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The first measurement of the photoelectron spectrum of the silylidyne free radical, SiH, is reported between 7 and 10.5 eV. Two main photoionizing transitions involving the neutral ground state, X+1Σ+ ← X2Π and a+3Π ← X2Π, are assigned by using ab initio calculations. The corresponding adiabatic ionization energies are derived, IEad(X+1Σ+) = 7.934(5) eV and IEad(a+3Π) = 10.205(5) eV, in good agreement with our calculated values and the previous determination by Berkowitz et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 86, 1235 (1987)] from a photoionization mass spectrometric study. The photoion yield of SiH recorded in this work exhibits a dense autoionization landscape similar to that observed in the case of the CH free radical [Gans et al., J. Chem. Phys. 144, 204307 (2016)].

“La presente investigación se centra en los territorios acuáticos -término con el que me refiero a la territorialidad ejercida sobre el río y el litoral en tanto ámbitos de intrínseca interacción- de los pescadores yaquis y cucapás, además de en sus respectivos territorios en general, así como en la percepción que de éstos tienen. Mi interés en la percepción de los actores se acota a la posibilidad de abordar las narrativas presentes en distintos medios -los discursos cotidianos, documentos escritos dirigidos a autoridades estatales y durante los conflictos legales- que fundamentan la reivindicación de derechos de acceso y resguardo de las zonas de pesca -y del territorio en general-, frente a la competencia con otros actores regionales. Desde los primeros planteamientos asumía que esta territorialidad expresa una relación culturalmente diferenciada con el entorno, en particular frente a los programas y la narrativa conservacionista de talante neoliberal que, en el Golfo de California (GC), tiene un lugar prominente. En la construcción social de esta región se ha partido de enfatizar la biodiversidad que soporta, desde una visión hegemónica de la naturaleza concebida como un espacio objetivo, escindido de lo social, objeto de dominación antes que expresión de un ámbito donde también transcurre la vida humana. Así, otra cuestión fueron los mecanismos que sancionaban derechos de pesca, de qué manera las normatividades de cada grupo eran, o no, fuente de estos derechos y en qué medida estaban influenciados por la legalidad estatal. Un supuesto fundamental en esto es que el derecho, y los derechos, son productos culturales en los cuales, como en otras instituciones de cualquier grupo humano, se manifiestan algunas de sus especificidades. A medida en que avancé con el proyecto, me di cuenta del impacto en la territorialidad de los pescadores que no había considerado: los grupos criminales vinculados al narcotráfico”.

We present a dissociative photoionization study of NO

In this paper, we address the task of rearranging items with a robot. A rearranging task is challenging because one should solve the following issues: to determine how to pick the items and plan how and where to place the items. In this study, we focus on how to obtain a sequence of actions that the robot could execute reducing the failures when the motion planner creates the trajectory to move the robot, such as not finding a solution. To confirm the sequence of instructions before executing them with the robot, we combine a motion planner with a symbolic planner. For that purpose, we propose a Motion Feasibility Checker (MFC), which quickly decides if a given set of pick-and-place poses can be executed with respect to the robot’s kinematics. The MFC uses a database of possible pick and place poses of the target robot; given the initial and target pose of the item, the MFC finds a set of pick-and-place poses to execute that action with the robot. We use the Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) to achieve a high performance of the symbolic planning. In the proposed method, the MCTS searches for the goal while it collaborates with the MFC. We tested the proposed method in a simulation environment doing a sandwich rearranging task in a convenience store setup.

The role of art education on the unveiling and construction of personal and social cultural identities is the topic. The chapter starts with an account on the rise of a critical pedagogy project in Brazil and its implications on art education. Following this is a report on the experience on the art-teaching program at the Faculdade Paulista de Artes – FPA, based on three examples as they appear in the graduation work of my students.

The two isomers of the propylperoxy radical 1-C

Petrofacies and taphofacies defined for the Morro do Chaves Formation (Late Barremian/Early Aptian) outcropping in the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin (NE Brazil) enable the interpretation of the biostratinomic and fossil-diagenetic processes that acted on the abundant bivalve shells and enclosing sediments. Such processes played an important role in the circulation of fluids within the coquina deposits and therefore on the resulting porosity–permeability of the rocks. Ten taphofacies and four lithofacies are recognized, allowing 36 petrofacies to be defined, based on the nature of the sedimentary and taphonomic processes. Five of these petrofacies are distinguished for those showing almost total replacement of the original constituents. The relationship between petrofacies with the geometry of sedimentary bodies and their lateral and vertical variations, forms the basis of a stratigraphic model for the depositional system of the coquinas of the Morro do Chaves Formation that reflects the spatial and temporal distribution of the identified petrofacies. The integration of the evolutionary taphonomic analysis of the unit with the analysis of multiscale properties through the CAMURES Methodology allowed us to develop a theoretical model for the alteration and modification of taphonomic elements and coquinas, which reflect the rise and fall of the relative base level in a lacustrine to the restricted marine setting. This model leads to more accurate identification and classification of coquina reservoir facies, as well as the delimitation of reservoir zones for 3D geocellular modeling and flow simulation of hydrocarbon-producing reservoirs, thus improving predictive analyses.

Research on aerial manipulation, or the manipulation of objects using multicopters, has been attracting attention in recent years. Commonly, aerial manipulation is performed with a manipulator mounted on a multicopter. However, these research projects focus on manipulating objects which can be grasped and lifted. This research focuses on manipulating unliftable objects using a multicopter. With the proposed method, the multicopter pushes a target object. To push an object automatically, a physical model for the pushing motion is constructed. An attitude control part of an existing flight controller is reused for reducing the effort of implementing the controller. The pushing motion is achieved by controlling the attitude using the physical model. In the evaluation experiments, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in simulation.

International audience; A double-imaging photoelectron-photoion spectrometer and synchrotron radiation have been used to measure the HBr + X 2 Π 3/2 v + = 0, 1, 2 and the 2 Π 1/2 v + = 0 state photoelectron angular distributions, as characterized by the anisotropy parameter β, the total ion yield, and the threshold photoelectron spectrum. Particular attention has been focussed on the photon energy range between the 2 Π 3/2 and the 2 Π 1/2 spin-orbit components of the ground ionic state. This region encompasses Rydberg states, belonging to series converging onto the upper 2 Π 1/2 ionization limit, which may decay by autoionization into the 2 Π 3/2 ionization continuum. A detailed study has been performed on the effects of autoionization on the 2 Π 3/2 v + = 0 state photoelectron angular distributions. The observed energy dependent variations in the β-values exhibit a regular pattern that correlates with ex-citation into members of a very broad d-type Rydberg series. Additional rapid variations in the β-parameters, which occur over a narrow energy range, appear to coincide with sharp autoionizing Rydberg states belonging to s, p and d series. The present experimental results for the HBr + X 2 Π 3/2 v + = 0 state photoelectron anisotropy parameter are compared to previously reported theoretical predictions and to earlier studies of the Kr + 4p 5 2 P 3/2 state β-parameter. The threshold photoelectron spectrum of the X 2 Π 3/2 v + = 0 band exhibits partially resolved rotational structure. A simulation of this structure yields an ionization threshold of 11.6673 ± 0.0010 eV, which is consistent with previous measurements.

To send a consumer the ordered products in e-commerce, it is necessary to pack the products into a container. When packing, we need to consider the arrangement of the products to avoid damaging them during transportation by using the know-how of packing. In this paper, we propose a packing robot system that plans the arrangement and then executes it. To develop this robot system, we employ two ideas. The first idea is to split the whole process into the arrangement of the objects and robot motion generation. The arrangement is regarded as a 3D bin-packing problem. The second idea is to use the heuristics of the packing so that objects are stacked from the bottom. Since the space above the target position is free from collisions, the strategy to approach from the top reduces the possibility of a collision. In the experiments, we succeeded in arranging eleven objects satisfying the assigned rules and packing ten of the eleven objects using the robot.

Humans do rearranging tasks every day. These tasks are time-consuming and tedious. Rearranging tasks are challenging because there are many problems to solve, such as identifying the items, manipulating the items, and finding a strategy to rearrange that can be completed with the robot. In this work, we focus on how to execute rearranging tasks and avoid errors in the motion planner such as not finding a valid solution. We propose to combine the symbolic planner with the motion planner using a feasibility database to confirm if the instructions received by the symbolic planner are valid or not. The final poses of the robot end effector are previously validated with the motion planner, so we avoid sending the robot to invalid poses. The proposed method was tested in a simulation environment doing a sandwich rearranging task in a convenience store setup.

We report a synchrotron radiation vacuum ultraviolet photoionization study of the hydroperoxyl radical (HO

We report a synchrotron radiation vacuum ultraviolet photoionization study of the hydroperoxyl radical (HO2), a key reaction intermediate in combustion and atmospheric chemistry as well as astrochemistry, using double imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy. The HO2 radical is formed in a microwave discharge flow tube reactor through a set of reactions initiated by F atoms in a CH4/O2/He gas mixture. The high-resolution threshold photoelectron spectrum of HO2 in the 11 eV–12 eV energy range is acquired without interferences from other species and assigned with the aid of theoretically calculated adiabatic ionization energies (AIEs) and Franck–Condon factors. The three vibrational modes of the radical cation HO2+, the H–O stretch, the H–O–O bend, and the O–O stretch, have been identified, and their individual frequencies are measured. In addition, the AIEs of the X3A″ ground state and the a1A′ first excited electronic state of HO2+ are experimentally determined at 11.359 ± 0.003 eV and 11.639 ± 0.005 eV, respectively, in agreement with high-level theoretically computed results. Furthermore, the former AIE value provides validation of thermochemical networks used to extract the enthalpy of formation of the HO2 radical.

We report a comprehensive vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization study of the nitrogen dioxide dimer (NO2)2 by using a state-of-the-art method of double imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence (i2PEPICO) spectroscopy at synchrotron SOLEIL. We find that the dimer cation N2O4+ from direct ionization of (NO2)2 is not stable and fully dissociates into the NO2+ and NO2 fragments. After identifying and separating the two different sources of NO2+ cations observed in experiments, direct photoionization of the monomer NO2 and dissociative photoionization of the co-existing dimer (NO2)2, the pure mass-selected threshold photoelectron spectrum (TPES) of the dimer (NO2)2 has been recorded without the need of subtraction. An upper limit of the adiabatic ionization energy of the dimer (AIE ≤ 9.59 ± 0.05 eV) and the appearance energy of the NO2+ fragment (AE = 10.15 ± 0.05 eV) are also given. In addition, the state-selected dynamics of the five low-lying electronic states of the cation N2O4+ have been analyzed from the corresponding kinetic energy release distributions.

A fresh perspective on the interaction of electron and nuclear motions in photon induced dynamical processes can be provided by the coupling of photoelectron angular distributions and cation vibrational states in the photoionization of chiral molecules using circularly polarized radiation. The chiral contributions, manifesting as a forward-backward asymmetry in the photoemission, can be assessed using Photoelectron Circular Dichroism (PECD), which has revealed an enhanced vibrational influence exerted on the outgoing photoelectron. In this paper, we investigate the PECD of a rigid chiral monoterpene, 3-carene, using single-photon vacuum ultraviolet ionization by polarized synchrotron radiation and selecting energies from the ionization threshold up to 19.0 eV. By judicious choice of these photon energies, two factors that influence PECD asymmetry values, electron kinetic energy and ion vibrational level, can be effectively isolated, allowing a clear demonstration of the very marked vibrational effects. A slow photoelectron spectrum is used to examine the vibrational structure of the isolated outermost valence (HOMO) photoelectron band, and peak assignments are made with the aid of a Franck-Condon simulation. Together, these provide an estimate of the adiabatic ionization energy as 8.385 eV. The reported chiral asymmetry from the randomly oriented 3-carene enantiomers reaches a maximum of over 21%. Theoretical PECD calculations, made both for the fixed equilibrium molecular geometry and also modeling selected normal mode vibration effects, are presented to provide further insight.

International audience; This work reports on the selective on-line identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) formed in a low-pressure methane sooting flame, carried out using the double imaging Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence Spectroscopy method (i2PEPICO) on the DESIRS VUV beamline at the synchrotron SOLEIL. Generally, this work demonstrates the capabilities of the i2PEPICO method to identify PAHs in sooting flames, and in particular to distinguish cyclopentaring-fused PAHs (CP-PAHs) and side-substituted PAHs from their benzenoid isomers. Experimental threshold photoelectron spectra of four CP-PAHs: acenapthylene (C12H8, 152 m/z), acenaphtene (C12H10, 154 m/z), fluoranthene (C16H10, 202 m/z) and benzo(ghi)fluoranthene (C18H10, 226 m/z) are also reported for the first time.

We present here a synchrotron radiation vacuum ultraviolet photoionization study of the simplest alkoxy radical, CH3O, a key reaction intermediate in atmospheric and combustion chemistry. A microwave discharge fast flow tube connected to a molecular beam sampling system is employed as a chemical reactor to initiate reactions and generate radicals. The CH3O+ cation from direct ionization of the CH3O radical is detected successfully in the photoionization mass spectrum close to its ionization threshold. In addition, after identifying and removing the contribution of the 13C-isotopic formaldehyde H213CO with the same isobaric mass m/z = 31, the high-resolution threshold photoelectron spectrum of CH3O is obtained and assigned with the aid of calculated Franck–Condon factors. The adiabatic ionization energy of CH3O is determined at 10.701 eV with an accuracy of 0.005 eV. 153;3

The ecological and evolutionary factors underlying life history trait variation is one of the most interesting topics in biology. Although many studies have evaluated either macroevolutionary or macroecological patterns of life history traits across several taxonomic groups, only few studies have attempted to integrate both dimensions in a single analytical framework. Here, we study how parity mode evolved across multiple scales in the radiation of spiny lizards (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae). We adopted macroecological and macroevolutionary approaches to explore how climate across spatial and temporal scales drives the evolution of viviparity in this lizard radiation. We find support for a weak signature of current climates on the geographical distribution of oviparous and viviparous species. By contrast, we detected that evolutionary transitions from oviparity to viviparity reach a peak during the MidMiocene Climatic Optimum — a period with a profound climate change event. We suggest that this abrupt climatic cooling promoted evolutionary transitions to viviparity simultaneously across three clades in the spiny lizard radiation. The decoupling in macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns found here suggests that past climate change has played a larger role than current climates in the spatial and temporal diversification of this reproductive life history trait.

The photoelectron spectroscopy of CH2NC (isocyanomethyl) radical species is investigated for the first time between 9.3 and 11.2 eV in the vicinity of the first photoionizing transition X+1A1 ← X 2B1. The experiment combines a microwave discharge flow-tube reactor to produce the radicals through the CH3NC + F → CH2NC + HF reaction, a VUV synchrotron radiation excitation, and a double imaging electron/ion coincidence spectrometer which allows the recording of mass-selected threshold photoelectron spectra. Assignment of the observed vibrational structure of the CH2NC+ cation is guided by ab initio calculations and Franck-Condon simulations. From the experimental spectrum, the first adiabatic ionization energy of the CH2NC radical is measured as 9.439(6) eV. Fundamental wavenumbers are determined for several vibrational modes of the cation [small nu, Greek, tilde]1+(CH2 symmetric stretch) = 2999(80) cm-1, [small nu, Greek, tilde]2+(NC stretch) = 1925(40) cm-1, [small nu, Greek, tilde]4+(H2C-N stretch) = 1193(40) cm-1, [small nu, Greek, tilde]6+(CNC out-of-plane bend) = 237(50) cm-1, and [small nu, Greek, tilde]8+(CH2 rock) = 1185(60) cm-1.

The photoelectron spectroscopy of CH

We present the photoionization dynamics of the C

Background Knockdown resistance is conferred primarily by non-synonymous mutations that reduce pyrethroids binding to voltage-gated sodium channels. In 2014, kdr mutation V1016I in Aedes aegypti populations resistant to pyrethroids was reported for the first time in Colombiα, in 2016 another kdr mutation, F1534C, and in 2018 the mutation V419L. Nine populations of A. aegypti, previously characterized as being resistant to λ-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, cyfluthrin and permethrin, were used for this study. Genomic DNA was used to determine genotypes by allele-specific PCR for mutations V1016I and F1534C, and to determine their association with pyrethroid resistance. Results All the populations analyzed showed both mutations, with allelic frequencies of 0.07-0.35 for I1016 and 0.47-0.88 for C1534. A percentage of co-occurrence of mutant homozygotes I1016/C1534 of 5.3% was detected. A significant positive correlation was found between the frequency of the genotype I1016 and the resistance to permethrin, λ-cyhalothrin and cyfluthrin, but not to deltamethrin; on the other hand, the correlation was not significant for the C1534 genotype and the four pyrethroids evaluated. No significant correlation was found between the frequencies of the mutations V1016I and F1534C. Conclusions Both mutations V1016I and F1534C are present in A. aegypti populations of the Colombian Caribbean, and although the frequency of F1534C exceeds V1016I, the latter was correlated to resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

The use of insecticides for the control of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Colombia has indirectly influenced the susceptibility status of Culex quinquefasciatus Say populations. We evaluated pyrethroid susceptibility in two populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus in the Atlantico Department of Colombia and its possible resistance mechanism (kdr mutation). Bottle bioassays were performed for permethrin, deltamethrin, and λ-cyhalothrin in female mosquitoes of Cx. quinquefasciatus. The resistance ratios (RRs) for KC50 and LC50 for each insecticide in the field populations examined were determined, using the Cartagena strain as the susceptible control. The L1014F kdr mutation was identified in the para gene of the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc), along with its allelic and genotypic frequency. Low knockdown resistance (RRKC50) to deltamethrin was found in Puerto Colombia and Soledad populations as well as low resistance to λ-cyalothrin in this latter population. Moderate knockdown resistance to permethrin was found in both populations. At 24 h post-exposure on the other hand, there was low resistance (RRLC50) to permethrin in Puerto Colombia and moderate resistance in Soledad. Moderate resistance to deltamethrin was found in Puerto Colombia and low resistance in Soledad. Low resistance to λ-cyhalothrin was seen in Puerto Colombia and moderate resistance in Soledad. Variability was found in the susceptibility to the pyrethroids in the populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus evaluated, and the L1014F kdr mutation is reported for the first time as a possible pyrethroid resistance mechanism in this species in Colombia.

The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization of the methyl peroxy radical, CH3O2, and unimolecular dissociation of internal energy selected CH3O2+ cations were investigated in the 9.7–12.0 eV energy range by synchrotron-based double imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence (i2PEPICO). A microwave discharge flow tube was employed to produce CH3O2 via the reaction of methyl radicals (CH3) with oxygen gas. After identifying and separating the different sources of CH3+ from photoionization of CH3 or dissociative photoionization of CH3O2, the high resolution slow photoelectron spectrum(SPES) of CH3O2 was obtained exhibiting two broad bands superimposed with a complex vibrational structure. The first band of the SPES is attributed to the X3A′′ and a1A′overlapped electronic states of CH3O2+ and the second is assigned to the b1A′ electronic state with the help of theoretical calculations. The adiabatic ionization energy (AIE) of CH3O2 is derived as 10.215 ± 0.015 eV, in good agreement with high-accuracytheoretical data from the literature. The vertical ionization energy of the b1A' electronic state is measured to be 11.5 eV and this state fully dissociates into CH3+ and O2fragments. The 0 K adiabatic appearance energy (AE0K) of the CH3+ fragment ion is determined to be 11.1548 ± 0.020 eV. 152;10

LittrA© hernia is considered to be an extremely rare surgical finding with few cases described in recent literature. It is characterized by the presence of Meckel’s diverticulum in the interior of the hernia sac. The aim of this article is to report the case of an elderly patient intraoperatively diagnosed with LittrA©'s strangled umbilical hernia, associated with the insertion of Treitz ligament in anomalous position.

Amyand hernia is a rare event that consists in the vermiform appendix being located within the hernial sac, with or without inflammation. This study aims to report the case and handling of an elderly female patient with abdominal pain and right inguinal bulge with ultrasound diagnosis of incarcerated inguinal hernia, being the final diagnosis Amyand hernia perceived only during the surgery.

The primary strategy to avoid adverse impacts from insect-mediated pathogen transmission is the chemical control of vector populations through insecticides; its continued use has led to insecticide resistance and unknown consequences on vector competence. This review aims to systematically analyze and synthesize the research on the influence of insecticide resistance (IR) on vector competence (VC). Thirty studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty studies, conducted either in laboratory or field settings, described the influence of phenotypic insecticide resistance and mechanisms on VC in vectors of human pathogens. Seven studies showed the effect of exposure to insecticides on VC in vectors of human pathogens. Three studies reported the influence of phenotypic resistance and mechanisms on VC in crop pests. The evidence shows that IR could enhance, impair, or have no direct effect on VC in either field or laboratory-designed studies. Similar positive and negative trends are found in pest vectors in crops and studies of insecticide exposure and VC. Even though there is evidence that exposure to insecticides and IR can enhance VC, thus increasing the risk of pathogen transmission, more investigations are needed to confirm the observed patterns and what implications these factors could have in vector control programs.

The break-up of Gondwana and the origin of related source rocks and reservoir intervals of the Brazilian coastal basins are being increasingly studied in the last decades. In this context the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, which lies to the north of the Campos Basin hydrocarbon province, becomes relevant for the completeness of its depositional sequences. This paper presents, for the first time, the detailed palynological record from the Morro do Chaves Formation, located at the InterCement Quarry, near Sao Miguel dos Campos, Alagoas. The analysis of samples from the mudstone intervals of the unit mainly composed by coquinas has enabled new biostratigraphic, paleoenvironmental and paleogeographic interpretations of the evolution of the South Atlantic. The occurrence of the species Dicheiropollis etruscus, with a vertical distribution ranging from the Berriasian to the Barremian, supports the late Barremian age for the lowermost part of the Morro do Chaves Formation, traditionally interpreted as having been deposited in a lacustrine environment, close to herbaceous plants, surrounded by remote mountainous areas with arboreal vegetation. The occurrence of algae phycomata of the Class Prasinophyceae, associated with Scenedesmus and Botryoccocus, organisms that tolerate some salinity in its uppermost part, together with other biotic and abiotic data, corroborate the possibility of relating the Morro do Chaves Formation to a marine and/or brackish depositional environment, which may have resulted from a marine flooding in the northern sector of the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin during Early Cretaceous times. The results of this work support a paleogeographic model characterized by an episodic input of Tethyan waters towards the north of the South American continent.

Social participation or public participation is a mechanism that aims to enable decision makers to understand the real needs of society and to promote more appropriate and acceptable public policies. The purpose of this paper is to analyze, through Douglasian Cultural Theory, the public-consultation mechanism, and to what extent it encourages the participation of people with different points of view in the formulation of public policies.,This research paper uses theoretical propositions from Douglasian Cultural Theory to investigate the process of public consultation adopted by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa) in the formulation of public policies for Brazil’s health sector.,The results contribute to the findings of previous studies, i.e., that social participation is unequal, and that some points of view are dominant in policy formulation. This indicates that public managers should seek mechanisms of participation that promote more inclusive and pluralistic public participation.,The main limitations of this study are the subjectivity inherent in the classification of “voices” in Douglasian Cultural Theory, the small number of contributions analyzed and the absence of some unpublished data.,The analysis contributes to the literature by supporting some and rejecting other propositions of Douglasian Cultural Theory, as well as indicating possible potential from this theory through public administration in the evaluation of mechanisms of social participation.

El objetivo fue generar mapas de casos de dengue mediante un Sistema de Informacion Geografica (SIG) en el area metropolitana de Monterrey (AMMty), Nuevo Leon, Mexico indicando las zonas de riesgo. Las muestras positivas a una de las pruebas para dengue, que realiza el Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Publica (LESP) se tomaron como casos. Los casos fueron agrupados en area geoestadistica basica (AGEB's). Se definieron AGEB's brote y semana brote. Se presentaron 114 AGEB's Brote y 33 Semanas Brote. Las AGEB's fueron ubicadas en cinco niveles de riesgo: Muy alto, Alto, Mediano, Bajo y en Riesgo. Las AGEB's incluidas en Muy alto y Alto Riesgo abarcaron el 7.9% de las AGEB's y 41.4% casos. Con mayor frecuencia durante las semanas 38–45, temporada de lluvia. En base a estos resultados el AMMty debe considerase endemica.

In 2001, Peruvians passed the most comprehensive and participatory decentralization reform in the country’s history. The reform contributed to widespread optimism about the country’s future after authoritarian leader Alberto Fujimori stepped down the year before. More than 15 years later, many Peruvians are pessimistic about the state of decentralization and citizen participation around the country. This article explores the root causes of the disillusionment, focusing on the political factors that have contributed to this outcome. While acknowledging many achievements, the article stresses the role that political interests play in limiting the effectiveness of public policy reforms in Latin America.

We detected vertical transmission of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in wild populations of Aedes aegypti from San Marcos, Guerrero, Mexico, with real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. A total of 20 pools (1–11 specimens/pool) of larvae, male, and female mosquitoes were tested. We report the detection of CHIKV in 2 of 11 larval pools, 4 of 5 male pools, and 1 of 4 female pools, from field-collected mosquitoes.

Although having five different ways of transmission the vector-borne is the principal way of transmission of Chagas disease, which involves insects of the subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Nineteen of the 31 species that occur in Mexico are associated with humans, and all are capable of transmitting the disease. Pyrethroids are the insecticides recommended for the control of these vectors in Mexico. We determined the susceptibility to the pyrethroids deltamethrin and permethrin of peridomestic populations of Triatoma mazzottii Usinger and two populations of Triatoma longipennis Usinger in comparison with a reference strain for each species. Bioassays were performed for the determination of the LD50 for both field populations and reference strains. A maximum of 27 fold resistance to deltamethrin was observed in T. mazzottii, meanwhile, for permethrin, T. longipennis from Jalisco show the highest value of 3.19 fold. There was significantly increased activity of esterases in field populations in comparison with their corresponding reference strain. The results of the search of kdr mutations related to the resistance to deltamethrin and permethrin in the evaluated species show the presence of mutations in the field populations, as is the case with individuals of T. mazzottii, for which the mutation was found A943V, and for the two populations of T. longipennis included in this study, we report the presence of the kdr mutation K964R. Evaluation of the various mechanisms involved in resistance to pyrethroids in triatomines from Mexico could guide us to the real justification for insecticide resistance monitoring.

Background The control of Aedes aegypti (L.), the main urban vector that causes arboviral diseases such as dengue, Chikungunya and Zika, has proved to be a challenge because of a rapid increase in insecticide resistance. Therefore, adequate monitoring of insecticide resistance is an essential element in the control of Ae. aegypti and the diseases it transmits. We estimated the frequency and intensity (Resistance Frequency Rapid Diagnostic Test [F-RDT] and Resistance Intensity Rapid Diagnostic Test [I-RDT]) of pyrethroid resistance in populations of Ae. aegypti from Mexico using the bottle bioassay and results were related to the frequencies of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations V1016I and F1534C. Results All populations under study were resistant to the pyrethroids: bifenthrin (99%), d-(cis-trans)-phenothrin (6.3% cis, 91.7% trans) and permethrin (99.5%) according to F-RDT, and showed moderate to high-intensity resistance at 10× the diagnostic dose (DD) in I-RDT. Frequencies of the kdr mutation V1016I in Ae. aegypti populations were correlated with moderate permethrin resistance at 10× DD, whereas F1534C mutation frequencies were correlated with high bifenthrin resistance at 5× DD. Both I1016 and C1535 were highly correlated with high-intensity phenothrin resistance at 1× to 10× DD. Conclusions This study showed that high frequencies of kdr mutations V1016I and F1534C are reflected in the results of F-RDT and I-RDT tests. Bioassays in conjunction with the characterization of genetic resistance mechanisms are indispensable in the strategic and rational management of resistance in mosquitoes. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

The southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), transmits pathogens and is one of the most important vectors of human disease. The carboxylesterase mosquito genes encoded esterase enzyme involved in the mechanism that provides resistance to insecticides. We amplified by RTPCR four alternative transcripts from the esterase gene not reported previously (A, B, C, and D) from Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae from Monterrey, N.L., northeastern Mexico. Through cDNA sequences, we predicted amino acid sequences used to model the three-dimensional structure of protein isoforms. We determined dN and dS ratios to identify evolutionary forces which lead the family. PCR products were obtained from 5A esterases (1839, 1898, 1894, and 1953 bp). The translation sequence of the PCR products showed polypeptides of 612, 473, 282, and 282 amino acids in length for isoforms A, B, C, and D, respectively. Three exons and two introns were obtained in the analyzed sequences. The study sequences were compared with those previously published showing 98.7, 98.5, 91.5, and 91.5% amino acid similarity for isoforms A, B, C, and D, respectively. The threedimensional models showed that only ORF-D had the three amino acids corresponding to the catalytic triad, while ORF-A and ORF-C lacked one or two of the three amino acids. Esterase genes are under purifying of selection; a clue the members are functional. The processes might be useful in monitoring evolutionary dynamics of known carboxylesterase genes and identifying new carboxylesterase splicing.

Sepik virus, a pathogen transmitted by arthropods to humans is in the flavivirus family. For this reason, the genomic study of the Sepik virus is relevant in vector-borne diseases field. Genomic mining of the virus and comparison of its coding regions were done to identify sequences that represent greater and lesser conservation than other phylogenetically correlated viruses and to identify regions of greater selection pressure within its genome. The Sepik genome was mapped and analyzed by alignment processes. Selection pressure was estimated using the Pamilio-Banachi-Li method. The genome of the Sepik virus is a 17-motif polyprotein. Within these motifs, the codifying regions of greatest conservation were immunoglobulin-like domain III (82.77%) and the DEAD domain (68.42%), while some domains indicated selection pressure. The selection pressure predicted for certain domains suggested evolutionary pressure on the virus that represented medical impact on virulence and biological risk of the virus.