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This background note focuses on the use of bond buybacks and bond exchanges in the domestic government securities market. The objective is to provide an overview of their functions and of the procedures that facilitate their implementation, using country examples as illustrations.

Why do countries liberalize capital controls? The literature identifies a range of possible reasons. Yet, despite considerable advances, the impact of international non-governmental organizations has yet to be considered. In fact, surprisingly, systematic analysis of the role of international non-governmental organizations in the diffusion of economic openness, financial or otherwise, has not been pursued previously. We offer the first such analysis by advancing the idea of ‘climatic mimesis,’ which refers to the cultural climate for policymaking that results from country ties to international non-governmental organizations. International non-governmental organizations shape capital account regulation by altering the cultural climate in a country such that liberalization becomes a more problematic policy choice. Our statistical analysis of data from developing countries reveals that international non-governmental organization ties inhibited liberalization, as did relatively high public debt and concentrated domestic banking sectors. The presence of an International Monetary Fund program and liberalization by economic competitors encouraged it. We suggest that these findings have important implications for understanding the potential for convergence and divergence in an era of globalization.

Corporate governance (CG) success stories in Vietnam are part of the International Finance Corporation’s ongoing efforts to raise greater awareness of the merits of CG. These success stories in Vietnam can serve as a guiding light for the immediate benefit and long-term value of CG to corporate development. The Law on Enterprise 2005, implemented in July 2006, marked the first introduction of a formal legal framework on CG in Vietnam. CG practice in Vietnam is expected to undergo sweeping changes when the revised Law on Enterprise (LOE) 2014 comes into effect on 1st July 2015. The revised LOE 2014 ensures independence of the Board of Directors, seeks to eliminate conflict of interest, and to improve accountability as part of Vietnamese government’s drive to ensure better CG.

This background note is intended to assist debt management offices (DMOs) in assessing whether a bond placement scheme combining auctions and syndications is an appropriate strategy in their markets and, if so, to assist them in designing the corresponding procedures.

Thesis aim of this draft background note is to provide public debt managers with an overview of the matters that need to be considered by debt management offices planning to provide a securities lending facility to their primary dealers.

This research asks why the European Union (EU) 'uploads' financial regulation to international regulatory fora in some (few) cases, 'downloads' it in (many) other cases or neither. It uses the concept of 'regulatory capacity' with reference to the EU and the USA. It argues that the presence (or absence) of robust domestic regulatory templates strengthen (or weaken) the ability of these jurisdictions to shape international standards produced by regulatory fora. Timing is also important in that whichever of the two manages to be out in front and shape international standards in a given sector wins first-mover advantages. The paper considers variations across the main financial services (banking, securities and insurance) as well as over time. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.

The paper provides information and discuses abouth the impact of the global financial crisis on the SMEs and entrepreneurship behavior, with a scope on Macedonian economy and Market. The first part represents brief information for the importance of SMEs in normal times and in times of crisis for the economy of one country...

The desirability of a transactions tax in the foreign exchange market, or Tobin tax, depends on whether the tax deters short-term, destabilizing trade. While supporters claim that the tax would be a deterrent for short-term capital flows, critics contend that the deterrent capability of the tax would be limited. This paper attempts to resolve some lingering questions about the arithmetic of a transactions tax, and concludes that a tax would raise the required return from trade for any time horizon, and thus deter all trades driven by small expected capital gains (i.e., smaller than the square of one plus the tax rate), and not necessarily those driven by a short horizon of the investor. The paper then explores the consequences of this result on the effectiveness of the tax within competing paradigms and concludes that a Tobin tax is not likely to be an effective means to reach the declared objectives. JEL Codes: F31, H87, PSL Quarterly Review, V. 56, N. 227 (2003)

The macro-developmental approach for explaining cross-border investment has been extended and refined, but the main emphasis in research has been in the manufacturing (real sector) industry. Despite the strategic importance of banking in economic development, there has been no corresponding economic emphasis and respective research. The sudden rise of Japanese banks in the capacity of multinationals in global finance from the 1970s is explored within a macro-developmental, stage-theoretic framework. JEL Codes: G21, Moneta e Credito, V. 46, N. 183 (1993)

International audience; This article investigates the geography of finance through a study of the behavior of large equity investors who are key actors in capitalism. The main argument is based on their expectations in "finance-driven" capitalism: large equity investors require high returns on invested capital in a shorter time and are said to be impatient. The article focuses on their portfolio turnover in relation to geographic factors and their attachment to a specific model of capitalism. The U.S. "market-based" model is presented as a benchmark, since U.S. investors trade securities most frequently relative to other international equity investors. Our empirical findings on the proximity of investors in various models of capitalism with U.S. "impatient" investors contribute to a growing literature on the economic importance of geography in understanding global finance.

The practical aspects of functioning the international financial services market in the context of the global economy are studied. The preconditions of qualitative changes and the characteristics of transformation of the international financial services market in terms of the global financial crisis are detected. У статті досліджені практичні аспекти функціонування міжнародного ринку фінансових послуг у контексті розвитку глобальної економіки. Виявлені якісні зміни та охарактеризована трансформація міжнародного ринку фінансових послуг під впливом глобальної фінансово-економічної кризи 2008−2009 рр.

Twenty years after the fall of the iron curtain - which for decades had separated East from West - most countries of Central and Eastern Europe are now members of the European Union; some have even adopted the euro. Nonetheless, these countries have also remained exceptionally vulnerable to upset, including those that originate beyond their immediate sphere of influence as revealed by the global financial crisis. This paper explains this with the governance of finance, i.e., the allocation of de jure and de facto responsibilities for financial systems, which deprives host countries of capital flows of critical policy tools.

This paper analyses the integration of China and India into the global economy. To this end, it presents estimates from a gravity model to gauge the overall degree of their trade intensity and the depth of their bilateral trade linkages, as well as selected measures of revealed comparative advantage and economic distance. The paper also reviews the key characteristics of the two countries’ domestic economies that are relevant to their global integration and analyses their financial linkages with the rest of the world. Four main fi ndings stand out. First, considering trade in goods, the overall degree of China’s trade intensity is higher than fundamentals would suggest, whereas the converse is true for India. Second, Chinese goods exports seem to compete increasingly with those of mature economies, while Indian exports remain more low-tech. Third, China’s exports of services tend to complement its exports of goods, while India’s exports are growing only in deregulated sectors, such as IT-related services. Last, China’s and India’s roles in the global financial system are still relatively limited and often complementary to their roles in global trade.

It has been said that insurance is the last of the financial services to accept radical change (Denney [1995-1996]). Yet there has been a fundamental shift in the geographic location and in the organization of the reinsurance industry in the last six years (Chichilnisky [19966]). Global environmental risks are partly responsible for this change; increased weather volatility and catastrophic risks are difficult to diversify using traditional insurance practices. To provide a map to the future, we need a realistic appraisal of how we got where we are. This is the story of how humans have hedged risks. There are two basic and distinct approaches: statistical and economic. The former is typical of the insurance industry; the latter typifies the securities industry. Both are needed to manage today's catastrophic risks. Neither alone will do. We show how a combination of both leads to efficient outcomes, and is the way to the future (Chichilnisky [1996a, 1996b, 1996d]).

To provide a map to the future, we need a realistic appraisal of how we got where we are. This is the story of how humans have hedged risks. There are two basic and distinct approaches: statistical and economical. The former is typical of the insurance industry; the latter typifies the securities industry. Both are needed to manage today's catastrophic risks. Neither alone will do. I will show below how a combination of both leads to efficient outcomes, and is the way to be the future. Hedging unknown catastrophic risks requires a blend of skills from the securities and the insurance industries. By tapping large and liquid capital markets, reinsurers will be better able to deal with correlated, catastrophic risks. At the end of the intelligent customized use of derivatives and technology will separate the winners from the losers.

Financialization refers to the over-arching presence of the interest of global finance in every sphere of economic life - be it real or financial. Neo-liberalism, globalisation and financialization are three distinct yet mutually inter-related processes which at the present time are furthering the cause of global capitalism world over. The labour ultimately remains the risk-bearing factor in all these processes, which is obvious in terms of flexible labour regime. There is, on the one hand, de-regulation of finance and on the other, re-regulation of labour (through labour flexibility); and to our understanding global finance and its circuits of operation cannot be sustained without this flexible labour regime which ensures more and more transfer of surplus in the direction of finance. Global crisis is inherent in these processes of neoliberal globalisation and financialization through which present day global capitalism wants to thrive. So, an alternative needs to be sought in a pro-labour regime which would negate both financialization and neo-liberal globalization., La "financialisation" est un processus qui suppose la suprématie de l'intérêt financier dans toutes les sphère de la vie économique. La finance n'a désormais plus aucun rapport avec l'activité économique réelle; elle a perdu son rôle traditionnel qui était de faire marcher l'économie réelle en servant de pont entre déficit et surplus. Mais la financialisation se nourrit de la flexibilité de travail qui aide à faire passer le surplus accumulé dans le secteur réel vers le secteur financier. Elle est elle-même est un processus "marchant à la dette", sur lequel se développent les circuits financiers. La crise globale est une réponse systémique au processus de financialisation, qui vit récemment les circuits financiers s'effondrer comme des château de cartes. Le système économique d'aujourd'hui est celui de la domination de l'économie globale par la finance telle que celle-ci fonctionne désormais dans le cadre de la financialisation. L'auteur analyse ici les rapports entre financialisation et flexilibilité du marché du travail et, en conséquence entre financialisation et crise globale.