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Dicentrarchus labrax were fed from 10 to 40 days posthatching with six microdiets differing in the inclusion level (60 g kg-1 and 120 g kg-1) and type of protein hydrolysate ( PH; yeast, YPH; pig blood, PBPH; pig red blood cells, PRBCPH). A microdiet containing 120 g kg-1 fish PH ( FPH) was used as a control. PH differed in their amino acid ( AA) profile and molecular weight distribution and therefore the tested microdiets too. The estimated content in FAA and di- and tripeptides in the FPH microdiet was 2 g kg-1 and 44 g kg-1, respectively. FAA estimated levels in YPH and PBPH microdiets were 26 g kg-1 and 53 g kg-1, whereas levels of di- and tripeptides were 30 g kg-1 and 60 g kg-1, respectively. The estimated levels of FAA in PRBCPH microdiets were 8 g kg-1 and 17 g kg-1, whereas estimated levels of di- and tripeptides were 11 g kg-1 and 22 g kg-1, respectively. Results revealed that FPH may be replaced by alternative PH from yeast and pig blood products, as fish fed those diets performed, in terms of growth, survival, digestive function and incidence of skeletal deformities, as well as those fed the FPH microdiet. Using YPH, PBPH and PRBCPH, the inclusion level of PH in microdiets might be reduced to a half with respect to current practices using FPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four experimental diets with different inclusion levels of plant proteins and fish protein hydrolysates were compared with a commercial diet for meagre ( Argyrosomus regius) ongrowing at optimal and suboptimal water temperature. Results in terms of growth in length and weight, conversion efficiency, dietary feed intake and utilization, body composition (whole fish and liver) as well as enzyme and immunological activities are presented. Fish growth was significantly reduced by the inclusion of plant proteins, although further addition of fish protein hydrolysates improved the results. Daily feed intake was not affected by plant protein inclusion in the diets, although the group fed the highest inclusion level showed lower ingestion than the rest of the groups, probably as a consequence of a reduced dietary palatability. The decrease in water temperature during the second part of the experiment had a negative effect on feed intake and fish growth. Gross visceral morphology of meagre fed the experimental diets was not affected, but muscle weight was significantly reduced. Whole body and liver composition was not affected with plant protein inclusion. However, the inclusion of fish protein hydrolysates resulted in a significant increase in fat content, especially in liver cholesterol and steryl esters, with a parallel reduction in protein. Brush border enzymes were affected by plant protein inclusion as well as serum lysozyme that significantly increased in the fish fed the highest inclusion level. As a conclusion, up to 315 g kg plant protein (76.2% of total protein content) can be included in the diet for meagre without affecting growth or feed utilization. Higher inclusion levels can also be used if at least 5% fish protein hydrolysate is also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In bay snook ( Petenia splendida) larvae the histological development of the digestive system and swim bladder, and their relative timing of differentiation were studied from hatching to 45 days post-hatch (dph) at 29°C. Newly hatched larvae showed a simple digestive tract, which appeared as a straight undifferentiated tube lined by a single layer of columnar epithelial cells (future enterocytes). The anatomical and histological differentiation of the digestive tract and accessory glands was a very intense, asynchronous process, proceeding from the distal to the anterior part. The intestine was the first region to differentiate (9 days post-hatch - dph, 6.5 mm SL), and the oesophagus the last (21 dph, 8.4 mm SL). At the onset of feeding, the digestive system was organized into different functional and histologically differentiated sections, such as the buccopharynx, oesophagus, glandular stomach, and anterior and posterior intestine. This organization resembled that of the juveniles, with the exception of pharyngeal teeth and buccopharyngeal as well as oesophageal goblet cells, which proliferated later during the mixed feeding period. Histological observations revealed that bay snook larvae retained endogenous yolk reserves until 24 dph (8.9 ± 0.4 mm SL), which might be helpful for weaning this species onto a compound diet. The important lipidic accumulation observed in the intestinal mucosa, liver, and pancreas in fish fed a compound trout diet indicated that although fish were able to digest and absorb lipids, the diet formulation did not fit the nutritional requirements of early juveniles of this species. The ontogeny of the digestive system followed the same general pattern as in most cichlid species described to date. However, we detected species-specific differences in the timing of differentiation that were related to their reproductive guild. According to the histological results, some recommendations regarding the intensive culture of this species are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the recovery dynamics of physiological and tissue stress indicators after an acute nitrite intoxication episode (9.3 mM NO2-N for 18 h) in Siberian sturgeon yearlings (82±2 g). Nitrite intoxication resulted in a significant accumulation of the toxicant in the skeletal musculature, gills, liver, and blood plasma, provoking a severe methaemoglobinemia and electrolyte unbalance (hyperchloremia and hyperkalaemia). Methaemoglobinemia and plasma Cl- imbalance were corrected between 24 and 96 h postnitrite intoxication, while plasma K+ levels were not recovered until 20 days. The excess of plasma Cl- might be eliminated via passive diffusion through the gill epithelium due to the large concentration gradient between plasma and water. Recovery of normal K+ levels changed to a hypokalaemia between 96 h and 10 days postexposure to the toxicant. Kidney Na+–K+ ATPase activities of nitrite-exposed fish during the recovery period indicated the participation of this organ in the elimination of the excess of plasmatic K+ via the urine. At the end of the recovery period, the branchial epithelium (main entrance of the toxicant into the body) still showed important morphological alterations, which did not seem to compromise osmoregulatory performance, as indicated by Na+–K+ ATPase activities. Branchial and renal Na+–K+ ATPase activities indicated that the urine was a relevant pathway to actively eliminate the toxicant from the organism. The lower accumulation of nitrite in the liver compared to the rest of studied tissues at the end of the acute exposure period, added to the higher rate of nitrite elimination during the first 6 h of recovery, confirmed its role in the elimination of the toxicant from the organism. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Exposure of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri) yearlings (172.0±18 g; mean±S.D.) to several NO2−–N concentrations (0, 25, 130, 180 and 275 mg/l) was studied for 72 h in static tests. At 72 h, the median-lethal concentration of NO2−–N was 130 mg/l in water with high chloride content (130.5 mg/l). Nitrite exposure produced high levels of methaemoglobin (MetHb) but did not seem to cause mortality, as surviving fish showed higher levels (82.7±5.6%) than torpid specimens (60.8±4.5%). Levels of MetHb were unrelated to environmental and plasmatic nitrite concentrations, as both torpid and surviving fish exposed to the highest nitrite levels (275 mg/l of NO2−–N) presented similar concentrations of MetHb to those exposed to 25 mg/l of NO2−–N, thus indicating the ability of Siberian sturgeon yearlings to regulate plasmatic nitrite levels and maintain them lower than the environmental concentration of the toxicant. Nitrite exposure caused changes in the plasmatic electrolyte balance, which is characterised by extracellular hyperkalemia, high plasmatic chloride levels and low plasmatic sodium concentration. Differences between the nitrite concentration in the liver of torpid (46.3±9.0 mg/l) and surviving specimens (19.1±13.1 mg/l) exposed to several concentrations of NO2−–N suggest a significant contribution of the liver in nitrite detoxification pathways, and would thus explain a possible nitrite tolerance of Siberian sturgeon yearlings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Since first large-scale attempts to culture sturgeon from the larval stage were carried out in the former U.S.S.R. at the end of the nineteenth century, rearing technology has advanced considerably during the last 20 years and noticeable improvements in incubation and larval rearing techniques have been implemented in normal hatchery procedures. Siberian sturgeon eggs are incubated in MacDonald jars at 13–14° C to prevent fungal infections. Mass hatching takes place 7 days after fertilization and hatching rate can be predicted as a function of the percentage of eggs fertilized. Survival at the end of the endogenous feeding stage is correlated with hatching rate. Egg size has no direct implications for larval growth and survival of Siberian sturgeon. Experimental studies have demonstrated that behavioural observations are useful criteria to assess the quality of larvae and to synchronize the physiological state of fish with the appropriate rearing procedures. Special attention should be given to the transition to exogenous feeding, where cannibalism, difficulties in adaptation to a new diet, overfeeding and resulting bacterial infections dramatically reduces survival to the fingerling stage. Although a commercial artificial diet specifically formulated for larvae of Siberian sturgeon and other acipenserids is still lacking, commercial non-purified rainbow trout diets and starter marine fish diets are currently used and their results are reasonably acceptable in terms of larval growth and survival. Further research must be focused on the determination of egg quality indicators in order to provide the producer with the tools to estimate the viability and performance of the progeny. Copyright 2002 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Routine metabolic rates of green sturgeon ( Acipenser medirostris) from hatching to 31 days post hatch (dph) were determined under normoxic conditions. During the endogenous feeding stage that comprised period from hatching to 15 dph, the oxygen consumption rate (MO2, μg O2 larva−1 h−1) increased 5-fold before yolk reserves became exhausted and MO2 rates steady. The allometric relationships between MO2 and body mass had mass exponents greater than 1.0 ( b=1.64±0.21) and equal to 1.0 ( b=1.04±0.07) during the endogenous and exogenous feeding phases, respectively. The magnitude and changes of MO2 rates in green sturgeon larvae reflected their early ontogeny, especially during the endogenous feeding phase when the increase in metabolic rates was associated with organogenesis, acquisition of organ functions, and the conversion of yolk sac into new tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the effects of flathead grey mullet, Mugil cephalus L. on pond ecology specifically in zooplankton and large phytoplankton. Characteristics of the grey mullet; Role of the M. cephalus in increasing the internal phosphorus loading of the ecosystem; Explanation for phytoplankton enhancement in the presence of flathead grey mullet.

The histochemical characteristics of the black-brown pigment granules accumulated during the lecitotrophic stage in the digestive tract of Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baeri larvae, were studied in order to identify the nature of such pigments. Pigment granules appeared just after hatching in contact with the endodermal epithelium and in the periphery of the yolk-sac matrix, and increased in number with digestive system differentiation. At 3 days post hatch, the accumulation of pigment granules in the spiral valve formed a pigmented plug, which was ejected with first faeces after first feeding. Pigment granules were insoluble in all solubilising solutions tested (distilled water, H2O2, NH4OH, KMnO4, absolute methanol and different acid, basic and oxidising solutions). Pigment granules were completely bleached with the oxidising processes of Gomori and Casella (15 min) and with H2O2 (20%) during 48 h. Histochemical characteristics of bleached pigmented granules revealed that they were basophilic (Eosine negative), presented a moderate methachromasia (Toluidine Blue positive) and argentaffinity (Masson Fontana method positive), and contained carboxylated and sulphated (strongly and weakly ionised) glycoconjugated residues (Alcian Blue pH 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 positive). Bleached pigment granules also contained reductor groups (Ferric ferricyanide-Fe III positive), while they were negative for Bromophenol Blue, Perl's Prussian Blue, Red Oil O and Sudan Black B, indicating the absence of proteins, iron and lipidic substances respectively. According to such results, the black-brown pigment granules observed in the alimentary canal of Siberian sturgeon larvae during the lecitotrophic stage correspond to melanins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Risperidone long-acting injection and Paliperidone Palmitate one month are value in the treatment of Schizophrenia. Objectives: The assess the long term efficacy of Risperidone vs Paliperidone to preveting relapse. Risperidone long-acting injection and Paliperidone Palmitate are a valuable strategy for the treatment of the schizophrenia. More studies are necessary to assess the efectiveness to preventing relapse. Methods: 30 patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia was treated with Risperidone and 30 patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia with Palmitate of paliperidone. We Follow 30 months PANSS, PSMQ are performed at the begin and de end of study, We defined Relapse: Rehospitalization or 25% base lane PANSS. Results: The 56,6%patients with Risperidone long-acting injection no relapse and 83,3% with Paliperidone Palmitate. The 63,3 % patients with Risperidone long-acting injection are satisfied or very satisfied while 86,6% oatients with Paliperidone Palmitate are satisfied or very satisfied. Also his famly member. The improved of de CGI scale global patients with Risperidone long-acting injection was 2,8 points, and patients with Paliperidone Palmitate was 3,9. Conclusions: We observed higher percentage of relapse free in patients treated with Paliperidone Palmitate than treated with Risperidone long-acting injection. Patients treated with Paliperidone Palmitate apperars to have greter acceptance and in her family than patients treated with Risperidone long-acting injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The negative symtoms and metabolic syndrom are a very frecuent phemomena with hard treatment. Objectives: Find the differences in the improving of negative symtoms and the metabolic rates in patients with change of neuroleptic (oral to paliperidone palmitate injection). Methods: Observational longitudinal study during 18 months. We incluided all the patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia, in which we done a change from oral neurolepic to Palmitate of Paliperidone and age of 18 years o more. We used SANSS and CGI-Scale for negative symtoms and metabolic rates (weight, IMC, Glucose, Colestherol, TG and prolactin) and abdominal perimeter. Results: 40 patients was incluided. 60% are male. Average age 42.48 years. 22% has metabolic disease, 32% with axis IV disease and 28% with toxic sustances Average dosis of palmate of paliperidone 105 mg/28 days. The reason of change to injection was: No response 38% to oral neuroleptic treatment and side effects 28%. Rest patients wish. Metabolic rates improved: Less in weight, IMC, Glucose, Colestherol, TG and prolactin and abdominal perimeter. The SANSS scale improved, All of them were statadistical significative (p<0,05) and CGI scale results improved. Conclusions: The change from oral neuroleptic to palmitate of paliperidone improved metabolic rates and abdominal perimeter. Also improved SANSS and CGI Scale. The palmitate of paliperidone is useful in schizophrenic patients and with less incidence of metabolic side efects and improved of negative symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Perampanel is an antiepileptic also effective on the structure of sleep. We describe the first study that evaluates perampanel in patients with chronic insomnia. Objectives: Insomnia is one of the most frequent reasons for consultation in the Sleep Units. Methods: Observational retrospective case-control study of 33 patients with chronic insomnia. All patients attended from November 2017 to November 2018. All patients with more than 4 previous treatments tested, during more than 4 years. 6 months of following. Results: 33 patients with chronic insomnia, 20 women (60%). Average age 53.48 years, average time of evolution: 11.25 years. At least 4 treatments previously tested in all patients. Main etiology: depression 13 cases (40%). After the combination of perampanel 2-4 mg (100%) with antidepressants (17 cases, 51.5%) or anxiolytics (12 cases, 36.36%) along 3 months: the ISI scale improves by 6 points on average (+/- 2.1 standard deviation DE, p <0.02), and Pittsburgh scales improves in 4 points (+/- 1.7 SD, p<0.04). In controls, the improvement of the ISI scale was 2.2 poins (+/-0.8 SD, p <0.06), on the Pittsburgh scale was 1.6 points (+/- 0.5 SD, p <0.01). The main adverse effect was irritability in 3 patients. The treatment was abandoned by 4 patients (12.12%), 2 due to lack of efficacy (6%). Conclusions: The combination of perampanel with an antidepressant, or an anxiolytic, significantly improves the quality of sleep measured by ISI and Pittsburgh scales in patients with chronic insomnia. A clinical trial compared with placebo would be necessary to corroborate these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In captive grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) juveniles, the weaning stage overlaps the period where there are changes in the ontogeny of digestive enzymes as the fry transit from carnivory to omnivory. The aim of this study was to evaluate growth, survival, weight distribution and the activity of pancreatic and brush border digestive enzymes when fry are fed a carnivorous, herbivorous or omnivorous weaning diet. Fifteen 17-L aquaria in a flow through system with 40‰, UV treated, temperature (24.5 ± 0.5 °C) controlled seawater were stocked with eighty-five 23 dph grey mullet larvae per aquarium. This allowed the testing of three weaning dietary treatments, differing in their protein and carbohydrate content, in 5 replicate aquaria per treatment from 24 to 53 dph. Diet 1 was the dried macroalgal species Ulva lactuca and was designated as a low protein: high carbohydrate herbivorous diet. Diet 2 was a commercial microencapsulated starter feed designated as a high protein: low carbohydrate carnivorous diet. Diet 3 was a 1:1 ww mixture of diets 1 and diet 2 representing an omnivorous feeding regime. The average final weight of the omnivorous feeding fish was significantly (P <.05) higher (203.9 ± 10.0 mg dry weight, dw) than their carnivorous (163.3 ± 7.1 mg dw) and herbivorous feeding (111.8 ± 14.0 mg dw) cohorts. The population of fish fed the herbivorous diet demonstrated a significantly (P =.02) higher percentage of smaller fish (<100 mg) than the omnivorous and carnivorous feeding fish. In contrast, there was a markedly (P =.008 and P =.001) higher percentage of larger (200–400 mg) fish from the carnivorous and omnivorous treatments, respectively, than fish fed the herbivorous diet. Pancreatic α-amylase, alkaline protease and trypsin activity significantly rose when dietary carbohydrate increased, whereas chymotrypsin and lipase activities were independent of the type of diet (P >.05). The activity levels of brush border alkaline phosphatase and intracellular leucine alanine peptidase were similar in grey mullet fry fed the carnivorous and omnivorous diets, but were higher than those in fish fed the herbivorous diet (P <.05). The intestinal maturation index exhibited the highest and lowest values in mullet fry fed the carnivorous and herbivorous diets, respectively, whereas those from the omnivorous group showed intermediate values (P =.03). This study broadly suggests that aquaculture feeds for juvenile grey mullet should be designed for omnivorous feeding habits. • Ontogeny of amylase activity is influenced by developmental stage and substrate availability. • Alkaline protease and trypsin activity increased with dietary carbohydrate level. • Mullet feeding on the high carbohydrate weaning diet exhibited delayed gut maturation. • An omnivorous weaning diet is superior to a carnivorous or herbivorous diet for grey mullet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Visual processing was linked to the onset of cannibalism in pikeperch. • Two retinal layers (ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer) were thicker for cannibals. • The non behavioural differences could explain asynchrony in the onset of cannibalism. • Cannibalism would be driven by rearing condition-dependent individual development. Cannibalism is defined as the act of killing and consuming the whole, or major part, of an individual belonging to the same species, irrespective of its stage of development. Intra-cohort cannibalism in fish larval or juvenile stages, which is a major economic problem, has been widely studied in captive fish populations. In our study, we investigated the influence of animal personality (with cross-maze and conspecific choice tests) on intra-cohort cannibalism using pikeperch Sander lucioperca as a model species. Furthermore, we investigated the morphological (geometric morphological analysis) and anatomical (histological analysis of retinal and muscle tissue sections) differences between cannibal (C) fish (TL = 34.6 ± 9.4 mm, n = 25) and conspecific fish randomly sampled from rearing tanks, herein called 'potential non-cannibal fish' (PNC) (TL = 31.4 ± 10.5 mm, n = 42). We did not find any behavioural differences (swimming activity, exploration, conspecific choice) between cannibal and potential non-cannibal fish that could explain asynchrony in the onset of cannibalism. Moreover, we did not observe any morphological differences between the two groups (C and PNC fish). However, we did detect anatomical differences in two retinal layers (ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer) that were thicker for cannibals. These two layers are involved in the collection of information by photoreceptors and allow the shapes, colours and movements of objects to be detected in the water column. The onset of cannibalism therefore appears to be linked to environmental condition-dependent individual development, with some individuals exhibiting precocious anatomical, and probably physiological, development, rather than to individual personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elvers and glass eels of Anguilla anguilla were fed diets containing two types of feeding stimulants (FS) that were based on processed marine (MBFS) and yeast proteins (YBFS). Elvers (1.5 ± 0.3 g) were fed seven diets (MBFS and YBFS diets at 20 g kg−1, 40 g kg−1 and 60 g kg−1 plus control) for 60 days. Glass eels (250 ± 100 mg) were weaned to 60 g kg−1 MBFS, 60 g kg−1 YBFS and control diets for 30 days. Diets containing 60 g kg−1 FS had a beneficial effect in terms of growth, homogenous size distribution and feed intake in elvers. Elvers fed 60 g kg−1 MBFS and YBFS diets grew 11.9% and 5.6% faster than the control group. No differences in growth and size distribution were detected in glass eels fed 60 g kg−1 MBFS and YBFS diets. However, FS affected the digestive system maturation; fish fed the 60 g kg−1 MBFS and YBFS diets showed higher and intermediate values in the specific enzyme activities in comparison with the control group. This study revealed that the incorporation of FS into a pelleted diet was beneficial on the overall performance of European glass eels and elvers. However, the observed results were different depending on the eel's stage of development, as well as the type and inclusion level of the FS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study describes morphological development of the skeleton in the Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus and discusses the hypothesis that expression of genes encoding vitamin K‐dependent proteins (VKDP) might be correlated with the mineralization of skeletal tissues during early development in sturgeons. Results showed that development of cartilage started just after hatching (mean ± S.D., 10·9 ± 0·7 mm in total length, LT) in the head and notochord, whereas the first signs of mineralization occurred in the dentary and in the dermopalatine and palatopterygoid elements of the upper jaw, coinciding with the onset of exogenous feeding (20·1 ± 1·5 mm LT). All branchial arch elements developed between 19·3 and 22·3 mm LT, whereas mineralization was only observed in tooth plates associated with the hypobranchial 1 and gill rakers at 20·8 ± 1·5 mm LT and 48·4 ± 6·4 mm LT, respectively. Quantitative real‐time PCR showed that transcripts of VKDP genes including bone Gla protein (bgp), matrix Gla protein (mgp) and Gla rich protein (grp) genes were significantly up‐regulated during the transition to exogenous feeding, supporting hypotheses about relevance of the above‐mentioned genes in chondrogenesis at early developmental stages. The strong mineralization of skeletal elements from 21·5 to 27·3 mm LT (20 days post hatch) was in accordance with the maximal levels of bgp, mgp and grp expression indicating a correlation between development of the skeleton and the expression of VKDP genes. These data are important for evaluating A. persicus larval quality, understanding the influence of rearing biotic and abiotic factors on skeletogenesis and recognizing the occurrence of skeletal deformities in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Comparison of sea bream vertebrae and gill arches global transcriptomes. [•] Large scale conservation of core gene networks between teleost and mammalian skeletal tissue. [•] Paracrine and endocrine transcripts in skeletal tissue. [•] Responsiveness of vertebrae and gill arches transcripts to fasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing dietary fishmeal (FM) with defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFL) on the growth performance and fillet quality of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The largemouth bass was divided into six groups (BSFL0, BSFL15, BSFL30, BSFL45, BSFL75, and BSFL100) and fed six isonitrogenous(CP 50%, 508 g/kg) and isolipid (CL 9%, 124 g/kg) diets, in which 0, 15%, 30%, 45%, 75%, and 100% of the fishmeal was replaced with BSFL, respectively. The results showed that the final body weight (FBW) and specific growth rate (SGR) of the largemouth bass decreased with increasing BSFL content, and they were significantly lower in BSFL75 than in BSFL0. The weight gain rate (WGR) decreased with increasing BSFL content and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of largemouth bass increased with increasing BSFL content. The saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contents of the largemouth bass fillet significantly decreased, and the n-6 PUFA content of the largemouth bass fillets significantly increased with increasing dietary BSFL. The fillet b* significantly decreased with increasing BSFL content. The biological parameters, fillet proximate nutrient composition, fillet amino acid composition, skin color, and fillet texture of the largemouth bass were not affected by the replacement of BSFL. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that BSFL replacement of FM affects the immune system and metabolic processes of largemouth bass through signaling pathways such as complement and coagulation cascades, the PPAR signaling pathway, cholesterol metabolism, and fat digestion and absorption. In conclusion, a replacement level lower than 45% BSFL was suggested for the overall growth and fillet quality of largemouth bass., Competing Interests: Declarations Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Ethics approval All experimental procedures conducted in this study were performed in accordance with the guidelines and regulations set by the Northwest A&F University of Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee, Yangling, China (No. DK2022007). This study followed the guidelines provided by the National Council for Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA) for the care and use of laboratory animals., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Trichodinidae, a prevalent group of protozoan ectoparasites in aquaculture, cause rapid mortality in fish hatcheries. Despite their significance, knowledge about these parasites in farmed fish in South America, especially in native species that are currently being domesticated for aquaculture, remains limited. This study morphologically characterized the Trichodinid species that are infecting Pacific fat sleeper ( Dormitator latifrons ) larvae and evaluated their impact on larval rearing. Four pairs of broodstock were induced with GnRHA implants and placed in tanks containing 200 L of freshwater, with a water temperature of 28 ± 1.0 °C and a dissolved oxygen level of 4.00 ± 1.23 mg L -1 , with partial water exchanges being performed daily. The larvae hatched 7 to 8 h after fertilization and were transferred to tanks containing water with the same quality parameters. Twelve hours post-hatching, the presence of Trichodina was observed. Every 24 h, 60 larvae per tank ( n = 180 per treatment) were sedated, and larval wet mounts were prepared, air-dried at room temperature, and impregnated with silver nitrate. Infection parameters and daily mortality were calculated. Trichodina was observed to parasitize the pelvic fins, caudal fins, and heads of fish larvae, which showed lethargy and erratic swimming movements. The Trichodina species showed a daily increase in the infection parameters, and a 58% rate of larval mortality was observed at the fourth day post-hatching (dph) in the infected tanks. In captivity, D. latifrons larvae typically survive up to 7 days post-hatching (dph) before reaching their point of no return due to the lack of adequate diet and feeding regimes. However, our study indicates that Trichodina infestation accelerates mortality, causing infected larvae to die more quickly than uninfected ones.

Introduction: We analyze the diagnostic utility of urgent EEG (electroencephalogram) performed in children under 16 years of age in our center., Material and Methods: Descriptive, retrospective, observational study of consecutive patients from 0 to 16 years of age, who underwent an urgent EEG for any reason, from January to December 2022., Results: Of the 388 patients, 70 were children: 37 (52.85%) women, and 33 (47.14%) men. Average age: 6.27 ± 4.809. Of the 70 patients, 6 (8.57%) had previous epilepsy. Reasons for consultation: 17 febrile seizures, 10 first focal seizures, 10 first TCG seizures, 6 paroxysmal episodes, 6 absences, 3 myoclonus of extremities, 3 syncope, 2 SE, 2 visual alterations, 2 low level of consciousness, 2 cyanosis, 2 suspected meningitis or encephalitis, 1 choking, 1 atypical headache, 1 chorea, 1 presyncope, 1 language delay. Of the 70 patients, 47 had a normal EEG (67.14%). Of the 47 patients with a normal EEG, 10 were diagnosed with epilepsy, and 3 of them began receiving antiepileptic treatment upon discharge. None of the patients with suspected syncope or paroxysmal disorder (17 patients, 24.28%) had EEG abnormalities. Of the 17 patients with atypical febrile seizures, 3 had EEG abnormalities., Conclusions: A third of the EEG records performed in the Emergency Department showed alterations, probably due to the time taken. Almost half of the patients with suspected epilepsy or EE showed EEG abnormalities, which confirmed the diagnosis in these cases and encouraged the clinician to start drug treatment. No case with a high suspicion of epilepsy was dismissed due to the normality of the EEG recording in our series. No patient diagnosed with syncope or paroxysmal disorder had EEG abnormalities. Nearly a quarter of patients with atypical febrile seizures showed EEG abnormalities. We barely register cases of status epilepticus, probably due to the degree of complexity of our center., (Copyright © 2024 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The presence of cortical atrophy (focal or diffuse) prior to the development of symptoms of cognitive impairment could predict the earliest cases of neurodegenerative disease in patients with REM sleep behavior disorder (RSBD). We reviewed the usefulness of cranial CT and MRI as early markers of cortical atrophy in patients with RSBD at our center., Patients and Methods: Retrospective observational descriptive analysis of patients diagnosed with RSBD from October 2012 to October 2022. All with cranial CT or MRI, evaluated by a neuroradiologist., Results: 54 patients were included, 21 women (38.88%), 33 men (61.12%), mean age at diagnosis of RSBD: 69.04±12.625 years. Of the 54 patients, 44 (81.48%) had imaging tests consistent with their age, and 10 had atrophy greater than expected for their age. Of the 54 patients, 21 (38.88%) with a diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease, 33 (61.12%) persist as idiopathic, almost all with more than 5years of evolution (range of 1 to 10years of evolution without diagnosis). Of the 10 (18.52%) patients with greater atrophy, all were diagnosed with neurodegenerative disease (8 in 1year, 2 in 8years)., Conclusions: Almost half of our series have developed a neurodegenerative disease in the first 10years of evolution. The majority of them presented global cortical atrophy measured by the GCA scale in the first year of diagnosis, without other neurological symptoms. Patients who did not show cortical atrophy at diagnosis have not yet developed the neurodegenerative disease in 10years of evolution. In our experience, the absence of cortical atrophy on cranial MRI or CT (measured by scales such as GCA) at the diagnosis of RSBD seems to predict slower progression cases. These data should be corroborated with larger series., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

In the present study, we propose the use of swabs in non-lethal sampling procedures to collect the mucosa-adhered gut microbiota from the posterior intestine of fish, and therefore, we compare the bacterial communities collected by conventional scraping and by swabbing methods. For this purpose, samples of the posterior intestine of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) were collected first using the swabbing approach, and after fish euthanasia, by mucosa scraping. Finally, bacterial communities were compared by 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing. Results from the current study revealed that similar values of bacterial richness and diversity were found for both sampling procedures. Similarly, there were no differences between procedures when using qualitative metrics (Jaccard and unweighted UniFrac) for estimating inter-individual diversity, but the quantitative metrics (Bray-Curtis and weighted UniFrac) showed a higher dispersion when samples were obtained by swabbing compared to scraping. In terms of bacterial composition, there were differences in abundance for the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The cause of these differential abundances may be the inability of the swab to access to certain areas, such as the basal region of the intestinal villi. Moreover, swabbing allowed a higher representation of low abundant taxa, which may also have an important role in host microbiome regardless of their low abundance. Overall, our results demonstrate that the sampling method is a factor to be considered in experimental design when studying gut bacterial communities to avoid potential biases in the interpretation or comparison of results from different studies. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each procedure (swabbing vs scraping) are discussed in detail, concluding that swabbing can be implemented as a reliable and non-lethal procedure for posterior gut microbiota studies, which is of particular interest for animal welfare and the 3Rs principle, and may offer a wide range of novel applications., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Ruiz, Torrecillas, Kashinskaya, Andree, Solovyev and Gisbert.)

Inter-species microbial transplantations offer the possibility of transferring species-specific microbes and their associated functionality. As a conceptual approach, an intestinal microbiota transplant (IMT) between two marine carnivorous fish species that thrive in different environmental conditions was conducted: from donor Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to recipient gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), after obliterating its basal microbiota with an antibiotic treatment. To confirm that the gut microbiota was able to recover after antibiotics without the influence of the diet, a group of gilthead seabream not submitted to the IMT was kept fasted as an internal control. To assess the effect of the diet after the IMT, two groups of gilthead seabream were respectively fed with their typical diet and with Atlantic salmon diet. At 36 days post-IMT, the gut of the individuals fed with their typical diet was dominated by the feed-associated bacteria, while those fed with the salmon diet had developed a unique microbiota from the convergence of the diet, donor, and recipient microbiota. These results suggested that an intestinal microbiota transplantation may be effective if the basal microbiota from the gut is first cleared and a targeted dietary modification is provided to maintain and enrich the novel bacteria species over time., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This study evaluated the effect of fermentation with Lactobacillus acidophilus on the biochemical and nutritional compositions of a plant-based diet and its effects on the productive performance and intestinal health of juvenile Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) reared in a biofloc technology (BFT) system. The in vitro kinetics of feed fermentation were studied to determine the L. acidophilus growth and acidification curve through counting the colony-forming units (CFUs) mL -1 and measuring the pH. Physicochemical and bromatological analyses of the feed were also performed. Based on the microbial growth kinetics results, vegetable-based Nile tilapia feeds fermented for 6 (FPB6) and 18 (FPB18) h were evaluated for 60 days. Fermented diets were compared with a positive control diet containing fishmeal (CFM) and a negative control diet without animal protein (CPB). Fermentation with L. acidophilus increased lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count and the soluble protein concentration of the plant-based feed, as well as decreasing the pH ( p < 0.05). FPB treatments improved fish survival compared with CPB ( p < 0.05). Fermentation increased feed intake but worsened feed efficiency ( p < 0.05). The use of fermented feeds increased the LAB count and reduced pathogenic bacteria both in the BFT system's water and in the animals' intestines ( p < 0.05). Fermented plant-based feeds showed greater villi (FPB6; FPB18) and higher goblet cell (FPB6) counts relative to the non-fermented plant-based feed, which may indicate improved intestinal health. The results obtained in this study are promising and show the sustainable potential of using fermented plant-based feeds in fish feeding rather than animal protein and, in particular, fishmeal.

In recent years, insect meal has attracted increasing interest as an innovative protein source to replace fish meal in feed formulations due to its valuable nutritional profile. This research aimed to compare the effects of different levels of dietary inclusion of the yellow mealworm beetle ( T. molitor) larvae meal on the sensory quality of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) fillets and retrospectively on the acceptability of this protein source to consumers. The results showed that the inclusion of T. molitor larvae meal did not induce sensory changes in the trout fillets, while regarding consumer acceptability and willingness to buy and pay, it was shown that a certain level of rejection towards this alternative protein still exists. The work described in this scientific manuscript adds more knowledge on the study of consumer acceptability of this protein source.

To understand the microbiome composition and interplay among bacterial communities in different compartments of a coupled freshwater aquaponics system growing flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) and lettuces (Lactuca sativa), 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of the V3-V4 region was analysed from each compartment (fish intestine, water from the sedimentation tank, bioballs from the biological filter, water and biofilm from the hydroponic unit, and lettuce roots). The bacterial communities of each sample group showed a stable diversity during all the trial, except for the fish gut microbiota, which displayed lower alpha diversity values. Regarding beta diversity, the structure of bacterial communities belonging to the biofilm adhering to the hydroponic tank walls, bioballs, and lettuce roots resembled each other (weighted and unweighted UniFrac distances), while bacteria from water samples also clustered together. However, both of the above-mentioned bacterial communities did not resemble those of fish gut. We found a low or almost null number of shared Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) among sampled groups which indicated that each compartment worked as an independent microbiome. Regarding fish health and food safety, the microbiome profile did not reveal neither fish pathogens nor bacterial species potentially pathogenic for food health, highlighting the safety of this sustainable food production system., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) elvers (initial body weight (BW) = 3 g) were raised in triplicate for 60 days in a biofloc system (BFT) at 21 °C. Data from the current first study evaluating this farming technology indicated that European eel elvers adapted well to BFT systems as data on growth performance (specific growth rate = 1.48% ± 0.13 BW/day and FCR = 1.05 ± 0.09) indicated, with production costs using BFT being lower than conventional RAS units. The most critical issues associated with this aquaculture system were the maintenance of the biofloc in tanks by the regular addition of refined sugar (46% C) to keep a relationship for C:N of 20:1, and the prevention of emergence of opportunistic pathogens like the monogenean Pseudodactylogyrus sp. The overall results of this study in terms of elvers' performance and quality and the composition of the biofloc material and its microbial composition indicated that BFT, which is considered to be one of the most cost-effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly farming systems due to its zero water exchange and improvement of feed conversion ratio by the dietary contribution of bioflocs, may be satisfactorily used for farming European eels elvers at a density of 2 kg/m 3 . However, further studies are needed to test this technology with older eel stages.