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Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are important mesenchymal stem cells contributing to regenerating lost periodontal tissues and repairing bone defects. Studies on the molecular mechanism affecting the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs are necessary. Scopolamine (SCO) is known as a regulator of neural cell damage. The focus of the current study is on unveiling the role of SCO‐mediated molecular mechanism in the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. Through CCK‐8 assay and LDH detection, we confirmed that SCO enhanced the viability of PDLSCs. Moreover, we determined that SCO induced the PDLSCs osteogenic differentiation, according to data of ALP activity measurement and ARS staining. Mechanistically, we performed western blot and identified that SCO could promote the lactylation of runt‐related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). We also found through rescue assays that knockdown of RUNX2 could reverse the effect of SCO treatment on the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. Further mechanism investigation revealed that lactylation of RUNX2 at K176 site enhances the protein stability of RUNX2 through deubiquitination. Collectively, our present study unveils that SCO stabilizes RUNX2 to promote the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs through the lactylation modification of RUNX2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The osseodensification (OD) technique differs from conventional milling for dental implant installation in that it preserves the prepared bone and compacts it toward the apex and lateral walls of the socket, resulting in bone compaction. By enabling autografting, bone expansion, and high implant insertion torques, OD has become an increasingly popular option. The aim of this clinical case report is to demonstrate the predictability of combining OD with guided bone and tissue regeneration (GBR/GTR) techniques for bone expansion in the maxilla with reduced thickness, while avoiding other reconstructive surgeries. The report presents the treatment of a 32-year-old female patient who had cosmetic concerns regarding the anterior maxillary region. The patient was using an adhesive prosthesis with pontic on tooth 13 fixed between teeth 12 and 14. After the case was planned, it was decided that bone expansion in the region would be performed using the OD technique. The implant installation (AR Torque, 3.5 × 11.5 mm, Conexão®) and guided bone regeneration (GBR) were done with the assistance of L-PRF (Stick Bone, associated with L-PRF membrane). Following the osseointegration period, a provisional resin crown was fabricated, and a collagen matrix membrane (Mucoderm®) was used to increase vestibular soft tissue volume and shape the patient's gingival profile. After a period of 120 days, the final crown was created and observed for a span of 5 years. The results showed stability of the case along with maintaining its esthetic and satisfactory function. The use of the osseodensification technique coupled with a connective tissue graft substitute has been anticipated for a long time. It has proven to be an excellent alternative to autogenous grafts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In periodontology, it is widely recognized that evidence characterizing the incidence and effect of treatment complications is lacking. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of operator‐, procedure‐, patient‐, and site‐associated factors on intraoperative and postoperative complication occurrence. Material and Methods: A single investigator reviewed records of patients treated by eight periodontics residents from July 2018 through June 2022. For each procedure, the investigator recorded each intraoperative and postoperative complication or indicated that no complication had occurred. These outcomes were analyzed against a panel of explanatory covariates. In addition, the severity of each postoperative complication was assessed using a standardized grading system. Results: A total of 1135 procedures were included in the analysis. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were identified in 2.8% and 15.2% of procedures, respectively. The most common intraoperative complications were Schneiderian membrane perforation (1.3%) and gingival flap perforation/tear (1%), and the most common postoperative complications were dentin hypersensitivity (2.6%), excessive pain (2.5%), and infection (2.2%). Subepithelial connective tissue graft (odds ratio [OR]: 3.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6, 6.1; p <.001), guided bone regeneration (OR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.4, 6.5; p =.004), and guided bone regeneration with implant placement (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.3, 7.6; p =.011) were associated with higher odds of postoperative complication, whereas lateral sinus elevation (OR: 102.5, 95% CI: 12.3, 852.9; p <.001), transalveolar sinus elevation (OR: 22.4, 95% CI: 2.2, 224.5; p =.008), open flap debridement (OR: 36.4, 95% CI: 3.0, 440.7; p =.005), and surgically facilitated orthodontic therapy (OR: 20.5, 95% CI: 1.2, 358.4; p =.039) were associated with higher odds of intraoperative complication occurrence. Conclusions: Consistent with previous reports, procedure type appears to be the predominant factor driving complication occurrence. As analyses of treatment complications increase, individualized risk‐benefit assessments will become progressively meaningful for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is a prevalent oral disease caused by chronic inflammation of the periodontal tissues surrounding the teeth, which can lead to bone loss, tooth loosening, and even tooth loss. This inflammation has a negative impact on the osteogenic differentiation capacity of periodontal tissue‐derived cells. Non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of RNA molecules that do not encode proteins but can regulate various physiological processes. In this review, we summarized the critical signaling pathways that ncRNAs modulate in osteogenic differentiation of periodontal tissue‐derived cells, such as the Wnt, BMP/Smad, NF‐κB, and PI3‐K/Akt/mTOR pathways. This comprehensive exploration of ncRNA‐mediated modulation offers fresh and promising insights for prospective approaches in the management of periodontitis and the advancement of periodontal regeneration therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Closing a recurrent oroantral fistula (OAF) that occurs at an infected sinus augmentation site is a challenge for clinicians. The recurrent OAF has a detrimental impact on bone regeneration and subsequent implant placement. This case report includes three cases in which sinus graft infection and OAF occurred after maxillary sinus augmentation (MSA). In these cases, treatments to control sinus infection were performed using an otolaryngologist; then, intraoral interventions comprising mucosal flap procedures, bone grafts, and barrier membrane applications were performed 2–5 times by oral surgeons. Nevertheless, OAF recurred persistently. The failure to stop OAF recurrence may be due to the inability to effectively block air pressure at the OAF site. Following a comprehensive debridement of the infected tissue at the previous sinus augmentation site, a pouch was created through sinus mucosal elevation. The perforated sinus mucosa at the OAF site was covered with a non-resorbable membrane in one case and with resorbable collagen membranes in the other two cases, followed by bone grafting within the pouch. Lastly, this procedure was completed by blocking the entrance of the pouch with a cortical bone shell graft and a resorbable collagen membrane. The cortical bone shell graft, obstructing the air pressure from the nasal cavity, facilitated bone formation, and, ultimately, allowed for implant placement. Within the limitations of the present case report, the application of a guided bone regeneration technique involving a cortical bone shell graft and a barrier membrane enabled the closure of the recurrent OAF and subsequent implant placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In recent years, with the development of biological scaffold materials and bioprinting technology, tissue-engineered bone has become a research hotspot in bone defect repair. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the current treatment methods for bone defects, summarize the biomaterials and bioprinting technology for preparing tissueengineered bone scaffolds, and explore the application of biomaterials and printing technology in tissue engineering and the current challenges. METHODS: Search terms were “bone defect, tissue engineering, biomaterials, 3D printing technology, 4D printing technology, bioprinting, biological scaffold, bone repair” in Chinese and English. Relevant documents published from January 1, 2009 to December 1, 2022 were retrieved on CNKI, PubMed and Web of Science databases. After being screened by the first author, high-quality references were added. A total of 93 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The main treatment methods for bone defects include bone transplantation, membrane-guided regeneration, gene therapy, bone tissue engineering, etc. The best treatment method is still uncertain. Bone tissue engineering technology is a new technology for the treatment of bone defects. It has become the focus of current research by constructing three-dimensional structures that can promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and enhance the ability of bone formation. Biological scaffold materials are diverse, with their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. A single biological material cannot meet the demand for tissue-engineered bone for the scaffold. Usually, multiple materials are combined to complement each other, which is to meet the demand for mechanical properties while taking into account the biological properties of the scaffold. Bioprinting technology can adjust the pore of the scaffold, build a complex spatial structure, and is more conducive to cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. The emerging 4D printing technology introduces “time” as the fourth dimension to make the prepared scaffold dynamic. With the synchronous development of smart materials, 4D printing technology provides the possibility of efficient repair of bone defects in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disorder damaging periodontal tissues, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. It arises from the complex interplay between pathogenic oral bacteria and host immune response. Contrary to the previous view of "energy factories", mitochondria have recently been recognized as semi-autonomous organelles that fine-tune cell survival, death, metabolism, and other functions. Under physiological conditions, periodontal tissue cells participate in dynamic processes, including differentiation, mineralization, and regeneration. These fundamental activities depend on properly functioning mitochondria, which play a crucial role through bioenergetics, dynamics, mitophagy, and quality control. However, during the initiation and progression of periodontitis, mitochondrial quality control is compromised due to a range of challenges, such as bacterial–host interactions, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Currently, mounting evidence suggests that mitochondria dysfunction serves as a common pathological mechanism linking periodontitis with systemic conditions like type II diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, targeting mitochondria to intervene in periodontitis and multiple associated systemic diseases holds great therapeutic potential. This review provides advanced insights into the interplay between mitochondria, periodontitis, and associated systemic diseases. Moreover, we emphasize the significance of diverse therapeutic modulators and signaling pathways that regulate mitochondrial function in periodontal and systemic cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To assess histologically the success of the pulp capping approach performed in traumatically exposed dogs' teeth using a novel injectable gelatin-treated dentin matrix light cured hydrogel (LCG-TDM) compared with LCG, MTA and TheraCal LC. Methods: Sixty-four dogs' teeth were divided into two groups (each including 32 teeth) based on the post-treatment evaluation period: group I: 2 weeks and group II: 8 weeks. Each group was further subdivided according to the pulp capping material into four subgroups (n = 8), with subgroup A (light-cured gelatin hydrogel) as the control subgroup, subgroup B (LCG-TDM), subgroup C (TheraCal LC), and subgroup D (MTA). Pulps were mechanically exposed in the middle of the cavity floor and capped with different materials. An assessment of periapical response was performed preoperatively and at 8 weeks. After 2 and 8-week intervals, the dogs were sacrificed, and the teeth were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and graded by using a histologic scoring system. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p = 0.05). Results: All subgroups showed mild inflammation with normal pulp tissue at 2 weeks with no significant differences between subgroups (p ≤ 0.05), except for the TheraCal LC subgroup, which exhibited moderate inflammation (62.5%). Absence of a complete calcified bridge was reported in all subgroups at 2 weeks, while at 8 weeks, the majority of samples in the LCG-TDM and MTA-Angelus subgroups showed complete dentin bridge formation and absence of inflammatory pulp response with no significant differences between them (p ≤ 0.05). However, the formed dentin in the LCG-TDM group was significantly thicker, with layers of ordered odontoblasts identified to create a homogeneous tubular structure and numerous dentinal tubule lines suggesting a favourable trend towards dentin regeneration. TheraCal LC samples revealed a reasonably thick dentin bridge with moderate inflammation (50%) and LCG showed heavily fibrous tissue infiltrates with areas of degenerated pulp with no signs of hard tissue formation. Conclusions: LCG-TDM, as an extracellular matrix-based material, has the potential to regenerate dentin and preserve pulp vitality, making it a viable natural alternative to silicate-based cements for healing in vivo dentin defects in direct pulp-capping procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To date, no clinical studies have investigated the effect of using resorbable collagen membrane in conjunction with customized titanium mesh to promote bone formation in guided bone regeneration. Therefore, a non‐inferiority analysis (one‐sided 95% CI approach) was designed to compare the augmented bone gained using meshes with and without collagen membranes, through histological and histomorphometric investigations. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients undergoing bone augmentation procedures at both maxillary and mandible sites were randomly treated with customized titanium meshes alone (M−, n = 15) or covered with resorbable membrane (M+, n = 15), in both cases filled with autogenous bone and xenograft. After 6 months of healing, bone tissue biopsies were taken from the augmented region. The bone tissue (B.Ar), grafting material (G.Ar), and non‐mineralized tissue (NMT.Ar) areas were quantified through histomorphometric analysis, as were the osteoid area (O.Ar) and its width. Results: Collagen membrane did not appear to significantly influence the investigated parameters: B.Ar, G.Ar, NMT.Ar, and O.Ar were similar between Group M− (34.3%, 11.5%, 54.1%, 1.95 μm2, respectively) and Group M+ (35.3%, 14.6%, 50.2%, and 1.75 μm2, respectively). Considering the overall population, significantly higher rates of newly formed bone were obtained in mandibular sites, while non‐mineralized and dense connective tissue rates were higher in the maxilla (p <.05). Conclusions: The application of collagen membrane over titanium mesh did not lead to significant results. Bone formation appeared significantly different in the maxilla compared with the mandible. Additional studies are required to further investigate the issues observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive understanding of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for developing biomimetic ECM scaffolds for tissue regeneration. As the periodontal ligament cell (PDLC)-derived ECM has shown potential for periodontal tissue regeneration, it is vital to gain a deeper understanding of its comprehensive profile. Although the PDLC-derived ECM exhibits extracellular environment similar to that of periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue, details of its molecular composition are lacking. Thus, using a multiomics approach, we systematically analyzed cultured mouse PDLC-derived ECM and compared it to mouse PDL tissue as a reference. Proteomic analysis revealed that, compared to PDL tissue, the cultured PDLC-derived ECM had a lower proportion of fibrillar collagens with increased levels of glycoprotein, corresponding to an immature ECM status. The gene expression signature was maintained in cultured PDLCs and was similar to that in cells from PDL tissues, with additional characteristics representative of naturally occurring progenitor cells. A combination of proteomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the cultured mouse PDLC-derived ECM has multiple advantages in tissue regeneration, providing an extracellular environment that closely mimics the environment in the native PDL tissue. These findings provide valuable insights for understanding PDLC-derived ECM and should contribute to the development of biomimetic ECM scaffolds for reliable periodontal tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Malignant etiologies are found in 70-80% of symptomatic retroperitoneal masses. Histology is required for diagnosis and treatment. Information about endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided tissue acquisition (EUS-GTA) is scant for retroperitoneal masses. This study aimed to assess the pathology results of EUS-GTA for diagnosing retroperitoneal masses. Methods This retrospective, multicenter study involved patients from 5 care centers. All patients with retroperitoneal masses who underwent EUS evaluation were enrolled. We recorded demographic and clinical characteristics, location and size of the mass, type of needle (FNA/FNB), and complications related to the procedure. Results A total of 43 patients were included. The median age was 50.5 (range: 23-83) years, and 22 (51.2%) were female. The initial symptom was abdominal pain in 23 (52.3%) cases and weight loss in 11 (25%). Initial imaging was by computed tomography in 33 (75%) patients. Diagnosis with EUS-GTA was reached in 67.5% (29/43) cases. The most frequent histological diagnosis was carcinoma, in 25.5% (11/43). A malignant etiology was found in 31 (72%): 20 were primary tumors from the retroperitoneum, and 11 were metastases. In patients with metastasis, surgery was avoided and medical treatment was indicated. No adverse events were reported. Conclusion EUS and EUS-GTA can frequently provide accurate tissue diagnosis and significantly impact the subsequent management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regenerating the periodontium poses a critical challenge in oral medicine. To repair various periodontal defects, it is necessary to adopt a bio-scaffold that provides both the architecture and bioactive cues for local stem cells to migrate, reside, proliferate, and differentiate. The objective of this study is to combine a cell-specific decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) and a biomimetic electrospinning scaffold to regenerate severely destructed periodontium. SEM, water contact angle (WCA), live/dead staining, swelling ratio, tensile test and immune-fluorescent staining were used to define the suitable topography for certain dental stem cells seeding and culturing. Transwell assay, CCK-8, Alizarin Red staining and PCR immune-fluorescent staining were used to determine ideal cell-specific ECM for PDLSCs/BMSCs migration, viability, and oriented differentiation. A biodegradable triple-layered electrospun scaffold (TLS) was fabricated by electrospinning with aligned fibers on both surfaces and a polyporous structure in the middle. The morphology and inter-porous structure of the TLS were characterized by SEM and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The surface of the TLS was functionalized with cell-specific ECM (Bi-ECM-TLS) through decellularization of the cell sheets cultured on the scaffold. The regenerative outcome of Bi-ECM-TLS was assessed by an in-situ rat periodontal defect model. Micro-CT, HE-staining, Masson's trichome staining, Sirius Red staining and Immunofluorescent staining were used for histological analysis. Aligned Gelatin/PCL fibrous membrane (GPA) was most effective for both PDLSCs and BMSCs in culture with WCA around 50 degrees and better mechanical strength than the rest. MSCs favored the same type of ECM (cell-specific ECM), and their regenerative properties were effectively induced with better chemotaxis, proliferative and differentiating behaviors. TLS characterization showed that TLS possessed aligned-random-aligned structure and inter-porous structure. In a rat model of periodontal defects, the TLS functionalized by BMSC-specific ECM for bone regeneration and PDLSC-specific ECM demonstrated highest BV/TV ratio, best bone structure and ligament fiber orientation and blood vessel formation, suggesting optimal performance in regenerating both alveolar bone and periodontal ligaments over TLS, single-ECM loaded TLS and r-Bi-ECM-TLS. This study highlights the importance of combining a cell-specific decellularized ECM and a biomimetic electrospinning scaffold for targeted periodontal tissue regeneration, with potential implications for periodontal tissue engineering and improved patient outcomes. [Display omitted] • Bio-scaffold provides both the architecture and bioactive cues for local stem cell regeneration. • Cell-specific ECM promote PDLSC and BMSC functions respectively, leading to regeneration of complex periodontal tissue. • Provide two regeneration centers for regenerating hard and soft periodontal tissue simultaneously and independently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both guided bone and guided tissue regeneration are techniques that require the use of barrier membranes. Contamination and infection of the surgical area is one of the most feared complications. Some current lines of research focus on functionalizing these membranes with different antimicrobial agents. The objective of this study was to carry out a review of the use and antibacterial properties of regeneration membranes doped with antimicrobials such as zinc, silver, chlorhexidine, and lauric acid. The protocol was based on PRISMA recommendations, addressing the PICO question: "Do membranes doped with non-antibiotic antimicrobials have antibacterial activity that can reduce or improve infection compared to membranes not impregnated with said antimicrobial?" Methodological quality was evaluated using the RoBDEMAT tool. A total of 329 articles were found, of which 25 met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. Most studies agree that zinc inhibits bacterial growth as it decreases colony-forming units, depending on the concentration used and the bacterial species studied. Silver compounds also decreased the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and presented less bacterial adhesion to the membrane. Some concentrations of chlorhexidine that possess antimicrobial activity have shown high toxicity. Finally, lauric acid shows inhibition of bacterial growth measured by the disk diffusion test, the inhibition zone being larger with higher concentrations. Antimicrobial agents such as zinc, silver, chlorhexidine, and lauric acid have effective antibacterial activity and can be used to dope regenerative membranes in order to reduce the risk of bacterial colonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skeletal muscle represents a highly organized tissue that primarily regenerates by myogenic stem cells. Mimicking an in vitro skeletal muscle differentiation program that contains self‐renewing muscle stem cells and aligned myotubes is considered challenging. This study presents the engineering of a biomimetic muscle construct that can self‐regenerate and produce aligned myotubes using induced myogenic progenitor cells (iMPCs), a heterogeneous culture consisting of skeletal muscle stem, progenitor, and differentiated cells. Utilizing electrospinning, polycaprolactone (PCL) substrates are fabricated to facilitate iMPC‐differentiation into aligned myotubes by controlling PCL fiber orientation. Newly‐conceived constructs contain organized multinucleated myotubes alongside self‐renewing stem cells, whose differentiation capacity is augmented by Matrigel supplementation. Furthermore, this work utilizes single‐cell RNA‐sequencing (scRNA‐seq) to demonstrate that iMPC‐derived constructs faithfully recapitulate a step‐wise myogenic differentiation program. Notably, when subjected to a damaging myonecrotic agent, self‐renewing stem cells rapidly differentiate into aligned myotubes within the constructs, akin to skeletal muscle repair in vivo. Finally, this study demonstrates that the iMPC derivation protocol can be adapted to engineer human myoblast‐derived muscle constructs containing aligned myotubes, showcasing potential for translational applicability. Taken together, this work reports a novel in vitro system that mirrors myogenic regeneration and skeletal muscle alignment for basic research and regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the issue of indiscriminate alignment in orthodontic treatment for severe mandibular crowding. It explores the potential causes of this problem, such as dentoskeletal discrepancies and improper use of orthodontic devices. The article presents a case study of a 24-year-old female patient with dental crowding and asymmetrical arches, discussing the treatment plan and outcomes. It emphasizes the importance of preventing and managing indiscriminate alignment to avoid permanent damage. Additionally, the article addresses the controversy surrounding the relationship between orthodontic tooth movement and gingival recession, highlighting the importance of proper management and control of lower incisor positions in treatment planning. Strategies such as extraction spaces and sequential bonding protocols are suggested to prevent and address these issues. The article concludes that with immediate and precise intervention, stable results can be achieved over time. [Extracted from the article]

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Background Health problem that affects hard tissues of the teeth is dental caries, which is experienced by around 2.3 billion people in the world, with prevalence in Indonesia reaching 88.8. Direct pulp capping (DPC) is a vital pulp therapy used to maintain pulp vitality. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) is the gold standard pulp capping material, but has poor adhesion to dentin and mechanical properties, bacterial infiltration, formation of tunnel defects in the pulp resorption, and dentin bridge. Therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative therapy, namely, a combination of acemannan sponge and calcium phosphate cement (CPC)-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) for reparative dentin formation. Purpose This article describes the potential combination of acemannan sponge and CPC-CSH as DPC alternative materials for reparative dentin formation. Reviews Acemannan extracted from aloe vera exhibits anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytocompatibility properties. As DPC material, acemannan induces pulp proliferation and differentiation to osteoblast-like, growth factor synthesis, and promotes reparative dentin formation. However, acemannan sponge is radiolucent, allowing misinterpretation between pulp and acemannan sponge. CPC can be combined with CSH to shorten the setting time. CPC-CSH is radiopaque, has good compressive strength, and biocompatibility. CPC-CSH is a calcium-based material with neutral pH that can induce the dentin bridge formation. CPC-CSH showed good bioactivity because it induces the formation of apatite which plays a significant part in dentin and pulp regeneration. Conclusion The combination of acemannan sponge and CPC-CSH has the potential as DPC alternative materials for reparative dentin formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peri-implantitis is a growing concern and currently, there is no agreement on the best method for treating this condition. This study looked at surgical intervention with the use of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) for treating this condition. A cohort of 25 (34 implants) consecutive patients treated with EMD for peri-implantitis was followed for up to 6.4 years. The survival of the implants as well as changes in clinical parameters are reported. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t tests and general estimating equations. The mean length of time implants were followed post-surgery was 3.05 ± 1.53 years. All but two of the treated implants survived in function (94%). Both failed implants were lost in the same patient, who was a heavy smoker. The changes in mean probing depth (1.94 ± 1.18 mm), change in deepest probing depth (3.12 ± 1.45 mm), and reduction in bleeding on probing (73.6 ± 43.9%) according to patient means were all highly significant (p < 0.001 for all changes). When EMD is used during surgical treatment of peri-implantitis, there is a high survival rate of implants and significant improvements in clinical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The current study aimed to compare the extent of bone growth achieved after guided tissue regeneration (GTR) based on the location and nature of the initial periodontal lesion. Materials and Methods: The study sample included 80 patients who underwent GTR at Kyungpook National University Dental Hospital since 2012 and were radiologically followed up for at least 2 years after treatment. The patients were divided into four groups based on the location (maxilla and mandible) and nature (furcation involvement and intrabony defects) of the lesion. Differences in bone levels before and after treatment were analyzed. Additionally, a comparison of outcomes based on the type of bone graft material used was conducted. Statistical analysis included a comparison of groups using a t-test, assuming equal variance. Results: The proportion of bone growth observed in the maxillary furcation, mandibular furcation, maxillary intrabony, and mandibular intrabony lesions was 26%, 22%, 31%, and 34%, respectively. No statistically significant differences in the amount of bone fill were observed between the groups. However, a significant positive correlation was found between the initial depth of the bone defect and the amount of bone fill observed after treatment. Conclusions: Contrary to previous evidence, the current study observed no significant differences in the amount of bone fill after GTR based on the location and nature of the lesion. Furthermore, the amount of bone regenerated was directly proportional to the initial depth of the alveolar bone defect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroactive biomaterials can influence the microenvironment between cells and a material's surface by controlling surface electrical signals, thereby affecting cellular physiological activities. As the most commonly used ferroelectric polymer, Poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (PVTF) has attracted widespread attention due to its good stability, biocompatibility and mechanical properties. However, it has limitations such as non-degradability. In this study, PVTF nanoparticles (PVTF NPs), prepared using a phase separation method, were compounded with polylactide (PLA) to prepare PVTF NPs/PLA composite membrane (PN/PLA), which simultaneously achieved electroactivity and degradability. PVTF NPs containing ferroelectric β phase were evenly distributed on the PLA substrate, forming negative potential spots through corona polarization. The PLA substrate gradually degraded in a simulated body fluid environment. The negative surface potential provided by PVTF NPs in PN/PLA enhanced the adhesion, proliferation, and early-stage osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The electrical bioactivity and degradability could be joined together in this study, which is promising for tissue regeneration biomaterials, such as guided bone regeneration membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic administration is an adjacent therapy to guided tissue regeneration (GTR) in the management of periodontitis. This is due to the major role of pathogen biofilm in aggravating periodontal defects. This study aimed to fabricate a GTR membrane for sustained delivery of doxycycline hydrochloride (DOX) while having a space-maintaining function. The membranes were prepared using a polymeric blend of polycaprolactone/polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan by the electrospinning technique. The obtained membranes were characterized in terms of physicochemical and biological properties. Nanofibers showed a mean diameter in the submicron range of < 450 nm while having uniform randomly aligned morphology. The obtained membranes showed high strength and flexibility. A prolonged in vitro release profile during 68 h was observed for manufactured formulations. The prepared membranes showed a cell viability of > 70% at different DOX concentrations. The formulations possessed antimicrobial efficacy against common pathogens responsible for periodontitis. In vivo evaluation also showed prolonged release of DOX for 14 days. The histopathological evaluation confirmed the biocompatibility of the GTR membrane. In conclusion, the developed nanofibrous DOX-loaded GTR membranes may have beneficial characteristics in favour of both sustained antibiotic delivery and periodontal regeneration by space-maintaining function without causing any irritation and tissue damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reconstruction of bony defects in the alveolar crest poses challenges in dental practice. Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures utilize barriers to promote bone regeneration and prevent epithelial growth. This study focuses on evaluating the antibacterial properties of marine algae-polylactic acid (PLA) composite membranes compared to commercially available collagen membranes. Marine algae (Corallina elongata, Galaxaura oblongata, Cystoseira compressa, Saragassum vulgare, and Stypopodium schimperi) were processed into powders and blended with PLA to fabricate composite membranes. Cytocompatibility assays using human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (n = 3) were performed to evaluate biocompatibility. Antibacterial effects were assessed through colony-forming units (CFU) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of bacterial colonization on the membranes. The cytocompatibility assays demonstrated suitable biocompatibility of all marine algae-PLA composite membranes with human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Antibacterial assessment revealed that Sargassum vulgare-PLA membranes exhibited the highest resistance to bacterial colonization, followed by Galaxaura oblongata-PLA and Cystoseira compressa-PLA membranes. SEM analysis confirmed these findings and revealed smooth surface textures for the marine algae-PLA membranes compared to the fibrous and porous structures of collagen membranes. Marine algae-PLA composite membranes show promising antibacterial properties and cytocompatibility for guided bone and tissue regeneration applications. Sargassum vulgare-PLA membranes demonstrated the highest resistance against bacterial colonization. These findings suggest that marine algae-PLA composite membranes could serve as effective biomaterials for infection control and tissue regeneration. Further in vivo validation and investigation of biodegradation properties are necessary to explore their clinical potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a theoretical investigation is conducted on grain‐size inhomogeneity's impact and grain boundaries' (GBs') electrical nature in thin‐film solar cells. Using the Matthiessen rule, grain‐size‐dependent mobility is derived in polycrystalline material. The obtained grain‐size‐dependent mobility values are fed into the Poisson solver to calculate device performance. The severity of grain sizes in the lower region determines how grain size affects the photovoltaic performance by grain‐size‐dependent efficiency simulation. Low grain sizes become critical, especially for low‐thickness absorbers. The second aspect of the study assesses potential variation at GBs to reveal the impact of the electrical properties of GBs. Evidence shows that the acceptor defects at GB are benign for device performance, causing upward band bending at the GB and acting as electron barriers. Device performance is adversely affected by donor defects at GBs due to downward band bending. As summarized in the findings, the polycrystallinity‐induced cause–effect relationships of grains are likely to interest solar cell researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Regenerative dentistry aims to regenerate the pulp–dentin complex and restore those of its functions that have become compromised by pulp injury and/or inflammation. Scaffold-based techniques are a regeneration strategy that replicate a biological environment by utilizing a suitable scaffold, which is considered crucial for the successful regeneration of dental pulp. The aim of the present review is to address the main characteristics of the different scaffolds, as well as their application in dentin–pulp complex regeneration. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was conducted by two independent reviewers to answer the research question: What type of scaffolds can be used in dentin–pulp complex regeneration? An electronic search of PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane library databases was undertaken. Keywords including "pulp-dentin regeneration scaffold" and "pulp-dentin complex regeneration" were used. To locate additional reports, reference mining of the identified papers was undertaken. Results: A wide variety of biomaterials is already available for tissue engineering and can be broadly categorized into two groups: (i) natural, and (ii) synthetic, scaffolds. Natural scaffolds often contain bioactive molecules, growth factors, and signaling cues that can positively influence cell behavior. These signaling molecules can promote specific cellular responses, such as cell proliferation and differentiation, crucial for effective tissue regeneration. Synthetic scaffolds offer flexibility in design and can be tailored to meet specific requirements, such as size, shape, and mechanical properties. Moreover, they can be functionalized with bioactive molecules, growth factors, or signaling cues to enhance their biological properties and the manufacturing process can be standardized, ensuring consistent quality for widespread clinical use. Conclusions: There is still a lack of evidence to determine the optimal scaffold composition that meets the specific requirements and complexities needed for effectively promoting dental pulp tissue engineering and achieving successful clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the current article was to present a radiographic method to determine the surface area of newly formed periodontal attachment, as well as to analyze volumetric and morphologic changes after regenerative periodontal treatment. Method and materials: In this retrospective study, 11 singular intrabony periodontal defects were selected for minimally invasive surgical treatment and 3D evaluation. 3D virtual models were acquired by the segmentation of pre- and postoperative CBCT scans. This study determined the surface area of baseline periodontal attachment (RSA-A) and defect-involved root surface (RSA-D) on the preoperative 3D models, and the surface area of new periodontal attachment (RSA-NA) on the postoperative models. Finally, cumulative change of periodontal attachment (ΔRSA-A) was calculated and Boolean subtraction was applied on pre- and postoperative 3D models to demonstrate postoperative 3D hard tissue alterations. Results: The average RSA-A was 84.39 ± 33.27 mm², while the average RSA-D was 24.26 ± 11.94 mm². The average surface area of RSA-NA after regenerative periodontal surgery was 17.68 ± 10.56 mm². Additionally, ΔRSA-A was determined to assess the overall effects of ridge alterations on periodontal attachment, averaging 15.53 ± 12.47 mm², which was found to be statistically significant (P = .00149). Lastly, the volumetric hard tissue gain was found to be 33.56 ± 19.35 mm³, whereas hard tissue resorption of 26.31 ± 38.39 mm³ occurred. Conclusion: The proposed 3D radiographic method provides a detailed understanding of new periodontal attachment formation and hard tissue alterations following regenerative surgical treatment of intrabony periodontal defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate healing in apicomarginal defects with amniotic membrane (AM) using 2D periapical radiography and 3D cone beam computed tomography imaging. Method and materials: Thirty-four patients with symptomatic apical periodontitis and apicomarginal communication were allocated to either the AM or control group. Clinical and radiographic assessment was performed at baseline and at 12 months using Molven criteria, modified Penn 3D criteria, and RAC and B indices at resected plane, apical area, cortical plate, and combined apicocortical area, respectively. Results: There was no significant difference in the healing outcome in 2D imaging (93.3% control and 86.7% AM) and 3D imaging (80.0% control and 53.3% AM) between the groups. With RAC scoring, a greater percentage of unhealed cases was observed in cortical plate. Radiographic buccal bone formation in the 3D imaging was evident only in six cases. However, both the groups depicted significantly greater percentage reduction in the size of the lesion in 2D than the 3D analysis (AM group 91.69 ± 15.99 2D, 76.06 ± 47.62 3D, P = .020) and (control group 92.06 ± 14.36 2D, 85.12 ± 18.55 3D, P = .005). Conclusion: No significant difference in healing was observed between the AM and the control groups with the use of both periapical radiography and CBCT imaging. Despite good clinical healing and radiographic apical bone fill, buccal bone formation was not evident in 3D imaging in most of the cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the introduction of guided bone regeneration (GBR) using nonresorbable membranes, membrane exposure has been categorized as one of the major complications associated with the procedure. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) has a long history of use in GBR, and now the use of high-density PTFE (d-PTFE) is commonly reported in the literature. The major structural difference between these two materials is their permeability to bacteria: e-PTFE has an open-pore microstructure and is permeable to bacteria, while d-PTFE is not. Thus, there are fundamental differences in the two materials if premature exposure occurs. Protocols for classification and management of exposure specific to e-PTFE have been published and were well-received by clinicians, but these protocols do not necessarily apply to d-PTFE exposures. Because of the fundamental structural differences between these two PTFE materials, a protocol specific to the classification and management of d-PTFE membrane healing complications is required and is thus presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This retrospective study evaluates the clinical and radiographic outcomes of simultaneous guided bone regeneration (GBR) and implant placement procedures in the rehabilitation of partially edentulous and horizontally atrophic dental arches using resorbable membranes. A total of 49 patients were included, and 97 implants were placed. Patients were followed up for 3 to 7 years after loading. The data indicate that GBR with simultaneous implant placement and resorbable membranes can be a good clinical choice, and the data suggest that it could be better to horizontally reconstruct no more than 3 mm of bone in order to reduce the number of complications and to obtain stable results. However, this technique remains difficult and requires expert surgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horizontal ridge augmentation is a common surgical procedure performed prior to or simultaneously with implant placement, depending on the extent of the ridge deficiency. Many horizontal augmentation surgical options have been developed, spanning a wide range of materials and techniques. Given the numerous permutations available, the most suitable strategy to regenerate ridge width for an individual case often confounds clinicians. Based on an extensive review of the literature, this article provides up-to-date technique selection guidelines, in the form of a decision tree, for predictable horizontal bone augmentation dependent on the amount of bone gain needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic periodontitis is a prevalent oral health issue, affecting a substantial portion of the population. Infrabony defects, characterized by bone loss around teeth, are a hallmark of this condition and require surgical intervention to prevent further damage and tooth loss. Two commonly used surgical approaches are open flap debridement (OFD) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR). Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study included 60 patients with chronic periodontitis and infrabony defects. Patients were randomly assigned to either the OFD or GTR group. Clinical parameters, including probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL), were recorded at baseline and at 6-month and 12-month follow-up appointments. Radiographic assessments were conducted using periapical radiographs. The primary outcome measures were changes in PD and CAL, while secondary outcomes included radiographic evidence of bone regeneration. Results: At the 6-month follow-up, the OFD group demonstrated an average reduction in PD of 2.4 mm (SD = 0.8) and an increase in CAL of 1.6 mm (SD = 0.5). In contrast, the GTR group showed a reduction in PD of 2.1 mm (SD = 0.7) and an increase in CAL of 1.9 mm (SD = 0.6). These differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Radiographic analysis indicated a mean bone fill of 1.2 mm (SD = 0.4) in the OFD group and 1.4 mm (SD = 0.3) in the GTR group at 12 months, with no significant difference observed between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, both OFD and GTR approaches demonstrated comparable clinical and radiographic outcomes in the treatment of infrabony defects in chronic periodontitis patients.

Background: The study aims to assess the clinical efficacy of periosteal pedicle graft (PPG) as a barrier membrane in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) for gingival recession, intrabony, and furcation defects. Materials and Methods: Electronic and hand searches were performed to identify randomized controlled/clinical trials investigating GTR using PPG, with 6-month follow-up. Primary outcomes recorded: probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bone fill, recession depth (RD) reduction, percentage of mean root coverage, keratinized tissue width (KTW), and bone defect area (BDA). Results: Thirteen articles were selected; 6 for recession, 2 for furcation, and 5 for intrabony. Meta-analysis was performed whenever possible, results expressed as pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs). In recession defects, the RD pooled SMD is 0.47 (95% confidence interval (CI) = [−0.50–1.44]), KTW pooled SMD is 1.30 (95% CI = [−0.30–2.91]), favoring PPG over the comparator. In furcation defects, PD pooled SMD is 1.12 (95% CI = [−2.77–0.52]), CAL pooled SMD is 0.71 (95% CI = [−1.09–2.50]), and bone fill pooled SMD is 0.67 (95% CI = [−3.34–4.69]) favoring PPG. In intrabony defects, PD pooled SMD is 0.54 (95% CI = [−2.12–1.04]), CAL pooled SMD is 0.23 (95% CI = [−1.13–0.68]), and BDA pooled SMD is 0.37 (95% CI = [−1.58–2.31]) favoring PPG. The results were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The current evidence indicates that PPG constitutes a valid and reliable alternative to collagen barrier membranes for successful GTR.

Purpose: Regenerative periodontal therapy using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and bone substitutes with guided tissue regeneration (GTR) have been proposed as a therapeutic method to enhance the outcome of regenerative surgery. This includes light microscopic evaluation of retrieved ePTFE membranes to assess formation of new connective tissue attachment, and following the regeneration process. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the histological findings of retrieved ePTFE membranes using PRP and bone substitutes, the effect of PRP on graft materials, and the correlation of the findings with the clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two (72) patients with chronic periodontitis, each of whom had one deep intrabony defect, were randomly included in two studies and treated using the same type of membrane and different bone substitutes. In the first study, 17 cases were treated with a natural bone mineral and a non-resorbable membrane (NBM + GTR), and 17 cases were treated with PRP + NBM + GTR. In the second study, 19 patients were treated with β-tricalcium phosphate and a non-resorbable membrane (β-TCP + GTR), and 19 patients were treated with PRP + ß-TCP + GTR. In both studies, tissue integration of the retrieved ePTFE membranes and attached remnants were evaluated histologically. Results: Histological scores showed that membranes combined with NBM are better integrated than membranes combined with ß-TCP; the difference between the two decreased with the addition of PRP. The application of PRP had no significant effect on the quality of membrane integration combined with NBM, whilst significantly improving the integration quality when combined with ß-TCP. No correlations were detected between the histological scores and the clinical attachment level (CAL) gain in any of the groups. Conclusions: The present results indicate that: a) application of ß-TCP and PRP may enhance membrane integration and periodontal healing, and b) histological examination of retrieved membranes may provide valuable additional information with regard to the clinical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate whether titanium mesh exposure is influenced by the type of titanium mesh, the type of bone graft material, or the associated employment of absorbable membranes. Materials and Methods: Electronic literature searches were conducted using four databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane. Articles reporting titanium mesh exposure rates were included, and exposure rates in different subgroups were compared to determine whether a factor significantly influenced titanium mesh exposure. The review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO registry (CRD42020210187). Results: Twenty and 12 articles were included in the qualitative and quantitative synthesis, respectively. The weighted exposure rates of employing conventional titanium mesh or 3D-customized titanium mesh were 19.9% and 15.2% (P = .34). When employing autogenous bone combined with anorganic bovine bone material as bone graft material, the weighted exposure rate was 21.7%, whereas when using other bone graft material, the exposure rate was 23.5% (P = .74). The weighted exposure rate of using titanium mesh associated with absorbable membranes is 23.9%, while the weighted exposure rate of using titanium mesh without absorbable membranes is 20.2% (P = .36). Metaregression showed that when analyzing one factor, the other two confounding factors did not influence the result (P = .28). Conclusion: It seemed that the type of titanium mesh, the type of bone graft material, or the combined employment of absorbable membranes did not statistically significantly influence the titanium mesh exposure rate in guided bone regeneration. I [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blastema formation is a crucial process that provides a cellular source for regenerating tissues and organs. While bilaterians have diversified blastema formation methods, its mechanisms in non-bilaterians remain poorly understood. Cnidarian jellyfish, or medusae, represent early-branching metazoans that exhibit complex morphology and possess defined appendage structures highlighted by tentacles with stinging cells (nematocytes). Here, we investigate the mechanisms of tentacle regeneration, using the hydrozoan jellyfish Cladonema pacificum. We show that proliferative cells accumulate at the tentacle amputation site and form a blastema composed of cells with stem cell morphology. Nucleoside pulse-chase experiments indicate that most repair-specific proliferative cells (RSPCs) in the blastema are distinct from resident stem cells. We further demonstrate that resident stem cells control nematogenesis and tentacle elongation during both homeostasis and regeneration as homeostatic stem cells, while RSPCs preferentially differentiate into epithelial cells in the newly formed tentacle, analogous to lineage-restricted stem/progenitor cells observed in salamander limbs. Taken together, our findings propose a regeneration mechanism that utilizes both resident homeostatic stem cells (RHSCs) and RSPCs, which in conjunction efficiently enable functional appendage regeneration, and provide novel insight into the diversification of blastema formation across animal evolution. Jellyfish are known for their remarkable regenerative abilities. This study shows that in the jellyfish Cladonema, following tentacle amputation, repair-specific proliferating cells robustly form a blastema with stem-like properties; these are distinct from resident stem cells and have a preference for differentiating into epithelial cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aesthetic constancy and functional stability of periodontium largely depend on the presence of healthy mucogingival tissue. Soft tissue management is crucial to the success of periodontal surgery. Recently, synthetic substitute materials have been proposed to be used for soft tissue augmentation, but the tissue compatibility of these materials needs to be further investigated. This study aims to assess the in vitro responses of human gingival mesenchymal stromal cells (hG-MSCs) cultured on a Gelatin/Polycaprolactone prototype (GPP) and volume-stable collagen matrix (VSCM). hG-MSCs were cultured onto the GPP, VSCM, or plastic for 3, 7, and 14 days. The proliferation and/or viability were measured by cell counting kit-8 assay and resazurin-based toxicity assay. Cell morphology and adhesion were evaluated by microscopy. The gene expression of collagen type I, alpha1 (COL1A1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), integrin beta-1 (ITG-β1), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) was investigated by RT-qPCR. The levels of VEGF-A, TGF-β1, and IL-8 proteins in conditioned media were tested by ELISA. GPP improved both cell proliferation and viability compared to VSCM. The cells grown on GPP exhibited a distinct morphology and attachment performance. COL1A1, α-SMA, VEGF-A, FGF-2, and FAK were positively modulated in hG-MSCs on GPP at different investigation times. GPP increased the gene expression of TGF-β1 but had no effect on protein production. The level of ITG-β1 had no significant changes in cells seeded on GPP at 7 days. At 3 days, notable differences in VEGF-A, TGF-β1, and α-SMA expression levels were observed between cells seeded on GPP and those on VSCM. Meanwhile, GPP showed higher COL1A1 expression compared to VSCM after 14 days, whereas VSCM demonstrated a more significant upregulation in the production of IL-8. Taken together, our data suggest that GPP electrospun nanofibers have great potential as substitutes for soft tissue regeneration in successful periodontal surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft and hard tissues possess distinct biological properties. Integrating the soft‐hard interface is difficult due to the inherent non‐osteogenesis of soft tissue, especially of anterior cruciate ligament and rotator cuff reconstruction. This property makes it difficult for tendons to be mineralized and integrated with bone in vivo. To overcome this challenge, a biomimetic mineralization strategy is employed to engineer mineralized tendons. The strategy involved infiltrating amorphous calcium phosphate precursors into collagen fibrils, resulting in hydroxyapatite deposition along the c‐axis. The mineralized tendon presented characteristics similar to bone tissue and induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Additionally, the interface between the newly formed bone and tendon is serrated, suggesting a superb integration between the two tissues. This strategy allows for biomineralization of tendon collagen and replicating the hallmarks of the bone matrix and extracellular niche, including nanostructure and inherent osteoinductive properties, ultimately facilitating the integration of soft and hard tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gingival recession and post-operation discomfort are still a problem for patients receiving the periodontal regeneration surgery for intra-bony defects. To further reduce the trauma and the post-operation gingival recession, a novel periodontal endoscopy-aided non-incisional regeneration technique (NIT) was proposed in the treatment of intra-bony defects. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 21 subjects treated with NIT and 21 subjects with periodontal endoscopy-aided scaling and root planing (PSRP) at baseline and 1-year evaluation was conducted. After removing the subgingival calculus and granulation tissue, bone grafting materials were placed into intrabony defects with the assistance of a gingival retractor in the NIT group. Probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), clinical attachment level (CAL), as well as the distance between bone crest (BC) level and base of the defect (BD) (intrabony defect depth, IBD) were evaluated at baseline and 1 year after treatment. Results: At 1-year follow-up, the value of CAL, PD and IBD were statistically significant different compared with baseline in both two groups (p<0.001). CAL gain (p = 0.012) and PD reduction (p = 0.004) was greater in the NIT than PSRP. However, no difference in the IBD reduction was found between the NIT group and PSRP. Better CAL gain and PD reduction was achieved in the 1-year term in the NIT when compared with PSRP. Conclusion: NIT have resulted in significant gains in both clinical and radiographic parameters. NIT might be utilized as an alternative of the surgical treatment for periodontal intrabony defects. Trial registration: This clinical trial registration was registered retrospectively (August 3, 2023) and the number is ChiCTR2300074317. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platelets have important hemostatic functions in repairing blood vessels upon tissue injury. Cytokines, growth factors, and metabolites stored in platelet α‐granules and dense granules are released upon platelet activation and clotting. Emerging evidence indicates that such platelet‐derived signaling factors are instrumental in guiding tissue regeneration. Here, we discuss the important roles of platelet‐secreted signaling factors in skeletal muscle regeneration. Chemokines secreted by platelets in the early phase after injury are needed to recruit neutrophils to injured muscles, and impeding this early step of muscle regeneration exacerbates inflammation at later stages, compromises neo‐angiogenesis and the growth of newly formed myofibers, and reduces post‐injury muscle force production. Platelets also contribute to the recruitment of pro‐regenerative stromal cells from the adipose tissue, and the platelet releasate may also regulate the metabolism and proliferation of muscle satellite cells, which sustain myogenesis. Therefore, harnessing the signaling functions of platelets and the platelet secretome may provide new avenues for promoting skeletal muscle regeneration in health and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To radiographically evaluate the stability of the bone substitute augmented outside the buccal bony arch contour in the maxillary esthetic zone. Materials and Methods: Patients who missed a single anterior tooth and received simultaneous GBR in implant surgery were included. The contralateral homonymous area of the implant site was horizontally mirrored as the individual bone arch contour. According to the relative position of the postoperative buccal grafts and bone arch contour at the implant shoulder, 62 patients were allocated into the outside‐contour (OC) and inside‐contour (IC) groups. Cone‐beam computed tomography was performed before surgery, after implant insertion, before re‐entry surgery, and at follow‐up. The profilometric changes of the buccal bone plate were analyzed via the bone distance to the mirrored bony contour. Results: At the implant shoulder, the bone distance in the OC group was higher than that in the IC group, with statistically significant differences at re‐entry surgery and follow‐up. However, the bone grafts outside the bone arch contour were reduced into the contour after remodeling and showed more bone resorption than the IC group. At other vertical levels below the implant shoulder, bony grafting of overcontour 1–2 mm range was favorable to regenerate stable bone plates reaching the individual contour at follow‐up. Conclusions: The overaugmented bone outside the buccal bone arch contour tended to remodel into the original contour, which indicates that the anterior bone arch contour is worthy of careful observation for deciding buccolingual implant position and bone augmentation width. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this case report was to demonstrate the long‐term effects of a multidisciplinary approach involving periodontal reconstructive surgery and strategic implant placement before orthodontic (SIMBO) treatment in a patient with severe periodontitis (e.g., stage IV/grade C). Clinical Considerations: The patient presented with severe periodontitis and pathologic tooth migration (PTM) without stable occlusion or occlusal support. After performing cause‐related therapy, periodontal regenerative surgery, pre‐orthodontic posterior implant placement, and orthodontic treatment involving anterior implant placement with papilla reconstruction, the patient achieved full‐mouth rehabilitation and improvement of dental and smile esthetics. The clinical and radiographic results obtained were maintained over a 10‐year period. Conclusion: Within the limits of this as a single case, multidisciplinary treatment involving the SIMBO approach appeared to allow long‐term improvement of periodontal condition, stability of the dental arches and occlusion, and esthetics in a patient with severe periodontitis, PTM and posterior bite collapse. Future studies with more subjects are needed to evaluate and validate this approach. Clinical Significance: When addressing periodontal disease, SIMBO approach‐based multidisciplinary treatment appears safe and effective as a clinical protocol for establishing esthetic and functional rehabilitation in generalized stage IV/grade C periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing refers to the set of technologies through which it is possible to transform a digital model into a real object. The creation is accomplished by setting down progressive layers of a particular material until the whole item is made. Virtual surgical planning using 3D printing represents one of the greatest technological achievements of the last decades. Medical institutions are setting up laboratories equipped with cutting-edge technological tools and creating virtual models of the patient body parts using dedicated software. Virtual 3D processing takes place using printers which, with filaments and resins, allow the creation of models to assist in the planning of surgical interventions and shorten their execution times. The ability to view the final result of an intervention in 3D format rather than with 2D images facilitates the dialogue between surgeon and patient, giving the latter the possibility of an informed decision. The future of 3D printing is "bioprinting" which represents a great opportunity for biomedical research and for regenerative medicine in particular. The repair and regeneration of tissues or entire organs resulting from congenital defects like microtia or rare facial clefts or acquired diseases like defects left after ablative cancer surgery of the jaws can make use of 3D printing of biological material that allows the generation of living cell layers with the aim of repairing tissues or generating entire organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: VSELSCs are considered the Holy Grail of regenerative medicine. The published transformations from VSELSCs to VSCSCs to CSCs have prompted us to re-analyze the results of previous research and conduct new studies on the existence of very small stem-like cells in continuously growing cell lines. Utilizing well-established cell cultures with varying levels of primitive cell content, specific CD markers for VSELSCs, side and forward scattering, DNA content analysis, and functional studies, a cytological method for detecting this cell stage has been developed. Very Small Embryonic-like Stem Cells (VSELSCs) and Very Small Cancer Stem Cells (VSCSCs) are fields of intensive research. Although the presence in vitro of VSELSC and VSCSC cellular stage analogs appear probable, it has yet to be published. Utilizing established human cell cultures with varying populations of primitive cells, stained with CD markers specific to primitive stages, in addition to a fluorescent DNA dye, and following histochemical processing, we have developed a cytological method for detecting Very Small Leukemic Stem-like Cells (VSLSLCs), Very Small Cancer Stem-like Cells (VSCSLCs), and VSELSCs. This detection provides an opportunity to advance research in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectives: Autologous dentin grafts derived from extracted teeth have shown promise as bone graft materials for promoting bone regeneration. This retrospective case series aimed to evaluate clinical, radiographic, and histologic outcomes of using autologous dentin matrices in various bone regeneration procedures. Materials and Methods: This case series included 26 eligible patients and encompassed 4 socket preservation cases, 5 cases of guided tissue regeneration, 5 cases of guided bone regeneration (GBR), 10 cases of sinus augmentation procedures, 2 immediate placement implants, and 2 socket shields. Dentin grafts were prepared from extracted teeth, cleaned, and processed. These grafts were combined with platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF) to create adhesive dentin matrices, then covered with collagen membranes for simultaneous guided bone augmentation cases. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were conducted before surgery and 4 months postoperatively to assess ridge dimensions. Histologic evaluation was performed through bone core biopsies for socket preservation cases at the 4‐month mark. Results: A total of 42 implants were placed in 26 patients, with an average follow‐up of 32 months. Notably, two implant failures occurred following lateral maxillary sinus augmentation. CBCT scans at the 4‐month interval revealed bone coverage over implant platforms in the majority of cases. Histologic analysis from two cases of socket preservation demonstrated dentin granules enveloped by newly formed bone undergoing continuous remodeling. The quantitative histomorphometric assessment revealed a bone area of 42.8 ± 3.56%, a remaining graft area of 19.05 ± 4.58%, and a viable bone of 38.15 ± 7.84%. Conclusions: The utilization of autologous dentin particles mixed with PRF proved effective as an alternative to conventional bone graft materials in GBR and maxillary sinus augmentation procedures. Larger controlled clinical trials are recommended to further substantiate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Odontogenic cysts can lead to bone destruction that can hamper the dental implant placement in the ideal 3D position. Different biomaterials and techniques that allow bone regeneration are described in the literature, each with its advantages and disadvantages. This clinical case with 18 months of follow-up aims to show the enucleation of an odontogenic cyst following the guided bone regeneration with the fence technique, which allows the placement of the dental implants in the ideal 3D position, reducing morbidity and the number of surgeries. It involved a fifty-year-old male patient with a cyst in the second sextant who needed implant rehabilitation. During the first surgery, the odontogenic cyst (proven by histological analysis where there was reported a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium) was enucleated and a guided bone regeneration using the fence technique was performed. The fence technique combines the xenograft, the collagen membrane and an osteosynthesis plate that is molded and fixed to the intervention area to ensure sufficient space for bone tissue regeneration. After six months, two dental implants were placed in the region of tooth 11 and 21, then rehabilitated nine weeks later. The fence technique guaranteed the recovery of the bone morphology and the placement of the dental implants in the ideal 3D position. This technique allows for the handling of complex cases, avoiding the need of autologous bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to construct crosslinked polylysine‐hyaluronic acid microspheres (pl‐HAM) ladened with gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) and explore its biologic behavior in soft tissue regeneration. Methods: The effects of the crosslinked pl‐HAM on the biocompatibility and the recruitment of L‐929 cells and GMSCs were detected in vitro. Moreover, the regeneration of subcutaneous collagen tissue, angiogenesis and the endogenous stem cells recruitment were investigated in vivo. We also detected the cell developing capability of pl‐HAMs. Results: The crosslinked pl‐HAMs appeared to be completely spherical‐shaped particles and had good biocompatibility. L‐929 cells and GMSCs grew around the pl‐HAMs and increased gradually. Cell migration experiments showed that pl‐HAMs combined with GMSCs could promote the migration of vascular endothelial cells significantly. Meanwhile, the green fluorescent protein‐GMSCs in the pl‐HAM group still remain in the soft tissue regeneration area 2 weeks after surgery. The results of in vivo studies showed that denser collagen deposition and more angiogenesis‐related indicator CD31 expression in the pl‐HAMs+ GMSCs + GeL group compared with the pl‐HAMs + GeL group. Immunofluorescence showed that CD44, CD90, CD73 co‐staining positive cells surrounded the microspheres in both pl‐HAMs + GeL group and pl‐HAM + GMSCs + GeL group. Conclusions: The crosslinked pl‐HAM ladened with GMSCs system could provide a suitable microenvironment for collagen tissue regeneration, angiogenesis and endogenous stem cells recruitment, which may be an alternative to autogenous soft tissue grafts for minimally invasive treatments for periodontal soft tissue defects in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dental pulp plays a crucial role in the long-term maintenance of tooth function. The progress of endodontic treatment and pulp tissue regeneration engineering has made pulp-regeneration therapy promising in clinical practice. However, the mechanisms of pulp regeneration and the role of dental stem cells in development and regeneration have not been fully elucidated. Bridging the gaps between clinical operation and basic research is urgently needed. With the application of single-cell sequencing technology in dental research, the landscapes of human dental pulp cells have begun being outlined. However, the specific cellular heterogeneity of dental pulp cells, especially that of dental stem cells, at different spatial and temporal levels, is still unclear. In this study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of pulp samples at four different developmental stages and combined the findings with immunohistochemical staining to explore the development of dental pulp and stem cells. The results revealed temporal changes in the proportion of pulp cells during development. For example, mononuclear phagocytes accounted for a higher proportion in early samples. Odontoblasts identified by DMP1 had a higher expression of ion channel-related and neurodevelopment-related genes. Subpopulations were identified in fibroblasts, odontoblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells. We identified a subclass of odontoblasts that expresses DGKI and RRBP1 present in early developmental samples. Population of earlier mesenchymal stem cells expressed the SEPTIN gene, which may have greater proliferative and differentiation potential. Furthermore, dental pulp stem cells can differentiate into two directions: mineralization and myogenesis. In summary, the specific cellular heterogeneity of dental pulp cells was revealed at different spatial and temporal levels. These findings may shed light on the mechanism of tooth development. The gene expression profile of developing pulp cells may help to select cells for regenerative engineering and improve the success of dental pulp regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology is a fast emerging field with several biomedical research applications as a result of recent breakthroughs. Silver has also gained popularity as a disinfectant and antibacterial agent with little negative effects. Silver nanoparticles have a wide range of antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. Silver nanoparticles can penetrate the walls of bacterial cells, changing the structure of cell membranes and perhaps leading to cell death. Their small size (nanoscale) and high surface area to volume ratio both contribute to their effectiveness. They can form reactive oxygen species by releasing silver ions, which can increase the permeability of cell membranes and prevent the replication of deoxyribonucleic acid. The use of silver nanoparticles as antibacterial agents in dentistry has been studied by researchers. For example, silver nanoparticles can be added to composite resin for restorative treatment, acrylic resin for fabrication of removable dentures in prosthetic treatment, irrigating solution and obscuration material for endodontic treatment, adhesive materials for orthodontic treatment, membrane for guided tissue regeneration in periodontal treatment, and titanium coating for dental implant treatment. No systemic toxicity of ingested silver nanoparticles has been reported, despite the fact that not all authorities have recognized their safety. Their potential danger if discharged into the environment is a major worry. However, the toxicity of nanoparticles can change depending on how they interact with harmful substances and chemical molecules. The antibacterial mechanism, possible uses, and review of silver nanoparticles' antibacterial use in dentistry are highlighted in this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a highly recognized synthetic polymer for its biocompatibility, ease of fabrication and mechanical strength in bone tissue engineering. Its applications have extended broadly, including regeneration of oral and maxillofacial lost tissues. Its usefulness has brought attention of researchers to regenerate periodontal lost tissues, including alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and cementum. The aim of this systematic review was to obtain an updated analysis of the contribution of PCL-based scaffolds in the alveolar bone regeneration process. Methods: This review adheres to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for systematic reviews. A computerized search of the PubMed, EBSCO, Scielo and Web of Science databases was performed, restricting literature search to published studies in English or Spanish between January 2002 and March 2023. Database search returned 248 studies which were screened based on title, author names and publication dates. Results: Data from 17 studies were reviewed and tabulated. All studies combined PCL with other biomaterials (such as Alginate, hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)), growth factors (BMP-2, rhCEMP1), and/or mesenchymal stromal cells (adipose-derived, bone marrow, periodontal ligament or gingiva mesenchymal stromal cells). PCL scaffolds showed higher cell viability and osteoinductive potential when combined with bioactive agents. Complementary, its degradation rates were affected by the addition or exposure to specific substances, such as: Dopamine, Cerium Oxide, PLGA and hydrogen peroxide. Conclusions: PCL is an effective biomaterial for alveolar bone regeneration in periodontally affected teeth. It could be part of a new generation of biomaterials with improved regenerative potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]