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Mothers have almost 100% certainty of their relationship with their offspring, but fathers face paternal uncertainty, which affects not only parental investment but also grandparents’ investment in grandchildren. However, due to Chinese patriarchal culture and preference for sons, grandparents may give their grandchildren different investments by gender. To explore the psychological and behavioral mechanisms of grandparents’ emotional investment in grandchildren from both cultural and evolutionary perspectives, this study collected data from 642 Chinese participants who had impressions of all four grandparents and measured their relationships with their grandparents and other demographic variables. After controlling for the number of grandchildren, participant’s age, region, etc., a significant interaction between the grandchild’s gender and grandparent categories was found. Simple effect analysis and post-hoc analysis showed significant differences in grandsons’ intimacy with maternal grandmothers and grandfathers, but no other grandparents, while granddaughter’s intimacy with maternal grandmothers was significantly higher and with paternal grandfathers significantly lower than with other grandparents, and there were no other significant differences. Those results support human psychology and behavior are jointly influenced by evolution and culture.

In recent years, blockchain, which is the base technology of the 4th industrial revolution, is rapidly emerging as an alternative to the centralized data management method. An application platform for providing blockchain networks and services to both the general public and the underprivileged (elderly people, farmers, people with disabilities) is essential. In particular, the socially vulnerable (defective families, grandparents, children, multicultural families, settlers, individuals living in basic conditions) need clear guidelines for complex and high-level contracts. Therefore, in this study, we designed a smart contract visualization application platform to improve user convenience. This system provides an easy-to-use interface for the socially vulnerable and underprivileged and presented guidelines for signing complex and high-level contracts. In addition, we designed a mobile UI/UX for smart contracts and enabled the automatic creation of Ricardian contracts.

Transnational intergenerational communication between migrant children and their grandparents depends on family relationships and the specific migration context, but also shifts in response to emerging factors, such as the current COVID-19 crisis The goal of this study is to offer an agile typology of communication between migrant children in Poland and their grandparents in other countries It points to two types of family communication practices, namely direct (face-to-face) and technology-mediated communication (TMC) Drawing on data from a qualitative study of immigrant children (n = 19) and parents (n = 18) conducted during the lockdown and associated travel restrictions caused by the pandemic, the study offers a typology of emotional, symbolic, mediated, and discontinuous modes of intergenerational family communications It also indicates that cessation of direct contact during an “immobility regime” reduces the scope of intergenerational communication in transnational families [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Family Communication is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )

This study examines changes in salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase among grandparents rearing grandchildren in rural Appalachia. Grandparent-caregivers experience greater stress than non- grandpare...

This study was aimed to determine the settlement of disputes regarding the distribution of inheritance to substitute heirs left by their grandparents in terms of Islamic law and to determine the position of substitute heirs for the assets according to Al-Quran and Hadith provisions. The data collection technique used in this study was a normative legal research methodology based on a literature study. From this research, it is known that (a) The rights of grandchildren as substitute heirs to replace their deceased parents are the same as the rights which obtained by their mother's sister. It caused by the 2 sons and 3 daughters so that the distribution of inheritance is based on a ratio of 2:1. In accordance with the provisions of Q.S An-Nisaa'/7:4. To give the inheritance to a grandchild who replaces their deceased parents’ position, he/she can use a mandatory will so that he/she can receive the inheritance left by their grandparents. And if there is a dispute regarding the distribution of inheritance to the replacement heirs, it should be resolved by a mediation process as a tools of dispute resolution because it is considered as faster, easier, and less costly than the litigation process, (b) Al-Quran does not regulate the provisions regarding substitute heirs, but the Article 185 of the Islamic Law Compilation stipulates that the substitute heirs can replace their parents and the asset share of substitute heirs,must not exceed the share of the heirs which is equal to was replaced.

Depression is a serious problem among older adults who care for their grandchildren. The relationship between general stress, sleep quality and depressive symptoms has been confirmed. However, it is unclear whether this relationship can be generalized to grandparenting stress and whether sleep quality could influence the relationship between grandparenting stress and depressive symptoms remains unclear. The present study explored how grandparenting stress, sleep quality, and grandparenting type (divided by frequency of grandparenting, including primary care and supplementary care) influence depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults who care for their grandchildren. A sample of 1303 Chinese older adults (Female: 46.2%), with a mean age of 66.0 years (SD = 4.2), were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Grandparenting stress, sleep quality, and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Chinese version of the Parenting Stress Scale (modified for grandparents), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the Geriatric Depressive Symptoms Scale, respectively. We found that older adults who care for grandchildren have high levels of depressive symptoms, and grandparenting stress and sleep quality were significantly positively associated with depressive symptoms. In addition, we also found that sleep quality partially mediated the relationship between grandparenting stress and depressive symptoms. Grandparenting type moderated the relationship between grandparenting stress and sleep quality but did not significantly moderate the relationship between grandparenting stress and depressive symptoms. Supplementary care (i.e., providing care while parents are temporarily unavailable) was associated with a weaker association between grandparenting stress and sleep quality when compared to primary care (providing care while parents are unavailable for long periods). These results can provide some ideas of intervention to reduce the depressive symptoms of older adults who care for their grandchildren, which had certain public health significance.

The current study utilized a three-step cultural adaptation process to adapt a universal-coparenting program for Latinx adolescent parents in a school-based setting. First, focus groups were conducted with adolescent parents (n = 13; 100% Latinx; 69% female), their parents (n = 17; 94% Latinx; 82% female), and school staff (n = 7; 71% White; 100% female) to identify unique needs faced by this population. Second, the program was adapted to include new lesson modules (e.g., coparenting with grandparents, coparenting after breakups) and structural reformatting to fit a school schedule. Third, selected lessons from the adapted program were piloted in four schools with 32 Latinx adolescent parents (97% Latinx; 78% female). Lesson evaluation surveys and focus group data assessed the feasibility and acceptability of the service delivery method and content to show the program was well received. However, implementation challenges emerged when attempting to provide services to adolescent fathers and Spanish-speaking adolescents. This manuscript provides an example of how to use this cultural adaptation process to tailor prevention programs, highlights a new prevention program that can serve as a resource for adolescent parents, and provides several recommendations for working with Latinx adolescent parents.El presente estudio utilizó un proceso de adaptación cultural de tres pasos para adaptar un programa de cocrianza universal para padres adolescentes latinos en un entorno escolar. En primer lugar, se realizaron grupos de análisis con padres adolescentes (n = 13; el 100 % latinos; el 69 % mujeres), sus padres (n = 17; el 94 % latinos; el 82 % mujeres), y el personal escolar (n = 7; el 71 % blancos; el 100 % mujeres) para identificar las necesidades únicas que enfrenta esta población. En segundo lugar, el programa se adaptó para incluir módulos de enseñanza nuevos (p. ej.: la cocrianza con los abuelos, la cocrianza después de las separaciones) y para modificar el formato estructural de manera que se ajustara al horario escolar. En tercer lugar, se hicieron pruebas piloto de lecciones elegidas del programa adaptado en cuatro escuelas con 32 padres adolescentes latinos (el 97 % latinos; el 78 % mujeres). Se utilizaron encuestas de evaluación de las lecciones y datos de los grupos de análisis para evaluar la viabilidad y la aceptabilidad del método de prestación del servicio y del contenido a fin de demostrar que el programa fue bien recibido. Sin embargo, los desafíos de la implementación surgieron a la hora de prestar servicios a los padres adolescentes y a los adolescentes que hablan español. Este manuscrito brinda un ejemplo de cómo usar este proceso de adaptación cultural para adaptar programas de prevención, destaca un nuevo programa de prevención que puede servir como recurso para padres adolescentes y ofrece varias recomendaciones para trabajar con padres adolescentes latinos.本研究专门为拉丁裔青少年父母在学校为基础的环境下修订了一个文化调适项目，即一项通用-共同抚养孩子教育计划，利用的是三步文化适应过程。首先，进行了重点小组讨论，召集对象是青少年父母(n = 13;Latinx 100%;69%女性)，他们的家长(n = 17;Latinx 94%;女性82%)，学校工作人员(n = 7;71%的白人;100%为女性)，旨在确定这群人所面临的独特需求。其次，该项目进行了调整，加入了一些新的课程模块(例如，与祖父母共同抚养、离异后共同抚养)，并进行结构上的重新调整，以适应学校的时间安排。第三，从调适后的计划中挑选的课程在四所学校进行了试点，这些学校有32名拉丁裔青少年家长(97%是拉丁裔;78%的女性)。课程评估调查和焦点小组数据评估了提供服务的方法和内容的可行性和可接受性，表明该计划深受欢迎。然而，在试图向青少年父亲和说西班牙语的青少年提供服务时，在执行方面遇到一些困难。本文提供了一个如何使用这种文化适应过程来定制预防计划的例子，强调了一种新的预防计划，可以作为青少年父母的资源，并为与拉丁裔青少年父母合作提供了一些建议。.

PURPOSE This study tests the validity and reliability of the Ideal Grandparent Scale (IGS; Mansson, 2015) on university students. DESIGN AND METHODS The Turkish version of the IGS was administered to 247 students at a university in Turkey to determine its validity and reliability. The students' mean age was 21.19 years (standard deviation = 1.69), with a range of 18-25 years. FINDINGS The results showed a single factored construct with factor loads ranging from 0.748 to 0.917 and explaining 71.67% of the variance. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.96 indicated that the internal consistency of the scale items was high. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The Turkish version of the IGS is valid and reliable for use in potential studies to be conducted in Turkey.

Empirical data was gathered from parents, grandparents, and practitioners, which revealed the impact of Covid-19 on UK children and family ministry. Prevailing restrictions and associated needs caused significant change in the nature of this ministry, and may not be temporary. Key observations were reduction in engagement of families with the church, shift in the volunteer structure for church-based children’s activities, increased focus on family faith formation activities, and diversified individual faith journeys of children.

Language and cultural barriers critically threaten the social relationships between grandparents and grandchildren in immigrant families. Cultural exchange activities, like shared storytelling, can foster these crucial connections. However, existing barriers make these seemingly routine interactions challenging for families to navigate. The resulting intergenerational drift places grandparents at high risk of sustained social isolation from their families. Past works have presented technology-mediated supports for grandparent-grandchild social interactions in non-immigrant families and have found that these interventions do foster stronger connections in both physically close and distant multigenerational families. We explore how to support the specific needs of immigrant families through Magic Thing participatory design workshops with grandchildren and grandparents together in order to reveal the social interactions that would support their cultural exchange. We use the Magic Thing to move the standard dialogic grandparent-grandchild relationship into a trialogic one, creating space for comfortable social connection and storytelling through the shared creation of the design. We find that technology-mediated support of intergenerational immigrant cultural exchange must be designed for this trialogic process, consider the role of expressing values as a form of meta-commentary on a story, and shift the perspective on existing "barriers" to consider how they might foster further engagement.

Poverty may have negative consequences on people’s economic behavior and literature has documented close links between time discounting and poverty. This paper investigates intertemporal choices made by children and adults from segregated Roma communities in Slovakia. The study finds that fewer children than adults prefer smaller-sooner to larger-later amounts (referred to as “quasi-impatience”). The study further examines the decisions of individuals assigned into random teams by cohorts (children, parents, grandparents), and finds no statistically significant differences in the proportions of quasi-impatient teams across the cohorts. The results also suggest that children’s decisions are correlated with those of their parents.

Background and Purpose: In Philadelphia, over 15,000 grandparents are primary caregivers for grandchildren. Children raised by grandparents have increased risk for health and behavior issues. The SOWN Grandfamily Resource Center (GFRC) provides social services and parenting education for caregiving grandparents. This project investigates whether the annual Department of Human Services (DHS) Parenting pre- and post-survey measures parenting changes for grandparents participating in the GFRC. Methods: Selected DHS survey questions were grouped into subscales measuring social support and parenting practices. Associations between social support and parenting were examined, and average subscale scores and percentage of grandparents demonstrating positive beliefs and practices were compared between 16 matched pre- and post-surveys using paired t-tests and McNemar’s tests. Results: McNemar’s tests determined the changes from pre- to post-survey were not statistically significant, with p-values between .625 and 1. The change in mean score for nurturing behavior was statistically significant, . Social support had a moderate, statistically significant, positive association with all parenting measures. Conclusion: Participants averaged 4.1 years of GFRC participation and demonstrated high levels of initial knowledge and parenting practice, but not a significant change from pre to post. The positive association between social support and parenting practice is supported by research that a caregiver’s distress negatively impacts parenting. Social relevance: The parenting qualities included here can alleviate some of the health and behavior problems experienced by children exposed to trauma as well as reduce the parenting stress experienced by caregiving grandparents.

The COVID-19 global pandemic necessitated nationwide lockdowns in many countries and Singapore was no different, announcing an eight-week ‘circuit-breaker’ in the beginning of April 2020 When it ended, the Singaporean government announced that restrictions on physical interactions would be eased in three phases In Phase 1, all physical interactions between households continued to be disallowed with exceptions made for visits to parents and grandparents so that families could provide mutual support to one another This article argues the permissibility of certain interactions hierarchised social ties according to a heteronormative logic where heteronormative kinship structures were elevated above others – thus excluding multiple constituencies that either did not have access to these kinship structures or for whom they did not provide support Reading this instantiation as part of a larger reification of the heterosexual nuclear family unit in Singapore, this article posits that the demonstrable inability of heteronormative kinship to fulfil everyone’s support needs signals the urgency of rethinking extant heteronormative foundations of kinship in Singapore Queering kinship in this way extends the existing body of queer studies scholarship in Singapore which has largely focussed on the effects of heteronormativity on LGBT lives by demonstrating how heteronormativity shapes non-LGBT lives as well [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Culture, Theory & Critique is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )

In this paper we test the efficiency of family resource allocation in three-generation households. Understanding how the so-called “squeezed middle” generation allocates resources towards the children and grandparents in the household will be increasingly important as populations age, and more elderly people become dependent upon their relations for financial support. Despite a large literature on household resource allocation in two-generation households (parents and children), to the best of our knowledge ours is the first study that includes the third generation. We present a theoretical model and conduct a discrete choice experiment in the context of reductions in the lifetime risk of developing coronary artery disease to verify the efficient resource allocation hypothesis. The data is obtained from a large sample of the Polish population. The sample consists of the middle generation members of three-generation households and hence WTP represents household value from the perspective of the “squeezed middle” parent. The results imply that household resource allocation is efficient. This has implications for understanding the likely response to government financial support aimed at supporting elderly people and their families.

Background Childhood overweight and obesity (OWO) has become a major public concern worldwide including in Shanghai, one of the most developed areas of China. Understanding perceptions and challenges of tackling childhood OWO among caregivers of children is critical to provide services in need. Methods A qualitative descriptive study including in-depth interviews with seven parents and six focus group discussions with a total of 32 parents or grandparents of children zero to 6 years of age. Participants lived in three districts of Shanghai and indexed children included both those with OWO or non-OWO children. Data were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. Results Caregivers tended to underestimate children’s weight status, and to regard chubby children as a sign of good parental care. Some caregivers even suggested that there were positive effects of childhood overweight. Caregivers identified a number of challenges to prevention of OWO in children, including difficulties in controlling dietary intake or increasing children’s physical activities; discordant views between parents and grandparents, and barriers to accessing professional guidance. Caregivers desired more detailed advice regarding children’s nutrition intake and physical activity, and preferred online approaches. Conclusions Misconceptions regarding childhood overweight were found in caregivers of children in Shanghai. Professional guidance on childhood weight control for caregivers is desired via digital applications such as mobile phone applications and social media.

Background The effects of the atomic bomb experience on survivors and their children have been a topic of human and research interest since early in the postwar era. The topic has centered around knowledge of physical health and studies on germline genetic effects in the second-generation offspring of survivors. However, comparatively little has been done to understand the psychological impact. Purpose The present study focuses on generational factors related to the psychological makeup of second and third generation descendants of atomic bomb survivors. Specifically, this study takes depressive symptoms and factors related to health anxiety into consideration as mental health indicators to offer preliminary evidence that addresses this gap. Objective Data was collected from participants with and without familial affiliation to atomic bomb survivors stratified by age. This resulted in 50 participants that reported having at least one parent who was an atomic bomb survivor categorized as second-generation descendants, 50 participants with at least one grandparent that was an atomic bomb survivor, 50 unrelated participants within an age range of 50–69, and 50 unrelated participants within an age range of 30–49. Method Depressive symptom severity among participants was examined with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and health anxiety was examined using the Sense of Health Anxiety Scale (SHAS). Result A significant difference was observed for participants without relatives who experienced the atomic bomb such that depressive symptom scores for second generation participants were higher than third generation participants (F (1, 197) = 8.38, p Conclusion Our findings indicated a difference in depressive symptom tendencies between second and third generation individuals related to atomic bomb survivors. These results suggest that future studies examine the difference in psychological effects between generations as they relate to possible processes that lead to an increase in depressive symptoms.

V diplomskem delu sem raziskovala, kako predšolski otroci dojemajo smrt starega starša z vidika njihovih staršev. V teoretičnem delu sem definirala pojma smrt in žalovanje v sodobni družbi, opisala razumevanje smrti predšolskega otroka ter obrazložila različne načine žalovanja predšolskega otroka. V teoretičnem delu sem se osredotočila tudi na odzive predšolskih otrok ob smrti starega starša, na podporo in pomoč, ki jo dobi otrok ob izgubi starega starša, ter utemeljila vlogo socialnega dela pri pomoči predšolskemu otroku, ki je v procesu žalovanja. V empiričnem delu sem na podlagi neslučajnostnega priložnostnega vzorca osmih staršev predšolskih otrok zbrala podatke in jih kasneje kvalitativno obdelala. S pomočjo kvalitativnih podatkov sem oblikovala glavne ugotovitve raziskave. Ugotovila sem, da si otroci po mnenju staršev predstavljajo pojem smrt kot nekaj grozovitega, žalostnega. Starši menijo, da so oni tisti, ki pripomorejo k temu, da njihovi otroci drugače dojemajo smrt kot bi jo sicer. Otroci se na novico ob izgubi starega starša različno odzovejo. Nekateri so prestrašeni, drugi so tiho in ne želijo govoriti. Večina staršev si pri razlagi pojmov smrti, umiranja in procesa žalovanja pomaga s knjigami, vendar se s svojimi otroki predhodno ne pogovarjajo o smrti in žalovanju. Tudi pogreba jim ne razlagajo posebej. Otrokom na različne načine razložijo, da babice oziroma dedka več ne bo nazaj. Pri tem se večina poslužuje razlage prispodobe nebes in angelčkov. Starši menijo, da mora imeti socialni delavec v prvi vrsti čut in smisel za delo z ljudmi. Večina staršev nima osebnih izkušenj s stroko socialnega dela in menijo, da otroci težje govorijo o smrti starega starša z nekom, ki ni čustveno vpleten v situacijo. In my thesis, I researched how preschoolers perceive the death of their grandparents from the parent’s point of view. In my theoretical work, I defined the concepts of death and grief in modern society, described a preschooler’s understanding of death, and explained different ways of grieving. In the theoretical part, I also focused on the responses of preschoolers at the time of their grandparent’s death, the support and assistance given to a child in the event of the loss of a grandparent and justified the role of social work in helping a preschool child who is in the process of grieving. In my empirical work, based on a non-random ad hoc sample of eight parents of preschool children, I collected qualitative data and later processed it qualitatively. With the help of qualitative data, I developed the main findings of the study. I have found that children, according to their parents, perceive the concept of death as something horrible or sad. Parents believe that they are the ones who help their child to perceive death differently than they would otherwise. Children react differently to the loss of their grandparent. Some are scared, others are silent and do not wish to talk. Most parents turn to books when interpreting the concepts of death, dying and grieving, but they do not talk to their children beforehand about death and mourning. They do not explain the funeral specifically. They explain to children in different ways that their grandmother or grandfather will never be back. In doing so, most use the interpretation of the metaphor of heaven and angels. When it comes to the role of social work, parents feel that a social worker should first and foremost have good interpersonal skills. Most parents have no personal experience with the social work profession and feel that it is more difficult for children to talk about the death of a grandparent with someone who is not emotionally involved in the situation

Objective: When a child is facing a severe physical illness, the entire family is affected. Grandparents provide invaluable emotional and practical support to families dealing with this situation, but little is known about the psychological impact on them. We aimed to synthesize the evidence on 1) the psychological outcomes experienced by grandparents when a grandchild is seriously ill and 2) the psychological support needed and used by grandparents. Methods: We systematically searched four databases with the search terms "grandchild", "grandparents", "psychological outcomes" and "severe diseases", and we used narrative synthesis to analyze the extracted data. Results: Our search identified 3319 records of which 12 were included in the analysis. Grandparents reported experiencing a wide spectrum of feelings, with fear being the most prevalent feeling. Grandparents rarely accessed professional services due to their lack of knowledge about available programs or because of the absence of formal services addressing their needs. In consequence, grandparents asked and received informal support from other family members, friends or their church community. Conclusion: Grandparents need to be better informed about their grandchild disease and the available support services in order to reduce their psychological burden and to better attend the needs of the other family members., + ID der Publikation: unilu_59023 + Sprache: Englisch + Bemerkungen: doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09365 + Letzte Aktualisierung: 2022-05-30 15:43:36

La situación actual nos está forzando a tener contacto con la muerte, que es un hecho ineludible y forma parte de la vida. Explicar este suceso resulta muy complicado, más aún si se trata de comunicárselo a los más pequeños. Ese será el punto de partida para elaborar su duelo, que es el proceso de adaptación normal que sigue a la pérdida de un ser querido y engloba las emociones, cogniciones, síntomas físicos y comportamientos que aparecen ante esa pérdida. Será diferente en cada persona y diferente según el momento de desarrollo. En estos tiempos de COVID, podrían tener que afrontar la primera muerte importante en sus vidas, el fallecimiento de un abuelo, y los rituales, que son ceremonias que nos ayudan a decir ese adiós, han sufrido una gran restricción y se necesita adaptarlos.

Objectives: We investigate how caregiving for grandchildren is associated with cognitive function among rural South Africans, and whether the association differs by gender. We further investigate whether measures of physical activity or social engagement mediate this association. Methods: Data were from interviews with 3668 Black, South African grandparents in the “Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa” study, conducted between 2014 and 2015. Results: We find that caregiving grandparents have better cognitive function than non-caregiving grandparents, and this association does not differ by grandparent gender. Although grandchild caregiving is associated with physical activity and social engagement measures, and some of these measures are associated with cognitive function, we do not find conclusive evidence of mediation. Discussion: Providing care for grandchildren may stimulate cognitive function for both grandmothers and grandfathers. Neither physical activity nor social engagement explains the association between caregiving and cognitive function.

Much literature about kinship care has focused on the issues facing grandparent carers. An Australian research project explored the experience and support needs of young kinship carers and children in their care through analysis of census data and in-depth interviews with young kinship carers and children/young people. This article describes the views of 16 young people. These young people expressed satisfaction with their home life and spoke of improvement over time in their wellbeing, mental health, and schooling. While they appreciated their carers' attunement to the world of young people, they articulated many challenges for themselves and their carers, including the burden on their carers, the challenge of adjusting to their carers' parental role, and financial pressures. They wanted greater access to counselling and casework services in order to deal with the impacts of family trauma.

This article investigates the association between coresidence with grandparents in three-generational households and the academic performance of 15-year-old students in the Czech Republic. The conceptual part focuses on intergenerational relationships and multigenerational coresidence in the Czech Republic and summarises past research on the links between coresidence with grandparents, family structure, and academic performance. The aim of this article is to find out if there is an association between coresidence with grandparents and an adolescent's academic performance, and if there is to discover whether the association is different for two-parent and one-parent families and whether it can be explained by the families' socioeconomic status. Data from PISA 2012 are used to investigate the association with mathematics, reading, and science literacy test scores as an indicator of school achievement. The results of the analysis revealed a weak positive association between coresidence with grandparents and adolescents' academic performance. The association becomes statistically significant when controlling for socioeconomic status and is not significantly different in two-parent and one-parent families. The results suggest that there is a positive association between three-generational coresidence and 15-year-old students' academic performance, but it is partially suppressed by the families' socioeconomic status.

Attachment theory provides an informative theoretical description of how prosocial behaviors in response to the distress of others may be socialized. This study aimed to investigate associations between attachment security to mothers, fathers, closest grandparents and peers, and young adolescents’ (a) prosocial responses to others’ distress and (b) global prosocial behaviors, via the mediation of empathic concern. Cross-sectional survey data were obtained from 520 adolescents (aged 11–14) from nine schools in Cape Town, South Africa. Structural equation modeling revealed that a model in which all paths from the attachment variables were routed through empathic concern was superior to a model which proposed only direct effects of attachment on prosocial behavior. Peer and grandparent attachment were significantly associated, through empathic concern, with self-reported helping in response to others’ distress. For teacher-reported global prosocial behavior, the indirect effects of peer and grandparent attachment failed to reach significance. The results provide theoretical insight into the association between secure attachments and prosocial behavior, and highlight the importance of relationships with friends and grandparents in early adolescence.

Using a questionnaire survey, this study examined Latinx mothers’ (n = 72) perception of Latinx grandparents’ involvement in children’s physical activity. Data were collected about a specific child...

Grounded in Affection Exchange Theory’s assumptions that affectionate communication fosters relational benefits and increases people’s likelihood of survival, this study sought to examine young adult grandchildren’s willingness to serve as their grandparents’ caregivers as a function of received affection from their grandparents. Young adult grandchildren ( N = 209) independently completed a questionnaire in reference to a specific, biological grandparent. The results of a multiple regression analysis revealed partial support for the hypothesized positive relationships between grandchildren’s received affection from their grandparents and the grandchildren’s willingness to care for their grandparents. These findings are indicative of both practical and theoretical implications.

Background Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration (TFBA) is a critical disease in children and is extremely dangerous, even life-threatening. The factors affecting the occurrence and prognosis of TFBA are complex. The purpose of this study is to examine the external and intrinsic factors affecting clinical features of TFBA in West China and propose potential effective intervention measures. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of pediatric patients diagnosed with TFBA with foreign bodies (FBs) removed by rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia at the otolaryngology department from December 2017 to November 2018. The data included age, sex, clinical symptoms, type and location of FB, guardians, prehospital duration and residence of these pediatric patients. Results The ratio of males (72) to females (53) was 1.4:1. Children aged from 1 to 3 years accounted for 76% (95/125) of patients. Cough, continuous fever and dyspnea were the primary symptoms. The right primary bronchus was the most common location of FB detection by rigid bronchoscopy (67 cases, 53.6%). Organic FBs were most common in our study. Guardians of patients significantly differed in the rural (parents 16, grandparents 31) and urban (parents 52, grandparents 26) groups (χ2 = 12.583, p = 0.000). More children in the rural group than in the urban group had a treatment delay longer than 72 h. More children in the group with no history of FB aspiration (12, 25%) than in the group with prior FB aspiration had a treatment delay longer than 72 h. Conclusion Pediatric TFBA is a common emergency in otolaryngology. Age, sex, tracheobronchial anatomy and other physiological elements were defined as intrinsic factors, while guardians, residence, FB species and prehospital time were defined as external factors of TFBA. External and intrinsic factors both influence the occurrence and progression of TFBA. It is extremely important to take effective measures to control external factors, which can decrease morbidity and mortality.

Gender equity in division of domestic labor and its positive effects on fertility have been well documented in Western countries. This research extends the classic gender equity theory to East Asia, a country with an extended family tradition that complicates gender roles. Using four waves of data from the China Family Panel Study (CFPS), we find that: (1) parents or parents-in-law serve as a major source of informal help for housework and childcare in China; (2) the domestic help from parents can significantly increase the likelihood of childbearing for Chinese women; (3) the help from husbands is less important and only significant when parental help is absent. While gender equity in the West has a profound influence on gender equity in the East, Confucian traditions that assign roles according to gender and to the relationships among grandparents, parents, and children are a force to be reckoned with in China.

Objective Using a mixed-methods design, we aimed to understand household dynamics and choices in hypothetical planning for child and pet care if an individual is faced with hospitalization for COVID-19. Background As the COVID-19 public health crisis persists, children and pets are vulnerable to caregiver hospitalization. Methods Bivariate associations from a large-scale survey explore hypothetical options for dependent care-planning. An open-ended question regarding pet-child interactions is coded applying a grounded theory framework. Results Caregivers expect to rely on family and friends to care for children, especially young children, and pets if hospitalized. The presence of pets in the home has been predominately positive for children during the pandemic, suggesting benefits of alternative care options that keep children and pets together. Conclusions Relying on one's social network to care for dependents if caregivers become ill from COVID-19 could place loved ones at risk for contracting the virus, which could present obstacles to arranging care plans, especially inclusive of pets and children. Implications The changing information regarding COVID-19 warrants that families establish concrete care plans for dependent children and pets. The spread of COVID-19 to the most vulnerable, such as grandparents and other family who may be expected to care for dependents, could create additional public health concerns.

The COVID-19 global crisis and the “stay-home” response taken by most governments has starkly exposed the dependence of formal economies on the invisible and unpaid care labor of women – a dependen...

Foreign researchers consider the phenomenon of grandparents’ labour in the framework of the economy of parental labour. Since the early 2000s, Russian scientists have been actively studying this problem due to high socio-economic disparity of Russian regions, and important strategic objectives stated in the Demography National Project and the Strategy of Spatial Development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2025. We identified and described specific regional situations, namely, models of grandparents’ labour in the socio-economic space of the country. To analyse grandparents’ labour, we examined individual questions of the “Comprehensive monitoring of living conditions” survey published by the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat). The research methodology includes both hierarchical (based on Ward’s method, the square of the Euclidean distance, and other measures) and non-hierarchical cluster analysis (the k-means method). We proposed a method for studying grandparents’ labour based on research of parental labour and international demographic studies on grandparenthood. The empirical analysis revealed 6 models of grandparents’ labour in the socio-economic space of Russia. These models differ in the level and intensity of involvement of older women in the sphere of grandparents’ labour and their potential in this area. For each model of grandparents’ labour, we identified the core regions (groups of regions) involved in the clustering. We explained why the government should be interested in the activation and stimulation of grandparents’ labour in Russian regions. Further research should focus on examining the particularities of grandparents’ labour depending on the actors: men, grandparents living with their grandchildren and apart from them, living in the same city, in the same or different regions of Russia.

Background: Good nutrition is a key aspect of health. Cooking activities can improve dietary habits, cooking skills and food courage in terms of courage to cook and taste new foods, in individuals of all ages. However, targeting both grandchildren and grandparents at the same time through intergenerational cooking activities, is new. Aim: This paper aims to present the impact of intergenerational cooking activities on dietary habits, food courage, cooking skills and two-way interaction between young and old participants in The Grandchildren’s Food Workshop. Methods: In this observational pilot study, the Danish Heart Foundation’s experimental cooking program for grandchildren and grandparents was developed and tested. The influence of the food workshop on the participants’ dietary habits, food courage, cooking skills and two-way interaction was assessed by a before and after questionnaire. McNemar’s and chi-squared tests were used to evaluate the effects. Results: A total of 180 grandchildren (10 to 12 years) and 183 grandparents participated in The Grandchildren’s Food Workshop. A total of 82 (46%) grandchildren (71% of which were girls) and 125 (68%) grandparents (83% of which were women) responded to the baseline and follow-up questionnaires. The impact on dietary habits and food courage was limited, while there was an impact on cooking skills in the grandchildren. The already good two-way interaction was unaltered. Conclusions: The findings indicate an impact on cooking skills among grandchildren participating in The Grandchildren’s Food Workshop, while the impact on dietary habits, food courage and two-way interaction between age groups was limited. Further research, including more detailed dietary data, should explore the significance of an intergenerational approach.

In response to rising parental incarceration rates, some correctional facilities now offer family literacy and read-aloud programmes to strengthen parent–child bonds. However, the technologies used...

Despite the increasing importance of grandparents in raising their grandchildren, few studies analyze the impact that these intergenerational relationships have on the grandchildren, especially during adolescence. With a sample of 3432 adolescents between 11 years and 16 years old, we analyze to what degree grandparent affection explains adolescent emotional well-being. The results reveal interesting findings according to family type: traditional two-parent families, families with joint custody, or families with only one biological parent (specifying between father or mother). Lastly, we analyze and discuss the implications of the relevant results related to the grandparents’ sex, lineage, and state of health, the adolescent’s age, as well as finding a higher impact of grandparent affection has on adolescents from families with only the father as a reference figure. This study advocates for reinforcing the role of the grandparents during adolescence, becoming especially relevant for boys and girls living in father-only families.

Although some studies have revealed a generational conflict over childrearing, few quantitative empirical studies have examined whether the care provided by grandparents affects the parenting practices of their adult sons and daughters. Using data from the Panel Survey of Family Dynamics (PSFD), this study investigates the effect of grandparents’ caregiving on the parenting practices of their adult children in Taiwan. Our results show that the care assistance provided by grandparents significantly affects both fathers’ and mothers’ childrearing practices. All else being equal, when their own parents provide more than 20 days of care per month, fathers and mothers are both more likely to be highly authoritative. Interestingly, the care assistance from parents-in-law only significantly leads to mothers’ more likely to show authoritative but also some permissive practices. The findings suggest that, while grandparents are an important source of care help, the differences in child-rearing practices between generations might entail inconsistent parenting practices. Our results also suggest the differential effect of care from paternal and maternal grandparents on mothers might be linked to different experiences of authority structures between men and women.

Background: Nepal is rich in culture, tradition, knowledge of traditional health practices. In fact, traditional healing practices have been a strong cultural and scientific heritage in this country. The majority of people (80%) in Nepal continue to rely on these practices of health care. Practitioners of this traditional medical wisdom are called as traditional healers (THs). THs are prevalent in every ethnic group and community. Majority of rural people are very dependent on traditional medical practices of THs who mostly use locally available medicinal herbs and spiritual methods to treat diseases. Therefore, this study had investigated whether traditional healers had the knowledge, skill, practices and technology of diagnosis and treatment of diseases which could be utilized to assist in providing health care services to rural people in Nepal. Materials and Methods: Using a cross-sectional research design a total of 25 traditional healers from Kapilvasttu district of Nepal were interviewed. Responses on the following topics were obtained: socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, skill and practice regarding medicinal plants use. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the responses. Results: Traditional healers’ knowledge, skill, practice and technology of diagnosis and treatment of diseases were related to tradition and culture of particular ethnic groups and communities. Majority of THs (n=25) are male (73.33%) and Hindu (88.29%) by religion. They mostly used medicinal plants (85.6%) singly or in combination with shaman, spiritual and others techniques. Less than 22.5% of THs had got training from health related institutions formally. Rest of the THs had acquired the knowledge and skill of traditional healing practices from ancestors, colleagues, self-study, from guru (traditional teachers), grandparents etc. Some of the both trained and untrained traditional healers would treat 52 types of diseases including gastro-intestinal and cardiac disorders, HIV, cancer, mental disorders, fractures and other common diseases with 79 known medicinal plants. Conclusion: The results indicate that traditional healers (THs) have acquired traditional medical knowledge, skill, practice and technology from their ancestors, teachers, trainings etc. They use medicinal plants as a means of treatment for providing primary health care to local people in the communities. This is significant considering, that are serving the health needs of a large percentage of the Nepalese rural population. However, further health policy and development of controlling mechanism for them on the treatment related issues is necessary. Keywords:Traditional healers, medicinal plants, traditional medicines, Nepal

Introduction There are few reports on the beliefs about thirdhand smoke in Chinese families with primary school children. This study aims to understand the beliefs about thirdhand smoke among parents or grandparents of primary school children in Shanghai and to provide an evidence base to incorporate thirdhand smoke preventative action into tobacco control interventions. Methods We performed a cross-sectional survey among parents and grandparents of children aged 6-13 years in the Changjiang Road Primary School and recruited 843 participants to make assessments on the 'beliefs about thirdhand smoke' (BATHS) scale. Sociodemographic details including age, gender, marital status, education level, personal income and type of home ownership (new house, secondhand house with or without redecoration) and health status of children (whether they suffered from respiratory diseases or not) were investigated. Scale assessment, univariate and multivariate analyses to explore the factors influencing the BATHS scale and subscale scores, were performed using SPSS version 22.0. Results Participants who were aged >65 years were more likely to get lower scores on the BATHS scale (OR=0.476; 95% CI: 0.311-0.728, p=0.001). Undergraduates (OR=1.190; 95% CI: 1.020-1.388, p=0.027) and graduates (OR=1.4490; 95% CI: 1.102-1.906, p=0.008) obtained higher scores. Moreover, the scores of residents living in a secondhand house with redecoration (OR=0.882; 95% CI: 0.782-0.995, p=0.041) and without redecoration (OR=0.801; 95% CI: 0.698-0.919, p=0.002) were lower compared with those of new-house owners. The scores for participants whose children suffered from respiratory diseases in the past six months (OR=1.104; 95% CI: 1.003-1.216, p=0.043) were higher than those whose children had no respiratory diseases. Conclusions This study shows that younger people, females, those with higher incomes, and higher education levels, were more likely to believe the thirdhand smoke impacts on health and its persistence in the environment. Our findings can guide targeted actions for smoke-free home interventions.

Objective To retrospectively review the characteristics of preschool children with speech and language disorders to determine their clinical features and compares the average degrees of language delay based on hospital visit purposes, language developmental delay causes, and maternal language.Methods One thousand one hundred two children (832 males, 270 females) with the chief complaint of language or speech problems who underwent language assessment for the first time were included. Their medical records, including demographic data, language environments, and family history of language problems and other developmental problems, were collected. Furthermore, the results of language and developmental assessments and hearing tests were collected.Results Among the children enrolled in this study, 24% had parental problems and 9% were nurtured by their grandparents. The average degree of language delay did not differ regarding purposes of hospital visits. The average degree of language delay was greatest in children with autism spectrum disorders and least in children with mixed receptive–expressive language disorders. In children with mothers who do not speak Korean as their native language, social quotients in the social maturity scale were less than 70.Conclusion Language environment is an essential factor that may cause speech and language disorders. Moreover, maternal language seems to affect the social quotient of the social maturity scale.

Objective To explore intergenerational differences on key factors of food parenting practices (FPPs) related to home eating behavior of schoolchildren. Design In-depth interviews with social recognition theory-based semistructured interviews conducted from December 2016 to January 2017. Participants Primary caregivers of elementary schoolchildren from 23 households (16 parents, 14 grandparents) in 4 remote areas of Hualien, Taiwan. Phenomenon of Interest Factors related to FPPs hindering micronutrient-dense food group consumption by schoolchildren in a remote area. Setting In-depth interviews were conducted at participants’ houses. Analysis Interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim. Inductive thematic analysis was performed to elicit studied phenomenon. Results Routine family meals provided adequate staple, protein, and vegetables but inadequate whole grains, dairy, fruits, and nuts. More parents provided breakfast composed of pan-fried and semiprocessed products made of refined flour and sugary beverages. Both parents and grandparents had ambiguous nutrition concepts and inconsistent FPPs but in different aspects. They both reflected expectations for assistance from local schools for nutrition and FPPs education to shape up healthy eating behavior of children. Conclusions and Implications Study findings pinpoint the strength and barriers of FPPs for primary caregivers. Implementing integrated nutrition education programs tailored for empowering nutrition literacy and FPPs is suggested to enhance the healthy eating behavior of schoolchildren in a remote area.

The grandparent-adult grandchild relationship is integral to the health and preservation of the family. The intergenerational relationship makes several transformations as each party ages and exper...

As a result of the devastating impact of the opioid epidemic, increased numbers of children are being raised by their grandparents in what are known as grandfamilies. Despite these children and their families experiencing difficult environmental circumstances, numerous adverse life events, and challenging family dynamics, empirical examinations of the opioid epidemic, as it relates to grandfamilies, remain limited. The purpose of this review is to advance the understanding of how grandfamilies have been impacted by the opioid epidemic by using a systemic perspective to highlight themes and major conclusions within the existing conceptual and empirical literature. The review reveals five systemically informed themes including the assumption of caregiving responsibilities, grandparent stress and well-being, caring for vulnerable grandchildren, navigating relationships with parents, and contextual stressors of societal stigma and barriers to service. To extend this work, systemically informed recommendations for clinical intervention and future priorities for research and policy are discussed.

Current understanding of adolescent family violence (AFV) is fragmented, with research describing offenders and offending at the aggregate level or exploring different forms of AFV in isolation. The current study aimed to describe and compare AFV offender groups drawn from the same population. A sample of 2717 adolescent offenders (12–17 years old) who were reported to Victoria Police for family violence offending in the 2014 calendar year were sorted into five mutually exclusive categories based on the relationship with their primary victim/survivor—mother, father, younger sibling, older sibling and other family members. The groups were then compared across a number of dimensions, including the characteristics of the young person and ‘type’ of violence and abuse perpetrated, as well as prior offending patterms. The analysis identified key differences between offenders based on their relationship with their primary victim/survivor. Mothers emerged as a high-risk cohort because the violence they were experiencing was often frequent and had been ongoing for extended periods of time. They were also the most likely cohort to report being afraid of the offender. Adolescents who were primarily violent towards other family members (eg grandparents) also emerged as key group for future examination due to their use of violence in various contexts, and other offending. Group-based analyses of AFV offenders can provide valuable insights into the differences and similarities underlying this offender population. Future studies should aim to build on this research.

PurposeSelf-efficacy in cooking and consuming fruits and vegetables is one of the dimensions that compose cooking skills. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the self-efficacy of Brazilian university students in cooking and consuming fruits and vegetables and examine the relationship of self-efficacy with sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics.Design/methodology/approachData were collected through an online questionnaire, which was culturally adapted and validated for the studied population. Questions about self-efficacy for using basic cooking techniques (SECT), self-efficacy for using fruits, vegetables, and seasonings (SEFVS) and produce consumption self-efficacy (SEPC) were rated on a five-point Likert scale. Differences in median self-efficacy score between groups were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test or the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Mann–Whitney U test.Findings766 subjects participated in the study. The mean age was 21 ± 5.6 years, most respondents were female (60%), reported to know how to cook (72%), and lived with parents and/or grandparents (45%). The median SECT and SEFVS scores were 3.55, and the median SEPC score was 3.33. Female students, individuals aged more than 25 years, and students who did not live with their parents or grandparents had higher (p p = 0.023, 0.01, and 0.002, respectively) and not knowing how to cook (p Originality/valueThe results of this study can guide interventions and public policies aimed at health promotion in the university setting.

Caring for grandchildren provides grandparents an opportunity to sustain an active lifestyle and remain socially engaged in older age. Studies have examined the association between providing care to grandchildren and grandparents’ cognitive function. However, these studies had several limitations and yielded mixed findings. Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, this study examined the longitudinal association between caregiving and cognitive functioning in grandparents aged 50–75 years. Grandparents’ caregiving status and cognitive functioning were assessed in 2011, 2013, and 2015. Random-effects and fixed-effects regression models were estimated and compared. The full sample (20,000 + person-year observations) was divided into four subgroups to examine gender and rural–urban variations. Being a part-time noncoresident caregiver was associated with higher scores on episodic memory for grandfathers but not for grandmothers. Compared with their noncaregiving counterparts, rural part-time multigenerational caregiving grandmothers had significantly better mental intactness and global cognitive functioning, while rural full-time noncoresident caregiving grandmothers had significantly better episodic memory. Caregiving status was not associated with any cognitive measure among urban grandmothers. Taken together, these findings suggest that Chinese grandparents enjoy cognitive benefits from providing casual or intensive care to grandchildren, but these benefits vary substantially by gender and rural–urban status.

Parental assistance often influences the role of children to maintain good habits. Assistance that is not optimal allows children to freely do bad things to themselves and others. This study aims to determine how parents can assist their children in learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. The method for data collection is interviews. The research sample consisted of parents of students at SD Islam Terpadu Taqiyya Rosyida Surakarta. In selecting the subject, the researcher took 3-5 respondents who were taken randomly. The results of the study identified that there is a lack of parents who do not pay much attention to their children's learning assistance by leaving it to their grandparents, uncle or aunt, or to their wives only. How to accompany learning with the method of games, storytelling, and assignments as well as supervision while learning.

Religious affiliation is nowadays getting plenty of attention in Austria, in the public sphere with increased presence in the news and in the policy discourse. The aim of this study is to estimate the religious composition of the population of Vorarlberg in 2018, taking advantage of available data, such as census information and statistics on components of population change. The latest census that collected data on religion was implemented in 2001 and since then population counts have been relying on register data and did not collect data on the religious affiliation of the Austrian population. Therefore, to study changes in the religious composition of the population residing in Vorarlberg, it needs to be estimated using population projections following a methodology that was developed by Goujon et al. (2017) in a project to reconstruct (and project into the future) the population of Austria and Vienna in 2016. The reconstruction shows that Vorarlberg follows similar trends as those observed in Austria since 2001: 1) The share of Roman Catholics declines strongly, 2) there is a strong increase in the population with no religious affiliation, and 3) the share of Muslims has increased substantially which is the outcome of two main trends-fertility and migration. The study of the origin (country of birth) of Muslims residing in Vorarlberg in 2018 points at an increasing Austrian-born population, originating from parents or grandparents born predominantly in Turkey but also at a diversification as a result of the 2015 refugee crisis.