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Neutron reflectometry has been used to study the adsorption of the anionic surfactant bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate cesium salt on the anionic surface of mica. Evidence of significant adsorption is reported. The adsorption is reversible and changes little with pH. This unexpected adsorption behavior of an anionic molecule on an anionic surface is discussed in terms of recent models for surfactant adsorption such as cation bridging, where adsorption has been reported with the divalent ion calcium but not previously observed with monovalent ions.

Inclement weather and home environment can act as barriers to physical activity. However, it is unclear if they reduce the activity of persons participating in activity-promoting programs.Data from a 6-month workplace financial incentives program were used to establish the association between meteorologic (temperature, rain, snow, and wind) and geographic factors (urban/nonurban home location and distance between home and work) and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Multivariable models were built to estimate mean weekly minutes of MVPA adjusting for demographic factors, clinical factors, and impulsivity.The 292 participants had a mean age of 38 (SD = 11) years. Eighty-three percent were female and 62% were white. Twenty-nine percent lived within 3 miles of work, and 35% lived in urban areas. Participants who lived more than 3 miles from work averaged 75 [95% confidence interval (CI), 65-84] minutes of weekly MVPA compared with 105 (95% CI, 88-122) minutes for those who lived within 3 miles of work. Urban participants averaged 70 (95% CI, 57-83) minutes of MVPA compared with 91 (95% CI, 80-102) minutes for nonurban participants. Colder temperatures were associated with decreased MVPA, and impulsivity modified the effect.Colder temperatures, greater distance from work, and an urban residence are associated with fewer minutes of MVPA.

CARPOSINA BREVINOTATAsP. nOV., MEDEIROS & OBOYSKI (FIGS 2 A, 3A, 4A) Holotype: French Polynesia: Society Islands: Moorea: Mt Mouaputa, 800 m, S17.52654 W149.80339. 15.ix.2009. ♂. PT Oboyski. PTO-904.61. Essig Museum of Entomology, Berkeley (EMEC). Paratypes: French Polynesia: Society Islands: Tahiti: Mt Marau, 1189 m, S17.60822 W149.5511. 26.iv.2010. 1♂. PT Oboyski. Moorea: Mt Mouaputa, 800 m, S17.5265 W149.8034. 15.ix.2009. 3♂. PT Oboyski. Mt Rotui, ridge trail, 822 m, S17.50740 W149.84012. 5.ix.2008. PT Oboyski. Mt Tohiea ��� summit, 1190 m, S17.55076 W149.82277. 24.ix.2009. 5♂, 1♀ (slide PTO- 914.43♂). PT Oboyski, A Yang. Mt Tohiea ��� summit, 1120 m, S17.55191 W149.82112. 23.ix.2009. 2♂, 1♀. PT Oboyski. Mt Tohiea trail, 940 m, S17.55337 W149.81860. 26.ix.2009. 1♂, 1♀ (slide PTO-918.65♀). PT Oboyski. BMNH; BPBM; EMEC; UHIM. Localities of additional material examined (not part of the type series): French Polynesia: Society Islands: Huahine, Avea Baie ridge, 75m, UVL, 19.VII.2015, PT Oboyski. Moua Tapu, 400m, UVL, 21.VII.2015, PT Oboyski. EMEC. Diagnosis: A distinctive wing pattern among the known French Polynesian Carposina, with dark black spots against a light brown background (Fig. 2 A). The male genitalia are remarkably unornamented compared with other Polynesian Carposina, with the gnathos barely developed (Fig. 3 A). Description ( N = 17) (Fig. 2 A): Wing expanse 11��� 15 mm. Head light cream colour. Haustellum unscaled. Labial palpus longer than width of eye in male, nearly 2�� width of eye in female, dark brown near base of second segment, transitioning to orange then cream colour or light brown by apex of third segment. Antennae of male with long, fine cilia underneath. Thorax, tegula and abdomen cream colour. Foreleg dark brown. Midleg brown with tufts of lighter scales near joints, spurs present. Hindleg entirely very light brown, spurs present. Forewing ground colour very light brown; dark brown subbasal and antemedial spots present along costal margin; these medial spots associated with clusters of raised scales; several smaller orange, brown and dark brown spots present near cell and along terminal margin; fringe minimal. Hindwing and fringe uniformly light pale brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 3 A): Valvae large, broad, rounded at apex. Uncus nearly absent. Annelar lobes projecting sharply caudal, straight, nearly length of valva. Saccus broadly U-shaped with small central lobe. Aedeagus long, slender, widened distally, cornuti present just below apex. Female genitalia (Fig. 4 A): Papillae anales short. Apophyses thin and straight; posterior apophyses relatively long, similar in length to anterior apophyses, both approximately length of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae oval, about 0.5�� length of apophysis; signum absent. Distribution: This species has been collected in areas of native vegetation from 75 m to 1190 m on the islands of Tahiti, Moorea and Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia. Sympatric with C. longignathosa sp. nov. Remarks: The male genitalia of this species are relatively unornamented compared with other Polynesian Carposina. Larval biology and host plant unknown. Etymology: Forewings of this species have small dark spots on a pale background., Published as part of Matthew J. Medeiros, Griffin L. Bianchi, Laurel R. Taschetta & Peter T. Oboyski, 2016, A review of Polynesian Carposina Herrich-Sch��ffer (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 135-146 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177 on pages 139-140, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12363, http://zenodo.org/record/270024

Matthew J. Medeiros, Griffin L. Bianchi, Laurel R. Taschetta, Peter T. Oboyski (2016): A review of Polynesian Carposina Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae), with descriptions of four new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177: 135-146, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12363

CARPOSINA GAGNEORUMsP. nOV., MEDEIROS & OBOYSKI (FIGS 2 C, 3C, 4C) Holotype: United States: Hawaiian Islands: Molokai: Kamakou Preserve, Pepeopae Trail. 19.v.2004. ♂ (slide LB01♂). D Rubinoff et al. UHIM. Paratype: United States: Hawaiian Islands: Maui: Haleakala National Park, bog E of Kipahulu Val., 1859 m. 22���25.vi.1981. 1♀ 9 (slide LB60♀). WC Gagn��. BPBM. Diagnosis: No other Hawaiian Carposina has a similar wing pattern: a dark brown medial band, abutted by a very light brown band just distal to it (Fig. 2 C). Description ( N = 2) (Fig. 2 C): Wing expanse 17��� 29 mm. Head grey-brown. Haustellum unscaled. Labial palpus approximately width of eye in male, nearly 3�� width of eye in female, second segment brown, third segment dark brown. Antennae of male with long, fine cilia underneath. Thorax and tegula grey-brown to olive (abdomens of both specimens cleared and mounted on slides). Foreleg black. Midleg dark brown, spurs present. Hindleg brown, spurs present. Forewing ground colour grey-brown; a curving very dark brown medial band present, abutted by a very light brown band just distal to it, these bands consisting largely of raised scales; additional clusters of raised scales scattered proximally to the medial bands, these clusters more numerous and pronounced in the female specimen; fringe brown. Hindwing and fringe uniformly light pale brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 3 C): Valvae long, narrow, tapering to an acute hooked apex. Uncus prominent, flanked by short dense setae. Arms of gnathos projecting upward sharply, tipped with outwardly projecting setae. Annelar lobes short, straight, approximately 0.5�� length of valva. Saccus V-shaped. Process of sacculus broad, curving outward, apex two-pronged. Aedeagus (in situ, Fig. 3 C) long, broad, widened distally, cornuti present along entire posterior section. Female genitalia (Fig. 3 C): Papillae anales short. Apophyses thin and straight; posterior apophyses relatively long, 2�� total length of anterior apophyses. Ductus bursae long, almost 2�� length of posterior apopheses. Corpus bursae long, nearly length of ductus bursae; two large V-shaped signa present. Distribution: This species has been collected on the islands of Molokai and Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Remarks: The male genitalia of this species is similar to that of C. graminicolor (Walsingham) and C. crinifera (Walsingham), also from the Hawaiian islands, but the wing pattern is extremely divergent, unlike any other Hawaiian Carposina. This species has not been collected since 2004, and attempts to amplify DNA were unsuccessful. New material is needed to place it within the phylogeny of Carposina. Larval biology and host plant unknown. Etymology: Carposina gagneorum is named in honor of Betsy Gagn��, and her late husband Wayne Gagn��. Wayne collected the first specimen of this species, and was greatly admired and respected for his work in Hawaiian entomology and conservation. Likewise, Betsy, through her work at the State of Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife for many years, is an ally to the Hawaiian insect fauna, and a dear friend of MJM and PTO., Published as part of Matthew J. Medeiros, Griffin L. Bianchi, Laurel R. Taschetta & Peter T. Oboyski, 2016, A review of Polynesian Carposina Herrich-Sch��ffer (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 135-146 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177 on pages 140-141, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12363, http://zenodo.org/record/270024

CARPOSINA NEW SPECIES 11 (FIGS 2 E, 3E) Material examined: United States: Hawaiian Islands: Hawaii: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Desolation Trail, 929 m, N19.36880 W155.3674. ♂ (slide LB36♂). D Rubinoff & A Kawahara. UHIM. Remarks: This specimen has unique genitalia and a wing pattern unlike the other species near it in Figure 1, but the specimen is somewhat rubbed. Without additional material, we do not feel a full description is warranted at this time. The designation as new species 11 follows the sequence initiated by Zimmerman (1978). DISCUSSION Two new species, C. longignathosa sp. nov. and C. brevinotata sp. nov., from the Society Islands, French Polynesia, appear more closely related to the Asian C. sasakii Matsumura than the Hawaiian species (Fig. 1). Clarke (1971) named C. paracrinifera, a species from Rapa, for its superficial similarity to C. crinifera (Walsingham) from Hawaii. However, given the genetic distance and weak node support between the North and South Pacific species in this study, it is likely that Hawaiian Carposina derived from a northern temperate ancestor (Zimmerman, 1978), while the French Polynesia species appear to represent an independent incursion of the genus into the Pacific from the Austral��� Asian region. However, greater outgroup sampling is necessary to test this hypothesis. A similar pattern of multiple colonizations in the Pacific was also found in Tetragnatha spiders (Gillespie, 2002), Misumenops spiders (Garb, 2006), Ptycta bark lice (Bess et al., 2014) and Cydia moths (Oboyski, 2011). Unfortunately, there are very few well-resolved phylogenies for Polynesian arthropods that broadly sample Pacific Islands as well as potential mainland source populations to fully evaluate how widespread this pattern is. Three new species, Carposina urbanae sp. nov., C. gagneorum sp. nov. and C. new species 11, appear nested well within the Hawaiian clade, indicating they are part of the Hawaiian radiation and not recent immigrants. Carposina urbanae sp. nov. (host unknown) from Kauai appears weakly connected to an olivaceonitens clade that is distributed across the high islands feeding on Clermontia (Campanulaceae) and Pouteria (Sapotaceae). Although the olivaceonitens clade is well supported, the tentative placement of this species is likely to change with further sampling. Carposina gagneorum sp. nov. is known from only single male and single female specimens, with no sequence data. However, the wing pattern is so unique for Hawaiian Carposina (Fig. 2 C) that we are confident they represent a single species separate from C. crinifera and C. graminicolor with which it shares similar male genital morphology. C. new species 11 (host unknown) from Hawaii is in a moderately supported clade with C. graminis from Kauai which feeds on Metrosideros (Myrtaceae). The genetic and geographical distance between these specimens suggest other lineages within this clade exist on the intervening islands. The distribution and host-plant associations for Hawaiian Carposina are confusing at best (Table 1). Species descriptions (Meyrick, 1883, 1913; Walsingham, 1907) were based on short series (in some cases single specimens) of adult moths, largely collected by R. C. L. Perkins during the Fauna Hawaiiensis project (Perkins, 1913). Confusion was further compounded by the high degree of wing pattern polymorphisms in several Hawaiian microlepidoptera groups. And although male genital characters are particularly useful for Carposina, their widespread use in Lepidoptera taxonomy began after Walsingham and Meyrick���s work on Pacific Islands taxa. Larval host-plant records for several species were subsequently gained through extensive rearing efforts by O. H. Swezey (summarized in Swezey, 1954). However, Zimmerman (1978) questioned many of Swezey���s identifications and recognized Carposina new species 1 to 10 to account for discordant host and island records (Table 1). In particular, Zimmerman (1978) questioned records for C. olivaceonitens, which included plants in the distantly related families Campanulaceae and Sapotaceae. Our phylogeny shows two wellsupported clades of C. olivaceonitens that could represent cryptic species, or host races in the process of diverging. Moreover, polymorphism in this clade (compare Fig. 2 F and G) makes species assignment difficult based on superficial morphology. This uncertainty can only be resolved by comparing the morphology and molecules of specimens reared from each host across the archipelago. indicates host or island records from O. H. Swezey (1954) needing confirmation, according to Zimmerman (1978). All species described in the genus Heterocrossa by Walsingham, 1907, except for C. achroana, 1883; C. glauca, C. lacerate, C. saurates and C. benigna Meyrick, 1913; and C. gagneorum sp. nov. and C. urbanae sp. nov. Medeiros & Oboyski. New species 1���10 are those noted by Zimmerman). New species 11 (this paper). Presently, no new host associations are proposed, but some island records are confirmed or noted as new (Table 1). Carposina atronotata is reported from Maui; C. ferruginea (Walsingham), known only from Molokai, is reported from Maui; C. gemmata, known from Hawaii (and possibly Oahu), is reported from Kauai; and C. olivaceonitens, that Zimmerman (1978) restricted to Kauai, is confirmed on Maui and Hawaii. Our analyses support the monophyly of Hawaiian Carposina (Fig. 1). Using typical and accelerated mutation rates for Lepidoptera (Brower, 1994; Haines et al., 2014), our results predict a period of 2.23���8.51 Myr (95% HPD 1.59���11.75 Myr) since the arrival of Carposina in Hawaii. The current high islands were formed 0.5 Mya (Hawaii) to 5 Mya (Kauai) (Carson & Clague, 1995; Price & Clague, 2002), which places Carposina colonization sometime during the formation of Nihoa, Niihau, Kauai, Oahu or the Maui Nui complex. However, these preliminary findings are likely to change with further taxon sampling, additional molecular data and more refined estimates of mutation rates. Although the basal species in our limited sampling of the Hawaiian clade, C. semitogata, was collected from Kauai, the overall topology does not lend obvious support to a progression rule pattern of diversification (Funk & Wagner, 1995). Instead, subclades appear to include representatives feeding on the same host on both old and young islands. Similar patterns of diversification were shown for Hawaiian Cydia H��bner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), whereby jumps to new host genera in disparate subfamilies of Fabaceae were accompanied by filling those host niches across the archipelago (Oboyski, 2011), and for Nesophrosyne Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) with host jumps between plant families (Bennett & O���Grady, 2012, 2013). In this scenario, some species are likely to become paraphyletic as a result of differential dispersal between land masses ��� more isolated populations will develop evolutionary trajectories independent of their containing clade. This appears to be the case for C. olivaceonitens in the current study, which is rendered paraphyletic by C. gemmata and LB34 (a damaged specimen that we currently are not able to identify with certainty) (Fig. 1), both of which have distinctly different genital morphology from C. olivaceonitens. The Hawaiian Carposina clade is separated from outgroup taxa by a relatively long branch, while several interior branches have only modest support (Fig. 1). Several factors may contribute to this, including limited outgroup sampling, limited ingroup sampling, choice of genetic markers, a long period of isolation for the Hawaiian clade, extinction and/or accelerated evolutionary rates. As a result, long branches make Hawaiian Carposina difficult to place in the world fauna. Although extinction is difficult to account for in phylogenetic reconstruction (e.g. Morlon, Parsons & Plotkin, 2011), these other factors can be addressed directly with continued investigation. Carposina present an opportunity to test competing hypotheses about Hawaiian phylogeography and phyloecology. While several species are known for each island, host associations remain obscured for most (Table 1). Moreover, host/habitat loss, extinctions, climate change, and competition and predation from alien species are likely to hinder collection of essential ecological and evolutionary data (Medeiros et al., 2013). Therefore, identifying larval hosts, particularly from critically endangered habitats, and constructing a wellresolved phylogeny for the entire clade is the highest priority for this group., Published as part of Matthew J. Medeiros, Griffin L. Bianchi, Laurel R. Taschetta & Peter T. Oboyski, 2016, A review of Polynesian Carposina Herrich-Sch��ffer (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 135-146 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177 on pages 142-144, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12363, http://zenodo.org/record/270024

CARPOSINA LONGIGNATHOSAsP. nOV., MEDEIROS & OBOYSKI (FIGS 2 B, 3B, 4B) Holotype: French Polynesia: Society Islands: Moorea: Mt Rotui, ridge trail, 822 m, S17.50740 W149.84012. 5.ix.2008. ♂. PT Oboyski. PTO-719.35. EMEC. Paratypes: French Polynesia: Society Islands: Moorea: Mt Rotui, ��� 800 m. 19.x.2002. 2♂, 1♀. PT Oboyski. Mt Rotui, ridge trail, 822 m, S17.50740 W149.84012. 5.ix.2008. 7♂ (slides PTO-719.70♂ & PTO-719.71♂). PT Oboyski. Mt Tohiea, trail, 840 m, S17.55352 W149.81747. 26.ix.2009. 1♂. PT Oboyski. Mt Tohiea, trail, 940 m, S17.55337 W149.81680. 2♀ (slide PTO- 918.80). PT Oboyski. BMNH; BPBM; EMEC; UHIM. Localities of additional material examined (not part of the type series): French Polynesia: Society Islands: Raiatea: Temehani Rahi, 465 m, UVL, 7.vii.2015, PT Oboyski. Temehani Rahi, 740 m, UVL, 6.vii.2015, PT Oboyski. Tahiti: Matofefe captage, 550 m, UVL, 27.vi.2015, PT Oboyski. Matofefe ridge, 650 m, UVL, 26.vi.2015, PT Oboyski. Mt Aorai, 1425m, UVL, 22.VI.2015, PT Oboyski. Temaruata ridge, 805 m, UVL, 20.vi.2015, PT Oboyski. Temaruata ridge, 1130 m, UVL, 19.vi.2015, PT Oboyski. BMNH; BPBM; EMEC; UHIM. Diagnosis: Although this species has a wing pattern similar to that of C. apousia Clarke, from Rapa, the male genitalia of C. longignathosa are distinctive: the gnathos arms are very long, noticeably longer than that of any other known Carposina (Fig. 3 B). Description ( N = 15) (Fig. 2 B): Wing expanse 11��� 14 mm. Head light cream colour. Haustellum unscaled. Labial palpus longer than width of eye in male, nearly 2�� width of eye in female, dark brown near base of second segment, transitioning to cream colour back to brown by apex of third segment. Antennae of male with long, fine cilia underneath. Thorax, tegula and abdomen light brown to brown. Foreleg nearly black. Midleg dark brown with tufts of lighter scales near joints, spurs present. Hindleg entirely very light brown, spurs present. Forewing ground colour very light brown; orange to dark brown to black basal band, and somewhat broken ante- and postmedial bands present; these ante- and postmedial bands associated with clusters of raised scales; several brown spots present along costal and terminal margins; fringe minimal. Hindwing and fringe uniformly light pale brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 3 B): Valvae large, broad, tapering to rounded apex. Uncus apparently absent. Process of sacculus long, projecting sharply caudal. Saccus broadly U-shaped with small central lobe. Gnathos arms thick, broad, projecting cephalad. Aedeagus long, slender, widened distally, cornuti present just below apex. Female genitalia (Fig. 4 B): Papillae anales short. Apophyses thin and straight; posterior apophyses relatively long, approximately 1.5�� length of anterior apophyses, the posterior apophyses approximately length of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae oval, about 0.5�� length of ductus bursae; signum absent. Distribution: This species has been collected on Tahiti (550-1425 m), Moorea (800-940 m), and Raiatea (465��� 740 m), Society Islands, French Polynesia. Sympatric with C. brevinotata sp. nov. Remarks: The genitalia of this species are similar to those of Zimmerman���s ���new species 5��� (Zimmerman, 1978, p. 832), probably the result of convergence and not close phylogenetic relationship. While the wing pattern and female genitalia are reminiscent of C. apousia Clarke, from Rapa (no male was included in Clarke���s description), this species has a significantly longer wing expanse. Larval biology and host plant unknown. Etymology: Males of this species have an unusually long pair of gnathos., Published as part of Matthew J. Medeiros, Griffin L. Bianchi, Laurel R. Taschetta & Peter T. Oboyski, 2016, A review of Polynesian Carposina Herrich-Sch��ffer (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 135-146 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177 on page 140, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12363, http://zenodo.org/record/270024

CARPOSINA LONGIGNATHOSAsP. nOV., MEDEIROS & OBOYSKI (FIGS 2 B, 3B, 4B) Holotype: French Polynesia: Society Islands: Moorea: Mt Rotui, ridge trail, 822 m, S17.50740 W149.84012. 5.ix.2008. ♂. PT Oboyski. PTO-719.35. EMEC. Paratypes: French Polynesia: Society Islands: Moorea: Mt Rotui, ∼ 800 m. 19.x.2002. 2♂, 1♀. PT Oboyski. Mt Rotui, ridge trail, 822 m, S17.50740 W149.84012. 5.ix.2008. 7♂ (slides PTO-719.70♂ & PTO-719.71♂). PT Oboyski. Mt Tohiea, trail, 840 m, S17.55352 W149.81747. 26.ix.2009. 1♂. PT Oboyski. Mt Tohiea, trail, 940 m, S17.55337 W149.81680. 2♀ (slide PTO- 918.80). PT Oboyski. BMNH; BPBM; EMEC; UHIM. Localities of additional material examined (not part of the type series): French Polynesia: Society Islands: Raiatea: Temehani Rahi, 465 m, UVL, 7.vii.2015, PT Oboyski. Temehani Rahi, 740 m, UVL, 6.vii.2015, PT Oboyski. Tahiti: Matofefe captage, 550 m, UVL, 27.vi.2015, PT Oboyski. Matofefe ridge, 650 m, UVL, 26.vi.2015, PT Oboyski. Mt Aorai, 1425m, UVL, 22.VI.2015, PT Oboyski. Temaruata ridge, 805 m, UVL, 20.vi.2015, PT Oboyski. Temaruata ridge, 1130 m, UVL, 19.vi.2015, PT Oboyski. BMNH; BPBM; EMEC; UHIM. Diagnosis: Although this species has a wing pattern similar to that of C. apousia Clarke, from Rapa, the male genitalia of C. longignathosa are distinctive: the gnathos arms are very long, noticeably longer than that of any other known Carposina (Fig. 3 B). Description ( N = 15) (Fig. 2 B): Wing expanse 11– 14 mm. Head light cream colour. Haustellum unscaled. Labial palpus longer than width of eye in male, nearly 2× width of eye in female, dark brown near base of second segment, transitioning to cream colour back to brown by apex of third segment. Antennae of male with long, fine cilia underneath. Thorax, tegula and abdomen light brown to brown. Foreleg nearly black. Midleg dark brown with tufts of lighter scales near joints, spurs present. Hindleg entirely very light brown, spurs present. Forewing ground colour very light brown; orange to dark brown to black basal band, and somewhat broken ante- and postmedial bands present; these ante- and postmedial bands associated with clusters of raised scales; several brown spots present along costal and terminal margins; fringe minimal. Hindwing and fringe uniformly light pale brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 3 B): Valvae large, broad, tapering to rounded apex. Uncus apparently absent. Process of sacculus long, projecting sharply caudal. Saccus broadly U-shaped with small central lobe. Gnathos arms thick, broad, projecting cephalad. Aedeagus long, slender, widened distally, cornuti present just below apex. Female genitalia (Fig. 4 B): Papillae anales short. Apophyses thin and straight; posterior apophyses relatively long, approximately 1.5× length of anterior apophyses, the posterior apophyses approximately length of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae oval, about 0.5× length of ductus bursae; signum absent. Distribution: This species has been collected on Tahiti (550-1425 m), Moorea (800-940 m), and Raiatea (465– 740 m), Society Islands, French Polynesia. Sympatric with C. brevinotata sp. nov. Remarks: The genitalia of this species are similar to those of Zimmerman’s ‘new species 5’ (Zimmerman, 1978, p. 832), probably the result of convergence and not close phylogenetic relationship. While the wing pattern and female genitalia are reminiscent of C. apousia Clarke, from Rapa (no male was included in Clarke’s description), this species has a significantly longer wing expanse. Larval biology and host plant unknown. Etymology: Males of this species have an unusually long pair of gnathos.

GENUS CARPOSINA HERRICH-SCH��FFER, 1853 Carposina are typical of the Carposinidae with upturned or porrect labial palpi, often longer in the female, absence of chaemata and patches of raised scales on the dorsal surface of the forewing. In Carposina, male genitalia have uncus greatly reduced or absent, absence of socii and well-developed gnathos arms., Published as part of Matthew J. Medeiros, Griffin L. Bianchi, Laurel R. Taschetta & Peter T. Oboyski, 2016, A review of Polynesian Carposina Herrich-Sch��ffer (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 135-146 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177 on page 138, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12363, http://zenodo.org/record/270024

CARPOSINA NEW SPECIES 11 (FIGS 2 E, 3E) Material examined: United States: Hawaiian Islands: Hawaii: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Desolation Trail, 929 m, N19.36880 W155.3674. ♂ (slide LB36♂). D Rubinoff & A Kawahara. UHIM. Remarks: This specimen has unique genitalia and a wing pattern unlike the other species near it in Figure 1, but the specimen is somewhat rubbed. Without additional material, we do not feel a full description is warranted at this time. The designation as new species 11 follows the sequence initiated by Zimmerman (1978). DISCUSSION Two new species, C. longignathosa sp. nov. and C. brevinotata sp. nov., from the Society Islands, French Polynesia, appear more closely related to the Asian C. sasakii Matsumura than the Hawaiian species (Fig. 1). Clarke (1971) named C. paracrinifera, a species from Rapa, for its superficial similarity to C. crinifera (Walsingham) from Hawaii. However, given the genetic distance and weak node support between the North and South Pacific species in this study, it is likely that Hawaiian Carposina derived from a northern temperate ancestor (Zimmerman, 1978), while the French Polynesia species appear to represent an independent incursion of the genus into the Pacific from the Austral– Asian region. However, greater outgroup sampling is necessary to test this hypothesis. A similar pattern of multiple colonizations in the Pacific was also found in Tetragnatha spiders (Gillespie, 2002), Misumenops spiders (Garb, 2006), Ptycta bark lice (Bess et al., 2014) and Cydia moths (Oboyski, 2011). Unfortunately, there are very few well-resolved phylogenies for Polynesian arthropods that broadly sample Pacific Islands as well as potential mainland source populations to fully evaluate how widespread this pattern is. Three new species, Carposina urbanae sp. nov., C. gagneorum sp. nov. and C. new species 11, appear nested well within the Hawaiian clade, indicating they are part of the Hawaiian radiation and not recent immigrants. Carposina urbanae sp. nov. (host unknown) from Kauai appears weakly connected to an olivaceonitens clade that is distributed across the high islands feeding on Clermontia (Campanulaceae) and Pouteria (Sapotaceae). Although the olivaceonitens clade is well supported, the tentative placement of this species is likely to change with further sampling. Carposina gagneorum sp. nov. is known from only single male and single female specimens, with no sequence data. However, the wing pattern is so unique for Hawaiian Carposina (Fig. 2 C) that we are confident they represent a single species separate from C. crinifera and C. graminicolor with which it shares similar male genital morphology. C. new species 11 (host unknown) from Hawaii is in a moderately supported clade with C. graminis from Kauai which feeds on Metrosideros (Myrtaceae). The genetic and geographical distance between these specimens suggest other lineages within this clade exist on the intervening islands. The distribution and host-plant associations for Hawaiian Carposina are confusing at best (Table 1). Species descriptions (Meyrick, 1883, 1913; Walsingham, 1907) were based on short series (in some cases single specimens) of adult moths, largely collected by R. C. L. Perkins during the Fauna Hawaiiensis project (Perkins, 1913). Confusion was further compounded by the high degree of wing pattern polymorphisms in several Hawaiian microlepidoptera groups. And although male genital characters are particularly useful for Carposina, their widespread use in Lepidoptera taxonomy began after Walsingham and Meyrick’s work on Pacific Islands taxa. Larval host-plant records for several species were subsequently gained through extensive rearing efforts by O. H. Swezey (summarized in Swezey, 1954). However, Zimmerman (1978) questioned many of Swezey’s identifications and recognized Carposina new species 1 to 10 to account for discordant host and island records (Table 1). In particular, Zimmerman (1978) questioned records for C. olivaceonitens, which included plants in the distantly related families Campanulaceae and Sapotaceae. Our phylogeny shows two wellsupported clades of C. olivaceonitens that could represent cryptic species, or host races in the process of diverging. Moreover, polymorphism in this clade (compare Fig. 2 F and G) makes species assignment difficult based on superficial morphology. This uncertainty can only be resolved by comparing the morphology and molecules of specimens reared from each host across the archipelago. indicates host or island records from O. H. Swezey (1954) needing confirmation, according to Zimmerman (1978). All species described in the genus Heterocrossa by Walsingham, 1907, except for C. achroana, 1883; C. glauca, C. lacerate, C. saurates and C. benigna Meyrick, 1913; and C. gagneorum sp. nov. and C. urbanae sp. nov. Medeiros & Oboyski. New species 1–10 are those noted by Zimmerman). New species 11 (this paper). Presently, no new host associations are proposed, but some island records are confirmed or noted as new (Table 1). Carposina atronotata is reported from Maui; C. ferruginea (Walsingham), known only from Molokai, is reported from Maui; C. gemmata, known from Hawaii (and possibly Oahu), is reported from Kauai; and C. olivaceonitens, that Zimmerman (1978) restricted to Kauai, is confirmed on Maui and Hawaii. Our analyses support the monophyly of Hawaiian Carposina (Fig. 1). Using typical and accelerated mutation rates for Lepidoptera (Brower, 1994; Haines et al., 2014), our results predict a period of 2.23–8.51 Myr (95% HPD 1.59–11.75 Myr) since the arrival of Carposina in Hawaii. The current high islands were formed 0.5 Mya (Hawaii) to 5 Mya (Kauai) (Carson & Clague, 1995; Price & Clague, 2002), which places Carposina colonization sometime during the formation of Nihoa, Niihau, Kauai, Oahu or the Maui Nui complex. However, these preliminary findings are likely to change with further taxon sampling, additional molecular data and more refined estimates of mutation rates. Although the basal species in our limited sampling of the Hawaiian clade, C. semitogata, was collected from Kauai, the overall topology does not lend obvious support to a progression rule pattern of diversification (Funk & Wagner, 1995). Instead, subclades appear to include representatives feeding on the same host on both old and young islands. Similar patterns of diversification were shown for Hawaiian Cydia Hübner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), whereby jumps to new host genera in disparate subfamilies of Fabaceae were accompanied by filling those host niches across the archipelago (Oboyski, 2011), and for Nesophrosyne Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) with host jumps between plant families (Bennett & O’Grady, 2012, 2013). In this scenario, some species are likely to become paraphyletic as a result of differential dispersal between land masses – more isolated populations will develop evolutionary trajectories independent of their containing clade. This appears to be the case for C. olivaceonitens in the current study, which is rendered paraphyletic by C. gemmata and LB34 (a damaged specimen that we currently are not able to identify with certainty) (Fig. 1), both of which have distinctly different genital morphology from C. olivaceonitens. The Hawaiian Carposina clade is separated from outgroup taxa by a relatively long branch, while several interior branches have only modest support (Fig. 1). Several factors may contribute to this, including limited outgroup sampling, limited ingroup sampling, choice of genetic markers, a long period of isolation for the Hawaiian clade, extinction and/or accelerated evolutionary rates. As a result, long branches make Hawaiian Carposina difficult to place in the world fauna. Although extinction is difficult to account for in phylogenetic reconstruction (e.g. Morlon, Parsons & Plotkin, 2011), these other factors can be addressed directly with continued investigation. Carposina present an opportunity to test competing hypotheses about Hawaiian phylogeography and phyloecology. While several species are known for each island, host associations remain obscured for most (Table 1). Moreover, host/habitat loss, extinctions, climate change, and competition and predation from alien species are likely to hinder collection of essential ecological and evolutionary data (Medeiros et al., 2013). Therefore, identifying larval hosts, particularly from critically endangered habitats, and constructing a wellresolved phylogeny for the entire clade is the highest priority for this group.

CARPOSINA URBANAEsP. nOV., MEDEIROS & OBOYSKI (FIGS 2 D, 3D, 4D) Holotype: United States: Hawaiian Islands: Kauai: Kokee St Park, Pihea Tr, 22.149, ���159625. 21.vii.2014. ♂ (slide 14A94♂). MJ Medeiros & AX Nguyen. BPBM. Paratypes: United States: Hawaiian Islands: Kauai: Na Pali ��� Kona FR, Alakai Swamp at Junction of Pihea Trail. 18.v.2005 & 23.vii.2006. 1♂, 1♀ (slide LB61♀). D Rubinoff. UHIM. Diagnosis: Carposina urbanae has a unique wing pattern in comparison with all other Hawaiian Carposina: an orange-brown medial band running from the costa to middle of wing, diagonally toward the tornus (Fig. 2 D). Description ( N = 3) (Fig. 2 D): Wing expanse 17��� 20 mm. Head light brown. Haustellum unscaled. Labial palpus longer nearly 2�� width of eye in male, over 2�� width of eye in female, dark brown near base of second segment, transitioning to lighter brown by apex of third segment. Antennae of male with long, fine cilia underneath. Thorax, tegula and abdomen light brown. Foreleg and midleg very dark brown, with rings of lighter scales near joints of tarsi; spurs present in midleg. Hindleg similar but somewhat lighter in colour, spurs present. Forewing ground colour very light brown; orangebrown medial band running from costa to middle of wing, diagonally toward tornus, with several clusters of raised scales; posterior half of wing darker in colour than anterior half; orange-brown basal spot present; orange and black spots present along costal margin; fringe grey. Hindwing and fringe uniformly light brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 3 D): Valvae long, somewhat broad, tapering to an acute apex. Uncus nearly absent. Annelar lobes projecting caudal, straight, less than 0.5�� length of valva. Arms of gnathos long, projecting sharply upward, topped with short setae. Process of sacculus broad, tipped with two short lobes. Saccus V-shaped. Aedeagus long, slender, widened distally, cornuti present at apex. Female genitalia (Fig. 4 D): Papillae anales short. Apophyses thin and straight; posterior apophyses relatively long, approximately 1.5�� length of anterior apophyses. Ductus bursae long, approximately 1.5�� length of posterior apophyses. Corpus bursae oval, short, about 0.5�� length of anterior apophyses; signum absent. Distribution: This species has been collected only from near the summit of the island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Remarks: The male genitalia of this species is similar to that of C. ferruginea (Walsingham) and Zimmerman���s ���new species 2��� (Zimmerman, 1978, p. 830), also from the Hawaiian Islands, but the wing pattern is extremely divergent, unlike any other Hawaiian Carposina. Larval biology and host plant unknown. Etymology: Carposina urbanae is named in honour of the Urban School of San Francisco, where MJM has been a science teacher for 5 years, and many of his Urban Advanced Studies Genetics students performed PCRs used in this study. Urban has support- ed MJM���s research programme in multiple ways. Lastly, Urban has shown a commitment to entomology, with the formation of a new class, Entomology: Bugs & Biodiversity, which provides an education in general entomology to high school students., Published as part of Matthew J. Medeiros, Griffin L. Bianchi, Laurel R. Taschetta & Peter T. Oboyski, 2016, A review of Polynesian Carposina Herrich-Sch��ffer (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae), with descriptions of four new species, pp. 135-146 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177 on pages 141-142, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12363, http://zenodo.org/record/270024

Historically, persons scheduled for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have reported severe pain with low demand activities such as walking, but recent data suggests that TKA recipients may have less preoperative pain. Little is known about people who elect TKA with low levels of preoperative pain. To better understand current TKA utilization, we evaluated the association between preoperative pain and difficulty performing high demand activities, such as kneeling and squatting, among TKA recipients. We used baseline data from a randomized control trial designed to improve physical activity following TKA. Prior to TKA, participants were categorized according to Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain scores: Low (0–25), Medium (26–40), and High (41–100). Within each group, limitations in both low demand and high demand activities were assessed. The sample consisted of 202 persons with a mean age of 65 (SD 8) years; 21 %, 34 %, and 45 % were categorized in the Low, Medium, and High Pain groups, respectively. Of the Low Pain group, 60 % reported at least one of the following functional limitations: limited flexion, limp, limited walking distance, and limitations in work or housework. While only 12 % of the Low Pain group reported at least moderate pain with walking on a flat surface, nearly all endorsed at least moderate difficulty with squatting and kneeling. A substantial number of persons scheduled for TKA report Low WOMAC Pain (≤25) prior to surgery. Persons with Low WOMAC Pain scheduled for TKA frequently report substantial difficulty with high demand activities such as kneeling and squatting. Studies of TKA appropriateness and effectiveness for patients with low WOMAC Pain should include measures of these activities. Identifier NCT01970631 ; Registered 23 October 2013.

The astrocytic GLT-1 (or EAAT2) is the major glutamate transporter for clearing synaptic glutamate. While the diffusion dynamics of neurotransmitter receptors at the neuronal surface are well understood, far less is known regarding the surface trafficking of transporters in subcellular domains of the astrocyte membrane. Here, we have used live-cell imaging to study the mechanisms regulating GLT-1 surface diffusion in astrocytes in dissociated and brain slice cultures. Using GFP-time lapse imaging, we show that GLT-1 forms stable clusters that are dispersed rapidly and reversibly upon glutamate treatment in a transporter activity-dependent manner. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and single particle tracking using quantum dots revealed that clustered GLT-1 is more stable than diffuse GLT-1 and that glutamate increases GLT-1 surface diffusion in the astrocyte membrane. Interestingly, the two main GLT-1 isoforms expressed in the brain, GLT-1a and GLT-1b, are both found to be stabilized opposed to synapses under basal conditions, with GLT-1b more so. GLT-1 surface mobility is increased in proximity to activated synapses and alterations of neuronal activity can bidirectionally modulate the dynamics of both GLT-1 isoforms. Altogether, these data reveal that astrocytic GLT-1 surface mobility, via its transport activity, is modulated during neuronal firing, which may be a key process for shaping glutamate clearance and glutamatergic synaptic transmission.

CARPOSINA NEW SPECIES 11 (FIGS 2E, 3E) Material examined: United States: Hawaiian Islands: Hawaii: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Desolation Trail, 929 m, N19.36880 W155.3674. ♂ (slide LB 36♂). D Rubinoff & A Kawahara. UHIM. Remarks: This specimen has unique genitalia and a wing pattern unlike the other species near it in Figure 1, but the specimen is somewhat rubbed. Without additional material, we do not feel a full description is warranted at this time. The designation as new species 11 follows the sequence initiated by Zimmerman (1978).

Objective: Young adults, in general, are not aware of their risk of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Understanding risk and risk factors is critical to knee OA prevention. We tested the efficacy of a personalized risk calculator on accuracy of knee OA risk perception and willingness to change behaviors associated with knee OA risk factors. Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled trial of 375 subjects recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Subjects were randomized to either a) use a personalized risk calculator based on demographic and risk factor information (intervention) or b) view general OA risk information (control). At baseline and after the intervention, subjects estimated their 10-year and lifetime risk of knee OA and responded to contemplation ladders measuring willingness to change diet, exercise, or weight-control behaviors. Results: Subjects in both arms had an estimated 3.6% 10-year and 25.3% lifetime chance of developing symptomatic knee OA. Both arms greatly overestimated knee OA risk at baseline, estimating a 10-year risk of 26.1% and a lifetime risk of 47.8%. After the intervention, risk calculator subjects' perceived 10-year risk decreased by 12.9 percentage points to 12.5% and perceived lifetime risk decreased by 19.5 percentage points to 28.1%. Control subjects' perceived risks remained unchanged. Risk calculator subjects were more likely to move to an action stage on the exercise contemplation ladder (RR = 2.1). There was no difference between the groups for diet or weight-control ladders. Conclusions: The risk calculator is a useful intervention for knee OA education and may motivate some exercise-related behavioral change. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.