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Close contact with infected animals is one of the main risk factors for zoonotic transmission of enteric protozoan parasite Blastocystis and thus, several animal species are being screened for the detection of the zoonotic subtypes. For this purpose, 22 fecal samples were collected from healthy cattle aged > 2 months and 39 fecal samples were also collected from cattle (aged, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [119S785]; Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit [TGA-020-20850], This study was partially supported by a project provided by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Project number: 119S785) to H.C and Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (Project number: TGA-020-20850) to M.K.

Çerezler, Avrupa Birliği’nde 2002/58/EC sayılı Direktif (E-Gizlilik Directifi) ile özel olarak düzenlenmektedir. Ancak, teknojik gelişme ve modern ihtiyaçlara cevap veremeyen bu düzenlemenin yakın bir gelecekte yerini E-Gizlilik Tüzüğüne bırakması beklenmektedir. E-Gizlilik Tüzüğü, Genel Veri Koruma Tüzüğü’nün elektronik haberleşme sektöründeki yansıması ve parçası olarak hazırlanmış olup, Tüzük kapsamında öne çıkan konulardan başlıca bir tanesi ise çerez uygulamalarıdır. AB hukukundan farklı olarak, Türk hukukunda tüm çerez uygulamaları bakımından doğrudan doğruya uygulanabilir bir düzenleme bulunmadığından, çerezlerin tabi olduğu kurallara ilişkin bir belirsizlik söz konusudur. Bu bağlamda, Türk hukuku çerez düzenlemeleri bakımından AB mevzuatının gerisinde kalmakta, güncel ihtiyaçlara yanıt verememekte ve sektörün beklentilerini karşılayamamaktadır. 6698 sayılı Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Kanunu da münhasıran çerezlerin tabi olacağı hukuki rejimi düzenlemek amacıyla kaleme alınmadığından, güncel soru ve ihtiyaçlara yanıt verememektedir. Dijital çağın gereklerini yakalayabilmek ve AB ile sürdürülebilir bir ekonomik ve politik ilişki kurabilmek için, Türk hukukunun AB mevzuatı ve teknolojik gelişmelerle uyumlu hale getirilmesi gerekmektedir., In the European Union, cookies have been specifically regulated under 2002/58/EC (E-Privacy Directive). However, such Directive fails to reflect technological advancements and to answer modern needs. Therefore, it is expected to be replaced by the E-Privacy Regulation soon. E-Privacy Regulation is an extension of the General Data Protection Regulation in the field of electonic communications sector and one of the main subjects that stands out within the Regulation is cookies. Unlike EU law, in Turkish law, there is no direct regulation applicable to all cookies and this causes uncertainty with respect to the applicable rules. In this regard, Turkish law falls behind EU standards in terms of cookie regulations and currently Turkish law is unable to respond to current needs and to meet the expectations of the market. Personal Data Protection Law No. 6698 is also unable to answer current problems as it has not prepared to exclusively legislate cookies. To catch up with the needs of the digital era and establish sustainable relations with European Union, Turkish law must be revised in accordance with the EU law and the latest technological advancement.

BackgroundThe emergence of tick-borne disease is increasing because of the effects of the temperature rise driven by global warming. In Turkey, 19 pathogens transmitted by ticks to humans and animals have been reported. Based on this, this study aimed to investigate tick-borne pathogens including Hepatozoon spp., Theileria spp., Babesia spp., Anaplasma spp., Borrelia spp., and Bartonella spp. in tick samples (n = 110) collected from different hosts (dogs, cats, cattle, goats, sheep, and turtles) by molecular methods.MethodsTo meet this objective, ticks were identified morphologically at the genus level by microscopy; after DNA isolation, each tick sample was identified at the species level using the molecular method. Involved pathogens were then investigated by PCR method.ResultsSeven different tick species were identified including Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R. turanicus, R. bursa, Hyalomma marginatum, H. anatolicum, H. aegyptium, and Haemaphysalis erinacei. Among the analyzed ticks, Hepatozoon spp., Theileria spp., Babesia spp., and Anaplasma spp. were detected at rates of 6.36%, 16.3%, 1.81%, and 6.36%, respectively while Borrelia spp. and Bartonella spp. were not detected. Hepatozoon spp. was detected in R. sanguineus ticks while Theileria spp., Babesia spp., and Anaplasma spp. were detected in R. turanicus and H. marginatum. According to the results of sequence analyses applied for pathogen positive samples, Hepatozoon canis, Theileria ovis, Babesia caballi, and Anaplasma ovis were identified.ConclusionTheileria ovis and Anaplasma ovis were detected for the first time to our knowledge in H. marginatum and R. turanicus collected from Turkey, respectively. Also, B. caballi was detected for the first time to our knowledge in ticks in Turkey., Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit [TGA-2020-21040], This study was supported by a project given by the Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (Project number: TGA-2020-21040) to H.C.

COVID-19 has changed the way we teach. Today, we have become far more experienced in the delivery of distance education and use of online tools. However, the quality of distance education and learning outcomes have become a matter of ongoing debate. Just as higher education aims to develop high-level skills in its students, researchers are seeking ways to perform valid and reliable assessment in distance education. Institutions and educators are also in search of assessment tools that can help prevent instances of cheating and plagiarism. However, performance-based assessment tools may also offer options to measure both high-level skills and in limiting cheating behaviors. In this study, we used the take-home exam as a formative remote assessment tool as a local case in Turkey. We surveyed the views of 43 undergraduate students about the quality of take-home exams as a remote assessment tool. The results showed that participants had a high quality perception about the use of take-home exam, especially with regards to being kept informed about evaluation and scoring, rapid assessment, the provision of feedback, and consistency of scope between assessment and course content. Whereas students highly perceived the use of take-home exams, they reported more moderate views regarding take-home exams increasing the level of interaction with their peers. The results of this study suggest that the use of take-home exams is significantly preferred by higher education students, that it is a reliable and distinctive way to measure students’ academic performance, and may increase student-teacher interaction through its formative use.

Toxoplasma gondii has a very wide host range and infects all warm-blooded animals including humans. The disease causes great economic losses both in animals and humans. Vaccination is the most effective approach to fight against toxoplasmosis however an effective vaccine has not been developed yet. In the present study, GRA8 protein of T. gondii that showed high immunogenicity in our previous microarray screening study was used to develop a DNA vaccine using pcDNA 3.3 vector for the first time. In order to increase the potency of the DNA vaccine, 10 times lower amount of GRA8 DNA vaccine was combined with molecular adjuvant CpG and formulated into a commercial liposome (pcDNA3.3-GRA8+CpG+Escort). Mice were vaccinated intramuscularly two times at three-week intervals and challenged orally with the T. gondii PRU strain tissue cysts. The humoral immune response was determined by Western Blot and ELISA. The cellular immune response was analyzed by flow cytometry, cytokine ELISA and MTT assay. Among the vaccine groups, pcDNA3.3-GRA8 and pcDNA3.3-GRA8+CpG+Escort induced strong IgG response compared to controls (P < 0.001). The IgG1 and IgG2a responses showed a balanced Th1-Th2 polarization. The ratio of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes secreting IFN-gamma increased, and significantly higher extracellular IFN-gamma secretion was achieved compared to the controls (P < 0.01). The amount of tissue cysts in the group of mice vaccinated with pcDNA3.3-GRA8 decreased significantly compared to control groups (P < 0.0001). In the group vaccinated with pcDNA3.3-GRA8+CpG+Escort, the amount of tissue cysts also decreased significantly compared to PBS (P = 0.0086) and Empty plasmid+CpG+Escort (P = 0.0007) groups. This study showed for the first time that pcDNA 3.3. vector encoding GRA8 with or without CpG and Liposome can induce strong cellular and humoral immune responses and confer strong protection against mouse model of chronic toxoplasmosis., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [119S367], This study was supported by the Grant given by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (119S367) to M.D. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Amaç: Toksoplasma gondii insan ve sıcakkanlı hayvanlarda hastalıklara neden olan bir protozoondur. Bu çalışmanın amacı toksoplazmozis tanısı için T.gondii tekrar bölgesine (RE) özgü primerlerin tasarlanması ile geliştirilen floresans esaslı hızlı LAMP testinin analitik hassasiyetini belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: PZR ile elde edilen T. gondii RE, pCR2.1-TOPO vektörüne klonlanmıştır. Spesifik primerler kullanılarak geliştirilen LAMP testinin analitik hassasiyeti pCR2.1-RE vektörünün seri seyreltmeleri ile belirlenmiştir. Bulgular: T. gondii RE genine özgü tasarlanan primerler ile geliştirilen LAMP testinin analitik hassasiyetinin 10≤kopya plazmit/reaksiyon olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Geliştirilen test 0,05 takizoit saptama limitine sahip olup oldukça hassas bir testtir. LAMP testinin kolay, ucuz, hızlı ve saha koşullarına uygun olması ve diğer moleküler testlerden daha hassas olması nedeniyle umut verici olduğu öngörülmektedir.

Cataloged from PDF version of article. Thesis (M.S.): Bilkent University, Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University, 2021. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-81). Optical fibers have been acting in a very crucial role in telecommunication and non-telecom industries like medicine, machining, sensing as well as in lasers and amplifiers when they are doped with rare earth ions for their remarkable features such as very good beam quality, high power generation and low cost after the fab-rication of first low-loss optical fibers in early 1970s. However, these outstanding properties are deteriorated when optical fibers are exposed to ionizing radiation limiting their use in nuclear power plants and space applications. The main fabrication method of silica optical fibers, Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD), as well as the effects of compositional variations of optical fibers on the gamma radiation resistance were highlighted by this thesis. Optically sound and robust fibers were evaluated through optical and chemical characterization methods and the light guiding abilities of them were measured before and after gamma radiation exposure to reveal its effects. Ytterbium-doped silica optical fibers showed significant transmission losses due to the creation of color centers by ionizing radiation exposure which were characterized and their contribution to radiation induced attenuation was described. Growth and recovery of these color centers at room temperature were analysed. Suggestions in terms of chem-ical composition for the fabrication of radiation resistant fibers as well as fiber dosimeters were made. The techniques that should be utilized for further recovery of the fibers were proposed. by Hüseyin Can Çamiçi M.S.

Şenel, Selma (Balikesir Author), Universities have made a compulsory shift to distance education due to the Covid-19 pandemic. All of the higher education instutitions in Turkey have completed 2019-2020 Spring semester using online tools. However, most of these institutions were not fully-prepared to have all of their courses online. Technical inadequencies, lack of qualified online tools, inexperience of instructors and students in distance education have emerged as major issues that instutitions have to face. In addition to all, a new question arised; which approaches will be used for assessment. This study aimed to seek the common assessment approaches used through pandemic, how students perceived the quality of the assessment and the pros and cons of using these practices. Additionally, we examined whether participants' perceptions about quality of the assessment differ according to interaction with faculty members and use of online tests. Researchers employed survey design to reply four research questions and used a three-part instrument to collect qualitative and quantitative data. 486 students from 61 universities voluntarily participated in the study. Results indicated assignments are the mostly used tools and students are generally satisfied about the quality of the assessment practices. Another result is that students who interact with faculty members are more satisfied with the quality of the assessment practices. This emphasizes the importance of formative assessment and feedback in remote assessment. Further, students who took online tests are more satisfied with the quality of assessment. Suggestions were made for future research.

Background: Cytidine monophospho-n-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene associated with blood groups in cats encodes CMAH enzyme that converts Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc. Although variations in CMAH gene of pedigree cats have been revealed, the presence/lack of them in non-pedigree stray cats is unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the variations in CMAH gene and the quantity of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc on erythrocytes of non-pedigree stray cats (n:12) living in İzmir, Turkey. Also, the frequency of blood types was determined in 76 stray cats including 12 cats that were used for CMAH and Neu5A/Neu5Gc analysis. Results: In total, 14 SNPs were detected in 5’UTR as well as in exon 2, 4, 9, 10, 11 and 12 of CMAH gene. Among these SNPs, -495 C > T in 5’UTR was detected for the first time as heterozygous in type A and AB cats, and homozygous and heterozygous in type B cats. The remaining 13 that have been detected in previous studies were also found as homozygous or heterozygous. Both Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac were detected in type A and AB cats. In type B cats, only Neu5Ac was detected. Among two type AB cats, the level of Neu5Ac was found higher in cat carrying heterozygous form (T/C) of 1392T > C. The prevalence of type B cats (67.1 %) was higher than others. Conclusions: The presence of a new SNP as well as previous SNPs indicates that more variations can be found in stray cats with a more comprehensive study in the future. Also, the high prevalence of type B cats demonstrates the possible risk of neonatal isoerythrolysis among stray cats living in İzmir, Turkey. © 2021, The Author(s)., 218Z105 Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştirma Kurumu, TÜBITAK, This study was supported by a project given by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) (Project number: 218Z105) to C.Ü. The funding bodies played no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.

In this study, compact materials were fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) method using copper-silver core-shell particles obtained by electroless coating method. The effect of SLM parameters such as laser power, scanning speed and hatch spacing on the important properties such as microstructure, density and electrical conductivity of compacts produced from core-shell particles was investigated. This study significantly contributes to the fact that the parameters used in the fabrication of copper-silver-based materials with the SLM method directly affect the properties of the compacts. The results showed that the silver shell thickness obtained on the core of copper powders by electroless plating method varied between 1 and 3 mu m and was distributed homogeneously. It was also found that the highest apparent density value among all samples was obtained above about 99% from the sample where 100 W power, 250 mm/s scanning speed and 45% hatch spacing values were used. In addition the highest electrical conductivity value was obtained for these conditions.

This study aimed to investigate the Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) / Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection prevalence among looking healthy stray cats in Western Turkey by serologic and molecular-based tests. A total of 1008 blood samples from the stray cats were used in this study. All samples were tested for FIV antibodies / proviral DNA and FeLV antibodies / antigens / proviral DNA. The genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of FeLV and FIV were carried out in this study. These cats also tested for Leishmaniasis and Toxoplasmosis previously. FIV Ab and proviral DNA detected in 25.2 % and 25.5 % of samples, respectively. FeLV Ab, Ag, proviral DNA positivity was in 45.2 %, in 3.3 %, in 69.7 %, respectively. The molecular detection and phylo-genetic analysis of the current FeLV pol gene and FIV gag gene performed. The molecular characterization for the pol gene of FeLV (enFeLV and exFeLV) among Turkey's cat population was reported for the first time. The exFeLV pol sequences closer to the FeLV-A genotype, and the enFeLV pol sequences overlapped with other enFeLV. The current FIV gag sequences were clustered within the subtypes A, B, and C. The findings revealed FeLV subtype A and FIV subtype-A, subtype-B, subtype-C circulate among Turkish stray cats. Single and multiple co-infection positivity was found higher compared to previous reports.

BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidium spp. is a protozoan parasite that infects many vertebrate animals, including humans. Since Cryptosporidium spp. can cause chronic life-threatening diarrhea and severe malabsorption in immunocompromised patients, we investigated the prevalence of this parasite among patients undergoing chemotherapy for malignant solid tumors. OBJECTIVE: Investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in stool samples. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Tertiary care. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Stool samples were collected from adult patients with malignant solid tumors receiving chemotherapy and diarrhea. Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence was determined using Ziehl-Neelsen staining, ELISA, and real-time PCR targeting of the COWP gene. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in patients undergoing chemotherapy for malignant solid tumors. SAMPLE SIZE: 94 RESULTS: The prevalence was 2.1% (2/94), 5.3% (5/94), and 5.3% (5/94) as detected by Ziehl-Neelsen staining, real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. The prevalence reached 8.5% (8/94) using all results obtained from the three methods. Among eight positive stool samples, four were positive by at least two different methods (Ziehl-Neelsen staining-ELISA or ELISA-real-time PCR) whereas the remaining four were positive by either ELISA or real-time PCR. CONCLUSION: These findings show the risk of cryptosporidiosis in cancer patients and the necessity to use at least two diagnostic methods during the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis to reach more accurate and trustworthy results. LIMITATIONS: Further studies with a larger sample size are recommended. CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None., Izmir Katip Celebi University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit [x 2018-TDU-TIPF-0055], Izmir Katip Celebi University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit x 2018-TDU-TIPF-0055 to A.A.

The purpose of this study was to discover the perceptions of university students studying undergraduate in sports sciences about education in this field through the metaphors they produce. For this purpose, the phenomenology pattern, as part of qualitative research approaches, was used in the research. 83 university students (Kastamonu University, Siirt University, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University and Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University) who were selected according to maximum diversity sampling as part of purposeful sampling methods participated in the study. The personal information form and semi-structured forms developed by the researcher were used in the data collection phase. While analyzing the data, the metaphors created by the participants for the concept of “Sports sciences undergraduate student” were listed and categorized. In the analysis of the data; content analysis method was used. Metaphors obtained within the scope of the research; It indicated that being a student in the field of sports science was perceived as a process that requires effort, discipline and talent, has the opportunity to apply different sports branches, and contributes to being an instructive, leader and versatile individuals. In addition, it was seen that the participants evaluate this process as a pleasant education process in a valuable field, as well as emphasizing the problems of education and employment problems., Bu araştırmanın amacı, spor bilimleri alanında lisans öğrenimi görmekte olan üniversite öğrenicilerinin, bu alanda eğitim öğretim görmek konusundaki algılarını ürettikleri metaforlar yoluyla keşfetmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda araştırmada nitel araştırma yaklaşımla-rından fenomenoloji deseni kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden maksimum çeşitlilik örneklemesi ile seçilen 83 üniversite öğrencisi (Kastamonu Üniversitesi, Siirt Üniversitesi, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi ve Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi) katılmıştır. Verilerin toplanması aşamasında araştırmacı tarafından oluşturulan kişisel bilgi formu ve yarı yapılandırılmış formlar kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde; içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi yapılırken “Spor bilimleri alanı lisans öğrencisi” kavramına yönelik, katılımcıların oluşturduğu metaforlar listelenerek, kategorilere ayrılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında elde edilen metaforlar spor bilimleri alanında lisans öğrencisi olmanın; çaba, disiplin ve yetenek gerektiren, farklı sportif branşları uygulama olanağı bulunan, öğretici lider ve çok yönlü bireyler olmaya katkı veren bir süreç olarak algılandığına işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca katılımcıların bu süreci, değerli bir alanda keyifli eğitim öğretim süreci olarak değerlendirmelerinin yanı sıra eğitim öğretim yetersizlikleri ve istihdam sorunlarına da vurgu yaptıkları görülmektedir.

Bu çalışmada Fibonacci altın oranın ekonomi için ne ifade edebileceği açıklanmıştır. İlk olarak Fibonacci serisinin ne olduğu ve hangi bilimlerde nasıl kullanıldığı anlatılmış daha sonra iktisat biliminde nasıl kullanılabileceği tartışılmıştır. Bunun için Solow ekonomik büyüme modelinin altın oranı ile kıyas yapılmıştır. Bu kıyası ise milli gelir muhasebesinden yola çıkılarak basit Keynes harcama denklemi kullanılmıştır. Böylece milli gelirin ne kadarının tüketime ne kadarının tasarrufa ayrılması gerektiği Fibonacci altın oranıyla belirlenmiştir. Bu mukayeseyi yapmak için Solow büyüme modeli altın oranı matematiksel olarak açıklanarak Fibonacci altın oranına olan benzerliği anlatılmıştır. Bu benzerlik ise Solow modelinin ekonmometrik analizi ile Fibonacci oranına yakınsadığı ispatlanmıştır. Ekonometrik analiz 22 OECD ülkesinin verileri kullanılarak panel veri yöntemi kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak Fibonacci altın oranının diğer bilimlerde olduğu gibi sosyal bir bilim olan iktisatta da bir yer edinebileceği vurgulanmıştır In this study, it is explained what the Fibonacci gold ratio can mean for the economy. Firstly, what is the Fibonacci series and how it is used in science is explained. Then how to use it in economics. For this, the economic growth model of Solow is compared with Fibonacci. This coastline is based on simple income accounting and simple Keynes expenditure equation is used. Thus, how much of national income should be allocated between consumption and saving is determined by Fibonacci gold ratio. To do this, the Solow growth model's gold ratio is mathematically explained to describe the similarity to the Fibonacci gold ratio. This similarity proves via econometric analysis that the Solow model converges to Fibonacci ratio. Econometric analysis was analyzed by panel data method using data from 22 OECD countries. As a result, it is emphasized that Fibonacci gold ratio can be a place in economics which is a social science as in other sciences.

This paper is about the relation between giant companies and uncertainty of the monetary rule. The uncertainty comes from the decisions of the giant capitalists which are holding huge amount of capital and their future expectation. Their expectations and decisions are important for the future because their revenues are almost a country’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Therefore, their revenues are big enough to affect economies. The main difference of the paper is the adding the decisions of the giant companies in a basic rational expectation model. Also, subject of the paper depends on Marxian monopolistic competition and surplus value theories. As a result, monetary authority is affecting the output, but unknown result so monetary rule is not efficient for stabilizing economy. New Classical Economy proposes the similar result. However, this paper explains why monetary policy is ineffective for stabilizing economy considering decisions of the giant capitalist. Büyük şirketlerin bugünün ekonomilerinde büyük etkileri vardır. Beklentileri ve kararları gelecek için önemlidir, çünkü neredeyse bir ülkenin GSYİH'sini (Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla) kazanırlar. Bu nedenle, karları ekonomileri etkileyecek kadar büyüktür. Bu şirketler ekonomiler için önemli birer belirleyiciler haline geliyorlar. Varsayımlarımıza göre, karlarını reel sektörlere yatırım yapma veya bankalara borç verme yoluyla kullanabilmektedirler. Ancak, bankacılık sisteminin iyi çalışmaması toplam tasarrufların toplam yatırımlara eşit olmamasına sebep oluyor. Bu nedenle, ekonomi eksik kapasiteyle çalışıyor olacaktır. Ayrıca, mevcut toplam talep yatırımları içermektedir Para otoritesinin para politikası ekonomiyi istikrara kavuşturmakta etkili değildir çünkü büyük şirketlerin beklentilerinin, kararlarının bilmemektedirler. Bu makale de bu varsayımlarımızı rasyonel beklenti modeli ile nasıl olduğunu gösteriyoruz.

Trigeminal nevralji (TN), hastanın yaşam kalitesini oldukça düşürenşiddetli ağrılar ile karakterize, hastaların yüksek intihar eğilimi nedeniyle“intihar hastalığı” olarakta bilinen bir nevropatik hastalıktır. Teşhisinin zorolması ve bulguların birçok başka hastalık ile karıştırılması nedeniyle,hastalığın toplumda görülme oranlarının rapor edilene göre oldukça yüksekolduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Geçmişten günümüze tedavisi ile ilgili yapılan tümçalışmalarda ortak payda, hastalığa ne kadar erken müdahele edilirse, hastanınağrılarının azaltılma ihtimalinin o kadar yüksek olacağıdır. TN’ninsemptomlarının diş kaynaklı ağrılar ile ilişkilendirilmesi sıklıklakarşılaşılan bir durumdur. Genellikle bu tip hastalarda ilgili bölgedeki diş yada dişlere kanal tedavisi yapıldığı hatta çekildiği görülür. Bu durum hemhastanın sağlıklı dişlerinin gereksiz ve yanlış tedaviler görmesine yol açmaktahem de TN teşhisinin konulmasını geciktirmektedir. Dolayısıyla diş hekiminintrgimenial nevralji hakkında bilgi sahibi olması ve bu bölgelerde yaşananağrılar konusunda ayırıcı tanılara eklemesi önem taşımaktadır. Bu derlemedegeçmişten günümüze literatür bilgilerinden TN teşhis ve tedavileri hakkındahekimlerin bilgi edinebilecekleri bir kaynak oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır.AnahtarKelimeler: trigeminal nevralji, fasiyal ağrı, trigeminalsinir, trigeminal sinir hastalıkları, myofasiyal ağrı sendromlarıTRIGEMINAL NEURALGIAABSTRACTTrigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a neuropathic disorder known as"suicide disease" due to the high suicidal tendency of the patients,characterized by severe pain that significantly reduces the quality of life ofthe patient. Because the diagnosis is difficult and the findings are similarwith many other diseases, it is estimated that the incidence of the disease inthe society is considerably higher than reported. The consensus in all thestudies on past day-to-day treatment is that The sooner the disease isdiagnosed, its the more likely the patient's pain will be treated. It is oftenthe case that the symptoms of TN are associated with tooth-borne pain.Generally, it is seen that in this kind of cases, the tooth or teeth in therelated region are root canal treated or even extracted. This leads tounnecessary and incorrect treatment of the healthy teeth of the patient as wellas delaying the diagnosis of TN. Therefore, it is important for the dentist tohave knowledge about trigeminal neuralgia and add this disease for thedifferential diagnosis of pain in these areas. In this review, it is aimed tocreate a resource that physicians can learn about TN diagnosis and treatmentsfrom the contemporary literature data.Keywords: trigeminal neuralgia, facial pain, trigeminalnerve, trigeminal nerve diseases, myofascial pain syndromes

Background Diarrhea caused by parasitic agents is common in neonatal calves and causes significant economic losses in cattle farms worldwide. Cryptosporidium spp. is one of the most frequently detected parasitic agents causing diarrhea in neonatal calves. Also, Giardia intestinalis is shown to cause diarrhea in calves. This study aimed to investigate the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in calves (n:36), cows (n: 11), drinking water and two different artesian water supplies as well as in environmental swap samples (n:32) obtained from the manger, silage, bottle, and doorknob in a dairy farm which has big diarrhea problems. For this purpose, all fecal samples investigated with using direct microscopy for routine parasitological screening. Then, the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. was examined in feces samples and other environmental samples using Kinyoun acid-fast stained slides and Real-Time PCR targeting Cryptosporidium spp.. In addition, Real-Time PCR positive samples were investigated by nested PCR and subsequently by sequencing, BLAST, and phylogenetic analysis for species identification by MEGA7. Results Giardia intestinalis was detected in 10 feces samples (21,27%; 10/47) during routine microscopic examination. Among them, 9 belonged to calves older than two months without diarrhea, and one belonged to an adult cow. Cryptosporidium spp. was found in 11 calves (30.55%; 11/36) by Real-Time PCR, whereas no cows were found positive. Among the PCR positive samples, only five of them were detected as positive by microscopy. Cryptosporidium spp. positivity value was found higher in younger than two month old calves with diarrhea (9/12; 75%). Also, Cryptosporidium spp. was found in one of two water supplies and five of environmental samples by real-time PCR. Of the 18 real time positive samples, 8 were found positive by nested PCR and all positive samples were detected to be Cryptosporidium parvum by sequencing, BLAST, and phylogenetic analysis. Conclusions Our findings showed the importance of C. parvum infection in diarrhea cases occurred in calves. Besides the correct diagnosis and treatment of Cryptosporidium spp. contaminated water resources, and hygiene measures are very important for preventing the cryptosporidiosis in dairy farms.

In this work, copper based electrical materials, which has high electrical and thermal conductivity and enhanced oxidation resistance, were fabricated from silver coated copper powders by hot pressing method. Electroless coating process was used to synthesis Ag coated copper powders. For this aim, copper powders were coated with silver in an electroless silver bath in which sodium potassium tartrate (C4H4O6KNa4H2O) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) was used as reducing agent, source of silver ion. Scanning electron microscope for investigation of microstructure and morphology of silver coated copper powders and X-ray diffraction to determine the phase types were used. Compared with the pure Cu samples, Ag coated copper Cu samples exhibits excellent electrical conductivity (92 IACs), good hardness (76 BHN), and oxidation resistance ( 0,281wt% at 500 °C and 60 min.), Bu çalışmada, yüksek elektriksel iletkenliğe sahip ve oksidasyon direnci arttırılmış bakır esaslı elektrik malzemeleri, sıcak presleme yöntemi ile gümüş kaplı bakır tozları kullanılarak üretilmiştir. Gümüş kaplı bakır tozlarının sentezlenmesinde akımsız kaplama yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu amaçla bakır tozları, indirgeyici olarak sodyum potasyum tartarat (C4H4O6KNa4.H2O) ve iyon kaynağı olarak gümüş nitratın (AgNO3) kullanıldığı akımsız gümüş banyosunda gümüş ile kaplanmıştır. Gümüş kaplı bakır tozların mikro yapısı ve morfolojisini araştırmak için taramalı elektron mikroskobu ve faz türlerini belirlemek için X-ışını kırımı kullanılmıştır. Homojen mikroyapı ve yüksek yoğunluğa sahip bakır esaslı elektrik malzemeleri, gümüş kaplı bakır tozların sıcak preslenmesi ile imal üretilmiştir. Saf bakır numunelerle karşılaştırıldığında gümüş kaplı bakır numuneler mükemmel elektrik iletkenliği (92 IACs), iyi derecede sertlik (76 Brinell) ve oksidasyon direnci ( % 0,281-560 °C ve 60 dak.) göstermektedir.

Uysal, Serhat (Balikesir Author), Aim Influenza vaccination is the most effective method in prevention of influenza disease and its complications. Our study aimed to investigate the rates of vaccination and the behaviours and attitudes against the vaccine in healthcare workers in Turkey. Methods This multicentre national survey is a descriptive study in which 12 475 healthcare workers. Healthcare workers were asked to answer the questionnaire consisting of 12 questions via the survey. Results It was found that 6.7% of the healthcare workers regularly got vaccinated each year and that 55% had never had the influenza vaccine before. The biggest obstacle against getting vaccinated was determined as not believing in the necessity of the vaccine (53.1%). Conclusion The rates of influenza vaccination in healthcare workers in Turkey are quite low. False knowledge and attitudes on the vaccine and disease are seen as the most important reasons to decline vaccination. It is important to detect reasons for anti-vaccination and set a course in order to increase the rates of vaccination.

BackgroundToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, avian species and humans. Toxoplasmosis is asymptomatic in healthy individuals, whereas it may lead to death in immune suppressed or deficient patients. A vaccine against T. gondii is required to prevent consequences of the infection. the aim of this study is to generate a multivalent recombinant protein vaccine against T. gondii.Methods49 previously discovered antigenic proteins of T gondii were evaluated by their expression level in E. coli and by comprehensive bioinformatics analyses to determine antigenic epitopes. Based on these analyses, six vaccine candidate proteins were selected to generate a hexavalent recombinant protein vaccine adjuvanted with Montanide ISA 50V. Humoral and cellular immune responses were determined by flow cytometry and ELISA. Vaccinated mice were challenged with T. gondii Ankara strain tachyzoites.ResultsIn mice vaccinated with hexavalent vaccine, strong total IgG (P, Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [110S200], This study was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) grant 110S200 to AYG. the funding bodies played no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.

In genome of SARS-CoV-2, the 5’-terminus encodes a polyprotein (pp1ab), which is further cleaved into 15 non-structural proteins (nsp-1 to nsp-10 and nsp-12 to nsp-16) whereas the 3’ terminus encodes four structural proteins (spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid) and eight accessory proteins (3a, 3b, p6, 7a, 7b, 8b, 9b, and orf14). Among these 27 proteins, the present study aimed to discover likely antigenic proteins and epitopes to be used for during the development of a vaccine or serodiagnostic assay using a reverse vaccinology in silico approach. For this purpose, after the full genome analyses of SARS-CoV-2 isolates, viral surface proteins including spike, envelope and membrane proteins as well as proteins with predicted signal peptide were determined as probable vaccine candidates whereas the remaining were considered as possible antigens to be used during development of serodiagnostic assays. According to results, the phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from 31 different countries showed two significant clusters in which one was clustered with China-Wuhan and the other one with China-Yunnan isolates. During the analyses, 105 SNPs were identified that resulted in change in 70 amino acid positions. Among the 27 proteins, 26 of them were predicted as probable antigen, except nsp-16. In 26 proteins, spike protein was selected as the best vaccine candidate because of having a signal peptide, negative grand average of hydropathicity value, one transmembrane helix, moderate aliphatic index, a big molecular weight, a long-estimated half-life, beta wrap motifs as well as having a stable, soluble and non-allergic features. In addition, orf7a, orf8 and nsp-10 proteins were considered as potential vaccine candidates because of having signal peptides. Nucleocapsid protein and a highly antigenic GGDGKMKD epitope of nucleocapsid protein were identified as ideal antigens to be used in development of serodiagnostic assays. Moreover, considering MHC-I alleles, highly antigenic KLNDLCFTNV and ITLCFTLKRK epitopes belonging to spike and orf7a proteins can be used to develop an epitope-based peptide vaccine or used as antigen for development of serodiagnostic assay.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacted teeth due to DC (dentigerous cyst) after marsupialization and to identify which factors are related with the spontoneus eruption of those teeth among children.Materials and Methods: The records of 63 children who received marsupialization due to an impacted tooth associated with DC, were evaluated in the terms of factors that may affect the spontaneous eruption. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the situation of eruption of the tooth. The data from these patients were collected. The eruption of the tooth, along with related factors such as age, gender, tooth depth, angulation, root formation, interval to eruption, cyst size and use of obturator/space maintainer, were analyzed.Results: The mean value of tooth depth was 11.1±3.2 mm in the non erupted group and 8.1±3.9 mm in erupted group; additionally the mean values of angulation in non-erupted group was 41.5±22.6 and 27.9±21.3 degrees in erupted group. These two factors were associated with non-eruption of impacted tooth in logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: The depth and angle of the tooth can be considered as important factors in predicting whether the impacted tooth will erupt after marsupialization. In addition, if DC is detected in the presence of permanent teeth with delayed eruption, it may be advisable to start the treatment before the physiological eruption time of the impacted tooth, not to make a an obturator or a space maintainer if there is not a long time between the normal eruption time and the age to start treatment., Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı çocuklarda dentigeröz kist (DK) nedeni ile gömülü kalan dişlerin, marsüpyalizasyon sonrası sürmesini incelemek ve hangi faktörlerin ilişkili dişlerin sürmesinde belirleyici olduğunu araştırmaktır.Gereç ve Yöntem: DK nedeni ile gömülü kalan daimi dişleri olan ve marsüpyalizasyon yapılan 63 çocuk hastanın kayıtları, sürmeyi etkileyebilecek faktörler açısından değerlendirildi. Hastalar dişlerin sürmesi ve sürmemesine göre iki grupta incelendi. Çalışmada sürmeyi etkileyebilecek faktörler; yaş, cinsiyet, dişin derinliği, dişin açısı, kök gelişimi, dişin sürmesi gereken boşluk ve dişin meziyo-distal boyutu arasındaki oran, kistin boyutu ve obturatör/yer tutucu kullanımı olarak belirlendi.Bulgular: Diş derinliği ortalaması sürmeyen grupta 11,1±3,2 mm, süren grupta 8,1±3,9 mm olarak bulunurken; gömülü dişlerin açı ortalaması sürmeyen grupta 41,5±22,6 süren grupta 27,9±21,3 derece olarak bulundu. Lojistik regresyon analizinde de bu iki faktör dişlerin kendiliğinden sürmemesi ile ilişkiliydi. Sonuç: Tedavi kararı verilirken, DK ile ilişkili gömülü dişlerin marsüpyalizasyon sonrası sürüp sürmeyeceğinin tahmin edilmesinde dişin derinliği ve açısı önemli faktörler olarak değerlendirilebilir. Ayrıca sürmesi geciken daimi dişlerin varlığında DK tespit edilmesi durumunda tedaviye gömülü dişlerin fizyolojik sürme zamanlarından önce başlanması, normal sürme zamanı ile tedaviye başlama yaşı arasında çok uzun süre yoksa obtüratör/yer tutucu yapılmaması tavsiye edilebilir.

Bu çalışmada Pakistan eğitim sisteminin genel hatlarıyla incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda araştırmada Pakistan eğitim sisteminin amaç ve politikaları, Pakistan eğitim sisteminin yapılanması, Pakistan eğitim sistemi kategorileri, Pakistan eğitiminde yönetim, Pakistan eğitim sisteminde yöneticilerin atamaları ve Pakistan eğitim sisteminin öne çıkan problemleri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden, doküman incelemesi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veriler toplanırken, Pakistan eğitim sistemi ile ilgili makale, resmi belge, rapor ve internet kaynaklarından yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler sunulan başlıklar altında incelenmiştir.

Orthognathic surgery not only corrects dentofacial deformities but also affects some vital structures involving voice production. The primary aim of this study was to analyze the effects of bimaxillary orthognathic surgery on voice characteristics of patients with class II and III skeletal deformities; the second aim was to evaluate possible associations among acoustic parameters, pharyngeal airway, and skeletal changes after surgery.Using a prospective cohort study design, we enrolled a sample of patients who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery in the university hospital between January 2018 and January 2019. Voice records and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of the patients were acquired before surgery and 6 months after surgery. Pharyngeal airway volume, minimum cross-sectional area, hyoid bone position, and skeletal movements of the maxilla and mandible were assessed with Dolphin Imaging software using CBCT data as predictor variables. Acoustic analysis of voice samples (vowel/a/) were performed with Praat software as outcome variables. The within-group and between-group differences in data were analyzed using paired-sample and independent-sample t tests. The degree of relationship between voice and CBCT parameters was assessed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis.The study sample comprised 33 patients; 14 patients had class II skeletal deformity and 19 patients had class III skeletal deformity. Orthognathic surgery in both patients with class II and III skeletal deformities resulted in significant changes in all the voice parameters (All P .05). Only patients with class II skeletal deformity showed significant changes in airway parameters (increase; all P .001) and hyoid bone positions (anterosuperior movement; P = .001 and P = .008, respectively). Multiple regression analysis showed that some specific structural changes significantly affected some specific acoustic parameters.Bimaxillary orthognathic surgery significantly changed the acoustic parameters of voice in patients with class II and III skeletal deformities. Some of the structural changes were significantly associated with some of the acoustic parameters.

Amaç: Bu çalışmamızda amaç kliniğimize hiponatremi nedeniyle yatırılmış olan hastaların genel özelliklerini ve etyolojilerini araştırmayı amaçladıkYöntemler: Ocak 2019 ile Aralık 2019 ayları arasında kliniğimize hiponatremi nedeniyle yatırılan 110 hastanın dosyası retrospektif olarak tarandı. Hastaların demografik bilgileri ve hiponatremi türleri ve etyolojileri incelendiBulgular: Çalışmaya alınan 111 hastanın 1 tanesi psödohiponatremi olduğu için çalışmadan çıkartıldı. Çalışmaya gerçek hiponatremisi olam 34 (%30,9) erkek, 76 (%69,1) kadın ve yaş ortalaması 71.44±11.90 (31-92) yıl olan toplam 110 hasta alınmıştır. Hastaların volüm durumuna göre sınıflandırıldığında 28 hasta ( % 25.5) hipervolemik, 55 hasta(%50) övolemik, 27( %24.5) hasta hipovolemik hiponatremi olarak değerlendirildi. Sonuç: Hiponatreminin en sık nedeni övolemik hiponatremi olarak saptandı ve övalemik hiponatremininde en sık nedeni (31 hasta % 56,4) ilaçlar özellikle de diüretikli antihipertansifler olarak saptandı.

Although it is a very new concept, Industry 4.0 applications are becoming more widespread and especially in production processes. In this study, the effects of Industry 4.0 applications on the production processes of Bosch Company were investigated in depth. It is one of the pioneers in implementing the Industry 4.0 Revolution. It has been determined that Industry 4.0 applications have positive effects on business development, increasing productivity, keeping resource usage at optimum level, accelerating process flows and reducing costs. Thanks to the software used in supply chain management, it was found that the cost of errors decreased, errors decreased due to the human factor and time savings were achieved due to the progression of electronic processes without hesitation. Thanks to the end-to-end software and hardware support used in supply chain management, it has been found that supply and order lead times are reduced., Henüz çok yeni bir kavram olmasına rağmen Endüstri 4.0 uygulamaları giderek yaygınlaşmakta ve özellikle üretim süreçlerinde etkilerini göstermeye başlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada Endüstri 4.0 uygulamalarının Bosch Şirketi’nin üretim süreçlerine etkileri derinlemesine mülakat yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Bu firma Endüstri 4.0 Devrimi’ni uygulayan öncü firmalardan biridir. Endüstri 4.0 uygulamalarının iş geliştirme, verimliliğin arttırılması, kaynak kullanımının optimum seviyede tutulmasını, süreç akışlarının hızlandırılması, maliyetlerin düşürülmesi konularında olumlu yönde etkileri olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tedarik zinciri yönetiminde kullanılan yazılımlar sayesinde Endüstri 4.0 uygulamalarından önceki dönemlere göre hata maliyetinin düştüğü, insan faktöründen kaynaklanan hatalarda azalma olduğu ve elektronik süreçlerin duraksamadan ilerlemesinden dolayı zaman tasarrufu elde edildiği tespit edilmiştir. Tedarik zinciri yönetiminde kullanılan uçtan uca yazılım ve donanım destekleri sayesinde tedarik ve sipariş teslim sürelerinin düştüğü saptanmıştır.

Toxoplasma gondii, one of the extensively studied Apicomplexan parasites, is prevalent worldwide in animals and humans. Apart from its nuclear genome, T. gondii contains an apicoplast genome in 35 kb length which is originated from a secondary endosymbiotic event. in this study, we aimed to investigate the antigenic potential of apicoplast genome encoded proteins (n:28) of T. gondii using in silica analysis. For this purpose, proteins were primarily predicted to reveal antigenic probability and then, several bioinformatics analyses were applied for all predicted antigenic apicoplast proteins to analyze physico-chemical parameters, subcellular localization and transmembrane domain. Also, further prediction analyses including structural, B cell and MHC-I/II epitope sites as well as post-translational modifications were performed for antigenic proteins that have a signal peptide or a high antigenicity value. of the 28 apicoplast proteins, 19 were predicted as probable antigen. Among antigenic proteins, ribosomal protein S5, L11 and S2 were predicted to have signal peptide whereas ribosomal protein L36 and S17 were predicted to have a significantly high antigenicity value (P < 0.05). in addition, ribosomal protein S5, L11, S2, L36 and S17 were predicted to have a lot of epitopes which have low IC50 and percentile rank value indicating a strong binding among epitopes and MHC-I/II alleles, and post-translational modifications such as N-linked glycosylation, acetylation and phosphorylation. To the best of authors' knowledge this is the first study to show the antigenic potential and other properties of apicoplast-derived proteins of T. gondii.

In the genome of SARS-CoV-2, the 5′-terminus encodes a polyprotein, which is further cleaved into 15 non-structural proteins whereas the 3′ terminus encodes four structural proteins and eight accessory proteins. Among these 27 proteins, the present study aimed to discover likely antigenic proteins and epitopes to be used for the development of a vaccine or serodiagnostic assay using an in silico approach. For this purpose, after the full genome analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan isolate and variant proteins that are detected frequently, surface proteins including spike, envelope, and membrane proteins as well as proteins with signal peptide were determined as probable vaccine candidates whereas the remaining were considered as possible antigens to be used during the development of serodiagnostic assays. According to results obtained, among 27 proteins, 26 of them were predicted as probable antigen. In 26 proteins, spike protein was selected as the best vaccine candidate because of having a signal peptide, negative GRAVY value, one transmembrane helix, moderate aliphatic index, a big molecular weight, a long-estimated half-life, beta wrap motifs as well as having stable, soluble and non-allergic features. In addition, orf7a, orf8, and nsp-10 proteins with signal peptide were considered as potential vaccine candidates. Nucleocapsid protein and a highly antigenic GGDGKMKD epitope were identified as ideal antigens to be used in the development of serodiagnostic assays. Moreover, considering MHC-I alleles, highly antigenic KLNDLCFTNV and ITLCFTLKRK epitopes can be used to develop an epitope-based peptide vaccine.

Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic respiratory pathogen causing Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of P. jirovecii isolates (n: 84) obtained from PcP patients using multilocus sequencing method based on mt26S, SOD, and CYB loci. Among the 84 clinical samples that were positive for P. jirovecii DNA, 31 (36.90%) of them were genotyped using at least one locus. Of the 31 clinical samples, 26 of them were successfully genotyped using all loci whereas three samples were genotyped using either mt26S/CYB loci or mt26S/SOD loci. Additionally, there were two more clinical samples that were genotyped using CYB or SOD locus. Using mt26S locus, genotypes 2, 3, 7, and 8 were detected. Frequencies of genotype 7 and 8 were higher and both of them were found in 11 (n: 29; 37.93%) clinical samples. Using SOD locus, SOD 1, 2, and 4 genotypes were detected. SOD 1 was the predominant genotype (20/28; 71.42%). During the analyses of CYB locus, CYB 1, 2, 5, 6, and 7 as well as a new CYB genotype were detected. CYB 1 (16/29; 55.17%) and 2 (10/29; 34.48%) were the predominant genotypes. Overall, according to the multilocus sequencing results E, F, M, N, P, and V multilocus genotypes were detected among the PcP patients. In addition, SOD 1 was the predominant genotype and CYB had a more polymorphic locus. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature., 2013TIP050, TGA-2019-20253, This study was supported by Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (Project Numbers: TGA-2019-20253 and 2013TIP050).

Purpose The effect of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) on fracture healing of the long bones is controversial, and no controlled clinical or experimental study has investigated the effect of BTX-A on mandibular fractures. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether BTX-A injection into the masseter muscles affects bone healing by reducing the displacing forces in an unfavorable mandibular fracture model. Materials and Methods Forty-eight male New Zealand white rabbits were used. Ten units of BTX-A was injected into each masseter muscle in the animals in the BTX-A group, whereas saline solution was injected in the animals in the control group. A unilateral osteotomy and fixation with a microplate were performed. Bone healing was evaluated by radiodensitometric, biomechanical, histologic, and histomorphometric methods after 21 days. Results The mean bone mineral density in the fracture area was significantly higher in the BTX-A group (P = .038). The mean failure load and bending modulus values were significantly higher in the BTX-A group than in the control group (P = .032 and P = .005, respectively). The mean histologic bone healing scores, bone volume–total volume values, and trabecular diameter values were significantly higher in the BTX-A group than in the control group (P = .001, P = .001, and P = .026, respectively). Conclusions BTX-A application into the masseter muscles improves bone healing of a unilateral mandibular fracture in rabbits.

Fleas are ectoparasites of mammals and birds. in livestock such as sheep and goat, flea bites cause many clinical signs. Several types of insecticides including pyrethroids are used to struggle against fleas. the widespread use of these insecticides causes an increase in the number of resistant individuals in flea populations. T929V and L1014F mutations corresponding to pyrethroid resistance have been found in the para gene of cat fleas. We aimed to investigate T929V and L1014F mutations in flea samples (n:162) collected from goats in seven different farms where cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, had been used intensively. To achieve this aim, collected flea samples were morphologically identified under a stereo microscope and DNA isolation was conducted by HotSHOT method. Later, a bi-PASA targeting the para gene was applied to identify both mutations in corresponding samples. According to the results obtained, all fleas were Ctenocephalides felis. Frequencies of T929V and L1014F mutations in fleas were 92.6% (150/162) and 95.7% (155/162), respectively. in conclusion, the frequency of mutations related to pyrethroid resistance was very high in the fleas collected from all the farms and it was thought that the high frequency of these mutations can be attributed to intensive use of pyrethroids., Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination UnitEge University [TGA-2019-20233], This study was supported by a project given by the Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (Project number: TGA-2019-20233) to H.C.

Objective: Blastocystis is a common protozoan parasite detected worldwide. This study aims to investigate the in vitro inhibitory effect of ethyl alcohol extracts of Tunceli garlic (Allium tuncelianum) on growth of Blastocystis ST3 subtype. Methods: Blastocystis ST3 were grown in 3 ml Jones's medium containing A. tuncelianum prepared at five different concentrations for 72 hours at 37 degrees C. Distilled water was used as negative control whereas metronidazole (MTZ) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) prepared in 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/ml of concentrations was used as the positive control. Results: According to the results, the MIC90 of the A. tuncelianum was 115 mg/ml at 72 hours. MIC90 of MTZ was 1 mg/ml at 72 hours (94.96%). TMP-SMX had the highest growth MIC90 effect which was reached at 1 mg/ml concentration during 24 hours (88.18%). The growth inhibitory effect of A. tuncelianum extract increased gradually in all doses and timepoints. Conclusion: in this study, obtained findings show the potential inhibitory effect of A. tuncelianum plant extract against Blastocystis ST3 which causes symptomatic diarrhea in humans. It may be recommended to consume the whole A. tuncelianum plant as food supplement. A. tuncelianum extract could be considered as an alternative for the potential treatment of Blastocystis infection.

Introduction: Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic protozoan and can be grown using several human cell lines. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. Her2/Neu-expressing mammary cancer cell lines called TUBO can be grown in vitro. in recent years, protozoan parasites have become popular means of use in cancer therapy research. in this study, we analyzed whether T. gondii tachyzoites can destroy TUBO cells using a novel continuous feed medium approach. Methodology: Two sets of flasks (each containing four groups) containing TUBO cells were inoculated with T. gondii Ankara strain tachyzoites. First set containing 5x10(6) TUBO cells were inoculated with TUBO-tachyzoite ratios of 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, and 4:1 and second set containing 1x10(6) TUBO cells were inoculated with TUBO-tachyzoite ratios of 10:1, 100:1, 1000:1, and 2000:1. Thereafter, culture supernatants were harvested at various days until TUBO cells were destroyed and tachyzoites were counted. Results: in the first and second sets of flasks, TUBO cells were destroyed between days 8 to 12 and 12 to 25, respectively. in addition, the amount of tachyzoites increased 743 and 595 to 112500 times in the first and second set of flasks, respectively. Conclusions: These results show that T. gondii tachyzoites successfully destroy Her2/Neu-expressing mammary cancer cells using a continuous feed medium approach. Although this idea may be too premature for the moment, the approach defined herein may support future researchers investigating the relationship between cancer and parasites which can make important progress toward saving cancer patient lives., Scientific Research Projects Branch Directorate of Ege University, TurkeyEge University [2016TIP082], The authors would like to acknowledge Prof. Federica Cavallo and Irene Fiore Merighi (University of Torino, Torino, Italy) for providing TUBO cells and technical assistance for the maintenance of TUBO cells in our lab. This study was partly supported by the grant given by the Scientific Research Projects Branch Directorate of Ege University, Turkey (Grant No: 2016TIP082) to L.Y.

Displacement of a foreign body in maxillary sinuses is a common complication in dentistry. However, metallic foreign bodies except dental implants are rarely found in the maxillary sinus. Displaced foreign bodies can cause serious complications and disturb the mucociliary function and this causes potential complications, mainly acute or chronic maxillary sinusitis. This article reported metallic objects penetrating maxillary sinuses of two patients including a membrane fixation screw and a dental burr, as well as their removal with Caldwell-Luc technique. Foreign bodies should be detected and removed on time in order to prevent complications. Otherwise, in advanced stages, the affected area should be reached with Caldwell-Luc operation or endoscopic approaches. Keywords: Maxillary Sinus, metallic foreign body, Caldwell-Luc MAKSILLER SINUSE KACAN METALIK YABANCI CISIMLERIN CIKARTILMASI: IKI VAKA RAPORU OZ Dis hekimligi uygulamalari esnasinda maksiller sinuse yabanci cisim kacmasi sik karsilasabilen bir komplikas- yondur. Diger yonden dental implantlar disinda kalan metalik yabanci cisimlerin maksiller sinuse kacmasi oldukca nadirdir. Yabanci cisimler sinus icerisinde mu- kosiliyer aktiviteyi etkileyerek akut ya da kronik sinuzit gibi ciddi komplikasyonlara sebep olabilirler. Bu maka- lede iki farkli hastanin maksiller sinusune kacan memb - ran fiksasyon vidasi ve dental frez olmak uzere iki me- talik yabanci cisim ve maksiller sinusten Caldwell-Luc islemi ile cikartilmalari rapor edilmistir. Sinus icerisine kacmis yabanci cisimler mumkun olan en kisa zaman- da tespit edilip mumkunse sinuse kactigi acikliktan bol- geden uzaklastirilmalidirlar. Aksi halde ilerleyen do- nemlerde Caldwell-Luc ya da endoskopik yaklasimlara ihtiyac duyulabilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Maksiller sinus, metalik yabanci cisim, Caldwell-Luc

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare autogenous and allograft bone rings in surgically created vertical bone defects. Material and methods: Four male, 1-year-old sheep were used in this study. In each sheep, eight vertical bone defects 7 mm in diameter were created using trephine drill in the iliac wing. Autogenous and allograft bone rings 5 mm in height and 7 mm in diameter were used for vertical augmentation around implants. The study consisted of four groups according to the bone ring type and amount of vertical augmentation, autogenous 2 mm, allograft 2 mm, autogenous 4 mm, and allograft 4 mm. Two of the animals were sacrificed after 4 months, and the remaining two animals were sacrificed after 8 months. Undecalcified sections were prepared from harvested samples. Histological assessment and histomorphometric analysis were performed. Results: Autogenous 2 mm group showed higher values than allograft 2 mm group, and autogenous 4 mm group showed higher values than allograft 4 mm group in terms of bone area and bone-to-implant contact (BIC) after 4 months. However, allograft 2 mm group showed higher bone area and BIC values than autogenous 2 mm group after 8 months. Also, autogenous 4 mm and allograft 4 mm groups showed comparable results after 8 months. Allograft 2 mm and allograft 4 mm groups showed higher bone area and BIC values at 8 months compared with 4 months. Conclusions: Allograft bone ring looks promising in augmentation of surgically created vertical bone defects around implants after 8 months of healing. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd