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Nevins W Todd,1,2 Rachel G Scheraga,1,3 Jeffrey R Galvin,1,4 Aldo T Iacono,1 E James Britt,1 Irina G Luzina,1,2 Allen P Burke,5,* Sergei P Atamas1,2,* 1Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; 2Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; 3Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; 4Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; 5Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease with no known effective therapy. It is often assumed, but has not been objectively evaluated, that pulmonary inflammation subsides as IPF progresses. The goal of this work was to assess changes in the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration, particularly lymphocytic infiltration, over the duration of illness in IPF. Methods: Sixteen patients with confirmed IPF were identified in patients whom surgical lung biopsy (SLB) was performed in early disease, and in patients whom lung transplantation was subsequently performed in end stage disease. A numerical scoring system was used to histologically quantify the amount of fibrosis, honeycomb change, fibroblastic foci, and lymphocyte aggregates in each SLB and lung explant tissue sample. Analyses of quantitative scores were performed by comparing paired, matched samples of SLB to lung explant tissue. Results: Median time [1st, 3rd quartiles] from SLB to lung transplantation was 24 [15, 29] months. Histologic fibrosis and honeycomb change were more pronounced in the explant samples compared with SLB (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively), and most notably, higher numbers of lymphocyte aggregates were observed in the explant samples compared to SLB (P = 0.013). Immunohistochemical analyses revealed abundant CD3+ (T lymphocyte) and CD20+ (B lymphocyte) cells, but not CD68+ (macrophage) cells, within the aggregates. Conclusion: Contrary to the frequent assumption, lymphocyte aggregates were present in greater numbers in advanced disease (explant tissue) compared to early disease (surgical lung biopsy). This finding suggests that active cellular inflammation continues in IPF even in severe end stage disease. Keywords: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, inflammation, lymphocyte aggregates

La conmemoración del bicentenario de la promulgación de la Constitución de la monarquía española, el 19 de marzo de 1812, ha sido la ocasión propicia para someter al análisis el proceso de génesis de la convocatoria de las Cortes generales y extraordinarias de Cádiz, así como los aportes más significativos de dicha Carta desde diferentes ámbitos. En este contexto decimonónico se puso de manifiesto el discurso de la soberanía del pueblo junto con el carácter representativo del Poder Legislativo, único capaz de redactarla y aprobarla. Este artículo aborda pasajes del funcionamiento de este colegiado a partir de los temas de soberanía, legitimidad y religión para orientarlos con posterioridad al establecimiento de las bases institucionales del Estado peruano durante sus primeros años.

DNA microarrays have contributed to the exponential growth of genomic and experimental data in the last decade. This large amount of gene expression data has been used by researchers seeking diagnosis of diseases like cancer using machine learning methods. In turn, explicit biological knowledge about gene functions has also grown tremendously over the last decade. This work integrates explicit biological knowledge, provided as gene sets, into the classication process by means of Variable Precision Rough Set Theory (VPRS). The proposed model is able to highlight which part of the provided biological knowledge has been important for classification. This paper presents a novel model for microarray data classification which is able to incorporate prior biological knowledge in the form of gene sets. Based on this knowledge, we transform the input microarray data into supergenes, and then we apply rough set theory to select the most promising supergenes and to derive a set of easy interpretable classification rules. The proposed model is evaluated over three breast cancer microarrays datasets obtaining successful results compared to classical classification techniques. The experimental results shows that there are not significat differences between our model and classical techniques but it is able to provide a biological-interpretable explanation of how it classifies new samples.

This study had as aims the extraction, purification and characterization of moringa oil for everyday applications with backing scientific. The average oil yield was of 23.92%, using the techniques: mechanical pressing (11.36%) and by with hexane extraction (35.48%). The oil extracted by pressing was analysed for gas chromatography, revealing a profile of 21.5% of saturated fatty acids and 78.5% of unsaturated fatty acids, having the oleic acid as the major component. The mixed crude oil was refined in four steps: degumming, neutralization, washing and drying. The crude and refined oils were characterised through their acidity index (8.8; 20.5 and 0.2 mgKOH g-1), peroxide index (3.3; 5.4 meqO2 kg-1 and not detected), water content (876.6; 632.0 and 630.2 mg kg-1), turbidity (64.1; 12.6 and 2.1 NTU), specific mass (909.5; 907.2 and 907.0 kg m3), kinematic viscosity (43.6; 39.1 and 41.7 mm2 s-1), high power calorific (39.7; 40. and 39.4 MJ kg-1) and calorific value lower (36.9; 36.9; 37.1 MJ kg-1), and ash content (0.05; 0.05 and 0.007%), respectively. The results show that moringa is a viable and sustainable plant in the use of its oil as raw material for several industries, especially in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and biodiesel industry.

Objetivo: identificación y análisis de las categorías sobre el conocimiento implicadas en la adquisición de la competencia informacional potenciadas por el uso de un portafolio electrónico o PLE en un ámbito de educación formal, en especial, en relación con el desarrollo de procesos estratégicos o condicionales. -- Metodología: análisis cualitativo mediante entrevista semiestructurada y atribución de categorías con codificación interjueces y organización de los códigos para su representación cuantitativa. La entrevista se realizó a estudiantes de la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile, y las competencias y la categorización de base utilizadas son las propuestas por la IFLA, con algunos complementos. -- Resultados: en la educación superior se manifiesta una focalización en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de contenidos declarativos y procedimentales ligados estrechamente a la materia de estudio olvidando competencias más transversales de alto nivel cognitivo. El uso de un portafolio electrónico o PLE favorece el desarrollo de competencias relacionadas con la autonomía del estudiante. Por ello se ha analizado la naturaleza y el volumen del contenido implicado en el trato de las competencias informacionales mediante el uso del portafolio electrónico o PLE y el lugar que ocupan los procesos de carácter estratégico en la adquisición del conocimiento disciplinario transversal. Ha emergido la necesidad de ampliar el sistema de categorización de la IFLA para dar cabida a procesos de reflexión y planificación relacionados con dicho conocimiento estratégico. Objective: This paper identifies and analyses the categories of knowledge involved in the acquisition of information competence in a formal education setting, examining how this is enhanced by the use of a mixed e-portfolio/PLE. Our focus is on how the use of e-portfolios can help students develop systems of strategic or conditional knowledge. -- Methodology: This qualitative study uses a semi-structured interview and attributes categories by inter-rater reliability coding and the organization of codes for quantitative representation. The interviewees were students from the Faculty of Education at the Universidad Católica de Temuco in Chile. The competences and categories are adapted from the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). -- Results: In higher education, there is often a focus on declarative and procedural learning, while more transversal, meta-cognitive competences are neglected. The use of e-portfolios helps students acquire the competences to assume greater control of their learning. For this reason, we have analysed the nature and volume of the content involved in the treatment of information competence through the use of mixed e-portfolio/PLE models and the importance of strategic processes in students’ acquisition of transversal knowledge. We have also extended the IFLA system of categorization to include those processes of reflection and planning that show how students develop systems of strategic knowledge.

Objectiu: identificació i anàlisi de les categories sobre el coneixement implicades en l'adquisició de la competència informacional potenciades per l'ús d'un portfolio digital/PLE (e-Portfolio/PLE) en un àmbit d'educació formal, especialment amb relació al desenvolupament de processos estratègics o condicionals. -- Metodologia: anàlisi qualitativa mitjançant entrevista semiestructurada i atribució de categories amb codificació interjutges i organització dels codis per representar-los quantitativament. L'entrevista es va fer a estudiants de la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad Católica de Temuco, Xile, i les competències i la categorització de base utilitzada és la proposada per l'IFLA, amb alguns complements. -- Resultats: en l'educació superior es manifesta una focalització en l'ensenyament i l'aprenentatge de continguts declaratius i procedimentals lligats estretament a la matèria d'estudi, i s'obliden competències més transversals d'alt nivell cognitiu. L'ús de portfolios digitals afavoreix el desenvolupament de competències relacionades amb l'autonomia de l'estudiant. Per això s'ha analitzat la naturalesa i el volum del contingut implicat en el tractament de les competències informacionals per mitjà de l'ús de portfolios digitals/PLE i el lloc que ocupen els processos de caràcter estratègic en l'adquisició del coneixement disciplinari transversal. Ha emergit la necessitat d'ampliar el sistema de categorització de l'IFLA per tal de donar cabuda a processos de reflexió i planificació relacionats amb aquest coneixement estratègic. Objective: This paper identifies and analyses the categories of knowledge involved in the acquisition of information competence in a formal education setting, examining how this is enhanced by the use of a mixed e-portfolio/PLE. Our focus is on how the use of e-portfolios can help students develop systems of strategic or conditional knowledge. -- Methodology: This qualitative study uses a semi-structured interview and attributes categories by inter-rater reliability coding and the organization of codes for quantitative representation. The interviewees were students from the Faculty of Education at the Universidad Católica de Temuco in Chile. The competences and categories are adapted from the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). -- Results: In higher education, there is often a focus on declarative and procedural learning, while more transversal, meta-cognitive competences are neglected. The use of e-portfolios helps students acquire the competences to assume greater control of their learning. For this reason, we have analysed the nature and volume of the content involved in the treatment of information competence through the use of mixed e-portfolio/PLE models and the importance of strategic processes in students’ acquisition of transversal knowledge. We have also extended the IFLA system of categorization to include those processes of reflection and planning that show how students develop systems of strategic knowledge.

Objective: This paper identifies and analyses the categories of knowledge involved in the acquisition of information competence in a formal education setting, examining how this is enhanced by the use of a mixed e-portfolio/PLE. Our focus is on how the use of e-portfolios can help students develop systems of strategic or conditional knowledge. -- Methodology: This qualitative study uses a semi-structured interview and attributes categories by inter-rater reliability coding and the organization of codes for quantitative representation. The interviewees were students from the Faculty of Education at the Universidad Católica de Temuco in Chile. The competences and categories are adapted from the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). -- Results: In higher education, there is often a focus on declarative and procedural learning, while more transversal, meta-cognitive competences are neglected. The use of e-portfolios helps students acquire the competences to assume greater control of their learning. For this reason, we have analysed the nature and volume of the content involved in the treatment of information competence through the use of mixed e-portfolio/PLE models and the importance of strategic processes in students’ acquisition of transversal knowledge. We have also extended the IFLA system of categorization to include those processes of reflection and planning that show how students develop systems of strategic knowledge.

Cesar Margarit,1 Joaquim Juliá,2 Rafael López,3 Antonio Anton,4 Yolanda Escobar,5 Ana Casas,6 Juan Jesús Cruz,7 Rafael Galvez,8 Ana Mañas,9 Francisco Zaragozá101Pain Unit, Alicante University General Hospital, Alicante, Spain; 2Department of Integral Support-Palliative Care, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain; 3Department of Clinical Oncology, University Hospital Complex, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; 4Department of Clinical Oncology, Miguel Servet Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain; 5Department of Clinical Oncology, Gregorio Marañón Hospital, Madrid, Spain; 6Department of Oncology, Virgen Macarena Hospital, Seville, Spain; 7Department of Clinical Oncology, Salamanca Hospital, Salamanca, Spain; 8Pain and Palliative Care Unit, Virgen de las Nieves Hospital, Granada, Spain; 9Department of Oncology–Radiotherapy, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain; 10Department of Pharmacology, University of Alcalá de Henares, SpainAbstract: Breakthrough cancer pain is defined as transient pain exacerbation in patients with stable and controlled basal pain. Although variable, the prevalence of breakthrough cancer pain is high (33%–95%). According to the American Pain Foundation, breakthrough pain is observed in 50%–90% of all hospitalized cancer patients, in 89% of all patients admitted to homes for the elderly and terminal-patient care centers, and in 35% of all ambulatory care cancer patients. The management of breakthrough cancer pain should involve an interdisciplinary and multimodal approach. The introduction of new fentanyl formulations has represented a great advance and has notably improved treatment. Among these, the pectin-based intranasal formulation adjusts very well to the profile of breakthrough pain attacks, is effective, has a good toxicity profile, and allows for convenient dosing – affording rapid and effective analgesia with the added advantage of being easily administered by caregivers when patients are unable to collaborate.Keywords: prevalence, management, diagnosis, opioids

Patrick O Monahan,1 Malaz A Boustani,1–3,6 Catherine Alder,2,3,6 James E Galvin,7 Anthony J Perkins,2,3 Patrick Healey,4 Azita Chehresa,5 Polly Shepard,8 Corby Bubp,8 Amie Frame,2,3 Chris Callahan1–3,61Indiana University School of Medicine, 2Indiana University Center for Aging Research, 3Regenstrief Institute Inc, 4St Vincent’s Health Network, 5Community Health Network, 6Wishard Health Services, Eskenazi Health, Indianapolis IN, 7Alzheimer Disease Center, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 8Memory Clinic of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USABackground: Dementia care providers need a clinical assessment tool similar to the blood pressure cuff (sphygmomanometer) used by clinicians and patients for managing hypertension. A “blood pressure cuff” for dementia would be an inexpensive, simple, user-friendly, easily standardized, sensitive to change, and widely available multidomain instrument for providers and informal caregivers to measure severity of dementia symptoms. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Healthy Aging Brain Care Monitor (HABC-Monitor) for measuring and monitoring the severity of dementia symptoms through caregiver reports.Methods: The first prototype of the HABC-Monitor was developed in collaboration with the Indianapolis Discovery Network for Dementia, which includes 200 members representing 20 disciplines from 20 local organizations, and an expert panel of 22 experts in dementia care and research. The HABC-Monitor has three patient symptom domains (cognitive, functional, behavioral/psychological) and a caregiver quality of life domain. Patients (n = 171) and their informal caregivers (n = 171) were consecutively approached and consented during, or by phone shortly following, a patient’s routine visit to their memory care provider.Results: The HABC-Monitor demonstrated good internal consistency (0.73–0.92); construct validity indicated by correlations with the caregiver-reported Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) total score and NPI caregiver distress score; sensitivity to three-month change compared with NPI “reliable change” groups; and known-groups validity, indicated by significant separation of Mini-Mental Status Examination severity groups and clinical diagnostic groups. Although not designed as a screening study, there was evidence for good operating characteristics, according to area under the receiver-operator curve with respect to gold standard clinical diagnoses, relative to Mini-Mental Status Examination or NPI.Conclusion: The HABC-Monitor demonstrates good reliability and validity as a clinically practical multidimensional tool for monitoring symptoms of dementia through the informal caregiver.Keywords: dementia, symptoms, monitor, validation, cognitive impairment, memory care

El presente ensayo indaga, con el empleo del método socio- jurídico, por la gestión pública ambiental rural desde el derecho ambiental y agrario y las ciencias ambientales. Para proponer alternativas de gestión pública en este campo, hace referencia a diferentes figuras jurídicas vigentes en Colombia, entre las que se destaca las zonas de reserva campesina de la ley de reforma agraria. Para concretar las propuestas de solución, toma como ejemplo paradigmático el caso del agroecosistema intervenido por los silleteros de Santa Elena en el Departamento de Antioquia, ubicados en un borde de la ciudad metropolitana, desde la visión de la nueva ruralidad y con aportes desde la ecología política y la agroecología.

We present and discuss a new catalogue of 48 compact Hii regions in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) and a newly created deep 1420 MHz (λ=20 cm) radio-continuum image of the N19 region located in the southwestern part of the SMC. The new images were created by merging 1420 MHz radiocontinuum archival data from the Australian Telescope Compact Array. The majority of these detected radio compact Hii regions have rather flat spectral indices which indicates, as expected, that the dominant emission mechanism is of thermal nature.

We present a series of new high-sensitivity and high-resolution radio-continuum images of M31 at λ=20 cm (ν=1.4 GHz). These new images were produced by merging archived 20 cm radio-continuum observations from the Very Large Array (VLA) telescope. Images presented here are sensitive to rms=60 μJy and feature high angular resolution (

The british legal philosopher John Austin stands at the threshold of the evolution of the legal positivist tradition. His work, which dates back to the first half of the 19th century, was especially important to establish the basic elements of this school of legal understanding. Among his contributions to the legal positivist doctrine, lies the creation of the thesis that separates morality from law. Under an ethical context, however, John Austin was an ardent utilitarian who defended the use of the principle of utility as the only rational criteria for the unveiling of superior moral standards (divine laws). Considering both dimensions of his understanding, it has long been wondered if his utilitarian ethics have influenced, somehow, his legal theory, especially in regards to the separation thesis. Said thesis, which is in the center of the legal positivist tradition, has been interpreted in different ways in contemporary legal debate. A particular branch, called ethical positivism, opened new perspectives to the study of this tradition, defending the legal positivism theory as a morally satisfactory theoretical model for the contemporary legal systems. Hence, using the main premise of ethical positivism (which states that there are moral reasons to defend the separation thesis) as an interprative and methodological tool, this paper plans on revisiting the link between John Austins legal and ethical convictions, in order to comprehend what were the moral reasons which led him to defend the separation of what law is and what it should be.

Governments all over the world face the dilemma of limited resources and increasingly tighter fiscal targets on one hand, and, on the other hand, growing pressure to deliver quality public services. The situation is particularly problematic in developing countries where the gap between resources available and demand for basic public services is much wider. Government policies, plans, targets, such as the Millennium Development Goals and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers, often remain on paper or are partially and poorly implemented for lack of resources and institutional frameworks that are weak and outmoded. In this context, governments have been searching for alternatives and experimenting with new approaches to bridge this gap and put their policies into effect. Many of the new approaches and tools being used by governments share a significant common feature: they are highly indirect, that is, they rely on third parties to deliver publicly services and pursue publicly authorized purposes - these include contracting, grants, vouchers, loan guarantees among many others. As a result, third parties are now intimately involved in the implementation, and often the management, of the public´s business and a major share of the discretion over the operations of public programmes now routinely rests outside the responsible government agency (Salamon 2002).

Joseph Pergolizzi1, Eli Alon2, Ralf Baron3, Cesare Bonezzi4, Jan Dobrogowski5, Rafael Gálvez6, Troels Jensen7, Hans-Georg Kress8, Marco AE Marcus9, Bart Morlion10, Serge Perrot11, Rolf-Detlef Treede121Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; 2Universitätsspital Zurich, Switzerland; 3Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; 4Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Pavia, Italy; 5Zaklad Badania i Leczenia Bólu, Kraków, Poland; 6Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain; 7Aarhus University, Denmark; 8Medical University of Vienna, Austria; 9Maastricht University Medical Center and University of Muenster, Maastricht, The Netherlands; 10University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; 11Hôpital Dieu, Paris, France; 12Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, GermanyAbstract: Chronic pain affects approximately 1 in 5 people in Europe, and around half of sufferers receive inadequate pain management. The most common location is the lower back. Pharmacological treatment of this condition is challenging because of the range of causative mechanisms and the difficulty of balancing analgesic efficacy and tolerability. An international panel of clinical pain specialists met in September, 2009, to discuss the treatment of chronic low back pain, and to review preclinical and clinical data relating to the new analgesic, tapentadol. A lack of consensus exists on the best treatment for low back pain. The range of regularly prescribed pharmacological agents extends from nonopioids (paracetamol, NSAIDs, and COX-2 inhibitors) to opioids, antidepressants and anticonvulsants. Pain relief may be compromised, however, by an undetected neuropathic component or intolerable side effects. Treatment is potentially life-long and effective analgesics are urgently needed, with demonstrable long-term safety. Combining separate agents with different mechanisms of action could overcome the limitations of present pharmacological therapy, but clinical evidence for this approach is currently lacking. Tapentadol combines µ-opioid agonism with noradrenaline reuptake inhibition in a single molecule. There is strong evidence of synergistic antinociception between these two mechanisms of action. In preclinical and clinical testing, tapentadol has shown efficacy against both nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Preclinical data indicate that tapentadol’s µ-opioid agonism makes a greater contribution to analgesia in acute pain, while noradrenaline reuptake inhibition makes a greater contribution in chronic neuropathic pain models. Tapentadol also produces fewer adverse events than oxycodone at equianalgesic doses, and thus may have a ‘µ-sparing effect’. Current evidence indicates that tapentadol’s efficacy/tolerability ratio may be better than those of classical opioids. However, further research is needed to establish its role in pain management.Keywords: chronic low back pain, neurophysiological changes, neuropathic component, multimechanistic approach, efficacy/side effect ratio, tapentadol

We present and discuss new high-sensitivity and resolution radio-continuum images of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) at $lambda$=20~cm($u$=1.4~GHz). The new images were created by merging 20-cm radio-continuum archival data, from the Australian Telescope Compact Array and the Parkes radio-telescope. Our images span from $sim$10arcsec to $sim$150arcsec in resolution and sensitivity of r.m.s.$geq$0.5~mJy/beam. These images will be used in future studies of the SMC's intrinsic sources and its overall extended structure.

Kathleen T Galvin1, Nick Petford2, Frances Ajose3, Dai Davies41Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, UK; 2University of Northampton, Northampton, UK; 3Department of Medicine, Lagos State University and The Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria; 4Niger Delta Development Initiative, Poole, Dorset, UKBackground: The effectiveness of malaria control programs is determined by an array of complex factors, including the acceptability and sustained use of preventative measures such as the bed net. A small-scale exploratory study was conducted in several locations in the Niger Delta region, Nigeria, to discover barriers against the use of bed nets, in the context of a current drive to scale up net use in Nigeria.Methods: A qualitative approach with a convenience sample was used. One to one interviews with mostly male adult volunteers were undertaken which explored typical living and sleeping arrangements, and perceptions about and barriers against the use of the mosquito prevention bed net.Results: Several key issues emerged from the qualitative data. Bed nets were not reported as widely used in this small sample. The reasons reported for lack of use included issues of convenience, especially net set up and dismantling; potential hazard and safety concerns; issues related to typical family composition and nature of accommodation; humid weather conditions; and perceptions of cost and effectiveness. Most barriers to net use concerned issues about everyday practical living and sleeping arrangements and perceptions about comfort. Interviewees identified were aware of malaria infection risks, but several also indicated certain beliefs that were barriers to net use.Conclusions: Successful control of malaria and scale up of insecticide-treated net coverage relies on community perceptions and practice. This small study has illuminated a number of important everyday life issues, which remain barriers to sustained net use, and has clarified further questions to be considered in net design and in future research studies. The study highlights the need for further research on the human concerns that contribute to sustained use of nets or, conversely, present significant barriers to their use.Keyword: malaria, Nigeria, children under 5, interviewees

We present and discuss new high-sensitivity and resolution radiocontinuum images of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) at λ=20 cm (ν=1.4 GHz). The new images were created by merging 20-cm radio-continuum archival data, from the Australian Telescope Compact Array and the Parkes radio-telescope. Our images span from ～10"to ～150" in resolution and sensitivity of r.m.s.≥0.5 mJy/beam. These images will be used in future studies of the SMC’s intrinsic sources and its overall extended structure.

We present a new catalogue of radio-continuum sources in the field of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). This catalogue contains sources previously not found in 2370 MHz (λ=13 cm) with sources found at 1400 MHz (λ=20 cm) and 843 MHz (λ=36 cm). 45 sources have been detected at 13 cm, with 1560 sources at 20 cm created from new high sensitivity and resolution radio-continuum images of the SMC at 20 cm from paper I. We also created a 36 cm catalogue to which we listed 1689 radio-continuum sources.

We present new 6 and 3-cm radio-continuum maps of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), created with the "peeling" technique and a joint deconvolution. The maps have resolutions of 3000 and 2000 and r.m.s., noise of 0.7 and 0.8 mJy/beam at 6 and 3 cm, respectively. These maps will be used for future studies of the SMC's radio source population and overall extended structure.

Revista Biociencias Julio 2010 Vol. 1 Núm. 1 Año 1 Páginas 4 a 18 4ResumenEl maíz es uno de los cultivos económicosen los que se ha investigado y avanzadoen la mejora genética, pero es necesario estudiarla diversidad local presente en las áreas rurales,la que es conservada y manejada in situ,en los huertos caseros y/o fincas de los agricultores,dada la importancia de este grano básicoen la subsistencia familiar. Los objetivos de estetrabajo fueron identificar y caracterizar las razasde maíz en pequeños predios rurales de dos zonasde Cuba aisladas geográficamente: Pinar delRío y Guantánamo. Se estudiaron 55 poblacionestradicionales y se evaluaron 14 caracteres (nuevecontinuos y cinco categóricos) en la mazorca y elgrano. Estos se procesaron empleando la estrategiaen dos pasos WARD-Método Local Modificado(MLM) para el agrupamiento de observaciones,utilizando variables continuas y categóricassimultáneamente. Como medida de similaridad seempleó la distancia de Gower, utilizando para sucálculo el paquete estadístico SAS 9.0. De esteanálisis se derivó la formación de seis grupos yse identificaron cuatro de las razas de maíz másimportantes para Cuba: Criollo, Canilla, Tusóny Argentino, lo que sugiere que los campesinosconservan in situ una parte importante de la diversidad de las razas presentes en el germoplasmacubano de maíz. Se sugiere el estudio enotras áreas del país, específicamente en la regiónOriental, provincia de Guantánamo, con el objetivode corroborar la presencia de otras razas descritaspara Cuba, ya que éstas sólo han sido ubicadas enmuy baja frecuencia en localidades específicas delValle de Caujerí, en Guantánamo.

Para evaluar el efecto del substrato orgánico (aserrín de madera y ‘estopa’ de coco enriquecido con 40% de volúmenes iguales de hojas de plátano (Mussa sp.), kudzú tropical (Pueraria phaseoloides) y botón de oro (Tithonia diversifolia) degradado por el hongo Pleurotus ostreatus (SDP) sobre algunas propiedades físicas de un Inceptisol de Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, se incorporaron dosis crecientes de éste (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 y 80 g/kg) en el suelo tamizado en malla de 2 mm. La mezcla se utilizó en materos sembrados con maíz durante 4 meses, momento en el cual se tomaron muestras para determinar los cambios en las propiedades del suelo. Se usó un diseño completamente al azar, con ocho tratamientos, cuatro repeticiones y dos profundidades de muestreo. La correlación entre la cantidad de SDP incorporado y la mayoría de propiedades físicas evaluadas fue altamente significativa. Comparadas con el control (sin SDP), las dosis de 20, 40 y 80 g/kg redujeron significativamente la densidad aparente del suelo, al tiempo que incrementaron la porosidad total, la macroporosidad, la retención de humedad a bajas tensiones y el contenido de materia orgánica. En las dosis de 40 y 80 g/kg se observó una reducción significativa de la susceptibilidad a la compactación, lo mismo que un incremento en el diámetro promedio ponderado de los agregados estables al agua. Los incrementos de la conductividad hidráulica saturada y la permeabilidad al aire no fueron significativos en relación con el control.

The Hopkinson Bar has been widely used by many researchers for the analysis of dynamic properties of different brittle materials and, due to its great interest, for the study of concrete. In concrete structures subjected to high velocity impacts, initial compression pulses travel through the material leading to tensile stresses when they reach a free surface. These tensile efforts are the main cause of concrete fracture due to its low tensile strength compared to the compressive one. This is the reason why dynamic tests in concrete are becoming of great interest and are mostly focused in obtaining tensile fracture properties. Apart form the dynamic tensile strength, which has been widely studied by many authors in the last decades, the dynamic fracture energy presents an increased difficulty and so not too much experimental information can be found in literature. Moreover, up to date there is not a clear methodology proposed in order to obtain this parameter in an accurate way. In this work a new methodology for measuring the dynamic fracture energy is proposed by using the Hopkinson Bar technique. Initial tests for a conventional concrete have been carried out and the results for the dynamic fracture energy of concrete at different strain rates are presented.

A new Lidar combining Raman spectroscopy and linear polarization analysis is presented. This new instrument identifies the fraction of ice, liquid, and water vapor in low level polar tropospheric clouds and provides the polarimetric S and P state of the backscattering 532 nm Lidar signal. An overview of the research applications is given followed by a theoretical estimation of the Lidar returns. The instrument concept and optical characteristics are discussed. First Lidar profiles and instrument evaluations will be provided during the conference.

Abstract A retrospective study was carried out to investigate the causes of disease and death in a population of foals in Ireland during their first 12 months post partum. Foaling and veterinary records from 343 foals on four farms born between January 1, 2004 and May 30, 2008 were reviewed. Among 343 foals, 22 did not survive to 12 months of age. Over the five-year period, the incidence of stillbirth was 1.5% (5/343), mortality 5% (17/338) and overall morbidity was 88.5% (299/338). Morbidity was calculated to include all new conditions brought to the attention of the attending veterinary surgeon, no matter how minor. Of foals born alive: congenital abnormalities were the most common cause of death (35.3% 6/17 foals) followed by musculoskeletal trauma (5/17, 29.4%). Of 711 separate incidents of disease, 46.5% (331/711) were due to an infectious process, 25% (178/711) due to non-infectious musculoskeletal issues; and 14.9% (106/711) related to non-infectious gastrointestinal problems. Respiratory infection was the single most common disease accounting for 27.8% (178/711) of all disease incidents in this population. Findings from this study provide information regarding the causes and incidence of death and disease in the young Irish Thoroughbred population.

O presente artigo procurou reunir evidências da validade fatorial e consistência interna de uma Escala de Empatia focada em Grupos (EEG). Para tanto, foram realizados dois estudos: o primeiro refere-se a um estudo exploratório e o segundo a uma validação confirmatória. Foram utilizadas duas amostras, com aproximadamente 200 adolescentes cada. Os participantes responderam a EEG e a um questionário demográfico. Os resultados da análise de componentes principais identificaram quatro fatores representativos da estrutura interna do instrumento, com um Alfa total de 0,83. Uma análise fatorial confirmatória revelou indicadores psicométricos aceitáveis para o modelo com quatro fatores em comparação com outros modelos. De uma maneira geral, o presente estudo traz contribuições significativas para a compreensão da dimensionalidade do construto da empatia

El estudio se realizó en la reserva natural El Ciprés, ubicada en la vereda Bellavista, municipio de El Dovio (Valle del Cauca). La vereda se encuentra en la zona Andina de la cordillera occidental, en el departamento del Valle del Cauca, entre 1700 y 1800 m.s.n.m., con una temperatura promedio de 18 °C. Según la clasificación climática de Holdridge, corresponde a una zona de bosque húmedo Montano Bajo, con una precipitación promedio entre 2500 y 2700 mm/año, una humedad relativa de 90% y una pendiente del suelo de 62%. Las mediciones se hicieron en parcelas de escorrentía de 32 m2 cada una y siete tipos de coberturas: guadua (Guadua angustifolia Kunth), bosque secundario, pastura (Brachiaria decumbens), café (Coffea arabica); banco de proteína (Trichanthera gigantea), caña forrajera (Saccharum officinarum) y cultivo limpio conformado por yuca (Manihot esculenta), maíz (Zea mays) y arracacha (Arracacia zanthorrhiza Brancroft). Para la evaluación se midieron las pérdidas de suelo y los nutrientes calcio, magnesio, potasio y fósforo en un periodo de 7 meses. Los resultados mostraron diferencias (P < 0.05) entre las coberturas evaluadas. Las pérdidas más altas de suelo y nutrientes ocurrieron bajo cultivos limpios (2.61 t/ha) y las más bajas en guadua (0.08 t/ha). Estos resultados sugieren ventajas de los bosques de guadua en esta zona de Colombia, ya que además de contribuir a la conservación de los suelos y al mantenimiento de la fertilidad, es una alternativa económica complementaria para los productores rurales a partir de su manejo y aprovechamiento.

A pesar de su agradable aroma y de poseer una pulpa jugosa, de atractivo sabor dulce acidulado, el fruto de champa es altamente perecedero. Por esta razón, la comercialización se ha limitado al procesamiento del fruto y/o a su venta en zonas de producción, ya que de otra parte, aún no se ha determinado el comportamiento del producto para poder programar su recolección, y plantear alternativas de comercialización. En este contexto, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer la variación de las características fisicoquímicas de los frutos de champa cosechados en cinco estados de madurez, a partir de los cuales se determinaron la masa, el color, la firmeza, el pH, los sólidos solubles totales (SST), la acidez total titulable (ATT), los contenidos de sacarosa, glucosa y fructosa, y la relación de madurez. Para esto se tomaron 5 frutos por cada estado y por cada medición. Se encontró que la pulpa más la corteza constituyen el 60% de la masa fresca del fruto; el 40% restante corresponde a las semillas. La corteza del fruto varía de color verde a amarillo intenso, indicando la madurez de consumo. La firmeza disminuyó de 85 a 9,5 N para frutos maduros. Los SST se incrementan a medida que el fruto madura. La ATT disminuye durante el proceso de maduración. La sacarosa es el azúcar con mayor concentración en la champa, seguido por la fructosa y la glucosa.

Every day many kilometres of European highways are blocked by traffic jams. Congestion on roads and at airports adds the EU's fuel bill with a corresponding rise in pollution levels. In short, our present patterns of transport growth are unsustainable. One way of easing road congestion is to develop the efficient end-to-end movement of goods using two or more forms of transport in an integrated transport chain. We will focus on the multimodal transport problem that involves finding the most economical route in the distribution of cast iron ductile piping with or without mortar joint, both of different diameters and from different possible supply points to different points of destination over three transport networks, road, rail and sea, which may have routes in common. The orders are made for quantities in linear metres of pipes. The economic cost of the transport on the various routes is dependent on the number of lorries, freight wagons and platforms required, and as these quantities must be obviously integer numbers. In practical applications the search space is dimensionally very high, often there exist attractors into the search space due to the existence of multiple global optimum solutions, the cost function has discontinuities, many constraints, etc. The problem that has to be resolved is of great complexity, even using evolutionary algorithms. Our experience gained working several years in this optimization problem is described in this paper, to highlight that there is a need using evolutionary algorithms with certain learning ingredients and using strategies that progressively impose with more and more severity in the evolutionary optimization process the real scenario of the complex problem to get convergence to the global optimal solutions and simultaneously to obtain low computational cost total.

This papers presents the results of a first study on the pedagogical culture of teachers-to-be. This research stems from a previous study on the organizational culture of four Secondary Schools in the province of Barcelona. The raised objectives are:- To find out about the pedagogical culture of the students who attend the CAP (Certificate of Pedagogical Aptitude).- To compare the pedagogical culture of currently active teachers with that of teachers-to-be.- To anticipate the necessary training actions to adjust the culture of future teachers to the challenges that Secondary Education has raised.In the study we have collected information using a questionnaire adapted from the one used “to identify the organizational culture of Secondary Schools”. This instrument was administered to a sample of students attending the CAP at the Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona during the last training sessions.

To understand changes that happened on soil surface under different pasture and corn systems, it was necessary to observe its microstructure using methodologies such as thin soil sections and sweeping electronic microscopy. Important changes in soil fabric were observed under introduced systems compared to native savanna and forest systems.Para entender los cambios que ocurrieron en la superficie del suelo en diferentes sistemas de maíz y pastos se hizo necesario observar su microestructura utilizando metodologías de diversa índole como secciones delgadas y microscopia electrónica de barrido. Se constataron cambios importantes en la fábrica del suelo con los sistemas introducidos comparados con sabana y bosque..

Presentamos los resultados de un primer estudio sobre la cultura pedagógica de los futuros docentes. Se ha partido de un estudio previo sobre la cultura organizacional de cuatro IES de la provincia de Barcelona, que ha sido el predecesor de este estudio. Los objetivos planteados fueron: -Averiguar la cultura pedagógica de los estudiantes que cursan el CAP. -Comparar la cultura pedagógica de los docentes en activo con la de los futuros docentes. -Prever las acciones de formación necesarias para adecuar la cultura de los futuros docentes a los retos que tiene planteada la Educación Secundaria. En el estudio hemos recogido la información a partir de un cuestionario adaptado del utilizado "para identificar la cultura organizacional de los IES". Este instrumento fue administrado a una muestra de estudiantes del CAP (Curso de Aptitud Pedagógica) de la UAB en sus últimas sesiones de formación.

A field trial was conducted to evaluate the cumulative effects of fertilization and tilling on corn crop and introduced pasture under no grazing. Changes in soil physical and chemical parameters were evaluated in the first centimeter depth of top soil of field plots that were established in 1995 in Matazul farm located at the east of Puerto Lopez, Meta, Colombia. After eight years of establishment, results showed that corn system significantly improved soil fertility of savanna but soil stabilizer parameters such as organic matter, organic–Fe and fine silt were negatively affected. These effects were more pronounced with harrowing intensity. The system of improved pastures significantly increased soil organic matter and pH but with a tendency to decrease with tilling. These results point out the need for improved pasture phase in the rotation for sustainable land management and agricultural productivity.Se planteó un ensayo de campo para evaluar los efectos acumulados de la fertilización y la labranza en el cultivo de maíz y en pastos sin carga animal. Se evaluaron cambios en parámetros químicos y físicos del suelo en el primer centímetro de suelo de parcelas que se establecieron en 1995 en la finca Matazul, ubicada al este de Puerto López – Meta, Colombia. Al cabo de ocho años, los resultados indicaron que el sistema de maíz mejoró significativamente la fertilidad de la sabana, pero empeoró parámetros estabilizadores del suelo como materia orgánica, Fe–orgánico y limo fino, y estos efectos se pronunciaron con la intensidad de la labranza. El sistema de pastos mejorados incrementó significativamente la materia orgánica y el pH del suelo, pero con tendencia a disminuir con la labranza. Estos resultados puntualizan la necesidad de considerar una fase de pastos en rotación para mejorar el manejo de la tierra y la sostenibilidad de la producción agrícola.

The outlined methodology in this article allowed correlating soil sealing and soil physical properties as structural stability, infiltration velocity, soil loss erosion, run–off, normal and torsion resistance and aggregate distribution. The output showed that improved pastures after eight years of sowing produced a relatively positive response to soil erosion and mechanical strengths. But periodic farming and fertilization that are required for corn production although resulted in good seed bed preparation and created a good environment to store moisture, it allowed an increase of soil erosion and decrease of soil structure stability.La metodología presentada en este artículo permitió correlacionar el sellamiento del suelo y propiedades físicas como estabilidad estructural, velocidad de infiltración, suelo erosionado, escorrentía, resistencia normal y torsional, y distribución de agregados. Los resultados mostraron que los pastos mejorados después de ocho años de sembrados produjeron una respuesta relativamente positiva del suelo a la erosión y a los esfuerzos mecánicos. Pero la labranza y la fertilización periódicas que demandó la producción de maíz, aunque prepararon relativamente bien la cama de semillas y propiciaron un buen ambiente para el almacenamiento de humedad, permitieron un incremento de la erosión hídrica y un decrecimiento de la estabilidad de la estructura.

The influence of nitrogen fertilization on microbial activity and yield of oat crop in a soil of Chimangual (Andisol) of Nariño department of Colombia was mesasured. The experiment was designed using a factorial design arranged in a CBD. The three N sources consisted of: potassium nitrate, 13%N, ammonium sulfate 21%N and colacteos 27%N (a local nitrogen fertilizer). Also, three doses (25,75 y 150 kg N ha-1) and three application times were used: at sowing time, total at 45 days an fractional, 50% at sowing and 50% at 45 days after sowing. The higher respiration values at week 2 and 7 were observed after the higher dose of N (75 and 150 kg N ha-1) and fractional application were done. Potassium nitrate, colacteos and ammonium sulfate caused the higher increments in soil respiration and yield of green forage these fertilizer were applied at sowing time fractional and at 45 days respectively. Respiration positively correlated with yields of the established crop. Key words: Fertilizatión, respiration, yield, microbial activity, oat Avena sativa.En un diseño factorial con arreglo en BCA se analizó el efecto de tres fuentes de nitrógeno (nitrato de potasio 13% de N, sulfato de amonio 21% de N y colácteos 27% de N, este es una fuente local de fertilización), tres dosis (25, 75 y 150 kg N ha-1) y tres épocas de aplicación (a la siembra, a los 45 días y fraccionado) sobre la actividad microbial y rendimiento de Avena sativa. Se encontraron valores de respiración más altos en las semanas 2 y 7 siguientes a la incorporación de las dosis más altas (75 y 150 kg N ha-1) y con las aplicaciones fraccionadas de los fertilizantes. El nitrato de potasio, colácteos y sulfato de amonio ocasionaron mayores incrementos en los valores de respiración del suelo y rendimiento de forraje verde cuando se aplicaron a la siembra, fraccionado y a los 45 días respectivamente. La respiración correlacionó positivamente con los rendimientos del cultivo establecido. Palabras claves: Avena sativa, fertilización, respiración, rendimiento, actividad microbial.

To estimated the acid phosphatase activity (APA) in soil covered with potato and prairie in Catambuco, place Pasto, Colombia; located to 2820 msnm and with average temperature of 12.4oC. The acid phosphatase activity obtained the biggest values in soil covered with prairie in winter time, in addition to that, there were high correlations between the APA and the organic matter off the soil. In the factors sampling times and use of the soil, there were significance statistical differences, with the most significance in soil covered with prairie and with recent use in potato cultivation. The APA obtained the biggest percentage in soil covered with prairie, in front of the soil cultivated with potato for the two evaluated times. Key words: Acid phosphatase activity, use of land, Solanum tuberosumCon el objetivo de estimar y comparar la actividad de la fostatasa ácida (AFA) en suelos sembrados con papa y con pastos, se realizó la presente investigación en suelos del corregimiento de Catambuco, municipio de Pasto, Colombia (2.820 msnm, 12.4oC). La mayor actividad de la fosfatasa ácida ocurrió en pradera en época de invierno; además se encontraron altas correlaciones entre AFA y el contenido de materia orgánica. Para los factores épocas de muestreo y uso del suelo hubo diferencias estadísticas altamente significativas y para suelos cubiertos con pradera y con uso reciente en el cultivo de papa. La AFA alcanzó el mayor porcentaje en suelos cubiertos con pradera, frente a los suelos cultivados con papa, para las dos épocas evaluadas. Palabras claves: Actividad fosfatasa ácida, uso del terreno, Solanum tuberosum

In the Region Trentino Alto-Adige, 59 humus profiles were studied and classified in order to understand the variability of humus forms in alpine forest ecosystems. In particular, the evolution of humus forms was investigated in relation to the development of vegetation cover, with the aim of determining whether a humus form can be representative of a specific forest phase. For the study of humus profiles, transects were traced so as to cut across all 4 principal dynamic phases of forest evolution: open canopy, regeneration, intermediate and mature. Two sub-sites (of about 1000 m2) were selected at an altitude of 1700 m. a.s.l., on parent soil material of morenic sediments on acid substrate and with a vegetation cover of alpine spruce forest: the first, having a north exposition, is located within the Municipality of Pellizzano in Val di Sole, near Mount Nambino; the second, with a south exposition, is located near Madonna di Campiglio, in Val Rendena, near Mount Ritorto. The soil temperature regime is frigid, while the moisture regime is udic. Our investigation pointed out a wide evolutionary variability of forest humus in the studied sites, permitting to identify a probable association trend between different growing-phases of forest and specific humus forms.

Taquara River is situated in an agriculturist region, on the northern portion of the Tibagi river basin, state ofParaná. Fish fauna was collected in five stretches of the Taquara River and in nine headwaters of its tributaries, in theperiod of May to December 2006. Six orders, 22 families, and 74 species were collected, in a sum of 2,389 individuals.The orders Characiformes and Siluriformes were dominant.

Understanding the initiation and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) may provide therapeutic strategies for this deadly disease. Recently, we and others made the surprising finding that PDAC and its preinvasive precursors, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), arise via reprogramming of mature acinar cells. We therefore hypothesized that the master regulator of acinar differentiation, PTF1A, could play a central role in suppressing PDAC initiation. In this study, we demonstrate that PTF1A expression is lost in both mouse and human PanINs, and that this downregulation is functionally imperative in mice for acinar reprogramming by oncogenic KRAS. Loss of Ptf1a alone is sufficient to induce acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, potentiate inflammation, and induce a KRAS-permissive, PDAC-like gene expression profile. As a result, Ptf1a-deficient acinar cells are dramatically sensitized to KRAS transformation, and reduced Ptf1a greatly accelerates development of invasive PDAC. Together, these data indicate that cell differentiation regulators constitute a new tumor suppressive mechanism in the pancreas.

BackgroundThe potential benefits of the introduction of electronic and mobile health (mHealth) information technologies, to support the safe delivery of intravenous chemotherapy or oral anticancer therapies, could be exponential in the context of a highly integrated computerized system. ObjectiveHere we describe a safe therapy mobile (STM) system for the safe delivery of intravenous chemotherapy, and a home monitoring system for monitoring and managing toxicity and improving adherence in patients receiving oral anticancer therapies at home. MethodsThe STM system is fully integrated with the electronic oncological patient record. After the prescription of chemotherapy, specific barcodes are automatically associated with the patient and each drug, and a bedside barcode reader checks the patient, nurse, infusion bag, and drug sequence in order to trace the entire administration process, which is then entered in the patient’s record. The usability and acceptability of the system was investigated by means of a modified questionnaire administered to nurses. The home monitoring system consists of a mobile phone or tablet diary app, which allows patients to record their state of health, the medications taken, their side effects, and a Web dashboard that allows health professionals to check the patient data and monitor toxicity and treatment adherence. A built-in rule-based alarm module notifies health care professionals of critical conditions. Initially developed for chronic patients, the system has been subsequently customized in order to monitor home treatments with capecitabine or sunitinib in cancer patients (Onco-TreC). ResultsThe STM system never failed to match the patient/nurse/drug sequence association correctly, and proved to be accurate and reliable in tracing and recording the entire administration process. The questionnaires revealed that the users were generally satisfied and had a positive perception of the system’s usefulness and ease of use, and the quality of their working lives. The pilot studies with the home monitoring system with 43 chronic patients have shown that the approach is reliable and useful for clinicians and patients, but it is also necessary to pay attention to the expectations that mHealth solutions may raise in users. The Onco-TreC version has been successfully laboratory tested, and is now ready for validation. ConclusionsThe STM and Onco-TreC systems are fully integrated with our complex and composite information system, which guarantees privacy, security, interoperability, and real-time communications between patients and health professionals. They need to be validated in order to confirm their positive contribution to the safer administration of anticancer drugs.

BackgroundPatients with severe idiopathic Parkinson’s disease experience motor fluctuations, which are often difficult to control. Accurate mapping of such motor fluctuations could help improve patients’ treatment. ObjectiveThe objective of the study was to focus on developing and validating an automatic detector of motor fluctuations. The device is small, wearable, and detects the motor phase while the patients walk in their daily activities. MethodsAlgorithms for detection of motor fluctuations were developed on the basis of experimental data from 20 patients who were asked to wear the detector while performing different daily life activities, both in controlled (laboratory) and noncontrolled environments. Patients with motor fluctuations completed the experimental protocol twice: (1) once in the ON, and (2) once in the OFF phase. The validity of the algorithms was tested on 15 different patients who were asked to wear the detector for several hours while performing daily activities in their habitual environments. In order to assess the validity of detector measurements, the results of the algorithms were compared with data collected by trained observers who were accompanying the patients all the time. ResultsThe motor fluctuation detector showed a mean sensitivity of 0.96 (median 1; interquartile range, IQR, 0.93-1) and specificity of 0.94 (median 0.96; IQR, 0.90-1). ConclusionsON/OFF motor fluctuations in Parkinson's patients can be detected with a single sensor, which can be worn in everyday life.

Différents mélanges charbon-eau ont été préparés avec le charbon Freyming. Ces mélanges diffèrent par leurs teneurs en charbon, la distribution de taille de particules de charbon , la nature des agents dispersants. L'influence de la viscosité et de la coupe granulométrique initiale du charbon vis-à-vis de leur aptitude à la combustion a été déterminée. On observe que le rendement de combustion diminue au-delà d'une certaine teneur en particules micronisées dans le mélange, et qu'il n'existe pas de relation entre la viscosité et la combustibilité. D'autre part, l'ensemble des mélanges analysés présente un caractère newtonien jusqu'à des valeurs de taux de cisaillement très élevées de 20 000 s-1. Effects of viscosity and particle size distribution on combustibility were measured for slurries made from French bituminous coal with different dispersing agents, coal particle size distributions, and grindings methods. Combustion efficiency decreased beyond a certain level of fines in the mixture, while no relationship was observed between viscosity and combustibility. On the other hand, all of the mixtures tested have a Newtonian character, even at high shear rates up to 20 000 s-1.

Con el propósito de seleccionar los mejores frutos de feijoa (Acca sellowiana Berg) para exportación, se realizó un estudio de maduración con los frutos de los clones 41 (Quimba) y 8-4, mantenidos a temperatura promedio de 16,3 oC y HR promedio de 65,1%. El clon 8-4 fue evaluado por 14 d y el clon 41 (Quimba) por 18 d. Diariamente se registraron las variables intensidad respiratoria, sólidos solubles totales, acidez total titulable, pH y pérdida de peso. La intensidad respiratoria se determinó por cromatografía de gases y los azúcares, por cromatografía líquida de alto desempeño (HPLC) cada 2 d. Ambos clones exhibieron un patrón climatérico de respiración, y los azúcares más abundantes durante el proceso de maduración fueron fructosa, sacarosa y glucosa. Aunque no hubo diferencias estadísticas entre los clones, el clon 8-4 presentó mayor pérdida de peso y el clon 41 (Quimba) conservó por mayor tiempo sus características bioquímicas.

Se estudio el comportamiento fisicoquímico y fisiologico del fruto de uchuva durante la poscosecha. El fruto se cosecho en los grados de madurez 4 (color verde amarrillo) y 5 (amarillo), según norma 4850 de Icontec (Instituto de Normas Tecnicas y Certificacion), y se almaceno a 12 oC y 85% humedad relativa durante 30 d. Previamente, los calices se secaron a temperaturas de 18 oC y 24 oC durante 6 h. Se determino la intensidad respiratoria por cromatografia de gases y el contenido de acidos organicos y azucares por cromatografía liquida de alto desempeno. Los resultados mostraron que la uchuva es un fruto climaterico, que presenta el maximo de respiracion a los 12 d de almacenamien to. Los tratamientos con secado del caliz a 24 oC fueron mas eficientes, ya que el fruto respiro menos, comparado con las uchuvas cuyo caliz fue secado a 18 oC. Entre los acidos organicos evaluados, el acido citrico resulto predominante en el fruto, seguido por los acidos malico, ascorbico, tartarico y oxalico, respectivamente. La perdida de acido as corbico en el fruto fue total despues de12 d de almacenamiento. Los azucares predominantes en la uchuva fueron, en su orden, sacarosa, glucosa y fructosa. Frutos cosechados en grado de madurez (GM) 4 con secado del caliz a 24 oC y aquellos en GM 5 y secados a 18 °C conservaron mejor la concentración de sacarosa. Se presento Botrytis cinerea en frutos con secado del caliz a 18 oC.

In a spruce forest of the Autonomous Province of Trento, located on an acid substrate and with a north exposition, within the Village of Pellizzano, a transect has been traced; along this transect 19 humus profiles have been examined, one at every three meters. For each of them, OH and A horizons (respectively the humic organic and the organo-mineral horizon) have been sampled and studied following the methodology formulated by Ponge (1984) and Bernier et al. (1994). The morphological and semi-quantitative observation of these horizons with the stereoscope and the use of an identification key of soil fauna’s faecal pellets (Galvan et al. 2005) allowed us to determine and point out their relative abundance and to formulate interesting remarks on spatial and temporal variability of humus forms in forests. For four profiles of the transect, a micro-morphological study, with the microscope, of the thin sections of every horizon has been carried out as well, in order to observe those more detailed characters such as: the presence of fossilized coprolites, of paleo-aggregates and of those soil fauna’s dung, in particular mites’ faecal pellets, hardly identifiable with the stereoscope. Both methodology of morphological investigation proved to be necessary for an accurate research and to be a substantial aid for a better identification of humus forms, after they have been described in field following the French morphological-genetic approach (Jabiol et al. 1995).

‘Van Dyke’ mango fruits were harvested at physiological maturity and stored in active modified atmosphere conditions using different plastic packages (modified atmosphere packaging, MAP). Two-fruit-samples were placed in sealed caliber 2 and caliber 3 low density polyethylene packages (LDPE), using two initial atmosphere gas mixtures. Wrapped fruit and control fruit (without bagging) were kept at 12 °C and 90% relative humidity (RH) for 30 days plus 5 days’ shelf life at 18 °C and 70% RH. Caliber 3 LDPE film ensured that injected O2 concentration remained more stable and increased CO2 content during storage time than caliber 2 film. MAP treatment increased fruit shelf-life by delaying the ripening process. MAP drastically reduced fruit weight loss and increased ascorbic acid content compared to control. Negative correlation was found between fruit weight loss and fruit ascorbic acid content and O2 concentration within the plastic film and fruit ascorbic acid content. By contrast, there was direct correlation between CO2 content within MAP and the ascorbic acid content of fruit. Mango fruit wrapped in caliber 2 PE film ensured the longest extension of the ripening period, without incurring fruit skin lesions. Fruit in caliber 3-PE-film failed to ripen due to flesh softening being inhibited and organic acid degradation.

Con la finalidad de comprobar los efectos retardantes del calcio en la maduración de los frutos de feijoa (Acca sellowiana Berg, cultivar Quimba), se realizó un estudio sobre la aplicación poscosecha, mediante inmersiones de tres soluciones distintas de cloruro de calcio (5%, 10% y 15%) y un testigo. La aplicación de CaCl2 prolongó la vida de almacenamiento de los fru­tos, ya que los tratamientos permitieron a los frutos so­portar las condiciones de almacenamiento. Se observó un efecto importante en la disminución de las pérdidas de peso; los frutos tratados con el porcentaje de calcio más alto (15%) presentaron las menores pérdidas de peso en cada temperatura. En las fejioas almacenadas a temperatura ambiente (18° C), se observó que la in­cidencia de enfermedades fue más pequeña en los fru­tos tratados con CaCl2. La velocidad de pérdida de la firmeza de los frutos también se vio fortalecida por la adición de calcio. Con relación a las propiedades quí­micas de los frutos, no se presentaron diferencias sig­nificativas entre los tratamientos con cloruro de calcio para cada temperatura de almacenamiento; las feijoas tratadas con CaCl presentaron niveles superiores de sólidos solubles totales, a pesar de no ser significativos estadísticamente.

Os objetivos principais desse estudo foram analisar o conhecimento referente aos Dieritos Humanos (DH) de adolescentes de duas instituições de privação de liberdade e verificar a influência de características psicossociais dessas instituições sobre esse conhecimento. Foram entrevistados 80 rapazes entre 15 e 18 anos, que cumpriam medida socioeducativa. Os resultados demonstram que o conhecimento latente acerca dos DH estruturou-se em: direitos da declaração, direitos formulados genericamente, referências aos militantes de defesa dos DH e deveres morais. O conhecimento formal estruturou-se em: direitos da declaração, direitos do adolescente privado de liberdade e deveres morais. A antítese dos DH agrupou-se em: privação dos direitos da declaração, desrespeito aos direitos do adolescente privado de liberdade, desrespeito aos deveres morais. Verificou-se também que as instituições diferiam em relação às experiências de conflito/violência e em relação às medidas pedagógicas, e que essas características influenciavam no conhecimento dos DH

This report presented a brief overview of the literature on the perinatal asphyxia syndrome (PAS) in foals as a prelude to a description of the investigation and treatment of acute onset seizures in a 24-hour-old Thoroughbred colt foal. PAS can cause a wide variety of clinical abnormalities, of which seizures due to encephalopathy are the most significant. The structural and biochemical components of CNS neurones are disrupted by the shift from oxidative to anaerobic metabolism, with a resultant deficit in cellular energy. The cells succumb to the combined effects of acidosis, neurotoxic activities of glutamate, nitric oxide and free radicals, lipid peroxidation, accumulation of intracellular calcium and destructive overactivity of intracellular enzymes. Concurrently, the hypoxia affects other organ systems and management of foals presenting with CNS signs requires the veterinarian to undertake a thorough clinical examination and to institute appropriate therapy for the various derangements induced by the hypoxic-ischaemic episode. Diazepam (0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg bwt) can be used for short-term control of seizures; phenobarbital (2 to 10 mg/kg bwt) may be required for more prolonged treatment of recurrent seizures. The needs of the affected foal for nutrients, fluids and electrolytes, antimicrobial therapy and ancillary therapies were discussed in the literature review and illustrated in the case report.