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[EN] The aim of this educational review is to provide practical information on the hardware, methodology, and the hands on application of chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence technology. We present the paper in a question and answer format like frequently asked questions. Although nearly all information on the application of Chl a fluorescence can be found in the literature, it is not always easily accessible. This paper is primarily aimed at scientists who have some experience with the application of Chl a fluorescence but are still in the process of discovering what it all means and how it can be used. Topics discussed are (among other things) the kind of information that can be obtained using different fluorescence techniques, the interpretation of Chl a fluorescence signals, specific applications of these techniques, and practical advice on different subjects, such as on the length of dark adaptation before measurement of the Chl a fluorescence transient. The paper also provides the physiological background for some of the applied procedures. It also serves as a source of reference for experienced scientists

In this work the response of Tomato plants cv. Micro-Tom to nanoparticles (NPs) treatment was investigated. Tomato seedlings were grown in hydroponic condition and NPs treatments were carried out by adding Fe3O4 or TiO2 NPs to nutrient solution. At the end of treatments, NPs root uptake and tissue deposition were investigated using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope, equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy for chemical identification. At morphological level, one week after the beginning of NP treatment, seedlings grown with high concentration of TiO2 NPs showed an abnormal proliferation of root hairs, as compared to the control seedlings and to the seedlings exposed to Fe3O4 NPs, Shoot morphology did not differ in tomato seedlings grown under different conditions and no symptoms of toxicity were observed in NP-treated plants. In order to analyse genetic effects of NPs treatments, RNA transcription was studied in roots of NP-exposed and control plants by Illumina RNA sequencing, evidencing the induction of transposable elements., In questo lavoro è stata studiata la risposta di piante di pomodoro al trattamento con nanoparticelle (NP). Piantine di pomodoro sono state coltivate in idroponica e i trattamenti sono stati eseguiti aggiungendo NP di Fe3O4 o di TiO2 alla soluzione nutritiva. Al termine degli esperimenti sono stati esaminati l’assorbimento radicale di NP e la loro deposizione sui tessuti radicali usando un microscopio elettronico a scansione, dotato di spettroscopio a dispersione di energia per l'identificazione chimica dei materiali. Rispetto ai controlli e a piantine esposte a nanoparticelle di Fe3O4, piantine cresciute con alte concentrazioni di nanoparticelle di TiO2 hanno mostrato una anormale proliferazione di peli radicali. La morfologia dei germogli non differiva in piantine coltivate nelle diverse condizioni e non sono stati osservati sintomi di tossicità in piante trattate con NP. Al fine di analizzare la risposta ai trattamenti con NP a livello genetico, è stata studiata la trascrizione dell’RNA nelle radici, attraverso sequenziamento Illumina, evidenziando l’attivazione di elementi trasponibili.

In this work the response of Tomato plants cv. Micro-Tom to nanoparticles (NPs) treatment was investigated. Tomato seedlings were grown in hydroponic condition and NPs treatments were carried out by adding Fe3O4 or TiO2 NPs to nutrient solution. At the end of treatments, NPs root uptake and tissue deposition were investigated using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope, equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy for chemical identification. At morphological level, one week after the beginning of NP treatment, seedlings grown with high concentration of TiO2 NPs showed an abnormal proliferation of root hairs, as compared to the control seedlings and to the seedlings exposed to Fe3O4 NPs, Shoot morphology did not differ in tomato seedlings grown under different conditions and no symptoms of toxicity were observed in NP-treated plants. In order to analyse genetic effects of NPs treatments, RNA transcription was studied in roots of NP-exposed and control plants by Illumina RNA sequencing, evidencing the induction of transposable elements., In questo lavoro è stata studiata la risposta di piante di pomodoro al trattamento con nanoparticelle (NP). Piantine di pomodoro sono state coltivate in idroponica e i trattamenti sono stati eseguiti aggiungendo NP di Fe3O4 o di TiO2 alla soluzione nutritiva. Al termine degli esperimenti sono stati esaminati l’assorbimento radicale di NP e la loro deposizione sui tessuti radicali usando un microscopio elettronico a scansione, dotato di spettroscopio a dispersione di energia per l'identificazione chimica dei materiali. Rispetto ai controlli e a piantine esposte a nanoparticelle di Fe3O4, piantine cresciute con alte concentrazioni di nanoparticelle di TiO2 hanno mostrato una anormale proliferazione di peli radicali. La morfologia dei germogli non differiva in piantine coltivate nelle diverse condizioni e non sono stati osservati sintomi di tossicità in piante trattate con NP. Al fine di analizzare la risposta ai trattamenti con NP a livello genetico, è stata studiata la trascrizione dell’RNA nelle radici, attraverso sequenziamento Illumina, evidenziando l’attivazione di elementi trasponibili.