Search

Additional file 1: Table S1. KEGG pathway analysis of differentially expressed proteins. Table S2. Primers used for qRT-PCR.

With the development of web technology, the communication based on C/S transmission mode is gradually replaced by B/S communication mode. The updating of intrusion technology and web source code visibility and, and the construction of joint query statements based on SQL database query language make the web penetration mode based on SQL injection become a direct database-oriented penetration mode. This paper analyses the principle of SQL injection, completes the verification test on the target machine, and puts forward a new direction for the development of SQL injection.

This paper aims at investigating the long-term mechanical strengths and drying shrinkage, as well as pore structure of cement mortars with hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC). The results show that the 3-d flexural strength and compressive strength of cement mortars tend to decrease with the HEMC content increasing. At 28 d to 360 d, the strengths keep decreasing with the HEMC content increasing at 0–1%, and then increase from the minimum value with the HEMC content increasing at 1–3%, still being much lower than those of the control (0% HEMC). Throughout the curing age, both the tensile bond strength and the drying shrinkage value gradually increase with the HEMC content, to be nearly twice at 3% HEMC than those of the control. HEMC significantly delays the 3-d hydration of cement pastes, but has negligible retardation effect on the hydration after 28 d, to bring the similar late hydration degree of cement pastes with HEMC or not. With the HEMC content increasing in the range of 0–1%, incorporating HEMC brings the sharp increase of macro pores, large capillary pores and porosity, and decreases the interconnected pores to bring many more closed pores. Further increasing the HEMC content to 3%, macro pores and porosity decrease, large capillary pores slightly increase and interconnected pores have a negligible change. Obviously, the understanding on the performance development of cement mortars with HEMC is conducive to the better application of HEMC in dry-mix mortars to meet different requirements.

Leaves are essential organs for plants. We previously identified a functional gene possibly encoding a component of the SWI/SNF complex named Leaf and Flower Related (LFR) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Loss-of-function mutants of LFR displayed obvious defects in leaf morphogenesis, indicating its vital role in leaf development. Here an allelic null mutant of ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2), as2-6, was isolated as an enhancer of lfr-1 in petiole length, vasculature pattern and leaf margin development. The lfr as2 double-mutants showed enhanced ectopic expression of BREVIPEDICELLUS (BP) compared with each of the single-mutants, which is consistent with their synergistic genetic enhancement in multiple BP-dependent development processes. Moreover, LFR and several putative subunits of the SWI/SNF complex interacted physically with AS2. LFR associated with BP chromatin in an AS1-AS2-dependent manner to promote the nucleosome occupancy for appropriate BP repression in leaves. Taken together, our findings reveal that LFR and the SWI/SNF complex play roles in leaf development at least partly by repressing BP transcription as interacting factors of AS2, which expounds our understanding of BP repression at the chromatin structure level in leaf development.

The ball milling technology was used for fabricating CeMg12/Ni/TiF3 hydrogen materials. The effect of TiF3 content on microstructures and electrochemical performances of the milling alloys was investigated in detail. The microstructures were characterized by scanning electron microcopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The electrochemical hydrogen storage properties were tested by discharging capacity and cycling stability. The electrochemical kinetic characteristics were further analyzed with high rate discharging ability (HRD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique, hydrogen diffusion behavior (the diffusion coefficient was denoted by D) and apparent activation energy (ΔE). The results reveal that the addition of TiF3 notably enhances the glass forming ability of alloy sample. The maximum discharge capacity of experimental alloy first goes upward from 1060 to 1250 mA h/g then decreases to 1050 mA h/g with TiF3 content is increased from 0 to 5 wt.%. The milling CeMg12-Ni-TiF3 (5 wt.%) alloy shows the best electrochemical cycle stability. The milled CeMg12-Ni-TiF3 (3 wt.%) alloy has optimum electrochemical kinetic performances, which is responsible for the smallest surface activation energy and the fastest hydrogen diffusion rate.

The influence of hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC) on the early hydration evolution of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement within 72 h was studied by using isothermal calorimetry, thermal analysis (TG–DTA), X-ray diffraction analysis, and environmental scanning electron microscopy. The results reveal that the HEMC definitely has different influences on the hydration heat flow of CSA cement during different periods, postpones the occurrence time of two main heat flow peaks, and decreases the early hydration degree. HEMC assumes different influences on the formation and morphology evolution of hydrates with hydration proceeding. HEMC manifests great retardation on the formation of AFt and AH3 within 12 h of hydration, whereas ensures higher AFt content and lower contents of AH3 and AFm in cement paste after 24 h. Moreover, the influence of HEMC on the early hydration evolution of CSA cement enhances with its dosage increasing.

The reaction of Ru3(CO)12 with ferrocene-containing alkynyl ketones FcCCC(O)R (Fc = ferrocenyl; R = Ph (1); 2-thienyl (2); 4-CH3O–Ph (3); 4-NH2–Ph (4); 4-NO2–Ph (5); ferrocenyl (6)) proceeds in toluene with the formation of triruthenium clusters (1a–6a), ruthenoles (1b–5b, 5c and 1d–5d) and unexpected 1,2-CO-inserted triruthenium clusters (1c–4c). 1a–6a were isolated from the reaction of Ru3(CO)12 with one equivalent of 1–6, respectively. Ruthenoles 1b–5b, 5c and 1d–5d were collected by adding 1–5 to the corresponding 1a–5a in a molar ratio of 1 : 1, respectively. Unexpectedly, the nitro group in one of the two phenyl rings in both 5c and 5d molecules was reduced to an amino group, while their ruthenole skeletons are retained. When 1–4 were added to the corresponding 1a–4a in a molar ratio of 1 : 1, respectively, the unusual triruthenium clusters (1c–4c) were isolated, involving 1,2-insertion of a terminal coordinated carbonyl between two CC units of the ynone molecules. No reaction between 6a and 6 was observed. And the familiar cyclotrimerization products were not found. All new compounds were characterized by NMR, FT-IR, and MS-ESI and most of them were structurally confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The results suggested that the ferrocenyl groups in the 1,3-ynones exhibit strong electron and steric effects on the reaction process and product distribution during their reactions with Ru3(CO)12.

1,3-Dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (OPO) is used widely as a food additive. However, the structured lipid is sensitive to oxygen and light in the production process. This results in the loss of its original nutrition and production of harmful substances. In this study, the OPO was microencapsulated using whey protein isolate and maltodextrin as the wall material and monostearin as an emulsifier by spray-drying technology added to the infant formula milk, in order to improve its oxidative stability. The OPO microcapsules were released in vitro through the simulated gastrointestinal tract; sensory evaluation of microencapsulated OPO in infant formula powder and nutrition absorption of microencapsulated OPO in infant formula power by animal experiments were investigated. The results showed that OPO microcapsules have a slow-release effect; after 2 h of simulated gastric fluid digestion, only 16.1 ± 3.2% of the oil was released from microencapsulated OPO, and after another 2 h of simulated intestinal fluid digestion, there was 92.3 ± 2.8% of oil released from the microencapsulated OPO. The infant formula with microencapsulated OPO has a uniform colour and no odour. The quality of infant formula with microencapsulated OPO was obviously better than infant formula with OPO by storage test. Everted mice gut sac experiments confirmed that microencapsulation did not affect absorption of mice to OPO in infant formula and prevented the loss of calcium. The study confirmed that addition of microencapsulated OPO makes infant formula more efficient for product quality and nutrition absorption.

Thermal reaction of Ru3(CO)12 with alkynyl ketones PhCCC(O)R (RPh (1); 2-Cl-Ph (2); 4-NO2-Ph (3); 2-NH2-Ph (4); and 2-CH3COO-Ph (5)) proceeds in toluene with the formation of Ru3(CO)9(μ-CO)(η4-triruthenium) derivatives (1a–5a), Ru(CO)3(η4-ruthenole) derivatives (1b–4b, 1c–5c and 4d) and cyclotrimerization products (1e–2e and 1f–3f). Compounds 1a–5a were isolated from the reaction of Ru3(CO)12 with one equivalent of 1–5, respectively. Ruthenoles 1b–3b and 1c–3c were collected by adding 1–3 to the corresponding 1a–3a in a molar ratio of 1 : 1. Cyclotrimerization products 1e–2e and 1f–3f were obtained when 1–3 were added to their corresponding 1b–2b and 1c–3c, respectively. 4b, 4c and 4d were afforded during the reaction of 4 with 4a, but only 5c was collected during the reaction of 5 with 5a. All compounds were characterized by NMR, FT-IR, and MS-ESI and most of them were structurally confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The results suggest that electronic and steric effects of the substituents in the phenyl ring of 1,3-diphenylprop-2-yn-1-one play important roles in regulating the reaction pathways. An electron-withdrawing group is beneficial to the formation of b, c and further formation of e and f; an electron-donating group favors the production of ruthenoles b, c and d, but disfavors the formation of e and f; a substituent with large steric-hindrance prefers only the formation of c.

The outstanding self-regulation ability of mixed forest plays an important role in maintaining ecosystem stability. However, in recent years, climate change has caused geographical changes of species. This paper studies the potential geographical location of mixed species for the first time, so as to formulate the planting plan of mixed species in suitable areas. Therefore, we use the species distribution model based on Maxent to predict the potential suitable area of Chinese Pinus tabuliformis and Ostryopsis davidiana mixed forest under the climate change scenario, and provide a scientific basis for expanding the construction of P. tabuliformis and O. davidiana mixed forest in the future under three greenhouse gas emission scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) of current and future climate (2041–2060 and 2081–2100). The simulation accuracy of Maxent model is verified by the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC ). The results show that the distribution range of P. tabuliformis is much larger than that of O. davidiana in China. Under the current climate conditions, the overlapping area of medium to highly suitable growing areas of P. tabuliformis and O. davidiana is 64.40 × 104 km2, accounting for 6.71% of China's land area, mainly distributed in most areas of North China, Northeast China (Western Liaoning), Northwest China (Shaanxi, Ningxia, the Southernmost part of Inner Mongolia and Eastern Gansu) and Central China (Northern Hubei). Under the future high concentration emission scenario (RCP8.5), the overlapping area of medium to highly suitable growing areas of P. tabuliformis and O. davidiana will be reduced. Under the scenario of medium concentration climate emission (RCP 4.5), the centroids of P. tabuliformis and O. davidiana tend to migrate from west to north. The annual mean temperature (bio1) has a significant effect on the geographical distribution of P. tabuliformis and O. davidiana. In addition, the mean temperature of the driest quarter (bio9) and annual precipitation (bio12) also have a significant impact on the geographical distribution of P. tabuliformis. Similarly, there are obvious factors on the geographical distribution of O. davidiana, as well as isothermality (bio3) and precipitation of the wettest quarter (bio16), indicating that the important climate factors affecting the geographical distribution of P. tabuliformis and O. davidiana are not completely consistent. We believe that mixed forests play a positive role in coping with climate change. The research results can help decision-makers to formulate adaptation countermeasures based on climate change.

Application of compressed natural gas in public transportation has attracted environmental and social attentions worldwide for natural gas' low air pollutants emission, low cost, and availability. Constructing a suitable compressed natural gas network for public transportation in a city has thus become an important topic for the theory and practice of applying the compressed natural gas, which is considered as a key measure to solve the energy crisis and city congestion. The present paper proposed an integrated decision-making process of compressed natural gas siting for public transportation based on the method of multi-objective optimization, fuzzy evaluating, and radar charting. Multi-objective optimization is used to find the initial feasible solution under the city's requirement in economic, availability, safety and so on. Fuzzy evaluation then provides the criteria of decision-making. Radar charting presents a clear vision of all the candidate solutions for decision-making based on the different feature of the city condition. To illustrate the proposed process, the present paper takes the city of Wuhan, China as the case study.

As one of the special curing regimes, low temperature environment is considered to be crucial to the development of various properties of cementitious materials. This work focuses on the long-term performance and hydration of cement mortars with hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC) cured at 5℃. The results show that the mid-late flexural and compressive strengths decrease with the HEMC content increasing, to get the lowest values at 1% HEMC. Afterwards, with the HEMC content increasing to 3%, the above strengths gradually increase, still being lower than those of the control. The tensile bond strength increases with the HEMC content increasing, to reach the maximum value at 0.3–0.5% HEMC, and then decreases with the HEMC content increasing to 3%, which is still much higher than that of the control. The drying shrinkage presents a significant increase with the HEMC content increasing. Moreover, HEMC significantly retards the early hydration of cement pastes. But the final hydration degree of cement pastes with HEMC tends to be close to that of the control. In addition, macro pores and the total porosity increase with the HEMC content increasing at 0–1%, and then decrease to some extent at 3% HEMC. Obviously, due to its better long-term properties at 5℃, the cement mortars with HEMC are still applicable at low temperatures.

In this study, water, NaOH , and waterglass medium system are used to investigate the effect of different environment on the dispersion properties of fly ash-slag powder. Size distribution, Elongation, and Circularity of pastes was selected as the evaluate index to quantitatively investigate the dispersion properties of pastes by Morphologi G3 experiment. Results show that NaOH system has the highest size diameter of agglomerate structure with a diameter of 90–120 μm, followed by waterglass system, and finally water has the lowest size diameter. Square-like and long-chain structure with long elongation and low circularity are the mainly components in the active medium system (NaOH and waterglass). This is related to the early reaction of pastes, especially dissolution process. High dissolution speed of aluminosilicate is useful to formation of chain agglomerate structure due to the high electrostatic repulsion to increase the contact chance of particles and particles .

Workability could be a serious drawback for fresh alkali activated fly ash (AAFA) due to its high viscosity caused by alkaline activators. However, the reported optimum superplasticizers (SPs) only produced a slight improvement of fluidity while brought ambivalent effect on the strength in final NaOH-activated AAFA products. To obtain AAFAs with high fluidity and strength, 8M NaOH-AAFAs with low w/b at 0.24 were synthesized, and the effect of composite SPs consisted of naphthalene and melamine on fluidity and strength was investigated. Compared with naphthalene and melamine used separately, the composite SPs gave a maximum reduction in plastic viscosity, corresponding to the largest mini-slump and the lowest fluidity collapse. The workability improvement caused by composite SP was provided from the synergism of melamine and naphthalene, as the significant improvement of melamine on initial fluidity and the excellent fluidity retention supplied by naphthalene. Moreover, the application of composite SPs at lower dosage (1%) could give a significant improvement on the compressive strength of AAFAs. Further, the stability and water reduction mechanism of composite SP were also assessed, and results revealed that the decomposition of sulfonate in naphthalene and triazine ring in melamine was delayed; indicating naphthalene and melamine could maintain their structural stability within 60 minutes when adopted together. In addition, the steric resistance effect cannot be ignored in the dispersion mechanism of composite SPs, while the electrostatic repulsion played a dominant role when naphthalene and melamine used separately. The outcome of this study will be supportive to the ongoing research related to the construction performance of AAFAs in the aim of promoting their in-situ applications

N-guanylurea-dinitramide (GUDN) has received widespread attention due to its high energy and low sensitivity. Research on thermal decomposition behavior of energetic materials plays an important role in their practical application. However, determining transition state products from an experimental technology remains a question to be solved. Herein, theoretical calculations (ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics and DFT calculations) coupled with online photoionization mass spectrometry and TG-DSC-IR-MS were performed to elucidate the thermal decomposition mechanism of GUDN. The infrared peak evolution of condensed phase products is investigated by in situ IR spectroscopy. Molecular dynamics, DFT calculations and in situ IR results suggest that the first step of GUDN unimolecular decomposition is hydrogen transfer reaction, followed by the reaction between two amino groups on the hydrogen transfer product of guanylurea to lose NH3, and then the remaining structure break from the C N bond and finally decomposed into NCO and CN2H3 fragments. The major products of GUDN decomposition include CO2, N2, H2N2 and NH3, and the minor products are H2O and HN2. The products NO2, NO, and CO only participate in initial formation and intermediate conversion reactions. This work is helpful for understanding the entire decomposition process of GUDN with theoretical calculations and experimental methods.

Alkyl-substituted ferrocene-based burning rate catalysts exhibit high migration and volatility during curing process and prolonged storage of the composite solid propellants. To deal with the drawbacks twenty-one dinuclear (ferrocenylmethyl)imidazolium compounds paired with polycyano anions, were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV/Vis, elementary analysis, and both 2 and 11 were further characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The migration test revealed that the compounds have excellent anti-migration ability. The cyclic-voltammetry results suggested that they are quasi-reversible or irreversible redox systems. The TG/DSC analyses showed that the compounds are highly thermal stable. Their effects on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) were additionally examined. The results showed that the new compounds have strong effects on the thermal decomposition of both AP and RDX during combustion. Both 13 and 21 are more excellent than catocene for increasing the released heats of AP and can be used as alternatives of catocene in the composite solid propellants.

The formation of calcium aluminate hydrates in Portland cement pastes modified with two organic admixtures, hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC) and ethylene-vinyl acetate redispersible polymer powder (EVA), was evaluated by using X-ray diffraction analysis. The results show that both the HEMC and the EVA retard the formation of ettringite and postpone the time to reach maximum ettringite content. However, the stability of ettringite is enhanced and the conversion of ettringite to monosulfate (AFm) is delayed by these two organic admixtures to retain a higher ettringite content in cement pastes at later hydration time. With calcite powders contained in EVA as the anti-blocking agents, the formation of two AFm phases, hemicarboaluminate and monocarboaluminate, is promoted by EVA after 3 d of hydration. Accordingly, more types of calcium aluminate hydrates coexist in the cement paste modified with EVA than in the control paste or in cement paste modified with HEMC. Also, having been synchronously mixed in the cement paste, these two organic admixtures have obvious superposition effects on the formation and evolution of calcium aluminate hydrates.

The safety of northeast sauerkraut (NS) has always been a concern in China. In the present study, the nitrite and biogenic amine (BA) contents in 378 NS, collected or purchased from Chinese families and markets (including morning markets and local supermarkets), were measured. The results showed that the nitrite and BA contents of samples from Chinese families and some morning markets were higher than those from local supermarkets. The highest level of nitrites was 38.5 ± 5.2 mg/kg in unpackaged NS from Chinese families, and the lowest was 17.2 ± 2.1 mg/kg in packaged NS from local supermarkets. The highest levels of tyramine and tryptamine were 203 ± 3 and 28.1 ± 4 mg/kg in unpackaged NS from Chinese families, respectively. The highest levels of histamine, putrescine, and cadaverine were mainly found in Chinese families and morning markets, and the lowest level of BAs was from local supermarkets. The results suggest that improving the safety of NS by controlling environmental sanitation and stren...

The effects of super absorbent polymer (SAP) on the early hydration evolution of Portland cement within 72 h were investigated by isothermal calorimetry, thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results show that the SAP definitely affects the early hydration process of Portland cement, increases the hydration heat evolution rate during the acceleration period and during the main exothermic peak, promotes the earlier appearance of the main exothermic peak, but does not affect the lengths of the initial reaction period and the induction period and the onset of the acceleration period. The SAP can accelerate cement hydration to increase the hydration degree within 72 h. But the dosage variation of SAP has minor influence on the hydration heat evolution and hydration degree. The SAP enhances the formation of Ca(OH)2 after 12 h to keep higher content than that in the reference paste. The SAP does not affect the maximum content of ettringite, but delays the conversion of ettringite to monosulphate to remain ettringite content higher at later hydration time. Besides, no new phases are found to have formed in cement paste with SAP.

Nanosized Fe3+ and Eu3+ codoped CeO2 solid solutions were synthesized via hydrothermal method. The crystalline structure of Ce1−x(Fe0.5Eu0.5)xO2−δ (x=0.00–0.30) solid solutions was carried out by the X–ray diffraction technique, and the spectrum features were identified by UV–Vis and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. It was observed that the cell parameters were first increased then decreased by increasing the doped ions content. The phase separation was detected when the dopant concentration reached to x=0.30. UV–Vis spectrum showed that the width of the band gap gradually reduced by increasing the doped content, and the solid solubility was determined to be x=0.20. The Raman technique displayed that the peak position of F2g mode gradually shifted to lower frequencies from 465 cm−1 for x=0.00 to 440 cm−1 for x=0.20. The catalytic effects of Ce1−x(Fe0.5Eu0.5)xO2−δ solid solutions on the electrochemistry properties of Mg2Ni/Ni were measured by mixing them together via ball milling technique. The electrochemical properties of the Mg2Ni/Ni–Ce1–x(Fe0.5Eu0.5)xO2−δ composites showed that the maximum discharge capability Cmax and the cycle stability were improved obviously. Meanwhile, the EIS characteristic also indicated that the doped solid solutions could enhance the rate of charge transfer on the surface of alloy. The catalytic effect of the solid solutions was speculated to rely on both the concentration of oxygen vacancies and the cell volumes of the solid solutions.

Lewis base, N -methylmorpholine (NMM) accelerated Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling of steric hindered super active esters, 1a–1e, and terminal alkynes. This approach provided an efficient synthetic protocol for a broad array of acylated o -alkynoylphenols compounds, 3a–3e, under moderate conditions. The mechanistic study clearly demonstrated that NNM stabilized the catalytic palladium species, and accelerated the leaving of triazine moiety during the catalytic cycle of the cross-coupling reactions. In addition, piperazine was found to efficiently catalyze the 6-endo cyclization of acylated o -alkynoylphenols, which achieved the diversity oriented synthesis of γ -benzopyranones, 4aa–4eg, with 93–99% yields.

A new triple cooperative and relay catalysis system featuring the Mannich addition followed by C–C construction and oxydehydrogenation is described. The zirconocene dichloride and trimellitic acid synergic catalysis triggered the Mannich addition and C–C bond construction reactions, while CuO allowed relay catalysis for oxydehydrogenation. This novel strategy demonstrated superior activity for the synthesis of substituted quinolines from commercially available anilines, aldehydes and ketones. The corresponding substituted quinolines were synthesized with 32 examples in 90–96% yields under mild reaction conditions. A novel zirconocene–Bronsted acid complex, generated in situ and acting as an active catalyst, was validated from the mechanistic studies.

Rapeseed production is limited by abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and low temperature. Evidences suggest that common stress response genes are shared by multiple stresses. To study how rapeseed responds to abiotic stresses at transcriptional level and identify genes that regulate multiple abiotic stress tolerance, we investigated transcriptional dynamics of the rapeseed treated by abscisic acid (ABA), salt, dehydration, and cold stresses at two different time points, respectively. A total of 30,908 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under 4 abiotic stresses were identified. There were 2568 upregulated and 4376 downregulated DEGs (2-fold change) commonly shared by four stresses. Analysis of the DEGs identified significantly enriched gene ontology biological processes under multiple stress conditions. The commonly shared DEGs included 225 upregulated and 294 downregulated transcription factors belonging to 35 and 40 different families, respectively. The representative mostly upregulated and downregulated DEGs at each time point of abiotic stress treatment were presented. We identified a list of core abiotic stress genes commonly regulated by four stresses, which mainly included ERD15, RAB18, LEA14, and transcription factors belonging to ERF, bZIP, and MYBR1 families. The findings of shared abiotic stress responsive genes may help develop strategies for breeding rapeseed varieties with improved tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses.

A simple and efficient system was developed for the ligand-free Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura reaction in water under mild conditions. Quaternary ammonium hydroxides with long chains were found to be very suitable bases. This ligand-free Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura reaction showed improved durability in water with Pd loadings decreased to ppm level. Bases were shown to stabilize active palladium species in addition to acting as a base during the catalytic process. In the catalytic system with a strong base, the soluble active PdII ion exhibited anti-reduction properties, which prevented aggregation and deactivation of Pd species. The entire catalytic system could be recycled after separating the product by simple filtration. The water-compatible and air-stable effective catalytic protocol described herein represents an attractive and green synthetic advance in Suzuki-Miyaura couplings.

Although nanomaterials have shown promising biomedical application potential, incomplete understanding of their molecular interactions with biological systems prevents their inclusion into mainstream clinical applications. Here we show that black phosphorus (BP) nanomaterials directly affect the cell cycle's centrosome machinery. BP destabilizes mitotic centrosomes by attenuating the cohesion of pericentriolar material and consequently leads to centrosome fragmentation within mitosis. As a result, BP-treated cells exhibit multipolar spindles and mitotic delay, and ultimately undergo apoptosis. Mechanistically, BP compromises centrosome integrity by deactivating the centrosome kinase polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). BP directly binds to PLK1, inducing its aggregation, decreasing its cytosolic mobility and eventually restricting its recruitment to centrosomes for activation. With this mechanism, BP nanomaterials show great anticancer potential in tumour xenografted mice. Together, our study reveals a molecular mechanism for the tumoricidal properties of BP and proposes a direction for biomedical application of nanomaterials by exploring their intrinsic bioactivities.

Fluctuations of new energy output cannot be effectively accommodated in the traditional cross-regional or cross-provincial tie-line scheduling since it’s established mainly based on power transactions, therefore, it is less involved in the intra-day adjustments. The Intra-day Tie-line Scheduling Model Considering New Energy Volatility is presented in this paper in response to this situation. In the Model, a intra-day scheduling model is established based on the cross-section of the tie-line and the sub-provincial reserve control after the treatment of their equivalent forms against fuzzy opportunity constraints of the spinning reserve according to credibility distribution function of the error in the new energy prediction. The result after applying the Model to the actual example indicates that the Model is useful to optimize the reasonable intra-day tie-line scheduling when the reserve is insufficient, and thus enhance the mutual-accommodation capacity of interconnected power grids to effectively improve the accommodation level of new energy.

With the developing trends of electric power system, it is more critical and challenging to monitor and process the system topology in real time. The correlation between network topology analysis and the graph partition theory inspire a novel solution to topology analysis by utilizing graph computing techniques. We first introduce the graph partitioning rationale and abstract network topology analysis into the graph partition problem. Secondly, we describe the graph modeling methods for network topology analysis. We then propose the parallel topology analysis algorithm which is realized with the graph computing framework and implemented on the graph computing platform. The case study and extensive test over practical data of power system verify the effectiveness of the graph modeling method and the efficiency of our topology analysis algorithm.

This study aimed to evaluate the ability of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain LC‐4 to bind aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) and yogurt. Bacterial cells were subjected to heat, acid, and alkali treatments. The AFM1‐binding rate of acid‐treated bacteria was of 78.63 ± 0.52%. The binding of L. rhamnosus LC‐4 to AFM1 was partially reversible and the binding of AFM1 was more stable when treated bacteria were used. The involved components of the cell wall in AFM1 binding were determined, with peptidoglycan playing a critical role. The integrity of the bacteria was also highly important for detoxification ability, and this ability was influenced by different factors such as temperature, pH, and toxin concentration, and so on. L. rhamnosus LC‐4 retained its detoxification ability in yogurt. The pH and bacterial concentration slightly affected the binding of AFM1 to L. rhamnosus LC‐4 during storage time. These results indicate that L. rhamnosus LC‐4 may be applied to reduce the concentration of AFM1 in yogurt. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In the present work, we determined the involved components of the cell wall in AFM1 binding and different factors influencing the binding process. The integrity of the cell wall is indispensable for AFM1 binding and peptidoglycans were critical components. Understanding the mechanism of AFM1 binding by probiotic bacteria is contributed to further optimizing decontamination processes. Our study provides potential future applications to reduce AFM1 bioavailability by L. rhamnosus LC‐4 in yogurt.

A robust Co-based metal-organic framework, [Co

Aims Despite the protective effect of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) on human colon has been widely-reported, the mechanism of its beneficial effect is still unclear. This paper aims to reveal the internal mechanism underlined the anti-colitis effect of GOS by studying its regulatory effect on miRNAs. Main methods An in vitro model of colitis was constructed by using human colon epithelial FHC cells and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). An in vivo colitis model was established as well, by injecting Rag2−/− Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with helicobacter hepaticus. The effects of GOS pre-treatment on these two models were tested, and the miRNAs involved in these effects were studied. Key findings The expression of miR-19b, miR-590-5p and miR-495 was up-regulated, and the expression of miR-29a, miR-31 and miR-142-5p was down-regulated by GOS treatment in both normal and LPS-stimulated FHC cells. Among which, miR-19b was the most varied miRNA. GOS pre-treatment significantly attenuated LPS-induced cell injury, as evidenced by the increase of cell viability, the decrease of apoptosis, as well as the suppressed release of TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-1β. GOS pre-treatment could also prevent Rag2−/− rats against helicobacter hepaticus injection induced diarrhea and inflammation, as the body weight and colon organ weight were recovered, diarrhea score was declined, and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines was inhibited. The in vitro and in vivo effects of GOS abovementioned were all impeded when miR-19b was silenced. Significance In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that GOS have certain anti-colitis effect, and this effect may be achieved by up-regulating miR-19b.

Cyclophosphamide (CTX), a clinically important antineoplastic drug, also leads to some side effects such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea in the consumer. In this study, Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) KLDS1.0318 preserved in our laboratory was orally administered to CTX-treated mice to explore its potential effects to attenuate the toxic effects of CTX-induced by modulating intestinal immune response, promoting intestinal integrity and improving metabolic profile. BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups including normal control group (NC; non-CTX with sterile saline), model control group (MC; CTX-treated with sterile saline), CTX-treated with L. plantarum KLDS1.0318 (10 mL/kg) groups with three different doses (KLDS1.0318-L, 5 × 107 CFU/mL; KLDS1.0318-M, 5 × 108 CFU/mL; KLDS1.0318-H, 5 × 109 CFU/mL), and CTX-treated with levamisole hydrochloride (40 mg/kg) as a positive control (PC) group. After receiving the bacterium for 20 days, samples of small intestine and colonic contents were collected for different analyses. The results revealed that the levels of cytokines secreted by Th1 cells (IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) and Th2 cells (IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10) in probiotic treatment groups were significantly higher than those in the MC group. Histopathological results showed that L. plantarum KLDS1.0318 favorably recovered CTX-induced abnormal intestinal morphology by improving the villus height and crypt depth as well as quantity of goblet cells and mucins production. Compared to CTX alone-treated group, the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were significantly increased and the levels of pH and ammonia were decreased significantly with high dose L. plantarum KLDS1.0318 supplementation. Compared with mice in CTX alone-treated group, mice in three groups of KLDS1.0318 had increased Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and decreased Escherichia and Enterococcus in their cecal content. The present findings suggested that L. plantarum KLDS1.0318 could be of significant advantage to mitigate the harmful effects of CTX and improve the intestinal health in mice.

In Android systems, sensitive information associated with system permission is exposed to the application completely once it gains the permission. To solve this problem, this article presents a fine-grained access control framework for sensitive information based on eXtensible Access Control Markup Language data flow model. In this framework, a user can define access policies for each application and resource and the application’s access request to sensitive information is evaluated by these policies. Therefore, all access requests must comply with the security policy irrespective of whether they have gained the permission associated with the information. This helps to protect sensitive data outside the Android permission mechanism. In order to facilitate users to manage policies, the proposed framework implements automatic policy generation and policy conflict detection functions. The framework is implemented in TaintDroid and experiments indicate that the improvement is effective in achieving fine-grained access control to sensitive information and does not adversely affect the system overhead costs.

Dry-mix mortars with Portland cement and calcium sulfoaluminate cement (PC-CSA) binders are gradually applied in many fields due to their various excellent properties. Hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC) is commonly used as an agent in the dry-mix mortars to further improve performance. Herein, the purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of HEMC-modified cement mortars with PC-CSA binders. The results show that HEMC has great effects on the properties and hydration of the cement mortars with PC-CSA binders. HEMC improves the water retention ability, decreases the consistency and fluidity to bring the flowability reduction, and increases the air content consequently to decrease the bulk density. Meanwhile, HEMC somewhat extends the setting time. With the HEMC content increasing, HEMC obviously decreases the flexural and compressive strengths. However, HEMC can improve the tensile bond strength, especially at the high HEMC content. HEMC decreases the drying shrinkage, regardless of its content. HEMC retards the hydration process of the PC-CSA binders, and affects the formation of ettringite (AFt) and calcium hydroxide (CH). HEMC delays the transformation of AFt to monosulfoaluminate (AFm) and decreases the consumption of CH at later age, and the preferred orientation growth of CH is also declined. Moreover, HEMC increases the macro-capillary pores and macro pores, but decreases the meso-capillary pores.

Reuterin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent widely used to control pathogenic bacteria. Antimicrobial properties of catechin have been well described. However, no information is available regarding their combination effects. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antibacterial effects of reuterin and catechin alone or in combination against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). We found a clear synergistic effect of reuterin in combination with catechin on inhibiting growth of S. mutans. Combined treatment with reuterin and catechin resulted in reduced biofilm biomass and water-insoluble glucan content, and visibly damaged the biofilm structure. Moreover, the expression of biofilm-associated genes was significantly down-regulated after exposure to the combination. Our results demonstrate that the combination of reuterin and catechin exhibits synergistic antimicrobial activity against S. mutans by repressing growth, biofilm formation, water-insoluble glucan production, and virulence genes expression. These findings support this novel combination can be used as a natural antibacterial agent for the prevention of oral diseases.

Aiming at the deficiencies in the existing research on road roughness recognition based on neural networks, the road roughness and 16 vehicle response data are simulated based on the filtered white noise model and the smoothness seven-degree-of-freedom model, NARX neural network is built to identify road roughness. The coefficient of determination and the root mean square error are introduced as the evaluation indicators of the model, the MIV method is used to evaluate and screen each input response. Research shows that MIV method improves the performance of NARX neural networks, MIV-NARX can effectively identify road roughness.

Twenty-one ionic ferrocenyl ammonium (1–17) and 1,2,4-triazolium (18–21) compounds derived from 5,5′-bis(1-hydroxytetrazole) were synthesized and characterized by NMR, FT-IR, UV − Vis and elemental analysis, aiming at improving anti-migration ability of neutral ferrocene-based burning rate catalysts and reducing sensitivity of the ionic ferrocenyl compounds containing picrate anions. Six new compounds were additionally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The characterization results showed that, by ion-exchange reactions, 1–10, 12, 15 and 17 are the anticipated compounds in their molecular structures, compounds 11, 13 and 16 were formed by C-N bond cleavage of the dinuclear ferrocenyl cation units and 18–21 were obtained by protonation of the divalent 5,5′-bis(1-hydroxytetrazolate) anion at one oxygen atom. Thermal gravimetry and anti-migration test indicated that the new compounds are highly thermally stable and show low volatility and low migration tendency. Cyclic voltammetry studies suggested that most of the novel salts are irreversible redox systems. The sensitivity tests towards impact revealed that compounds 1–17 are insensitive compounds. The catalytic tests implied that all compounds exhibit great effects on the thermal degradation of ammonium perchlorate and 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane. Compounds 13–15 can be used as potential alternatives to catocene in the composite solid propellants.

The deviation factor of natural gas is a coefficient to quantitatively describe the deviation degree between real gas (natural gas) and ideal gas. Generally, the deviation factor of natural gas is measured in PVT cell without considering porous media. However, when natural gas is in underground porous media reservoir, due to the adsorption of porous media, the deviation factor of natural gas in porous media deviates from that measured in conventional PVT cell. Moreover, compared with other gases, CO2 has stronger adsorption capacity. Therefore, in porous media, the deviation factor of natural gas considering the adsorption of porous media is quite different from that measured in conventional PVT cell. In this paper, simulating the isothermal mining conditions in gas reservoir,the deviation factor of natural gas with different CO2 content considering the influence of porous media under different pressure isothermal conditions is studied by using the test of designed sand filled long slim tube in series. And under the same conditions, the deviation factor is compared with that of conventional PVT. The experimental results show that under the same conditions, due to the adsorption of porous media, the deviation factor measured in porous media is smaller than that measured by PVT cell without considering porous media.

A new strategy was developed to enhance the activity of titanocene dichloride for the synthesis of 2,4-disubstituted-3H-benzo[b]-[1,4]diazepine derivatives by using Cp2TiCl2 as a pre-catalyst. The titanocene was activated in situ in the catalytic system via the coordination with m-phthalic acid and alcohol solvent accompanied with the secession of a cyclopentadienyl ring, leading to the formation of an activated species, [CpTi(OEt)2(η1-C8H5O4)]. In particular, the novel developed half-titanocene catalyst exhibited more superior stability than representative half-titanocene complex, indicated by not only water compatibility for the employment of 30 % aqueous ethanol solution but also the recyclability that the products could be generated without apparent yield decrease after 5 runs. In general, we present a paradigm for sustainable molecular catalysis of titanocene.

Alkylferrocene-based burning rate catalysts exhibit high migration tendency and volatility during prolonged storage and fabrication process of the solid propellants. To retard the migration problems, eight ionic compounds composed of ferrocenylmethyldimethylammonium cation paired with a common energetic anion, were synthesized by “one-step” procedure. The compounds were characterized by FT-IR, NMR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy as well as elementary analysis. Their crystal structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The TG and DSC analyses indicated that they exhibit high thermal stability. Cyclic voltammetry studies suggested that most of them show reversible or quasi-reversible redox waves. The anti-migration results revealed that 1–4 are low-migratory compounds, but 5 exhibits high migration trends. The TG curves at 70 °C for 24 h showed that all of them have low volatility. They have from high to low impact sensitivity depending on the anions of the compounds. They all exhibit significant effect on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and some of them accelerate the thermal degradation of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX). Among them 4 is the best one. Unexpectedly, compound 5, with 1H-tetrazolate as anion, can decompose into its original reactants at the temperature just higher than its melting point and could show smart-material functionality in solid propellants.

Tunable organometallic Lewis acid catalysts were developed by combining salicylic acid (H2-Sal) with benzoic acid (H-Ben), 4-fluorobenzoic acid (H-BenF) and 3-thiophenic acid (H-Th), as coligands for mixed bis-carboxylate titanocene complexes. Three air-stable complexes [Cp2Ti(η1-HSal)(η1-Ben)] (1), [Cp2Ti(η1-HSal)(η1-BenF)] (2) and [Cp2Ti[η1-HSal][(η1-Th)] (3) were prepared in high yields by the reaction of salicylato titanocene chelate with carboxylate ligands. The mixed bis-carboxylate titanocene complexes were fully characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies revealed Ti–O(H-Sal) bond distances in 1, 2 and 3 of 1.972(3), 1.9245(18) and 1.912(5) A, respectively, while the bond distances involving the coligands of 1, 2 and 3 are 1.908(3) A (Ti–OBen), 1.9296(19) A (Ti–OBenF) and 1.945(5) A (Ti–OTh), respectively. These bis-carboxylate titanocene complexes showed satisfactory activities and selectivities in Mannich and cross-aldol reactions. Notably, complex 3 bearing the labile thiophene carboxylate ligand gave high yields with a diastereomer ratio (d.r.) as high as 1:99 for the direct Mannich reactions of benzaldehyde, cyclohexanone and aniline. In cross-aldol reaction of benzaldehyde and cyclohexanone, 1 and 2 successfully catalyzed the formation of double-aldol products in up to 99 % yield.

Bisindoles (BIMs) were modulated as powerful N,N′ donor ligands for the copper-catalyzed Sonogashira reaction. Ligand screening experiments on 11 BIM compounds found that 3,3′-(4-chlorophenyl)methylenebis(1-methyl-1H-indole) (10%) efficiently accelerated CuCl (5%)-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl iodides with terminal alkynes. A wide range of substituted aryl iodides and/or alkyl- and aryl-substituted terminal alkynes were examined, leading to the corresponding coupling products with yields up to 99%. An efficient and scalable protocol for the synthesis of BIM ligands on a gram scale, with extremely low catalyst loading of o-ClC6H4NH3+Cl−, was also developed with a reaction time of 20 min with yields up to 93%. This novel N,N′ ligand was air-stable, easily available and highly modulated with low copper loading. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The aim was to develop an enzyme immobilization method for Rhizopus oryzae lipase to improve its acidolysis activity and stability. Lipase was adsorbed into NKA-9 resin and then crosslinked with glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. The optimum conditions obtained using the response surface methodology were as follows: 34.6 mg lipase/100 mg support, 4.1 h of adsorption time, 45°C, pH 6.8, 0.5% glutaraldehyde concentration, and 2.5 h of crosslinking time. The acidolysis activity of the immobilized lipase was 31.78%, the free lipase activity was only 11.02%. The immobilized lipase showed better performance, such as higher acidolysis activity, better pH tolerance and temperature stability, enhanced storage stability, and improved reusability.

The effects of redispersible ethylene–vinyl chloride–vinyl laurate terpolymer (E/VC/VL) on the early hydration evolution of Portland cement were quantitatively investigated by isothermal calorimetry, setting time testing, thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and environmental scanning electron microscope analysis. The results show that the E/VC/VL definitely affects the early hydration process of cement paste, increases the initial exothermic peak value, decreases the heat evolution rate of the acceleration period and the second hydration exothermic peak, but increases the heat evolution rate during the deceleration period. And the E/VC/VL has little effects on the length of these different hydration periods. The E/VC/VL decreases hydration heat and hydration degree within 72 h, and the bigger the E/VC/VL dosage is, the less hydration heat and hydration degree are. The E/VC/VL retards the formation of hydrates, decreases the content of Ca(OH)2 and CSH gels, affects the morphology evolution of hydrates and declines the crystalline degree and crystal size of Ca(OH)2. Besides, the E/VC/VL retards the formation of AFt and inhibits the conversion of AFt to AFm, accordingly keeping AFt content higher at later hydration time. In addition, no new phases are formed in cement paste with the E/VC/VL. The retardation of E/VC/VL is also evidenced by the setting time of cement pastes. But with hydration time prolonging, the retardation of E/VC/VL on cement hydration gradually weakens.