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With the construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), water impoundment began in 2003. The reservoir water level (RWL) has been annually adjusted to a fluctuation level between 145 and 175 m above sea level (a.s.l.) since 2008. Numerous large scale ancient landslides have been reactivated in the region. This paper focuses on the reactivation characteristics and influence of hydrological inducing factors on deformation of a massive ancient reservoir landslide. The Taping landslide is taken as an example, and its geological setting, material composition, structural characteristics and spatiotemporal deformation characteristics of the landslide are presented. According to the surface deformation characteristics, the Taping landslide can be divided into three subzones. Then, an attribute reduction algorithm based upon neighborhood rough set theory is used to quantitatively analyze the influences of key hydrological factors on the movements within the three subzones of the landslide. Long-term monitoring data are used to identify the key threshold values that induce fast movements within the three subzones of the landslide. Finally, the reactivation mechanism of the Taping landslide is proposed. The results show that the Taping landslide is in a state of periodically consistent creep deformation. The movements within the three subzones of the Taping landslide are affected by different hydrological factors. For the leading section, the hydraulic gradient is the most important hydrologic factor affecting the slope movement, and 0.07 is the key hydraulic gradient threshold for fast movement. For the middle section, rainfall and hydraulic gradient are the two most important hydrologic factors affecting the slope movement. The average daily precipitation over the last seven days and hydraulic gradients of 10 mm and 0.15 are the threshold values that induce its fast movement. For the rear section, the slope movement is mainly affected by the ground water level (GWL), and a GWL of 185.5 m a.s.l., is identified as the key threshold value that induces its fast movement. The findings in this study can help in managing reservoir landsides and designing landslide reinforcements in the regions of the world with geological settings similar to that of the TGR region.

The present study aimed to investigate the change in the morphological and physiological characteristics within sesame plant when subjected by regulating water levels. The experiment was conducted at ground water level(GWL) 0, 20, and 40 cm in a paddy field soil. The results showed that sesame growth characteristics, such as shoot length, stem thickness, leaf length, and leaf width were significantly higher in sesame at GWL 0 cm at 10 days after treatment(DAT) and 20 DAT than in those grown at a GWL of 40 cm. The shoot length and stem thickness of sesame grown at a GWL of 20 cm was significantly higher than those grown at a GWL of 40 at 10 DAT. The chlorophyll content was significantly lower in plants grown at a GWL 40 cm at 10 and 20 DAT over sesame grown in GWL of 0 and 20 cm. The stomatal conductance remained consistent in all the GWL at overall time period. Moreover, the Ca content of sesame was reduced in both GWL 40 cm and 20 cm at 10 DAT and 20 DAT as compared to GWL 0 cm. The K content was increased at 10 DAT but was reduced at 20 DAT at both GWL 20 cm and GWL 40 cm over plant grown at GWL 0 cm. Likewise, the P content was decreased at 10 DAT in both GWL 20 and GWL 40 cm but was significantly increased at 20 DAT in GWL 20 cm as compared to plant at GWL 0 cm. Since the experimental soil is paddy field soil these results helps to understand the efficiency of sesame to tolerate the different stress levels of soil moisture. Therefore, these research may help to predict the appropriate level of irrigation to be provided at different time period for the sesame if it is grown in rice field as a commercial crops.

This paper aims to analyze the variability of the levels of surface and ground water in the Ochożanka basin. The depth at which the ground water table occurred was studied with reference to the adopted land drainage standards. The studies were carried out in 2009/2010–2014/2015 for natural and regulated water outflows. The analysis of annual total precipitation in the analyzed period some years were very wet (2009/2010 and 2013/2014), some of them were wet (2010/2011, 2012/2013), one year was dry (2014/2015) and one year was normal (2011/2012). The six-year average seasonal precipitation amounted to 593 mm, which was 66 mm higher than average precipitation recorded in 30 years. Under regulated outflow conditions the level of water in the river ranged from 55 to 77 cm. The level of water under natural outflow ranged from 18 to 49 cm. In the area with regulated outflow the average ground water level was 47 cm. In the remaining area of drainage system ground water level was 67 cm. Also, the dynamics of variance in the water level under natural outflow conditions was clearly higher.

Peatland fires in 2015 that hit 23 of 33 provinces in Indonesia is one of the worst fires in history. South Kalimantan is one of the 23 provinces with the burned land area of 19.179,9 hectares. Peatland burning in Banjarbaru and of Banjar Regency which totaled 1.536 fire point burning with a land area of approximately 1.500 hectares. The main factor of this land fires is of decreased water level in the peat land. Therefore, to overcome that fires will not happen again by creating a conservation pond to hold water, especially during the rainy season in order to keep moist peat. The planning an peat land conservation in this area of 900 hectares. Peat ecosystem restoration can be done through the realignment of hydrological function where peat dome as a long-term water storage. The purpose of the research is to knowing the state of the physical properties soil for conservation pond made and knowing the condition of the ground water level in the field. From the results of an investigation soil physical properties obtained peat has not undergone recast and the number of pores in the soil are very large so that the soil becomes porous with a high water level conditions.

This study evaluated the site characteristics influencing the time and cost delivery of building projects, determined the range of percentage cost and time overrun and developed a neural network model for predicting the percentage cost and time overrun using the site characteristics of building projects. The study evaluated twelve site characteristics and two performance indicators obtained from records of construction costs, contract documents, and valuation reports of 126 purposively sampled building projects spread across several cities in Nigeria. Analyses were with descriptive and artificial neural network. It was concluded that with fairly favourable site characteristics, cost overrun range reached 77.95% with a mean variation of 44.36%, while time overrun range reached 51.23% with a mean variation of 26.77%. It was found that the accuracy performance levels of 91.93% and 91.43% for the cost and time overrun predictions respectively were very high for the optimum models. Building projects have eight significant site characteristics which can be used to reliably predict the percentage overrun, among which the ground water level, level of available infrastructure and labour proximity around the site are the most important predictors of cost and time overrun. The study recommended that project owners, consultants, contractors and other stakeholders should always use the eight identified site characteristics in predicting percentage cost and time overrun, with more priority on the first three characteristics. The study also recommended the neural network prediction approach due to its prediction accuracy.

Pennar is an important river of Ananthapuram district where 80 per cent of the district is drained by the river. Ground water levels were monitored from a network of 71 observation wells four times in a year. The depth to water level during pre-monsoon (2005) range from 2.53 to 19.67 m below ground water level. Less fluctuation is observed in the areas where the water levels were comparatively shallow during pre-monsoon and where the slope is less. Generally in kalluamarri village September, October, November are the months where in the ground water levels are increasing. Similarly during the months from January to May there is no recharge of ground water.

In this work the ground water level and water pumping for irrigation and drinking purposes in Barind area of Bangladesh have been studied. The depth of ground water level remains under 30 ft throughout the year that enforcing the use of submersible pumps in most parts of Barind zone. The Barind Multipurpose Development Authority (BMDA) and Rajshahi WASA are the major water supplying authority in the Northern Part of Bangladesh by using 14386 and 87 nos of submersible pumps, respectively. An investigation for the values of life cycle cost elements of submersible pumps has also been carried out. The performance of the pumps running in different sites in Barind area were investigated and compared with the lab test results of new pumps. Energy consumption cost is dominating the life cycle cost of the pumps using in Barind region and improper matching of pump standard running conditions and operation/system requirements are the main causes of lower efficiency. It is found that the efficiency of the running pumps is reduced by 20 – 40% than that of lab test results.

Rijkswaterstaat would like to check the data on groundwater composition and ground water level monitoring wells receiving from third parties before uploading to the key registration subsoil as part of the Dutch system of Base Registers (BRO: Basis Registratie Ondergrond). Together with the experts of Rijkswaterstaat the quality criteria and corresponding norms are defined. Based on this both Boolean and Fuzzy logic rules for validation are set. Rijkswaterstaat wil de grondwatersamenstellingsdata en de data over grondwaterputten die zij van opdrachtnemers krijgen eerst controleren voordat ze deze data aanleveren aan de landelijke voorziening van de Basisregistratie Ondergrond. Gezamenlijk met de experts van RWS zijn de kwaliteitscriteria en bijbehorende normen die gelden voor deze data vastgesteld. Op basis hiervan zijn tweewaardige en meerwaardige logische validatieregels opgesteld.

The article evaluates the weather and hydrological impact on geotechnology when fragmented peat is milled and dried at a peat deposit. The amount of moisture feeding the fragmented peat of a deposit was studied and was determined to depend on the ground water level. The influence of drainage on the water regime of a high-more peat deposit and that of weather conditions on ground water level fluctuations over time have been evaluated at production sites with an open drainage network. When a peat deposit is drained, under the action of gravitation (the pressure differential in the ground and a drain), ground water seeps into the drains and is transported along them, down-grade, to the collection network and diverted from the drained area. The processes of moisture movement at a peat deposit help evaluate and justify measures to improve its water-air regime which is used in the development of intensive draining methods for a peat deposit and the maintenance of the necessary water regime in peat deposits.

Groundwater is an important resource in semi-arid Chile to meet local social, economic and environmental water demands. Historical ground water level (GWL) data (1986–2014) in the Coquimbo Region were analysed to characterize short and long-term alluvial aquifer dynamics. Long-term trends were assessed using a seasonal Mann-Kendall trend test, which indicated that more than 80% of the time series exhibit a negative trend. Short-term analysis using cross-correlation provided information on recharge origin and its spatial pattern. Runoff and GWL are highly correlated depending on elevation, signifying that stream to aquifer flow is an important recharge process at higher altitudes. Long-term recharge behaviour was characterized using time-frequency wavelet power spectra. The results show significant amplitude of the 5-year recharge period for GWL, which is driven by a 5-year El Niño index periodicity. Such results provide key information of the spatiotemporal functioning of aquifers.

As the water issue relates the carbon issue in peatland, carbon and water interrelation has been studying for long term (more than 10 years) in peatland of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Soil Moisture Content (SMC) and Ground Water Level (GWL) in long term have been monitoring by auto-monitoring system called SESAME, developed by our team, and Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) has been measured by Eddy Covariance on the tower. By these long-term monitoring, it is found that

Every year a huge amount of ground water pumped in Pilibhit district due to summer rice cultivation, causing depletion in water table. Remote Sensing and GIS techniques provide an advance and reliable information regarding the area sown under summer rice. The present study focused on the identification of area under summer rice cultivation in different years and its impact on ground water level. The Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Sentinel-2A satellite data were used to identify the area under summer rice. In the present study, the summer rice area estimation were done for the year 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2014-2015, 2015-2016, 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 and as such, the rice area were estimated around 28667.08 ha, 29607.84 ha, 30382.62 ha, 31728.89 ha, 32675.38ha 32313.27 ha respectively. The cultivation of summer rice in above years (2012-2013 to 2017-2018) consumed around 100334783 m, 103627443 m, 106339173 m, 11105111.53 m, 114363833 m and 11309644.53 m of water respectively. The source of this huge amount of water is mainly ground water, which results in 2 to 3 feet depletion of water table in last decade and if this continues in future, the district of pilibhit will surely be faced severe scarcity of ground water.

Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) technique is one of most accurate methods in Differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) to estimate the surface deformation. In this paper, this technique has been applied on 23 X-band COSMO-SKyMed (CSK) datasets during 2011 – 2016 to get the annual subsidence rate over Jharia Coal Field (JCF), India. Validation of the subsidence result with ground water level data strongly indicates the predominant underground coal mining induced surface deformation over Jharia area.

To explore the evolution process of soil salinization in Shouguang, the current study applied the Pan and Multi-spectra Sensor (PMS), Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thematic Mapper (TM) data to establish a remote sensing monitoring model of soil salinization. Based on the vegetation and salinity indexes, we extracted the information of soil salinization in the flourishing period of plant growth in Shouguang in 2017. At the same time, we monitored the spatial and temporal patterns of soil salinization in Shouguang from 1998 to 2017. We compared the range of soil salinization reflected by remote sensing data and the regional groundwater level and revealed the formation and evolution mechanism of soil salinization in Shouguang. The results reflected that the distribution of soil salinization in Shouguang demonstrated obvious banding characteristics in distribution, and soil salinization gradually increased from the south to the north. Based on the imagery interpretation of Landsat images of three periods from 1998 to 2017, we found that the area of saline land in Shouguang severely decreased as a whole, but the coastal salinization intensified. Moreover, the inversion of surface soil salinity using the GF-1 satellite PMS image has a high precision, and the goodness of fit (R2) is up to 0.871. Compared with the GF-1 image, the Landsat image is more suitable for grading and monitoring soil salinization in a wide range. We also confirmed that the change in ground water level is the main reason for the evolution of salinization. Excessive exploitation of groundwater by vegetable production caused the intensification of seawater intrusion and secondary salinization in coastal areas, while the water level dropped in areas far from the coastline. To prevent the deterioration from soil salinization in Shouguang, it is necessary for us to extract the local groundwater resources reasonably and optimally.

Earthquake (EQ) causes many damages to our environment, this paper proposes a new approach to find the Earthquake probability (EQP) using linear regression (LR-EQP) is to minimize this extensive problem with the help of geological data by predicting the intended probability of the level of EQ. This approach is to take the all the geological information which are responsible for EQ such as to create pressure on the land like density of population (DP), soil type (ST), combustible elements (CE), specify the place use latitude and longitude (Lat-Long), distance from nearest tectonic plate (TP). Since TP is the divided part of earth which move independently and responsible earth's seismic activity and LR-EQP deploy these geological data, so LR-EQP approach can determine the EQP easily and accurately. Earthquake prediction using data mining is a process, which uses only three factors: (a) ground water level, (b) chemical changes and (c) radon gas in ground water. But this is a slow approach to determine EQP because in general these factors cannot be determined so easily. LR-EQP can be used for any region by targeting the TP area. This data model can be used also for mobile application for easily detecting the probability of earthquake.

The article deals with the effect the geological engineering conditions have on the behaviour of structures under conditions of North-Western soft soils. A structural survey conducted at an oil refinery in the Leningrad region showed numerous faults and damages caused by settlements of the bearing structures and their foundations. Traces of leakages on the retaining walls of the pumphouse as well as next to the pipeline inlets witness a man-triggered raise of the ground water level. Crack formation in bottoms and walls of the aerotanks and sludge tanks was also denoted. It might be caused by the reduction of foundation soil bearing capacity. In its turn, deterioration of physical and mechanical features of the foundation soil is linked to the change in the hydrological regime of the area, which is proved by rich seepage of ground waters through the cracks in tanks. Having analyzed the structural and geological engineering conditions the authors recommend elaborating and performing a project to restore the proper working order of structures.

Field investigations and indoor experiment were carried out to clarify the effect of temperature and chlorophyll a concentration of the sediment, photon flux density, and ground water level on the absorption and emission of CO 2 from the surface sediment of the artificial salt marsh. The flux of CO 2 absorption was closely related to sediment temperature, chlorophyll a and photon flux density. On the other hand, flux of CO 2 emission changed depending on the sediment temperature and ground water level. The ground water level was thought to be indispensable for estimating CO 2 emission from the sediment of the intertidal zone of the salt marsh. Using equations of CO 2 flux with sediment temperature, chlorophyll a, photon flux density and ground water level, the total CO 2 absorption and emission of the artificial north salt marsh of Osaka Nanko bird sanctuary was estimated as ca. 23 tons (4.3 g CO 2 m −2 day −1 ) for absorption and ca.14 tons (2.6 g CO 2 m −2 day −1 ) for emission in May to September 2014. These results suggest that a net of 9 tons of CO 2 (1.7 g CO 2 m −2 day −1 ) was absorbed, and that this salt marsh performs the function of a CO 2 sink in high temperature seasons.

Large number of rain-induced landslides occurred on 16 September 2011 in Nanjiang, southwest of China. The typical depth of failure surface was from 1 to 5 m at the gently inclined interface between the superficial red silty clay and bedrock. In order to explain the failure characteristics of these shallow landslides, we conducted a rainfall infiltration simulation test, calculated rainfall infiltration depth using modified Green-Ampt (G-A) infiltration model as well as considered the atmospheric effects on the slope failures. Results show that the permeability of red clay is extremely low and the rainfall infiltration depth is limited to around 0.5 m during a rainstorm. The rainfall infiltration capacity can be enhanced within the depth of atmospheric influence, which is determined as 5.4 m in the study area. With the increase of soil depth and the lower degree of weathering, the void ratio and permeability are gradually reduced; thus, the rainfall infiltration continues following a decreasing trend until the bedrock is reached. Within the shallow landslides in the study area, under the condition of rainfall, the slope can keep in a stable state when the depth of wetting front is less than the thickness of soil layer. When the wetting front proceeds to the interface between the silty clay and bedrock, the potential slip surface can develop on such soil-bedrock interface, in relation to the increased pore water pressure and ground water level. Consequently, shallow failures will occur along the soil-bedrock interface in a depth of 1–5 m.

This study analyzed the size of 172 rainfall-induced landslides in Taiwan during 2006–2012. Comparing the landslide size with rainfall conditions, this study found that large and deep landslides usually occurred due to long-duration and moderate-intensity rainfall (11.5–31.0 mm/h; 26.5–62.5 h), whereas small and shallow landslides occurred in a wide range of rainfall intensity and duration (8.5–31.0 mm/h; 4.0–62.5 h). This observation is ascribable to the fact that large and deep landslides need a high ground water level caused by a prolonged rainfall. Concerning the area of landslides, their frequency–area distribution correlates well with a power law relation having an exponent of −1.1 ± 0.07, over the range 6.3 × 102 to 3.1 × 106 m2. The slope of the power law relation for the size–frequency distribution of landslides in Taiwan is lower than those for other areas around the world. This indicates that for the same total area or total number of landslides, the proportion of large landslides is higher in Taiwan than in other areas.

A weak form quadrature element formulation is proposed for coupled analysis of unsaturated soils. In the formulation, integration points are coincident with nodes where all variables are obtained so that numerical implementation is made easy. Accuracy can be improved by the increase of the approximation order. An elasto-plastic constitutive model is used for description of the mechanical behavior, and hydraulic hysteresis of the soil water characteristic curve is considered. Results are compared with available analytical solutions, experimental data and numerical solutions in the literature, and good agreement is reached. Rapid convergence is reached as compared with the conventional finite element method. The effect of the ground water level is discussed.

In this paper, as a basic research for the restoration and construction of easuary saltmarsh, To observe the habitat environment for reed, we observed sediment environment (Particle size, water content, pH, nutrient analysis (, )), ground water level, ground level, individual numbers of reed, maximum reed height. As a result of this study, sediment particle size and moisture content of soil on the study area not effected reed habitat, pH showed no difference in each site. and concentration also no difference in each site. Ground level of reed habitat area is more higher than none reed habitat. However Ground water level of reed habitat area is more lower than none reed habitat. As a results of analyzing the influence factors for reed habitat in Nakdong estuary saltmarsh, ground water level and ground level is most influenced factor for reed habitat.

The article contains proposals for double regulation of the groundwater level to obtain a high yield with the lowest water consumption. In the article, all side-by-side studies of the issues of double regulation of the groundwater level and scientifically-based proposals are given on them. The report contains the results of studies carried out at experimental sites in the Khojaili region and Kungrad regions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. According to the data of the conducted field studies on the collector, the calculated parameters were obtained for double regulation by the construction of retaining structures. During the growing season, the collector was locked, and the optimal soil moisture was achieved and, accordingly, the yield of agricultural crops was increased.

Kubang Jaya village is located in a low land peat swampy area and often suffers from the flood in the rainy season. Swampy peat area generally has a high groundwater level; thus, it can immerse the septic tank in the housing in the area. The height of the groundwater table is approximately 50cm from the surface level, while the depth of the septic tank is 150cm. When the septic tank below groundwater level, this could cause a mix of soil water and septic tank waste. This community development activity aims to educate the community about sanitation and give lecture and training of installing bio-porta septic tank (bacterial portable septic tank) for housing in high groundwater level area. Bio-porta septic tank consists of two drums as sediment tank and aeration tank. Bio balls were used to speed up the decomposition by aerobic bacteria in the tank. An aerator was added to the installation to increase the proliferation of bacteria. The community development activities were pre-test, lecture, post-test, practical and cadre training. Results show that there was an increase of understanding and knowledge of community from 24% to 62% about the septic tank in high groundwater level area. The community also agreed to replace the conventional septic tank into the bio-porta septic tank in the future. The activity also has a positive impact on educating and changing the mindset and attitude the community of Kubang Jaya village in improving the sanitation with an intention to the bio-porta septic tank in the future. ABSTRACT (INDONESIAN): Desa Kubang Jaya merupakan kawasan dataran rendah rawa gambut dan sering mengalami banjir saat musim hujan. Lahan rawa gambut umumnya memiliki muka air tanah tinggi sehingga dapat merendam tangki septik pada perumahan yang terdapat di kawasan tesebut. Rata-rata tinggi muka air tanah sekitar ±50 cm, sedangkan kedalaman tangki septik warga sekitar ±150 cm dari permukaan tanah. Apabila tangki septik terendam, maka hal ini dapat mengakibatkan pencampuran air tanah dengan limbah tangki septik. Oleh karena itu dilakukan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat dengan memberikan pengetahuan mengenai sanitasi lingkungan dan memberikan penyuluhan serta pelatihan pembuatan tangki septik bio-porta (bacterial portable septic tank) untuk rumah di lingkungan dengan muka air tanah tinggi. Tangki septik bio-porta terdiri dari dua drum yang berfungsi sebagai tangki pengendapan dan tangki aerasi. Untuk mempercepat proses penguraian oleh bakteri aerob di dalam tangki maka digunakan bio ball atau rumah bakteri. Aerator ditambahkan pada instalasi untuk mempercepat perkembangbiakan bakteri aerob. Kegiatan pengabdian terdiri dari pre-test, penyuluhan, post-test, praktek, dan pelatihan kader. Hasil evaluasi kegiatan pengabdian menunjukkan terjadinya peningkatan pengetahuan masyarakat dari 24% menjadi 62% tentang tangki septik di lahan dengan muka air tanah tinggi. Masyarakat juga sangat setuju untuk mengganti tangki septik konvensional dengan tangki septik bio-porta di masa mendatang. Hasil kegiatan sangat berdampak positif untuk mengedukasi dan mengubah pola pikir serta sikap warga desa Kubang Jaya dalam memperbaiki sanitasi lingkungan tempat tinggal dengan keinginan untuk menggunakan tangki septik bio-porta di masa mendatang.

This study aims to: (1) determine the chemical properties of peat soils in 3 types of land cover in 2 physiographies; (2) find out water level fluctuations (WLF) on peat soils covered by agroforestry and horticulture in the physiography of peat dome and backswamp during the rainy season, transitions and drought. This research was conducted in January until December 2018 in Kahayan-Sebangau Peat Hidrological Unit, in the Kalampangan Vilagge. The results showed that differences in peat soil cover conditions at different physiographies affected chemical properties and WLF. The three types of peatland cover on both physiographic types of peatlands have a pH that categories into the very acid ( 40). In addition to the chemical elements of the soil, the peat ground water level is highly volatile following rainfall so that during the peak of the dry season (MK) the WLF can reach 200 cm below the ground surface, and vice versa during the peak of the rainy season (MH) the WLF can inundate all peat soils.

Kampung Babakan Cikeruh is a slope or ridge area , a few years ago this area did not experience any difficulty in water availability because the land had not yet changed its function, Since the development of the land conversion function as a housing area, it has caused a decrease in the ground water level in the dry season, so that it becomes a problem for residents because residents rely on wells to be a source of water for household needs every day. Based on these conditions, it is necessary to have groundwater conservation measures at the study site, so that groundwater level subsidence is not deep. The research methodology used to identify the problem, then determine the scope of the problem, conduct a literature review that is relevant to the problem under study, so that the formulation of the theoretical framework, hypotheses and conceptual concepts of the solution to the problem being examined, then make the method of conducting research including determining the location, gathering data and analysis, so as to produce solutions to the problems studied and researchers will provide conclusions. The researcher provides a solution in the form of leach absorption wells, and from 10 wells examined, the researcher makes infiltration wells that are between 3 adjacent wells and the results obtained 3 wells have a stable ground water level in the dry season. the conclusion is the effort to conserve water to maintain the stability of the ground water level in the dry season by making infiltration wells .

Prambanan Temple is a cultural heritage located in Jogjakarta. Tectonically, the Special Region of Jogjakarta and its surroundings are an area with a fairly high level of seismic activity in Indonesia. Geotechnically, the soil in Jogjakarta is sandy with similar gradation. The thickness of the sand ranges from -50 m to -60 m. Whereas, the ground water level is located at a depth of -12 m during dry season and in rainy season, it rises from -6 m to -4 m. The impact of soil types and the high Ground Water Level (GWL) allow it for liquidation to occur during an earthquake. This study was conducted using liquefaction analysis, through Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) method with ground water level variations. Before analyzing the liquefaction using LPI method, Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) methods were used, and analysis could then be done through Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) and Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR) to obtain safety factors and the Liquefaction Potential Index analysis was then conducted. To analyze this liquefaction, earthquake data from 2004 to 2019 and the results of the SPT field test at the Prambanan Temple were needed. From the liquefaction potential analysis through Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI), the results showed that in CSR Seed & Idriss (1971) and CRR Tokimatsu & Yoshimi (1983), GWL 1 m at depths from 4.5 m and above, the potential of liquefaction occurrence was high. The largest PGA value was obtained based on the Matsuchka (1980) method on May 26, 2006 which was 0.102.

Ground water level (GWL ) is one of the indicator s to predict potential fires o n peatlands. O ther factors, such as rainfall and hotspots, c ould also trigger peatland and forest fires . Th is study aimed to analyze the relationship between rainfall GWL, rainfall , and hotspots as indicators of forest and land fires in Musi Banyuasin Regency , South Sumatra Province . The GWL data, hotspot distribution , rainfall data were processed using ArcGIS 10.6 software . Pearson bivariate correlation test was performed to determine the relationship between GWL , hotspot distribution, and rainfall. The results showed a decrease in rainfall, followed by an increase in hotspots, particularly during the dry season. The lowest rainfall and GWL occu r r ed in July – August 2018. The increase in rainfall wa s not followed by the GWL increase that reflect ed a degraded and dry peatland condition, which could cause a decrease of peat ability to absorb and store water properly. The results also showed an inverse relationship between hotspots and GWL, which means that a decrease in the GWL will follow the increase in hotspots and vice versa. This explains that the increase of hotspots contributed to a drought on the GWL of the peat lands . Keywords: ground water level, forest fire, hotspot, Musi Banyuasin, peatland, rainfall

Аральская катастрофа привела к почти полной утрате Аральского моря. После строительства Кокаральской плотины в 2005 году стало возможным спасение северной части Аральского моря (Малого Арала). В связи с естественными (климатическими) и антропогенными причинами в начале 21 века возрос сток реки Сырдарьи и резко изменился ее гидрологический режим, сократились весенне-летние паводки и существенно увеличились зимние сбросы. Все эти изменения сильно влияют на динамику пойменных экосистем и ландшафтов. В работе была сделана попытка комплексно оценить существующие сегодня тенденции в динамике экосистем и ландшафтов в изменяющихся условиях среды. Работа выполнена на основе полевых материалов с привлечением данных дистанционного зондирования спутника Sentinel 2, а также климатических и гидрологических материалов. Анализ камеральных и полевых данных проводился по разработанной методике оценки трансформаций в экосистемах и ландшафтах от естественных и гидротехнических нарушений, разработанных Ж.В. Кузьминой и С.Е. Трешкиным. Установлено, что основными тенденциями: для второго пойменного уровня долины реки является гидроморфное солончакообразование; для межрусловых понижений дельты постепенное понижение УГВ при плавном повышении засоления почв с глубиной без сильного засоления сверху; для третьего пойменного уровня и надпойменной террасы выход территорий из поемного режима без усиления засоления почвогрунтов; для понижений первого и второго уровней поймы замещение многолетнего типичного травостоя в связи с его вымерзанием и вымоканием на однолетнее маловидовое сорнотравье из-за зимних сбросов., The Aral Sea catastrophe almost destroyed the sea. The construction of Kokaral Dam in 2005 made it possible to save the northern part of the Aral Sea, also called Small Aral. Due to the natural (climatic) and anthropogenic reasons in the early XXI century, the Syr Darya river flow grew, its hydraulic regime changed, the spring and summer floods decreased, and the winter spillways increased. These changes affect the dynamics of the floodplain ecosystems and landscapes. In this article we tried to make a complex evaluation of the current trends in those dynamics in the changing environment. The research was made on the basis of the field materials and data of the remote sensing by the Sentinel 2 satellite, as well as climatic and hydraulic data. The analysis of laboratory and field materials was carried out according to the method of evaluation of ecosystems and landscapes transformations under the natural and hydraulic disturbance; the method was created by Zh.V. Kuzmina and S.E. Treshkin. We found out that the main trends for the second floodplain level was hydromorphic forming of salt marshes; for the in-between river bed depressions of river delta it was the gradual decrease of ground water level, while the soil salinity was gradually increasing in the depths and was insignificant on the ground surface; for the third floodplain level and terrace above the floodplain it was the end of the floodplain regime for the researched territory, without increasing salinity of soils; for the depressions of the first and second levels it was the replacement of the perennial and typical grass canopy with annual weeds of some species, due to the death of grass during winter frost and dampness caused by winter spillways.

In the recent times, there has been an increasing demand for efficient strategies in the field of data assimilation about groundwater. Data mining process is a discovery of hiding information that utilizes the prediction efficiently by stochastic sensing concept. This paper proposes an efficient assessment of groundwater level, rainfall, population, food grains and enterprises dataset by adopting stochastic modeling and data mining approaches. Firstly, the novel data assimilation analysis is proposed to predict the groundwater level effectively. Experimental results are done and the various expected ground water level estimations indicate the sternness of the approach.

This study analyzed fluctuations of ground water level of ground water wells developed in Seongsan watershed of Jeju Island until 2013 using MODFLOW, a numerical analysis model. Ground water level shows greater fluctuations from increase of pump capacity compared to the number of ground water wells. The development of ground water at the top of watershed was found to have direct influence on ground water level. Ground water wells developed until 2013 were used to continue pumping for 50 days, and ground water level of coastal region was reduced below 50% compared to the standard water level. In addition, the range of fluctuation of water level was large in the east coast region, which represents the direction of flow of ground water.

The paper presents stability and seepage analysis performed in unsaturated regime to take care of the infiltration through the dam. Seepage analysis is divided into two stages: steady state analysis and transient analysis. It will be determined the pore water pressure load, the ground water level, estimate the flow (path and quantity) and also, an advanced analysis considering rainfall and rapid drawdown. Van Genuchten model will be used for the unsaturated soil.

Recently, due to the expansion of urban infrastructure for the citizen convenience, the shield tunnel construction has increased considering the civil complaints minimization and construction stability. Most shield tunnels are designed based on the assumption of the undrained condition that underground water does not inflow, but they are operated in the field as drained tunnels with drainage facility to drain underground water. Therefore, the drained condition needs to be considered in the shield tunnel design. It is also necessary to consider the weathered granite soil that is widely distributed throughout the country and consequently is encountered in most of construction sites. In this paper, the model test which can control total stress and pore water pressure and simulate the underground tunnel located in the weathered granite soil below ground water level is conducted. Total stress, pore water pressure and an inflow water into an inner pipe were measured using the testing device. Test results showed that the total stress in a drained condition was lower than in an undrained condition because pore water pressure decreased in a drained condition and an inflow water into an inner pipe was proportional to the loading stress in a drained condition. As a result, if a drained condition is considered in the shield tunnel design, the more economical design can be expected because of the stress reduction of the lining.

Unlike the primary consolidation settlement, the settlement of ground water lowering is not considered separately because of relatively small residual settlement. But the allowed residual settlement (30 mm) of the concrete track in the high-speed railway may be exceeded due to unexpected excessive ground water lowering. This study analyzed the effect of the settlement according to the ground water level change using finite element analysis of stress-pore pressure coupling model, and compared the analysis results with the measured data. As a result, the range of elasticity modulus satisfying the allowable settlement was proposed, and it is suggested that settlement due to ground water level changes should be reflected in the design.

Vacuum preloading is a commonly-used method to improve a large area consisting of soft soil. However, most theoretical and experimental studies have not considered the water table charge during vacuum preloading. This paper analyzed the changes of excess pore water pressure and groundwater table during the process of vacuum preloading, and confirmed that the groundwater table varied during vacuum preloading and had influence on the consolidation process. Based on the field observation, an analytical solution to calculate the consolidation degree of soil by vacuum preloading considering the groundwater table change was developed. Then a parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence factors of the drain spacing ratio, depth of ground water level, soil permeability coefficient ratio of undisturbed area and disturbed area on the consolidation. The developed solution is valuable for the prediction of consolidation degree under vacuum preloading in practice.