 1588 Precise Time Protocol (PTP). However, NTP-like protocols have only millisecond-scale precision, which is too coarse for many LAN applications such as instrument monitoring systems, high-quality digital audio systems and sensor networks. The 1588 PTP like protocols, which are still under development, require support of a highly precise hardware clock. The key point of the existing Ethernet test and measurement is that the method needs to achieve precision clock synchronization between different terminals. In this paper, an improved method is proposed with consideration of the time drift and propagation delay, expressing master-slave synchronization as a linear relationship and inducting the line of least squares fitting algorithm that traded as linear matrix form. The precision time protocol (PTP) is also analyzed in this paper. The experiment results show that the synchronization accuracy reaches sub-microsecond grade, which is the same as the PTP. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i7.2832 Full Text: PDF

A systematic investigation of the thermal conductivity of zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs) doped with nitrogen and containing a vacancy defect was performed using reverse nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (RNEMD). The investigation showed that the thermal conductivity of the ZGNRs was significantly reduced by nitrogen doping. The thermal conductivity dropped rapidly when the nitrogen doping concentration was low. Also, the presence of a vacancy defect was found to significantly decrease the thermal conductivity. Initially, as the vacancy moved from the heat sink to the heat source, the phonon frequency and the phonon energy increased, and the thermal conductivity decreased. When the distance between the vacancy in the ZGNR and the edge of the heat sink reached 2.214 nm, tunneling began to occur, allowing high-frequency phonons to pass through the vacancies and transfer some energy. The curve of the thermal conductivity of the ZGNRs versus the vacancy position was found to be pan-shaped, with the thermal conductivity of the ZGNRs controlled by the phonon. These findings could be useful when attempting to control heat transfer on the nanoscale using GNR-based thermal devices.

A label-free electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) biosensor for the sensitive determination and discrimination of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was developed by employing wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin as molecular recognition element. The EIS biosensor was fabricated by adsorbing carboxyl-functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) onto a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) and subsequently covalently coupling WGA onto the surface of the SWNTs-modified electrode. Upon binding of AFP to the biosensor, the electron transfer resistance was increased and the increase in the electron transfer resistance was linearly proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of AFP in the range from 1 to 100 ng/L with a detection limit of 0.1 ng/L. It was found that the employment of SWNTs as immobilization platform could reduce the background and enhance the EIS response. Moreover, the lectin-based biosensor array fabricated with different lectins was used to evaluate the glycan expression of AFP N-glycan and discriminate AFP between healthy and cancer patients serum samples. This work demonstrates that the employment of carbon nanotubes as immobilization platform and lectin as molecular recognition element in biosensor array is a promising approach for the determination and discrimination of glycoproteins for cancer diagnosis. The strategy proposed in this work could further be used for high-throughput, label-free profiling of the glycan expression of cancer-related glycoproteins and to develop methods for cancer diagnosis in the early stages.

A novel electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor for highly sensitive detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was first developed by employing Concanavalin A (Con A) as a biological recognition element and bis(2,2'-bipyridine)-4'-methyl-4-carboxybipyridine ruthenium (II) (Ru1) complex as the detector. The ECL biosensor was fabricated by adsorbing carboxyl-functionalised single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) onto a paraffin-impregnated graphite electrode and further covalently coupling the Ru1-Con A probe onto the surface of the SWNT-modified electrode. Upon the binding of E. coli O157:H7 (as a model target), the biosensor showed a decreased ECL intensity in the presence of tri-n-propylamine (TPrA), which was in logarithmically direct proportion to the concentration of E. coli over a range from 5.0 × 10(2) to 5.0 × 10(5)cells/mL. The detection limit of this sensor was 127 cells/mL. Additionally, the ECL biosensor also showed satisfactory selectivity in discriminating gram-negative E. coli from gram-positive bacteria. The strategy developed in this study may be a promising approach and could be extended to the design of ECL biosensors for highly sensitive and rapid detection of other desired bacteria.

The atlantodental interval has been usually used for the evaluation of atlantoaxial instability. However, the asymmetry of the lateral atlantodental interval is occasionally found in healthy individuals. Controversy therefore exists as to the clinical significance of this asymmetry in patients after trauma. The purpose of this study was to determine the normal range of atlantodental intervals in normal individuals using reformatted computed tomography. In this study, C1–C2 vertebrae were imaged in 230 adult patients by a Lightspeed Vct CT (General Electric, CT, USA) with a slice thickness of 0.625 mm. After reformatting the original images, the anterior atlantodental interval (AADI) and lateral atlantodental interval (LADI) were measured. The AADI was found to be 1.83 ± 0.46 mm (0.9–3.4 mm) in males and 1.63 ± 0.43 mm (0.5–3.2 mm) in females. The AADI was significantly greater in males than in females (p < 0.05). The 95% confidence interval for AADI was 1.75–1.90 mm in males and 1.54–1.72 mm in females. No statistically significant differences were found between males and females in the left and right LADI, and LADI asymmetry. The left LADI was found to be 3.38 ± 0.87 mm (1.7–6.0 mm), and the right LADI was 3.42 ± 0.84 mm (1.7–5.9 mm) in males, while the left LADI was 3.30 ± 0.73 mm (1.5–5.3 mm) and the right LADI was 3.37 ± 0.92 mm (1.7–5.9 mm) in females. The 95% confidence interval for left LADI was 3.23–3.52 and 2.94–3.25 mm, and for right LADI was 3.27–3.56 and 3.18–3.56 mm in males and females, respectively. The mean asymmetry of LADI was 0.76 ± 0.66 mm (0.0–3.5 mm) in males and 0.73 ± 0.70 mm (0.0–3.7 mm) in females. The 95% confidence interval for LADI asymmetry was 0.65–0.87 mm in males and 0.59–0.88 mm in females. Most of the population was found to have an asymmetry ranging between 0.1 and 2.0 mm. The current study shows that LADI asymmetry is common in patients without any cervical spine abnormalities. LADI asymmetry may be a normal anatomic variant and there is no evidence to confirm that LADI asymmetry is a sensitive or specific indicator of traumatic atlantoaxial instability. Radiologists and clinicians should be aware of this normal range of asymmetry when interpreting CT scans of the atlantoaxial region.

A new type of packed glass capillary column (PGCC) with a core, and its potential usage in practice are described. The permeability of the column is considerably greater than that of conventional PGCC and its N/(Pi-Po) value is also higher. This novel PGCC column has been successfully applied to the analysis of trace levels of ethyne, cyclopropane, propadiene, propyne, and other C1C4 impurities in pure ethene, propene, 1,3-butadiene, and catalytic cracking gas samples as well as other petrochemical gases such as liquified petroleum gas.

The molecular structure of the cage complex Mo(CO)4[iPr2NPO]4PdBr2 has been determined by a single-crystal X-ray analysis. An adamantanoid cage structure featuring a distorted octahedral Mo(0) and a square-planar Pd(II) both chelated by an exo-ditopic P4O4 heterocycle was found.

Applications of gas chromatography in the research of biodiesel processing are reviewed with 27 references, including the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the reaction products and final biodiesel, the determination of mono-, di- and tri-glycerides, the contents and distribution of free fatty acids, and the determination of trace methanol in biodiesel. The effects of various factors for analysis of the reaction products are discussed, such as injection mode, column type and silylation. A method for the determination of trace methanol in biodiesel products with dual-columns and pressure backflush system is proposed. 1-Propanol was used as the internal standard. After methanol and 1-propanol entered the analytical column through pre-column, the pressure was changed to backflush the heavy components through the split vent. A polar PEG-20M column was applied for the analysis of the contents and distribution of FAME in biodiesels from 8 different vegetable oils.

The next certain years, the main duty of information construction of the petroleum enterprise will be the omni-directional support oil industry core business. The software development and management in oilfield also will be important content of the oilfield information construction. Chinese oilfield cannot rely on domestic Software Company or foreign Software Company completely and blindly because of the specialization of the oilfield exploration development and the particularity of Chinese oilfield production and management. Absorbing the advanced software development management idea of Software Company, the Chinese oilfield should rely on own specialist and go out a path that suits the Chinese national condition and Chinese oilfield software development and management. In this process, the software development of Chinese oilfield has two weak sides at present: One is the software demand management; the other is development standardization management. This paper takes the Chinese some oilfield as an example, discusses with emphasis in view of the two weak sides in order to obtain the oilfield actual demand and standardization development.

A method for the separation and determination of sulfur compounds in fluid catalytic cracking gasoline (FCC gasoline) by gas chromatography with a sulfur chemiluminescence detector (GC-SCD) was established. Fifty eight sulfur compounds including mercaptan, sulfide, disulfide, thiophene, alkyl thiophenes, benzothiophene and alkyl benzothiophenes were identified based on their retention indexes and the data obtained from gas chromatography with an atomic emission detector (GC-AED). The effects of flow rate of carrier gas and oven temperature were discussed. Detection reproducibilities of main sulfur compounds (thiophene, n-butyl mercaptan, 2-methylthiophene, 3-methylthiophene, 2,4-dimethylthiophene) in FCC gasoline were satisfactory (RSDs were no more than 5.0%) and detection limit for sulfur was 0.1 mg/L. Using thiophene and benzothiophene as testing samples, it was determined that response factor was independent of the molecular structure of sulfur compounds. The linear range was 0.5-800.0 mg/L sulfur with a correlation coefficient of 0.999.

The separation of polystyrene (PS) latex in sizes of 50 nm and 125 nm has been carried out using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The effects of experimental parameters including pH, the concentration of buffer and the voltage, on the separation were investigated. The optimum electrophoretic conditions were as follows: 8.00 mmol/L NaH2PO4 (adjusted to pH 8.00 with ammonia) as buffer, applied voltage of 26 kV and detection wavelength of 214 nm. The relative standard deviation of the migration time and the peak area of PS50 were 0.3% and 4.7%, respectively. The separation was found to be size-dependent. Larger particles exhibited longer migration time. Stable dispersion condition of PS particles in aqueous solution was obtained by adding PS particles into the buffer.

Chemometrics method was used to solve the problem of automatic selecting model for the detailed hydrocarbon analysis (DHA) of gasoline samples by gas chromatography/ flame ionization detection (GC/FID). The 29 peaks in GC/FID DHA chromatogram and their amounts were selected as the discriminating parameters to establish the five pattern models for different gasoline samples, such as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline, coking gasoline, straight run gasoline, reformed gasoline, and alkylation gasoline. The principle component analysis (PCA) and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogies (SIMCA) were used to classify the gasoline samples and to identify the unknown samples according to the above pattern models. One hundred gasoline samples, derived from known resources, were employed to validate the reliability of the sample identity technique. With the help of the pattern identity method referred here, the automation of GC/FID DHA method becomes possible.

A new method was developed for the determination of average particle diameter and size distribution of ultra-fine beta zeolite by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The dispersion and stabilization conditions of ultra-fine beta zeolite powder in suspensions were investigated by measuring the isoelectric point (IEP) of the powder suspension. Stable dispersion condition of beta zeolite ultrafine particles in aqueous solution was obtained by adding beta zeolite into the buffer (1.25 mmol/L NaHCO3-5 mmol/L Na2CO3, pH 10.82). The calibration equation between migration time and particle size was established to obtain the data of particle diameter by relating the beta zeolite diameters determined by laser particle sizer with the migration time from electropherogram of beta zeolite through the cumulative percentage of particle distribution. The calibration equation between particle size and amount was also established to correct the deviation of the response caused by particle size as the special relating principle suggested in the paper. The method is advantageous in small sample quantity required, low cost and short measurement period for each individual analysis.

A method for the analysis of C4 fluoride compounds in alkylation materials was developed by GC/FID. In order to confirm the presence of C4 fluoride compounds in alkylation materials, 1-fluorobutane, 2-fluorobutane and 2-fluoro-2-methylpropane were synthesized and analysed by GC/FID, gas chromatography/atomic emission detection (GC/AED) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results showed that only 2-fluoro-2-methylpropane existed in the alkylation materials. Based on the properties of element response on GC/AED, the calibration factors of C4 fluoride compounds on GC/FID were calculated. The analysis was performed on OV-225 (50 m x 0.25 mm i. d. x 0.25 microm) and SE-54 (44 m x 0.22 mm i. d. x 0.25 microm) columns, which were connected in series. FID was used as the detector. In quantitative analysis of the alkylation materials the methods of calibration normalization and indirect external standard were suggested. The calibration curves were linear (r = 0.992) in the concentration range of 156 - 700 microL/L. The minimum detection limit of 2-fluoro-2-methylpropane in real samples was 150 microL/L (S/N = 3). The method is simple, reproducible and easy to be applied. The other components in the alkylation materials can also be analyzed if the calibration normalization method is used.

The method for the separation and determination of nitrogen compounds in a typical catalytic diesel oil by gas chromatography-atomic emission detector (GC-AED) was established. Seventy-three nitrogen compounds (including aniline, alkyl anilines, quinoline, indole, alkyl indole, carbazole, alkyl carbazole) in the catalytic diesel oil were qualified based on the retention times of some pure nitrogen compounds and the retention indices of nitrogen compounds. Effects of pressures of various reagent gases on peak area of main nitrogen compounds in diesel oil were examined as well. The pressures of reagent gases were optimized. Retention indices of different nitrogen compounds under temperature programmed condition were calculated. Reproducibilities of peak areas of main nitrogen compounds in the catalytic diesel oil were no more than 8.0%. The detection limit for nitrogen was 1.0 mg/L under specific conditions. The linear range was 2.0 - 600 mg/L for each nitrogen compound and correlation coefficient was greater than 0.998. The method can be successfully applied in the determination of nitrogen compounds in different catalytic diesel oils.

A new method was established for the determination of the size distribution of nano-particles by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The data processing method for acquiring size distribution from primary electropherogram was investigated. The relative standard deviation of migration time was deduced by using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as an internal standard. Scattering effect of nano-particles was studied and a correction equation was established to correct this influence. The experimental results showed that the correction method was effective. After correction, the measuring results for the mixed samples with different mass ratios of PS50 and PS125 were almost the same with their theoretical values and the relative deviation was reduced from 35% to 5%. This method for the determination of size distribution is satisfactory.

A method to establish octane number prediction model based on detailed hydrocarbon analysis (DHA) data is presented. The techniques of fuzzy-clustering and the Euclidian distance are employed to select the samples needed in pattern establishment. One hundred and fifty gasoline samples and an amount of 140 characteristic components in the DHA chromatogram of each sample are used for the fuzzy-clustering research. It is found that the 3 - 10 samples, which have the nearest Euclidian distance (1.5) to the prediction sample in the same cluster, are enough to build the octane number prediction model. The experimental results proved that the model obtained according to the above method has more predictable accuracy, wider application range and higher data resource utility compared with the current prediction method.

Analyses of gasoline range hydrocarbons by gas chromatography are reviewed with 66 references. Methods of high resolution capillary gas chromatography, multidimensional gas chromatography, and gas chromatography with atomic emission detection after bromination are summarized respectively. The advantages and limitations of each method are discussed and solutions for some existing problems are proposed.

A highly sensitive electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) adenosine aptasensor was designed by simply adsorbing a ruthenium complex-tagged aptamer on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). A specific anti-adenosine binding aptamer was used as the recognition molecular element and ruthenium(II) complex (Ru1) was used as the ECL signal compound. Ru1-tagged aptamer was utilized as an ECL probe and the ECL probe was non-covalently assembled on the surface of the SWNTs to form an ECL probe/SWNTs composite. Analyte adenosine was bound with the aptamer of the ECL probe on the SWNTs so that the ECL probe was moved away or dropped from the SWNTs, resulting in the decrease of ECL signal. The results showed that the decreased ECL intensity was directly related to the logarithm of adenosine concentration in the range from 1.0 × 10−10 M to 5.0 × 10−7 M with a detection limit of 5.0 × 10−11 M. This work demonstrates that the strategy of simply adsorbing ECL probe/SWNTs composites as a biosensing platform is a promising approach to design ECL aptasensors with high sensitivity and selectivity.

The aim of this research work is to provide a systematic method to perform molecular attraction impact between contacting surfaces in micro-gear train. This method is established by integrating involute profile analysis and molecular dynamics simulation. A mathematical computation of micro-gear involute is presented based on geometrical properties, Taylor expression and Hamaker assumption. In the meantime, Morse potential function and the cut-off radius are introduced with a molecular dynamics simulation. So a hybrid computational method for the Van Der Waals force between the contacting faces in micro-gear train is developed. An example is illustrated to show the performance of this method. The results show that the change of Van Der Waals force in micro-gear train has a nonlinear characteristic with parameters change such as the modulus of the gear and the tooth number of gear etc. The procedure implies a potential feasibility that we can control the Van Der Waals force by adjusting the manufacturing parameters for gear train design.

The models of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with angles 0°, 30°, 60°, 90° and 120° were constructed to investigate the thermal conduction by using the reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics method. A substantially negative correlation between the thermal conductivity and the bent angle shows a nonlinear decline from 0° to 90°. It also shows that there is a little increase from 90° to 120° due to the edge effect. To weaken the edge effect, the nitrogen doping method is adopted to recompose the bent GNRs. The results show that it is effective for the thermal management, and a strict monotonous relationship between the thermal conductivity and bent angle can be obtained. In the meantime, an interesting phenomenon is observed that the GNRs with edge modification by N-doping can get a much better thermal conduction than original GNRs without edge modification. We can understand the physical mechanism by phonon analysis for these GNRs. The investigation implies that we can change the thermal conductivity of GNRs by design by N-doping.