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MgO nanoparticles are gaining popularity because of their potential applications in several different industries, such as bioengineering, medicine, and environmental protection. The fabrication of MgO nanoparticles with enhanced biological properties remains difficult, despite the growing interest in this area. In this paper, we describe a method that minimizes environmental impact when manufacturing MgO nanoparticles using garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract. For ages, one of the most vital functions in human nutrition and medicine has been played by garlic. Garlic also contains phytochemicals that are effective against cancer and microbes. Our goal was to increase the medicinal relevance of MgO nanoparticles while decreasing our reliance on harmful chemicals. Various characterization techniques were employed to confirm the synthesis of MgO nanoparticles, including SEM, TEM, EDX, and XRD. The study findings indicate that the synthesis of MgO nanoparticles yielded a polycrystalline cubic configuration with a crystal size of 55–60 nm. The results of the EDX analysis suggest that only Mg and O elements are present, without any detectable impurities. The efficacy of MgO nanoparticles against gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis), gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and a fungal pathogen (Candida albicans) was investigated. The results indicated that MgO nanoparticles exhibited high effectiveness against all three microorganisms. The study revealed that MgO nanoparticles exhibit potent anticancer properties against human liver (HepG2) and lung (A549) cancer cells. Reactive oxygen species production in cancer cells by MgO nanoparticles suggests oxidative stress pathway-mediated anticancer action. The present research highlights the significance of utilizing medicinal plants in the synthesis of nanoparticles for enhanced anticancer and microcidal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels of garlic extract supplemented in milk on growth rate, haematology and cell–mediated immune response of Markhoz newborn goat kids. Twenty four newborn goat kids (aged 7+/-3days) were randomly assigned to four groups. The groups consisted of control (received milk without garlic extract), T1, T2 and T3 which received milk supplemented with 62.5, 125 and 250 mg aqueous garlic extract per kg live weight per day for 42 days, respectively. Body weights were measured weekly throughout the experimental period. At day 42, about 10 ml blood samples were collected from each kid via the jugular vein for haematological study. Cell–mediated immune response was evaluated through double skin thickness after intradermal injection of phyto-hematogglutinin (PHA) at day 21 and 42. Total gain was significantly higher for kids in T3 (P

Objective: Garlic is a plant has been used as a flavor, and anti-microbial and anti-diarrheal agent. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus. The available vaccines against IBV cannot cover new variants. This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of garlic extract on IBV. Materials and Methods: The constituents of garlic extract were detected by gas chromatography. This study was done in four groups of embryonic SPF eggs; first group was used for virus titration; second group received the mixture of different virus titration and constant amount of garlic extract; third group received 10-3 titration of virus and after 8 hr received garlic extract and the last group received different dilutions of garlic extract. Results: Based on our results, in the second group, IBV vaccine strain (4/91) at all titration and M41 in 10-2 and 10-3 titration and in the third group both variants of virus the embryonic Index (EI) was significantly increased. Conclusion: The garlic extract had inhibitory effects on IBV in the chickens embryo.

Diabetes mellitus is a severe health problem in Mexico, and its prevalence is increasing exponentially every year. Recently, DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4) inhibitors have become attractive oral anti-hyperglycemic agents to reduce the pathology of diabetes. Gliptin’s family, such as sitagliptin, vildagliptin, and alogliptin, are in clinical use to treat diabetes mellitus but possess side effects. Therefore, there is a specific need to look for new therapeutic scaffolds (biomolecules). Garlic bulb is widely used as a traditional remedy for the treatment of diabetes. The garlic extracts are scientifically proven to control glucose levels in patients with diabetes, despite the unknown mechanism of action. The aim of the study is to investigate the antidiabetic effects of ultrasonication assisted garlic bulb extract. To achieve this, in-vitro assays such as DPP-4 inhibitory and antioxidant activities were investigated. Further, functional group analysis using FTIR and identification of phytochemicals using mass spectrometry analysis was performed. The results showed that 70.9 µg/mL of garlic bulb extract inhibited 50% DPP-4 activity. On top of that, the garlic extract exhibited a 20% scavenging activity, equivalent to 10 µg/mL of ascorbic acid. Molecular docking simulations on identified phytochemicals using mass spectrometry revealed their potential binding at the DPP-4 druggable region, and therefore the possible DPP-4 inhibition mechanism. These results suggest that prepared garlic extract contains phytochemicals that inhibit DPP-4 and have antioxidant activity. Also, the prepared extract induces skeletal muscle cell proliferation that demonstrates the antidiabetic effect and its possible mechanism of action.

Abstract Background and Objective: Enterococci are relatively nonvirulent bacteria that rarely cause disease. Antimicrobial treatment of Enterococci is often challenging due to their antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of garlic against Enterococcal isolates. Methods: In this descriptive study, 120 Enterococcus isolates including 70 multidrug-resistant isolates were collected from hospitals of Babol, Iran. Isolates’ susceptibility to different antibiotics and the antibacterial activity of garlic extract were assessed using methods of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurement. The experiments were performed according to the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, using Tryptic soy broth medium and disc diffusion method. Results: Among the 120 Enterococcal isolates, 95 (79.2%) and 25 isolates (20.8%) were E. faecalis and E. faecium, respectively. Of the all Enterococcal isolates, the highest resistance was to erythromycin (95.8%), tetracycline (88.3%) and ampicillin (65.8%). While, the minimal level of resistance was to chloramphenicol (6.8%), vancomycin (20%) and ciprofloxacin (25%). Also, 53.3% of Enterococcal isolates showed simultaneous resistance to at least three antibiotics (tetracycline, erythromycin and ampicillin). Such resistance in E. faecium isolates was higher compared to E.faecalis (68% vs. 55.7%). The range of antibacterial activity of garlic extract against isolated Enterococci was determined by growth inhibition zone of 16.8 ± 1.8 mm and MIC of between 4 to 32 mg/ml. Conclusion: This study indicates the clear anti-enterococcal effect of aqueous extract of garlic and confirms the use of garlic in treatments by medicinal plants.

An electrical application of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by developing a unique bio-electrochemical cell (BEC) has been addressed in the report. Here, garlic extract (GE) has been used as a reducing agent to synthesize Ag NPs, and as a bio-electrolyte solution of BEC. Ag NPs successfully formed into face-centered cubic structures with average crystallite and particle sizes of 8.49 nm and 20.85 nm, respectively, according to characterization techniques such as the UV-vis spectrophotometer, XRD, FTIR, and FESEM. A broad absorption peak at 410 nm in the UV-visible spectra indicated that GE played a vital role as a reducing agent in the transformation of Ag + ions to Ag NPs. After that four types of BEC were developed by varying the concentration of GE, CuSO 4 . 5H 2 O, and Ag NPs electrolyte solution. The open circuit voltage and short circuit current of all cells were examined with the time duration. Moreover, different external loads (1 Ω, 2 Ω, 5 Ω, and 6 Ω) were used to investigate the load voltage and load current of BEC. The results demonstrated that the use of Ag NPs on BEC played a significant role in increasing the electrical performance of BEC. The use of GE-mediated Ag NPs integrated the power, capacity, voltage efficiency, and energy efficiency of BEC by decreasing the internal resistance and voltage regulation. These noteworthy results can take a frontier forward to the development of nanotechnology for renewable and low-cost power production applications., (© 2023 IOP Publishing Ltd.)

Bone homeostasis is predicated by osteoblast and osteoclast cell cycles where gene expressions are responsible for their differentiation from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) and monocytes, respectively. The pro-osteogenic potential of an hMSC-monocyte co-culture can be measured through complementary DNA (mRNA synthesis) within the nucleus, known as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Through this technique, the effects of garlic extract (allicin) release from calcium phosphate bone scaffolds on gene expression of bone forming and bone remodeling cells was explored. Results show this complex biomaterial system enhances hMSC differentiation through the upregulation of bone-forming proteins. Osteoblastic gene markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (BGLAP), are respectively upregulated by 3-fold and 1.6-fold by day 14. These mature osteoblasts then upregulate the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) which recruits osteoclast cells, as captured by a nearly 2-fold higher osteoclast expression of tartrate-resistance acid-phosphatase (ACP5). This also activates antagonist osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression in osteoblasts, decreasing osteoclast resorption potential and ACP5 expression by day 21. The pro-osteogenic environment with garlic extract release is further quantified by a 4× increase in phosphatase activity and visibly captured in immunofluorescent tagged confocal images. Also corroborated by enhanced collagen formation in a preliminary in vivo rat distal femur model, this work collectively reveals how garlic extract can enhance bioceramic scaffolds for bone tissue regenerative applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Garlic can be considered as a useful natural herb in inhibition of inflammation. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of garlic extract in lowering inflammatory markers in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.Methods: In this parallel-designed double blind randomized clinical trial, 42 PD patients at the Shafa dialysis center, Tehran in 2017 were included. The primary outcome in this study was systemic inflammation which was evaluated by measuring the concentrations of IL-6 and CRP and ESR in serum.Results: Baseline versus after-intervention median (IQR) of IL-6 (pg/ml), CRP (mg/L) and mean ± SD of ESR (mm) in garlic and placebo groups was 2.2 (0.8, 6.4) versus 0.7 (0.6, 1.2) (p <  0.001) and 2.0 (0.8, 2.1) versus 0.6 (0.6, 0.8) (p = 0.002), 13.0 (5.0, 14.0) versus 2.0 (1.0, 9.0) (p <  0.001) and 7.0 (2.0, 10.0) versus 6.0 (3.7, 7.5) (p = 0.547) and 35.4 ± 21.7 versus 50.7 ± 28.5 (p = 0.021) and 46.0 ± 26.0 versus 45.3 ± 22.3 (p = 0.797). Median (IQR) of Percentage Before-After change in CRP was - 71.4%(- 85.7, - 42.9%) and - 20.0%(- 30.0, 114.3%) in garlic and placebo group respectively. The Mann-Whitney U test indicated this difference is statistically significant (p <  0.001).Conclusion: The results imply that administrating 400 mg of standardized garlic extract twice a day for 8 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in IL-6, CRP and ESR. Since inflammatory state can be a serious life threatening condition in PD patients, we suggest prescribing this safe and well-tolerated natural substance to attenuate the inflammatory state in these patients. However, assessment of these effects in a larger randomized trial is strongly recommended (IRCTID: IRCT2017072535305N1, 2017-10-16). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The antidotal efficacy of aqueous garlic extract, methylene blue, and velenium (Vitamin E + sodium selenite) was compared against experimental nitrate intoxication in rabbits. Forty-two, albino rabbits of identical age, gender, and body weight were randomly divided into 7 groups (A to G) and subjected to experimental treatments for a period of 40 days. Rabbits of group A were offered only normal feed and served as negative control, while, rabbits of group B constituted the positive control group and received feed supplemented with sodium nitrate at 400 mg/kg body weight. Sodium nitrate-containing feed and intraperitoneal injection of 1% methylene blue solution at 2 mg/kg body weight were administered to group C. Rabbits of group D were given sodium nitrate-supplemented feed and aqueous garlic extract at 500 mg/kg body weight through oral route. Group E was treated with sodium nitrate-added feed, intraperitoneal injection of 1% methylene blue solution at 2 mg/kg body weight, and oral administration of garlic extract at 500 mg/kg. Velenium (25 mg of Vitamin E + 2.2 mg of sodium selenite per ml) was intraperitoneally injected at 1 ml/kg body weight to rabbits of group F along with the provision of sodium nitrate-supplemented feed. In addition to being fed with sodium nitrate-containing feed, group G obtained intraperitoneal injection of velenium at 1 ml/kg body weight and oral administration of garlic extract at 500 mg/kg body weight. The efficacy of antidotes was assessed on the basis of changes in blood nitrite level, biochemical profile, and gross pathological lesions manifested by the treated rabbits. The combination of methylene blue and garlic extract was highly effective in treating nitrate toxicity followed by methylene blue, garlic extract, and velenium, respectively. Whereas, the concurrent administration of garlic extract and velenium was least efficacious in terms of antidotal efficacy. In conclusion, aqueous garlic extract can be effectively used either alone or in combination with methylene blue when treating rabbits diagnosed with nitrate toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Technology & Industry / Jurnal Teknologi & Industri Pangan is the property of Bogor Agricultural University, Department of Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background/Objective Genital warts are caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) and usually have no promising cure. Garlic (Allium sativum) belongs to Liliaceae family, which has a long history of medicinal use. The garlic extract had antiviral and anticarcinogenic effects and can be effective on complete resolution of cutaneous wart. The aim of this clinical study was to compare the garlic extract effect with cryotherapy in the treatment of male genital wart. Methods 35 male patients aged 20–54 years old with clinically diagnosed genital warts who had more than two warts on both sides of genital region enrolled in the study. Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen (−196 °C temperature) was performed for all right sided warts and 10% garlic extract was applied on all left-sided warts for 2 months. Results Regarding response to treatment, at the end of weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8 there was no significant difference between two groups (P > 0.05). 69.7% and 78.8% of patients showed complete clearing of the lesions in the garlic and cryotherapy groups respectively (P value, 0.39). Conclusions The present study revealed 10% garlic extract after 2 months duration therapy on the male genital warts had the similar effect in compare to cryotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the modulated electronic properties of Fe3O4-graphene (Fe3O4/GN composite) as well as the outstanding complexation between Pb2+ and natural substances garlic extract (GE), a novel electrochemical sensor for the determination of Pb2+ in wastewater was prepared by immobilization of Fe3O4/GN composite integrated with GE onto the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Fe3O4/GN composite was employed as an electrochemical active probe for enhancing electrical response by facilitating charge transfer while GE was used to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of the proposed sensor to Pb2+ assay. The electrochemical sensing performance toward Pb2+ was appraised by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and square wave voltammetry (SWV). Under the optimized condition, the sensor exhibited two dynamic linear ranges (LDR) including 0.001 to 0.5 nM and 0.5 to 1000 nM with excellent low detection limit (LOD) of 0.0123 pM (S/N = 3) and quantification limit (LOQ) of 0.41 pM (S/N = 10). Meanwhile, it displayed remarkable stability, reproducibility (RSD of 3.61%, n = 3), and selectivity toward the assay for the 100-fold higher concentration of other heavy metal ions. Furthermore, the novel sensor has been successfully employed to detect Pb2+ from real water samples with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Garlic (Allium sativum) extract in 20 infectious repeat breeder crossbred cows. Animals were divided into two groups of ten in each. The animals in first group were treated intrauterine with 30 ml 15% Garlic extract w/v dissolved in saline at 24 hrs interval for 7 days, while the animals in control group were infused with 30 ml saline for 7 days. Bacterial count in uterine flushing declined significantly (p<0.05) after treatment in Garlic group. A significant increase (p< 0.05) in total cellular count and PMNs % was found in Garlic group than in control group. An overall recovery rate of 80 vs 20% and conception rate of 60 vs 10% was found in Garlic treated cows over control placebo group proving its efficacy in infectious repeat breeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Diabetic nephropathy and liver damage are important complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Various factors, such as sirtuins (silent information regulators or SIRTs) are associated with these complications. Sirtuins are a family of NAD+-dependent proteins, and seven types of these can be found in mammalians. In this study, we evaluated the effects of aqueous garlic extract (G) on the expressions of SIRT1 and SIRT2 genes in the kidney and liver tissues of rats with types 1 and 2 diabetes. Methods: A total of 36 male Wistar rats (230–280 g) were randomly divided into six groups: C: normal control rats, D1M: type 1 diabetic rats (induced with streptozotocin, STZ), D1M+G: type 1 diabetic rats that treated with garlic extract, D2M: type 2 diabetic rats (induced with STZ and niacinamide), D2M+G: type 2 diabetic rats treated with garlic extract, and G: normal rats that received garlic extract. At the end of the treatment time, kidney and liver tissue samples were collected from all rats. The SIRT1 and SIRT2 gene expressions were determined by qRT-PCR. Results: The SIRT1 and SIRT2 gene expressions in the liver and kidney tissues of diabetic rats decreased significantly compared with those in the control rats (p<0.05). After treatment with garlic extract, the gene expressions also increased significantly compared with those in the diabetic rats and are close to normal level (p<0.05). Conclusions: Garlic extract increased the SIRT1 and SIRT2 gene expressions in the livers and kidneys of diabetic rats. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of garlic have been proven in many studies. Thus, it is possible that garlic – with its effects on this pathway of gene expression – can have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, thus decreasing diabetic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was carried out during 2015 and 2016 experimental seasons to investigate the effect of spraying with moringa extract at 3%, garlic extract at 3% or ascorbic acid at 300 ppm on fruit set, yield and fruit quality of Khadrawi date palm cultivar. Anyhow, bunches were sprayed at three times (3 hours before pollination then 4 and 8 weeks after pollination). The present results indicated that spraying date palm bunches with moringa extract or garlic extract recorded the highest initial fruit set in the first and second seasons, respectively. As well as, moringa extract gave the highest fruit retention and yield in both seasons. In addition, all treatments improved some fruit physical characteristics i.e. fruit weight, flesh weight, fruit volume and fruit length compared to the control treatment in the two studied seasons. Also, results showed that moringa extract or ascorbic acid increased TSS%, total sugars % and reducing sugars % in both seasons compared to the control. Meanwhile, the lowest fibers % was obtained by garlic extract in the two seasons. Also, all treatments had no significant effect on total acidity % and tannins content in both seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyto-synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was achieved using aqueous garlic, green tea and turmeric extracts, and characterized by different spectroscopic techniques. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of rich amount of biochemicals in these extracts, which serve as reducing and capping agents for converting silver nitrate into AgNPs. FT IR spectroscopy confirmed the role of biomolecules in the bioreduction and efficient stabilization of AgNPs. UV–Vis DRS spectra showed a band around 450 nm characteristics of AgNPs. XRD patterns revealed the crystalline nature of the synthesized AgNPs with fcc structure. SEM and TEM analysis revealed the spherical shape of the synthesized AgNPs with an average particle size of 8 nm. EDX analysis confirmed the purity of the synthesized AgNPs with a strong signal at 3.2 keV. The antioxidant activity was assessed by ABTS, DPPH, p -NDA, H 2 O 2 and DMSO scavenging assays, in which the AgNPs synthesized using green method showed remarkable activity with respect to the standard antioxidants ascorbic acid and rutin. In vitro cytotoxicity activity was tested on four cancer cell lines such as human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), cervical (HeLa), epithelioma (Hep-2) and lung (A549) along with one normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) cell line. The AgNPs synthesized using turmeric extract exhibits excellent antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity compared to that synthesized using other extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic (Allium sativum) is generally known to be of medicinal value, possessing potentials that include antimicrobial activity, but are often consumed in foods after subjection to cooking heat. The antimicrobial potential of heat stressed garlic may become decreased or lost when cooked, making its medicinal benefit unavailable to consumers. The potential of uncooked and cooked extracts from garlic imported to Jamaica, to inhibit the growth of eight microbes of clinical significance was investigated. Aqueous extracts of fresh garlic of 15 g/100 ml (fw), and dried and pulverized garlic cloves of 12.5 g/100 ml, 25 g/100 ml, 50 g/100 ml, and 100 g/100 ml (dw), were tested for inhibition of microbial growth. Extracts were tested uncooked, and cooked by boiling for 5, 10, and 15 min respectively. Of all the microbes studied, C. albicans incurred the largest zone of inhibition (57.7 ± 0.6 mm at the 100 g/100 ml of the dried extract, F (3, 8) = 51.778, p < 0.001, ω2 = 0.93). Cooking of garlic extracts resulted in statistically significant decreases in zones of inhibition of microbes, as evident in the linear regression and one-way ANOVA analyses, and/or complete loss of microbial inhibition. C. albicans was the most inhibited microbe, followed by E. coli , and Salmonella sp., respectively. The use of uncooked garlic may be the best route for obtaining the greatest antimicrobial potential of garlic against susceptible bacteria and fungi because cooking heat stress resulted in the decrease and complete loss of the antimicrobial potentials of the garlic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) has long been the most preferred root canal irrigant in endodontic treatment, but besides being an effective anti-microbial agent, it is highly cytotoxic. Thus, a search for an alternative herbal irrigant which would be more biocompatible but equally effective led to this study. Aim: To assess the anti-microbial efficacy of garlic extract (GE) against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and its ability to penetrate into root dentin. Materials and Methods: E. faecalis was cultured and treated with the test agents - normal saline, 5.25% of NaOCl, and the three different concentrations of GE (10%, 40%, and 70%). The experiment was done in four groups namely, 24-h Co-treatment group, 24-h biofilm treatment group, 1-week biofilm group, and 3-week biofilm group. These groups were subjected to microbial viability assay and fluorescence microscopic analysis. The most effective concentration of garlic (70%) was further tested and compared with 5.25% NaOCl for its dentin penetration property using 0.2% alizarin red under a fluorescence microscope. Results: The findings revealed that GE was able to disrupt as well as prevent the formation of biofilm produced by E. faecalis. All the concentrations of GE displayed considerable anti-microbial efficacy where 70% concentration was most effective and exhibited similar anti-microbial efficacy as 5.25% NaOCl. In terms of dentin penetration, no significant difference was found between GE and NaOCl. Conclusion: The results indicate that GE has a potential to serve as an alternative herbal root canal irrigant being an effective and biocompatible anti-microbial agent with good dentinal penetration property.

Novel bovine serum albumin (BSA)-gold nanoclusters with garlic extract modifications (mw_G-BSA-AuNCs) were prepared through microwave-assisted rapid synthesis. The modified nanoclusters were characterized and used for the simple and sensitive detection of Pb2+ ions. Both turn-on and turn-off methods were used and compared for Pb2+ ion detection. For Pb2+ ions, the preparation time for the modified nanoclusters was 10 min, and the detection time for the nanoclusters was 6 min. The modified nanoclusters were stable, and their fluorescence intensities changed by less than 10% in 60 days. The detection limit and linear range for the “off-on” method of mw_G-BSA-AuNCs for Pb2+ ion detection were 0.28 and 1−20 nM, respectively. The recoveries of the mw_G-BSA-AuNCs probe used for the detection of the Pb(II) ion in tap water ranged from 93.8% to 102.2%, with an average of 97.1%. The “off-on” method of mw_G-BSA-AuNCs can provide a lower detection limit, higher selectivity, and better recovery than the commonly used “turn-off” methods of mw_BSA-AuNCs for Pb2+ ion detection. The proposed method is superior to other methods proposed from 2018 to 2019 because it can provide a shorter preparation time and a lower detection limit with good selectivity. The microwave-assisted novel compound, mw_G-BSA-AuNCs, can be rapidly synthesized in a green manner and can provide a low detection limit, good selectivity, and a simple and fast reaction for Pb2+ ion detection.

Forty-eight species and l variety belonging to 25 genera were collected from 50 soil samples (41 species and l variety and 21 genera) and the atmosphere (27 species and l variety and 14 genera) of mangrove in the city Qena using hair baiting technique at 28"C. Twenty of these species was dermatophytes and closely related fungi. The most common and frequent species of the latter fungi were Aphanoascus fulvescens (telemorph of Chrysosporium keratinophilum), A. terreus (C. indicum). Aphanoascus sp. (C. tropicum) and Chrysosporium xerophilum. Sixty-eight isolates were tested for the abilites for growth on hair - sand medium. Most (73.5 %) had moderate growth rate. All keratinophilie fungi recovered in the present investigation were sensitive to garlic extract and onion oil.

The objective of present study was to investigate the effects of aqueous garlic extracts, vitamin E and N-acetylcysteine on lead-induced lipid peroxidation, changes in antioxidant defense system and semen quality in the rat testes. Twenty-five male rats were divided into five groups. Animals within different treatment groups were maintained on their respective diets for 35 days as follows: group 1 rats served as control and received water and standard pellets as food ad libitum; group 2 received lead acetate by gavage (1000 ppm); group 3 was treated with A. sativum extract (400 mg kg-1, by gavage) plus lead acetate (1000 ppm); group 4 was treated orally with vitamin E (300 mg of alpha-tocopherol per kg of chow) plus lead acetate (1000 ppm); group 5 was treated orally with N-acetylcysteine (800 ppm)plus lead acetate (1000 ppm). The weights of testes, epididymis, epididymal sperm count, viable and motile sperms decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in lead-exposed rats. However treatment with vitamin E and aqueous garlic extract resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in sperm motility and viability. Exposure to lead acetate significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level with a significant decrease in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the testes of rats while co-administration of vitamin E and lead caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in MDA concentration compared with lead-exposed group. These results suggest that both vitamin E and in to a lesser extent aqueous garlic extract have a potent antioxidant protection in the testes of rat against the lead-induced oxidative stress.

Context: The potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) induces nephrotoxicity by oxidative stress mechanisms. Aims: To study the potential protection of an aqueous extract of Allium sativum against the K2Cr2O7-induced nephrotoxicity and lipid oxidation in rats. Methods: Twenty four hours after treatment, biomarkers such as proteinuria, creatinine clearance, malondialdehyde production, specific enzyme activity of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and alanine aminopeptidase, and renal clearance of para-aminohippuric acid and inulin were measured. Results: The K2Cr2O7 caused significant renal dysfunction, but A. sativum extract prevented this condition by improving all measured biomarkers. Conclusions: A single injection of K2Cr2O7 induced nephrotoxicity in rats, but the supply of an Allium sativum aqueous extract prevented the disorders caused by this metal.

In 2006 the European Union banned the feeding of antibiotic growth promoters because of possible risk of drug resistance in human pathogens bacteria. This is the reason for the study of various phytogenic additives and their extracts as a natural source of biologically important compounds. Antimicrobial substances are a commonly included in chicken feed rations. They are used mainly as prevention against various diseases, and also to stimulate growth. The beneficial effects of garlic on animal organism resulting from their antimicrobial, antioxidative and antihypertensive properities. Studies focused on growth, conversion and meat quality of different types of animals indicate its positive effects. In our experiment we studied the influence of garlic extract in a dose of 0, 10 g and 15 g per 1 kg of chicken feed mixture. We focused on weight gains and antioxidant status of an organism. The experiment took 39 days. 54 seven-day-old chickens were included in the experiment. The chickens were weighed once a week, when aged 11, 17, 24, 31 and 38 days, at the same time of the day. The chickens had ad libitum access to feed ration and water. The chickens were taken blood sample at the end of the experiment when 39 days old. Their antioxidant status were measured using ABTS, FRAP and DPPH methods. Our results show that owing to higher concentration of garlic extract in feed ration the antioxidant status of observed chickens was increased. DPPH method showed an increase in antioxidant status of both experimental groups by 38% (a group with a dose of 10 g/kg of mixture) and by 46% (a group with a dose of 15 g/kg of mixture) compared to the control group. When using FRAP method, antioxidant status of both G10 and G15 groups increased by 24%, resp. 16%. No evidential differences in antioxidant activity between the experimental groups and control group were found using ABTS method. The supplement of garlic extract into a feed ration did not have any influence on weight gains of chickens.

Natural antimicrobials, such as grape seed extract (GSE) and garlic extract (GE), are often used as (a part of) novel food preservation technologies, especially due to their antilisterial effect. However, little is known on the extent of sublethal injury (SI) these extracts cause to Listeria monocytogenes, possibly leading to overestimated efficacies for such novel technologies. The influence of both extracts on the sublethal injury of L. monocytogenes strain LMG23775 was investigated, also using propidium iodide staining to investigate the nature of the injury. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were 500 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/L and 7.5 μg allicin/mL for GSE and GE, respectively. These concentrations slowed down the growth of L. monocytogenes, while only causing a significant amount of SI for GSE. Pure extracts caused inactivation of the cells, with GSE being the most effective. Sublethal injury from pure GSE was mainly caused by membrane damage. In pure GE, a significant amount of SI, not caused by membrane damage, was also present, albeit less pronounced than in pure GSE. In conclusion, both extracts cause a significant amount of sublethal injury to L. monocytogenes, which is not taken into account in relevant studies investigating novel food preservation applications involving natural plant extracts.

Background and Objective: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α) as a pro inflammatory cytokine and interlokin-10 as an antiinflammatory cytokine have an important role in the development and the prevention of the systemic inflammation and incidence of obesity-induced diseases such as Coronary artery disease respectively. The purpose of this study was determining the effect of eight weeks of swimming training with garlic intake on serum levels of IL-10 and TNF-α in obese male rats. Subjects and Methods: During this experiment 28 Wister male rats with obesity )250-300 grams (were divided into four groups (control, supplement, training, training + supplement) randomly. The training groups swam for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 60 minutes each session. The supplement groups received a solution of garlic extract in dose of 1 milliliter per kilogram of body weight for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken 48 h after the last training session and the levels of IL-10 and TNF-α were measured. Statistical methods: One-way ANOVA were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that eight weeks training and garlic consumption significantly increased the levels of IL-10 and significantly decreased TNF-α in experimental groups (P<0.001). No significant correlations were found between the levels of IL-10 and TNF-α (P>0.05). Conclusion: Implementing 8 week of swimming training with garlic intake may have a positive effect on inflammatory factors by increasing IL-10 and decreasing TNF-α. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium vascular wilt disease is one of the most harmful diseases that affect a broad range of plant species including zucchini (Cucurbita pepo). The objective of the research was to investigate the presence of the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum the causal agent of the disease in zucchini fields. Forty five isolates of F. oxysporum were isolated from four locations in province of Dyala during 2014-2015. Isolate Foq9 was the most virulent in the in vitro pathogenicity test. In vitro significant suppression efficiency were observed of the fungicides Topsin M 70 WP (Tm) and Tecto 500 SC (Tc) and two botanical extract solution extracted from Garlic (Gr) and Ginger (Gn) against the pathogen on the potato sucrose agar (PSA). In greenhouse experiments all of the agents decreased the percentage of disease incidence and severity significantly, while the tetra-inoculum (Tm+Tc+Gr+Gn) was superior which exhibited 0% disease incidence and severity compared to the negative control which was 95% and 79% respectively. Also the combined application of the botanical extracts (Gr+Gn) reduced disease incidence and severity significantly. All of the treatment increased plant growth criteria represented by dry weight of the plant compared to the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of periodic administration of garlic extract on performance and carcass characteristics of grazing lambs was studied using West African Dwarf lambs in an experiment which lasted 12 weeks. Twelve (12) West African dwarf Lambs with an average weight of 12.00 ±0.77 kg were allotted to 3 treatment groups with 4 animals per group in a completely randomized design experiment which lasted for 12 weeks. Treatment 1 (T1) served as control group with no garlic extract, Treatment 2 (T2) were the group given 5ml garlic extract weekly and Treatment 3 (T3) received 5ml garlic extract every 2 weeks. The daily weight gain was influenced by the administration of garlic extract, with T3 having the highest gain of 89.29g/day followed by 50.60g for T2 while the control group (T1) recorded the lowest daily weight gain of 43.16g. The Hot carcass weight, Empty body weight, dressing percentage, kidney fat score, external fat score, meat proximate composition, meat pH, water holding capacity and weight of offals were not affected (P>0.05) by the administration of garlic extract. The dressing percentage on the basis of slaughter body weight are; 40.52, 41.08 and 42.80 for T1, T3 and T2 respectively. The kidney fat score were also similar (P>0.05) among treatment groups but a slight decrease from 3.33 in T1 to 2.00 in T2 was observed as the frequency of garlic administration increases. The weights of the heart, lungs, liver, kidney, spleen, abdominal fat, blood and gastrointestinal tract were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the administration of garlic extract but has numerically decreased abdominal fat with T2 having the lowest value of 64.33g while the control group T1 recorded the highest value of 159.33g. The administration of garlic extract can be use to reduced the level of fat deposition in the gastrointestinal tract and the kidney of sheep thus improving the quality of mutton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess and compare the antimicrobial effect of garlic extract and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash solution against oral salivary microorganisms. Materials and Methods: Thirty six salivary samples were obtained in dry plastic vials. Collected saliva samples were centrifuged. Each vial was mixed completely on a shaker after which 1 ml of saliva was added to 9 ml of ethanol by a sterile pipette and mixed. A volume of 1 ml of garlic hydro-alcoholic extract and 1 ml of mouthwash was added to 1 ml each case specimen and was transferred to culture medium of Trypticase Soy Agar. Agar plates were incubated at 37°C for 48 h to allow for microbial growth. Microbial colonies were counted by independent interpreter to evaluate the result. Statistical Analysis: Data obtained were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test. P < 0.001 was considered statistically significant. Result: Result of the study shows that mean colony count of salivary microbial population was (1984 ± 400) 1127 in saline group (negative control), (50 ± 4) 27 in (0.12%) CHX group (positive control), (700 ± 200) 469 in garlic extract (5%) group (case control). Conclusion: Mouthwash containing garlic extract can be used as an alternative to CHX mouthwash.

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Rapid methods to optimize the development of low-sodium meat products using consumers are a mandatory goal for the industry. The aim of the present study was to investigate the sensory profile of low sodium sausages containing garlic compounds obtained by Polarized Projective Mapping (PPM) performed by naive consumers. Descriptive Analysis (DA), with trained assessors was also carried out for comparison purposes. Adequate correlation (RV = 0.649, p < 0.001) was observed between both sensory methodologies for product characterization; however, Polarized Projective Mapping provided better discrimination of the samples when compared to the sensory space provided by DA. Additionally, the PPM was also able to generate a discriminative vocabulary of sensory characteristics of low sodium sausages. The results suggest the great potential for using PPM as a quick alternative to classical descriptive method in the sensory characterization and development of reformulated of food products concerning the sodium reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Garlic extract can be used alongside conventional antibiotics to fight agents of nosocomial infections, prevalent in hospitals. Phonophoresis is the use of therapeutic ultrasound to increase the percutaneous absorption of pharmacologic agents. Aim of the work: To compare between the use of garlic extract with and without phonophoresis in wound healing in male albino rats. Material & methods: Twenty four male albino rats were classified into 4 equal groups. Group I included 6 rats used as the control group. Group II; 6 rats subjected to wound injury; of them 3 were sacrificed after 2weeks (subgroup-IIa) and the other 3 rats were sacrificed after 3 weeks (subgroup IIb). Group III (Garlic-extract treated) included 6 rats subjected to wound injury and received garlic extract gel daily. Of them, 3 rats and were sacrificed after 2weeks of treatment (subgroup-IIIa). The other 3 rats were sacrificed after 3 weeks of teatment (subgroup-IIIb). Group IV (Garlic extract/Phonophoresis, both) 6 rats subjected to wound injury and received garlic extract gel daily together with phonophoresis 3 times/week. Of which, 3 rats sacrificed after 2 weeks (subgroup-IVa) and 3 rats were sacrificed after 3 weeks (subgroup-IVb). The wound surface areas were measured. Skin sections were processed for histological, immunohistochemical and morphometric studies. Results: Examination of skin sections in the wound group (group II) showed wide separation of edges and few hair follicles with reduced thickness and desquamated keratin. In group III and group IV, there was marked regeneration of the epidermis and dermis. With significant increase in hair follicles number in group IV compared to group III. Multiple immunostained CD44 +ve cells were detected in group IV. Conclusion: Both garlic and phonophoresis helped wound healing but Garlic extract/phonophoresis combination revealed faster and better (i.e., more complete wound) healing compared to garlic extract application without phonophoresis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]