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The inclusion of the borderline pattern in the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11) dimensional classification of personality disorders (PDs) has caused controversy. Unease about leaving out these clinically challenging patients seems to conflict with the need of an evidence-based and credible diagnostic system. However, the accommodation of borderline within the new diagnostic system has not yet been studied in depth. To this end, we examine in a sample of 1799 general population and clinical subjects the joint structure of the five initial ICD-11 domains and the borderline pattern. Regression and item-level factor analyses reveal that borderline criteria do not form a separate construct and are indissociable from negative affectivity. Furthermore, borderline adds nothing to the remaining domains when it comes to predict PD severity. The borderline pattern appears as largely superfluous and even misguiding, unless their criteria are properly integrated within the structure of personality pathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Evolutionary Cell Biology (ECB) has gained increasing attention in the last decades. Here we explore whether ECB is truly inter-disciplinary through the combination of cellular and evolutionary biology to offer evidence-based insights regarding the major questions of cell evolution. Since 2012, ECB asserts to utilize the increasing potential of high-throughput omics data ( in silico ) with morpho-functional ( in situ ) information, although challenges remain for a complete integration. For instance, the limited number of model organisms and cultivation techniques available excludes the majority of the extant diversity of cells from the scope of experimental inquiry. At the conceptual level, the simplification of evolutionary processes influenced by cultural views of evolution, such as adaptationism or Scala Naturae, challenges effective interdisciplinary work. Without a profound understanding of evolutionary theory and an integrative view of cell biology, the formulation of questions and experiments properly addressing evolution and diversification of cell complexities can become misleading. In 2009, we advanced the discovery of a nucleolus in the flagellated unicellular eukaryote Giardia lamblia , and studied nucleolus diversity in other lineages via electron microscopy. Since then, studying evolutionary questions at the cellular level became central to our research. We think that new methodological advances are re-shaping and strengthening the ECB research program and opening its door to experimental scientists. For example, the discovery of new archaea and protozoa and subsequent investigations that coupled in situ approaches with in silico approaches has proven that comprehensive morpho-functional information can be obtained that can only be understood through the merging of the cell biological and evolutionary discipline. Motivated by this, we here explore the history, the challenges, and the opportunities of ECB to motivate researchers to join this emergent field of research. We outline elements that contrast the current ECB discipline from previous integrative attempts. We conclude by elucidating the current disciplinary constraints of ECB and propose considerations towards successfully employing ECB to answer questions pertaining to the evolution of cellular complexity.

Background: The protective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis relies both on antigen-presenting cells and on T lymphocytes. In patients with different forms of tuberculosis, varying degrees of T cell function--ranging from positive delayed-type hypersensitivity, in asymptomatic infected healthy individuals, to the absence of the response, in patients with miliary or pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB)--have been reported. The decreased expression of CD3zeta reported in T cells from patients with either cancer or leprosy has provided possible explanations for the altered immune response observed in these diseases., Methods: The present study aimed to compare the expression of CD3zeta , nuclear transcription factor- kappa B (NF- kappa B), arginase activity, and cytokine production in 20 patients with PTB, in 20 tuberculin-positive asymptomatic subjects, and in 14 tuberculin-negative control subjects., Results: Compared with those in tuberculin (purified protein derivative)-negative control subjects, peripheral-blood T lymphocytes from patients with active PTB had significantly (P < .001) decreased expression of CD3zeta and absence of the p65/p50 heterodimer of NF- kappa B. These alterations were reversed only in patients who responded to treatment. Also reported here for the first time is that the presence of arginase activity in peripheral-blood mononuclear-cell lysates of patients with PTB parallels high production of interleukin-10., Conclusions: The presence of arginase could, in part, explain the decreased expression of CD3zeta . These findings provide a novel mechanism that may explain the T cell dysfunction observed in patients with PTB.