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Land cover change (LCC) and climate change (CC) impacts on streamflow in high elevated catchments are a great challenge to sustainable management and the development of water resources. This study evaluates the possible future impacts of both land cover and climate change on the streamflows in the Mohmand Dam catchment, Pakistan, by utilizing the semi-distributed hydrological model known as the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), along with the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) dataset of different global climate models (GCMs). The downscaling of the precipitation and temperature data was performed by the CMhyd software. The downscaled precipitation and temperature projections from the best performing GCM, out of four GCMs, under two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP2 and SSP5) and future land cover conditions were forced in a calibrated hydrological model (SWAT model). Compared to the baseline period (1990–2015), the outputs from the selected GCM indicated an increase in the average monthly precipitation, and the maximum and minimum temperature in the study area under both the SSP2 and SSP5 scenarios, by the end of the 21st century. It is expected that the increase in precipitation for the period 2016–2100 is 10.5% and 11.4% under the SSP2 and SSP5 scenarios, respectively. Simulated results from the SWAT model showed significant impacts from the projected climate and land cover changes on Mohmand Dam flows that include: (a) an increase in the overall mean annual flow ranging from 13.7% to 34.8%, whereas the mean monthly flows of June, July and August decreased, and (b) a shift in the peak flows in the Mohmand catchment from July to June. It is concluded that the projected climate changes can substantially influence the seasonality of flows at the Mohmand Dam site. Climate and land cover change impacts are significant, so project planners and managers must include CC and LCC impacts in the proposed operational strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: At present, bio-green methods are more expedient than physical and chemical approaches due to their prompt, simple, lucrative, scalable and conservational synthesis of nanoparticles. Aim: This study investigates the extracellular biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the ethanolic-hexane extract of Isochrysis sp. (EHEI). Materials and Methods: Biosynthesized AgNPs were nano-characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR), and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and finally examined for antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Results: The biosynthesis of AgNPs was evidenced with UV-Vis spectra showing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 421 nm; fabrication of highly stable, well dispersed, spherical AgNPs with an average size of 64.47 nm which were evidenced by FESEM. The crystalline nature of AgNPs was apparent from the diffraction peaks of XRD. The Zeta potential value of-22.3 mV demonstrated the colloidal stability of AgNPs. FTIR spectra showed that functional groups existing in fatty acids, lipids, proteins, xanthophylls, polyphenols and amines are accountable for the formation and stabilization of AgNPs. GCMS confirmed that biomolecules like fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) are involved in capping, biochemical reduction of Ag+ ions and stabilization of AgNPs. Also, the synthesized NPs displayed high antimicrobial activity against pathogenic G+ve and G-ve bacteria. In vitro antioxidant properties were ascertained by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide and reducing power assays which established that AgNPs have an incomparable scavenging potential than the extracts. Conclusion: Use of such a microalgal system postulates an alternative template for biofabrication of multifunctional nanomaterials in extensive prototype that might be extensively applicable in biomedical sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature-based systems (NBS) are nature inspired, unflagging, efficient, and budget friendly ideas that evolved as ideal technologies for wastewater treatment. The present study deals with the purification of residential wastewater through the NBS, covering three seasons. The NBS embedded with the Canna lily effectively eliminated organic matter, nutrients, and heavy metals. Nearly 57.2–75.2% COD, 69.9–83.2% BOD, 73.4–90.6% TSS, 51.1–71.6% PO43−-P, 66.3–84.8% NH4+-N, 52–61.5% NO3−-N, and 68–70.6% NO2−-N removal were achieved. Heavy metals like Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, and Pb were removed, with a 98.25% reduction in the total bacterial count. The pollutant removal's kinetics was calculated using first-order kinetics. The mass removal rate of BOD was high in monsoon (22.3 g/m2/d), and COD was high in summer (36.4 g/m2/d). Organic compound removal (65.2%), including emerging pollutants, was observed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of water and Canna samples. Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (WDXRF) studied the elements and oxides retention by media and accumulation by the plant. The CHN content of the Canna and its morphological study was checked using the carbon CHNS analyzer and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX), respectively. The performance of the NBS was validated using variance, correlation, and principal component analysis (PCA). This study shows the NBS effects on the remediation of environmental and emerging contaminants from residential wastewater and further use it for horticultural activities, thereby achieving sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pilot-scale treatment method was used in the present study to test the biosorption of textile dye from textile effluent and carbon dioxide using Chlorella vulgaris RDS03. The textile dye effluent treatment achieved that textile dye biosorption capacity (qmax) rate of 98.84% on 15 days of treatment using Chlorella vulgaris RDS03. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm kinetics model indicated that the higher R2 value 0.98. The microalga Chlorella vulgaris RDS03 was captured-96.86% of CO2 analyzed by CO2 utilization and biofixation kinetics, 4.65 mgmL−1 of biomass, 189.26 mgg−1 of carbohydrate, 233.89 mgg−1 of lipid, 4.3 mLg−1 of bioethanol and 4.9 mLg−1 of biodiesel produced. We performed fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). We found 40 types of biodiesel compounds, specifically myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) validated and analyzed the produced bioethanol. Novelty of the Research • Unicellular microalga Chlorella vulgaris RDS03 was isolated from the freshwater region and investigated their biosorption efficiency against hazardous synthetic azo textile dyes. • Chlorella vulgaris RDS03 ability to biosorption 96.86% of environmental polluted carbon dioxide • Treated biomass was used to produce ecofriendly, unpolluted and green energy such as biofuels (biodiesel and bioethanol) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change impact assessment along with adaptation measures are key for reducing the impact of climate change on crop production. The impact of current and future climate change on maize production was investigated, and the adaptation role of shifting planting dates, different levels of nitrogen fertilizer rates, and choice of maize cultivar as possible climate change adaptation strategies were assessed. The study was conducted in three environmentally contrasting sites in Ethiopia, namely: Ambo, Bako, and Melkassa. Future climate data were obtained from seven general circulation models (GCMs), namely: CanESM2, CNRM-CM5, CSIRO-MK3-6-0, EC-EARTH, HadGEM2-ES, IPSL-CM5A-MR, and MIROC5 for the highest representative concentration pathway (RCP 8.5). GCMs were bias-corrected at site level using a quantile-quantile mapping method. APSIM, AquaCrop, and DSSAT crop models were used to simulate the baseline (1995–2017) and 2030s (2021–2050) maize yields. The result indicated that the average monthly maximum air temperature in the 2030s could increase by 0.3–1.7 °C, 0.7–2.2 °C, and 0.8–1.8 °C in Ambo, Bako, and Melkassa, respectively. For the same sites, the projected increase in average monthly minimum air temperature was 0.6–1.7 °C, 0.8–2.3 °C, and 0.6–2.7 °C in that order. While monthly total precipitation for the Kiremt season (June to September) is projected to increase by up to 55% (365 mm) for Ambo and 75% (241 mm) for Bako respectively, whereas a significant decrease in monthly total precipitation is projected for Melkassa by 2030. Climate change would reduce maize yield by an average of 4% and 16% for Ambo and Melkassa respectively, while it would increase by 2% for Bako in 2030 if current maize cultivars were grown with the same crop management practice as the baseline under the future climate. At higher altitudes, early planting of maize cultivars between 15 May and 1 June would result in improved relative yields in the future climate. Fertilizer levels increment between 23 and 150 kg ha−1 would result in progressive improvement of yields for all maize cultivars when combined with early planting for Ambo. For a mid-altitude, planting after 15 May has either no or negative effect on maize yield. Early planting combined with a nitrogen fertilizer level of 23–100 kg ha−1 provided higher relative yields under the future climate. Delayed planting has a negative influence on maize production for Bako under the future climate. For lower altitudes, late planting would have lower relative yields compared to early planting. Higher fertilizer levels (100–150 kg ha−1) would reduce yield reductions under the future climate, but this varied among maize cultivars studied. Generally, the future climate is expected to have a negative impact on maize yield and changes in crop management practices can alleviate the impacts on yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the herbicidal activity of fractions recovered from the ethyl acetate leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides L. on Amaranthus spinosus L., Cyperus rotundus L. and Axonopus compressus L. growth. The leaves of A. conyzoides were defatted with n-hexane and then extracted with ethyl acetate. Two subfractions A and B, were recovered after fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract by column chromatography. In pot assays, the ethyl acetate extract of 2-subfractions A and B were applied to A. spinosus, C. rotundus and A. compressus at concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 % and the herbicide (2,4-D at 0.686 kg a.i. ha-1) and distilled water applied as positive and negative controls, respectively. The subfractions showed phytotoxic activity 7-days after the start of the pot assay. Subfraction A at concentrations of 4 % or higher completely suppressed the growth of A. spinosus and that of A. compressus at 10 % concentration. Thus, subfraction B was less phytotoxic to weeds than subfraction A. The C. rotundus weed was less sensitive to both subfractions. GC-MS indicated the presence of caryophyllene (6.40 %), 2-propenoic acid, 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-, (E)- (15.35%), precosene II (23.33 %) and phytol (4.33 %) in subfraction A; and caryophyllene (9.61 %), 2-propenoic acid, 3-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-, (E)- (20.82 %), precocene I (3.27 %) and precocene II (29.78 %) in subfraction B. Our results showed that subfraction A had promising herbicidal effects on A. spinosus and A. compressus, while, subfraction B was herbicidal to A. spinosus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study has been carried out to investigate the past and future rainfall and temperature change scenarios over three locations (Patna, Gaya, and Bhagalpur) falling in two agro-climatic zones (IIIa and IIIb) of South Bihar, using rainfall and temperature records from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and Global Climate Model (GCM) data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). It was observed that CMIP5 models exhibit either dry or wet bias in rainfall and warm or cool bias in temperature. Multi-model ensemble (MME) using large numbers of GCMs can produce more realistic climate information, at least at the local scale where a wide range of uncertainty is exhibited. Both model and observational records indicated moderate warming in the last century, although some models revealed higher warming. Rainfall in Patna and Gaya showed a declining trend during 1901–2015, whereas Bhagalpur has shown an increasing trend. Future projection of rainfall in CMIP5 GCMs indicated an increase of 0–25% annual rainfall in all three locations, whereas the pre-monsoon rainfall may increase at a higher rate, i.e., 0–40%, than the total annual rainfall towards the end of the 21st century. It is found that the rate of increase of annual and pre-monsoon rainfall during the 2090s could be ~2 times more than the 2030s in the study locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to obtain extracts of Rumex acetosa leaves using various solvents, characterize these extracts and finally evaluate in silico antidepressant activity. Rumex acetosa belongs to polygonaceae family and is often called sorrel. This plant's leaves were gathered and extracted using a variety of solvents including petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, chloroform, and ultimately water. All these extracts are explored to check for various phytoconstituents by commonly used phytochemical screening methods. It was found that aqueous extract of Rumex acetosa (AERA) contained many phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, and anthocyanins. This aqueous extract was further screened by FTIR, HPLC, and GCMS analysis techniques. In FTIR analysis, aqueous extract of Rumex acetosa showed peaks at 1163.11and 1060.88 cm-1 corresponding to anthocyanins. HPLC analysis showed the presence of peaks with the retention time of 6.75, 18.94, 25.19, 28.04, 34.72 and 39.37 min corresponding to sennoside, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion respectively. In GCMS analysis, peaks at 18.15, 18.50, 20.32, 20.48 and 24.99 correspond to rhein, dibutyl phthalate, emodin, octadecanoic acid, and chrysophanol respectively. Five phytoconstituents - aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, emodin, physcion, and rhein - are further assessed for in silico antidepressant effectiveness based on characterization data. As rhein has the highest negative value of glide energy, it indicates a stronger binding affinity for MAO-A than all other screened constituents. Thus, the study concludes regarding in silico anti-depressant activity against MAO-A. Further, present research puts forth a way to carry out the isolation of therapeutically proven phytoconstituents and to evaluate these constituents for their biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aedes aegypti (A. aegypti) causes millions of deaths every year being the vector of many human diseases like dengue virus, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika. Phytochemicals area blend of secondary metabolites which are eco-friendly as well as controlling agents against A. aegypti and therefore diseases spread by them. Chromatographs of the GC-MS analysis of the petroleum ether extract of Datura stramonium and Morus alba leaves showed the presence of various compounds. Phytol, tetratetraacontane, pentanoic acid in D. stramonium and mibemycin b,13-chloro-5-o-demethyl-28-deoxy-6,28-epoxy-25-1{1-mwthyl propyl}-(6r-13s,25A(S), acetic acid, 17-{4-chloro-5-methylhexyl}-4,4,10,13,14-pentamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,10, 11,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1-phenanthyl, lup-20{29}-en-3-one in M. alba were the main constituents. The study screened for larvicidal, ovicidal, ovipositional deterrent, and adulticidal activity. The leaves of both plants were collected, washed in tap water, air dried in shade, powdered, and subjected to Soxhlet extractions with petroleum ether solvent. Seven different concentrations of D. Stramonium and M. alba extracts were performed to get LC50.D. stramonium and M. alba, recorded LC50 at 80.42 and 118.627 mg/mL respectively after 24 h. Whereas LC50 after 48 h is recorded at 73.04 mg/mL in D. stramonium and 111.68 mg/mL in M. alba. The results indicated that D. stramonium is a better mosquitocidal agent than M. alba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diwali has become an occasion of air and noise pollution, and the release of particulate matter and toxic gases has chronic and acute effects on people and their environment. Thus, an air quality assessment study was done by CSIR-CSMCRI covering the pre-to-post Diwali 2021 period (5 days) in the three locations (traffic, residential, and control) of Bhavnagar. The average 24-h concentration of PM10 (380 µg/m3), PM2.5 (182.2 µg/m3), and SPM (403 µg/m3) was significantly higher during Diwali, exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The concentrations of SO2 and NO2 were 121.8 µg/m3 and 102.1 µg/m3. Metals like Zn, Al, Pb, and Mn were found in higher concentrations during the study. The air quality index (AQI) was maximum on Diwali, resembling very poor air quality. More elements and oxides were detected in PM2.5 (S, Al, Mg, Ba, and Zn and their oxides) than in PM10 (Fe and S) through WDXRF. Water-soluble anions like SO42−, Cl−, and NO3− were observed during the study, with a higher SO42− (64%) on Diwali. The PM10 morphology and mapping of elements were done using SEM–EDX. Emerging contaminants, specifically phthalate groups, were detected through GCMS. The enrichment factor (EF) showed Zn and Pb originating from anthropogenic activities. The air quality data was validated using a variance test, least significance difference (LSD), correlation, and principal component analysis (PCA). This paper is the first to highlight the air quality assessment during Diwali for a western coastal place in India. It is time to implement regulations on burning firecrackers for pollution reduction, aiming to achieve a sustainable atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionCrop sequences are important to make efficient use of natural resources and ensure food security. Climate change affects the sustainability of crops in cropping sequence. The application of crop sequence modelling to evaluate the sustainability of cropping sequences under projected climate is a less explored area.MethodsThe present work evaluated the impact of projected climate on six cropping sequences viz., rice-mustard-groundnut, rice-lentil-groundnut, rice-potato-groundnut, rice-wheat-groundnut, rice-maize-groundnut and rice-mustard-fallow in the Lower Gangetic Plain of India. CMIP-5 multi-model ensemble, long-term crop sequence modelling using DSSAT and a multiple criteria decision analysis tool, TOPSIS was used to evaluate sustainability. Future climate scenarios were developed using 29 GCMs from which a subset of 5 representative GCMs was selected for mid-century (2040-2069) and end-century (2070-99) under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios. Weighted average ensemble yield, ETa and nitrogen fixed by all cropping sequences for the study period were used to rank cropping sequences for sustainability using TOPSIS.Results and DiscussionThe minimum and maximum temperatures during mid and end-centuries were projected to be consistently higher than the baseline period (1980-2010) for all the cropping seasons. Under all the periods, rice-lentil-groundnut had the highest weighted average ensemble yield, followed by rice-wheat-groundnut. Rice-lentil-groundnut fixed the highest quantity of nitrogen, followed by rice-maize-groundnut. Ranking of cropping sequences for sustainability by the TOPSIS method indicated that during mid-century (under both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), the rice-lentil-groundnut sequence will be the most sustainable cropping sequence. However, by the end century, the rice-wheat-groundnut sequence will be the most sustainable cropping sequence, followed by rice-lentil-groundnut under both RCP4.5 and 8.5. In all the cropping sequences, rice will be benefitted by higher amount of nitrogen fixed and preceding groundnut. The three parameters considered for defining sustainability in crop production (yield, ETa and N-fixed) ensures higher produce and return for the farmer, less dependence on irrigation sources and increase in soil nitrogen content. In this paper, we show for the first time that cropping sequences can be evaluated for sustainability by combining crop sequence modelling, GCM ensemble and multi-criteria decision analysis. The results of the study will help the farmers of the study area to opt for the most sustainable cropping sequence and other alternatives in the context of climate change.

The Sangu River basin significantly contributes to national economy significantly; however, exposures to water-related hazards are frequent. As it is expected that water-related disasters will increase manifold in the future due to global warming, the Government of Bangladesh has formulated the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 (BDP-2100) to enhanced climate resilience. Accordingly, this study assessed the hydro-meteorological characteristics of the Sangu River basin under the changing climate. This study scientifically selected five General Circulation Models (GCMs) to include the model climate sensitivity and statistically bias-corrected their outputs. The Water and Energy Budget-based Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation (WEB-RRI) model was used to simulate the hydrological responses of the basin. The analysis of five GCMs under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP8.5) revealed that all selected GCMs estimate a 2–13% increase in annual rainfall and a 3–12% increase in annual discharge in the near-future (2025–2050), whereas four GCMs project an 11–52% increase in annual rainfall and a 7–59% increase in annual discharge in the far-future (2075–2100). The projected more frequent and intense increased extreme rainfall and flood occurrences in the future indicate an increase in flood disaster risk, whereas increased meteorological and hydrological drought in the future reflects a scarcity of water during dry periods. The number of projected affected people shows an increasing trend due to the increased inundation in the future. However, an increasing trend of transpiration indicates agricultural productivity will increase in the future. Policymakers can utilize this evidence-based information to implement BDP-2100 and to reduce the disaster risks in the basin.

Fitting probability distribution functions to observed data is the standard way to compute future design floods, but may not accurately reflect the projected future pattern of extreme events related to climate change. In applying the latest coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP5 and CMIP6), this research investigates how likely it is that precipitation changes in CMIP5 and CMIP6 will affect both the magnitude and frequency of flood analysis. GCM output from four modelling institutes in CMIP5, with representative pathway concentration (RCP8.5) and the corresponding CMIP6 shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP585), were selected for historical and future periods, before the project precipitation was statistically downscaled for selected cities by using delta, quantile mapping (QM), and empirical quantile mapping (EQM). On the basis of performance evaluation, a rainfall-runoff hydrological model was developed by using the stormwater management model (SWMM) for CMIPs (CMIP5 and CMIP6) in historical and future horizons. The results reveal an unprecedented increase in extreme events, for both CMIP5 (historical) and CMIP6 (future) projections. The years 2070–2080 were identified by both CMIP5 and CMIP6 as experiencing the most severe flooding.

The current study aimed to appraise extracts of Cleome simplicifolia (Cambess.) Hook. f. and Thomson leaves for chemical integrant and biological activities. In this study, different extracts of leaves were estimated for qualitative phytochemical screening, identification of functional groups, mineral content, and phyto-compounds and assessed for in vitro antioxidant and in vivo acute toxicity and hepatoprotective activity antagonistic toward paracetamol-intoxicated Wister albino rats. The results of the qualitative phytochemical assessment of the leaf extracts (acetone, methanol, and distilled water) exhibited the occurrence of useful metabolites. A Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the occurrence of O-H, N-H, C=C, S=O, C-O, C-N, C-Cl, and C-Br at 3367.14, 2920.79, 2850.32, 1631.04, 1384.59, 1168.64, 1063.78, 824.78, and 615.25 cm−1 wavelengths, whereas energy-dispersive X-ray showed the existence of carbon, oxygen, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, and calcium elements in the leaf, respectively. Thereafter, a gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis unveiled the diverse volatile compounds in the methanolic leaf extracts, namely n-Heptyl acrylate—18.87%, undecane—17.49%, 2-Propenoic acid, 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-, (E)—11.40%, Neophytadiene—11.02%, n-Hexadecanoic acid—10.78%, Glafenin—10.09%, Decane—7.45%, Phytol—6.0%, Benzene, (1-methyldodecyl)—3.48%, and 4-Cyclohexyl-1-butanol—3.41%, respectively. An analysis of in vitro antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay of methanolic leaf extract revealed elevated levels of antioxidant ability at 20 (46.18%), 40 (53.83%), 60 (66.64%), 80 (74.03%), and 100 (85.05%) μg/mL. In addition, in vivo acute toxicity determination proved that the methanolic leaf extract was innocuous and caused no mortality at 72 mg, 78 mg, or 82 mg/kg b.wt. doses. The methanolic leaf extracts’ in vivo hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol revealed significant efficacy at 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt. via reduction of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and cholesterol (serum blood biochemical markers) followed by an enhancement in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione (liver antioxidants) with lipid peroxidation depletion compared with the normal group rats. From the investigated study, it was concluded that the C. simplicifolia leaf are a potential source for the isolation of biologically active phyto-compounds and have the ability to prevent liver damage by paracetamol induction, where the hepatic restoration ability is indexed to its in vivo and in vitro antioxidant ability, which might be the result of its chemical constituents.

In the Eastern Mediterranean countries, groundwater contained in coastal aquifers is the predominant water source for supplying water. The Mediterranean Gaza coastal aquifer in Palestine is showing alarming signs of depletion due to climate change and human-caused influences that substantially impact the hydraulic performance of the Gaza coastal aquifer. The climate statistical modeling and the downscaling of the ensemble global climate model under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios of RCP 2.60, 4.50, and 8.50 refer to a future decreasing trend in the precipitation and an increasing trend in the temperature. The stochastic model refers to an average decrease of −5.2% in the rainfall every 20 years that coincides with the RCP scenarios that show a decrease in precipitation between 0 and −5%. The rate of temperature increase over the next 20 years is defined at +1 °C, which closely matches the RCP results. As a result of human fast-paced activities, groundwater consumption is expected to rise by nearly 55% by the end of 2040, to around 193 million cubic meters, with a substantial withdrawal trend in southern provinces of the Gaza Strip. Consequently, the aquifer model predicts that subsurface water levels might fall at a rate of −2.50% per year, reaching a level of around −27.77 m below the mean sea level (MSL) by 2040. Alternative water supplies, such as desalinated seawater and treated wastewater, with annual maximum volumes of 110 and 16.5 million cubic meters, respectively, are expected to perfectly recharge groundwater resources of the Gaza coastal aquifer at an annual rate of about +3.65% to meet a groundwater table level of around −5 m below the MSL by 2040. HIGHLIGHTS The stochastic and global circulation models (GCMs) show a decadal climate trend of a 0.5 °C increase in temperature and a −2.5% decline in total monthly precipitation in the eastern Mediterranean coastal areas.; The coastal aquifers are the main water source for supplying water in Mediterranean regions.; Seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation are long-term strategies for alleviating the consequences of water stress.;

This article, titled "Editorial: Plant growth-promoting and associated microbes: multi-, meta-omics, and applications," discusses the use of multiomics and metaomics techniques to study the functions of endophytes in plant growth and development. It highlights the potential applications of endophytes in various sectors, such as agriculture, medicine, and drug discovery. The article includes research on the role of halotolerant bacterial endophytes in mitigating salinity stress, the production of secondary metabolites by bacterial and fungal endophytes with potential applications in plant growth and protection as well as the treatment of HIV and multidrug-resistant fungi, and the role of the Beauveria bassiana endophyte in enhancing plant growth and resistance to pathogens. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding plant-endophyte interactions for developing sustainable agricultural practices and harnessing the potential of plant-associated microbiota to enhance crop productivity. [Extracted from the article]

Controlled drug samples are normally chemically analysed to determine their identity and in some cases, their purity. There are also circumstances where a more broad chemical characterisation of drug samples may also be required. This involves investigating the chemical impurities that may be present in a drug sample as a consequence of their synthesis. This impurity or drug profiling can be derived from drugs which are synthesised chemically or extracted from plant materials and then modified chemically. Impurity profiling can provide some insight into the synthetic methods used and sometimes the starting chemicals used. We report on the data generated from repetitive (n=18) synthesis of ecstasy (methylenedioxymethylamphetamine or MDMA) made by three different synthetic methods. Each data sample is expressed in multiple formats.This article uses the template for publishing GCMS data provided in Miller et al.(2022)[1]. The template provides a robust and systematic approach to organise GCMS data that is both useful for practitioners and amenable for automated data manipulation by data scientists.

Ceriops decandra (Griff.) (CD) and Ceriops tagal (Perr.) (CT) are two mangrove plants of the Sundarbans distributed along the coastal areas of South Asia and South Pacific Africa. Traditionally, these plants are used to treat diabetes, pain, angina, hemorrhage, and ulcer. In this study, we investigated the antioxidative, antihyperglycemic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory potential of the aerial roots of CD and CT. At first, the antioxidative potential of CD and CT ethanolic extracts were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays and by determining total antioxidant capacity. The total phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, and terpenoid contents of CD and CT were also estimated. The extracts' antihyperglycemic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory potential were evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test, acetic acid-induced writhing test, and formaldehyde-induced paw-edema test, respectively. In vitro α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzyme inhibitory activities were also assessed. The CD and CT extracts were also analyzed using GCMS for the presence of phytochemicals. Then, molecular docking was carried out with α-glucosidase, α-amylase, cyclooxygenase-II (COX-II), 3-lipoxygenase (3-LOX) enzymes using the compounds found in GCMS analysis as well as the previously reported compounds from CD and CT. Finally, the pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles of eight selected compounds were assessed with SwissADME and admetSAR server. In the antioxidative, antihyperglycemic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity tests, CT extract showed a greater potential than CD extract. In addition, CT extract demonstrated higher α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity in comparison to CD extract although CD extract exhibited better α-amylase enzyme inhibitory activity. Molecular docking studies revealed the presence of potentially bioactive compounds in both CD and CT. 2-(2-methylphenyl)-1-phenyl-(z)-1-propene of CD demonstrated good binding affinities for α-glucosidase, COX-II, and 3-LOX. In addition, 5S*,8S*,9S*,10R*,13S*)-18-hydroxy-16-nor-3-oxodolabr-4(18)-en-15-oic acid had high binding interactions for both α-glucosidase and α-amylase while 2′,5,5′-tetramethyl-1,1′-biphenyl, 2-methyl-4-(3′-phenylpropyl)piperidine and decandrin C had high binding interactions for both COX-II and 3-LOX. Finally, 5S*,8S*,9S*,10R*,13S*)-18-hydroxy-16-nor-3-oxodolabr-4(18)-en-15-oic acid, decandrin C, 2-(2-methylphenyl)-1-phenyl-(z)-1-propene and 2-methyl-4-(3′-phenylpropyl)piperidine demonstrated better pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties in the ADMET analysis compared to the others. Hence it can be concluded that the present study supports the traditional usage of CD and CT for diabetes and pain and reveals the presence of bioactive phytochemicals in both.

This study focusses on the bio-fabrication of leaf extracts of Annona muricata dyed bamboo woven fabric and its application in wound healing. Annona muricata was exposed to ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) with acetone for fabric finishing. Bioactivity is characterized and employed in textile fabric coating to evaluate the efficacy of its antibacterial and wound healing characteristics. The treated fabric was then tested for antibacterial activity using gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, aroma, color intensity, olfaction, and invivo wound healing. The invivo test was carried out in wistar rats for 21 days for 50%, 75%, and 100%. According to the results of the analysis, the extract is a good antibacterial agent against gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilus) and gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas sp.), which aids in the prevention of bacteria and other germs from sticking to the injured area since the leaf extracts have high antibacterial properties. The wound healing impact of the plant extract coated with bamboo fabric on in vivo wound models in rats (Wistar albino rats) demonstrated a significant increase in wound closure, showing the efficacy of the coated fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical screening, antibacterial activity, and cytotoxic activity of Terminalia arjuna leaf soxhlet extracts employing different solvents were studied. Phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterols, and carbohydrates were all found in phytochemical analysis. Antimicrobial efficacy was determined utilizing the disc diffusion technique with two different bacteria. When compared to the gold standard, extracts of ethyl acetate proved to be effective against bacteria. Cytotoxicity testing using breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) confirmed the efficacy of a crude extract whose GC-MS analysis revealed 11 bioactive components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study piece is to use short branches rather than stem bark to take a conservative approach to the Bombax ceiba plant. Similarities were found in the HPLC, LCMS, and GCMS data of the plant's stem bark and tiny branches. Analysis using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) of abundant medicinal phytochemicals of Bombax ceiba and its Molecular Docking Interaction with AKT Protein Kinase, Human Acetyl Choline Esterase, and Pancreatic Lipase Colipase Target Protein. According to the HPLC study results, Bombax ceiba stem bark contains 0.359 % lupeol, whereas tiny branches have 0.039 %. Three compounds have good binding energy (Kcal/mol) with Human acetyl choline esterase, while seven compounds have very good binding energy (Kcal/mol) with AKT Protein kinase and Pancreatic Lipase Colipase. Small branches are essentially identical to stem bark in terms of their chemical composition that makes them active against certain target proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N,N‐Diformylmescaline, a novel analogue of mescaline, has recently been detected in Australia in two unrelated seizures. To confirm the identification, a three‐step synthesis from 3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenylacetic acid was devised. However, purification of the final product proved problematic with the compound prone to degradation in solution. Analysis of the compound by LC–MS indicated that the compound was unstable under acidic and basic conditions, breaking down to N‐formylmescaline. Further degradation to mescaline was observed when the compound was dissolved in hydrochloric acid for an extended period of time suggesting that N,N‐diformylmescaline may be a prodrug for mescaline. The GC–MS, NMR and FTIR data for the seized compound are presented along with details of the synthesis and studies of the compound's stability in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate variation is a primary driving force influencing the hydrological cycle, resulting in extreme natural disasters such as drought. Investigating the linkage between meteorological and hydrological droughts under climate change is critical for early warning against hydrological drought. In this study, we investigated spatial and temporal characteristics of the drought propagation threshold (PT) in the Han River Basin (HRB) of South Korea. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Runoff Index (SRI) were employed to represent meteorological drought and hydrological drought, respectively. Correlation analyses between the SPI at various time scales (1–24 months) and the three-month SRI (SRI-3) were performed to identify the best time scale of SPI corresponding to the SRI-3. To investigate PTs, five general circulation models (GCMs) were selected to compute multi-model ensemble projections under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. A future period (2021–2099) was sub-divided into two periods such as P2 (2021–2060) and P3 (2061–2099) to estimate temporal variation of PT. Our results indicated that the SPI-4 showed the highest correlation with the SRI-3 in P1, while the SPI-3 best corresponded to the SRI-3 in future periods under both climate change scenarios. Drought characteristics of meteorological and hydrological drought showed increasing trends in P2 and P3 under both climate change scenarios. Spatio-temporal variation in PT was observed throughout the HRB. The PT showed significant decreases in both future periods, while the highest percentage decreases were observed in watersheds located in the northern, mid, and western parts of the HRB in P3 under both climate change scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Natural substances that were initially obtained from plants were once regarded as a beneficial source of possible medicinal agents and were recognized as crucial in the development of human diseases. The current study sought to determine whether hydroalcoholic extracts of Garcinia cambogia plant fruits included any bioactive substances. Materials and Methods: The plant fruits were collected, shade-dried, ground into a fine powder, and then extracted using Soxhlet extractors and organic solvents. After that, the extracts were examined for the presence of phytochemicals using GC-MS/HPTLC, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial techniques. According to the GC-MS studies, the hydroalcoholic extracts of G. cambogia contained 25 bioactive components. Results: The secondary metabolites identified in the plant, discovered by GCMS/HPTLC, are what give the plant extracts their powerful medicinal qualities. The results of the antimicrobial activity demonstrated outstanding antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as effective dose-dependent inhibitory activity against all of the tested species. Conclusion: The current study provided early data on the bioactive components present in G. cambogia fruit extracts, which have outstanding antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory action, which could provide a significant platform for pharmaceutical companies to create different Garcinia species-based medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, for the first time, the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of the essential oil from cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) leaves were evaluated and investigated using various bioanalytical methods. In addition, the inhibitory effects of cinnamon oil on carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and α-amylase, which are associated with various metabolic diseases, were determined. Further, the phenolic contents of the essential oil were determined using LC-HRMS chromatography. Twenty-seven phenolic molecules were detected in cinnamon oil. Moreover, the amount and chemical profile of the essential oils present in cinnamon oil was determined using GC/MS and GC-FID analyses. (E)-cinnamaldehyde (72.98%), benzyl benzoate (4.01%), and trans-Cinnamyl acetate (3.36%) were the most common essential oils in cinnamon leaf oil. The radical scavenging activities of cinnamon oil were investigated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH•), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and (ABTS•+) bioanalytical scavenging methods, which revealed its strong radical scavenging abilities (DPPH•, IC50: 4.78 μg/mL; and ABTS•+, IC50: 5.21 μg/mL). Similarly, the reducing capacities for iron (Fe3+), copper (Cu2+), and Fe3+-2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ) were investigated. Cinnamon oil also exhibited highly effective inhibition against hCA II (IC50: 243.24 μg/mL), AChE (IC50: 16.03 μg/mL), and α-amylase (IC50: 7.54μg/mL). This multidisciplinary study will be useful and pave the way for further studies for the determination of antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibition profiles of medically and industrially important plants and their oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer, a global health problem due to its increasing prevalence coupled with high mortality rate. Chemotherapy is an aggressive form of drug therapy. Herbal therapy is safer and healthier to treat specific medical issues. Nigella sativa has been used as traditional medicine for centuries. The crude oil extracted from seed is effective against diseases but vegetative part of N. sativa has always been ignored for its therapeutic potential. Hence, it was hypothesized that vegetative part could be potential antineoplastic source against cancer. Therefore, reactive oxygen species determination and antineoplastic activity were performed against Hep2 and MCF7 cancer cell lines. n-butanol extract of Vegetative Part (VP) caused maximum cell death of Hep2 (58% cell viability). The chloroform VP extract showed 38% cell viability at 10 mg mL-1. The extracts with significant activity were later on validated through GCMS and LC-MS, following literature in PubChem, NIST and Spectrabase libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now a days, phytochemical screening and GCMS analysis draw the attention of researchers, as it is the important tool to analyze secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds which are used to produce the herbal medicines, food colorants, flavors and fragrances. In this study bioactive compounds and phytochemical constituents of Jumbo muscadine grape pulp extract are analyzed. The extract has been characterized by UV and FTIR in which both the optical property and functional groups are identified. Absorption spectra of UV showed the highest peak at 270 nm which associates to the polyphenol and functional groups such as alcohol; alkene has been interpreted using FTIR spectrum. Presence of phytochemicals is confirmed by qualitative tests and quantified. Bioactive compounds are interpreted using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. This grape extract contains phenols, terpenoids, saponins and carbohydrates as major phytochemicals. Identified essential bioactive compounds of this extract include Glycerin, oleic acid, palmitic acid and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, waste motor oil (WMO) was pyrolyzed at 550 °C which yielded about 76.73 wt.% of pyrolytic oil (PO). To study the effect of blending with gasoline on the fuel properties and composition, the PO was blended at 5–30% with an augmentation of 5% by volume. The respective fuel properties of all the blends were determined and compared with gasoline. The prime blending percentage of WMO pyrolytic oil (WMOPO) was established based on the gross calorific value obtained. Among all the blends, 5% blending PO (B5) ensued the highest calorific value about 45.63 MJ kg−1 which was adjacent to gasoline. The B5 oil was also having an analogous density as gasoline. The composition analysis visualized that B5 comprised of alkenes (1.25%), cycloalkanes (3.88%), cycloalkenes (2.43%), aromatics (25.38%), and alkanes (53.75%). The results also confirmed the occurrence of 50.52% of C4-C12 compounds. Since the fuel properties and composition of the B5 oil were comparable to the untainted gasoline, it can be a suitable proportion to consider as future fuel if the engine performance and emission analysis show any positive effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate chemical composition of essential oil (EO) from black pepper extract through steam distillation and evaluate by GCMS with In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and In silico studies. In total, thirteen volatile compounds identified by GCMS analysis. Among them, main components are d-norandrostane (14.874%), Valencene (13.297%), 1H-3a-7-Methanoazulene octahydro-1,9,9-trimethyl-4-methylene-(11.591%), (-)-spathulenol (8.193%), aromandendrene (8.398%), and naphthalenedecahydro-4a-methyl-1-methylene-7-(1-methylethylidene) (7.794%). The EO extracted from black pepper, displayed moderate antibacterial activity against ten bacterial strains (two and eight numbers of Gram-positive and Gram-negative, respectively) compared with Ceftriaxone as standard. In case of antifungal study, the EO exhibited a greater zone of inhibition with 13.7±1.5mm against Trichodermal harzianum, compare to Amphotericin B as standard (11.7±1.5mm). The results of antioxidant efficacy of extracted EO revealed good activity with IC50 value 35.83±2.92 µg/mL as compared to standard ascorbic acid (27.34±1.86 µg/mL). In silico studies satisfy the experimental values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mango, leaf and fruit volatile aroma profiles are variety specific which can be used as fingerprint of a variety. Such biochemical markers can also discriminate the nucellar and zygotic seedlings in polyembryonic mango varieties. In order to validate the applicability of volatile as well as phenolic acid profiles as biomarkers, the open pollinated seedlings of three polyembryonic varieties of mango were compared with their mother trees. Leaf volatile and phenol acid profiling were done using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) methods respectively. The sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the most abundant in all the genotypes studied. Monoterpenoids were the major compounds in cultivars Vellaikolumban and Olour, while the sesquiterpenoids were the major compounds in cv. Turpentine. While terpinolene was the major monoterpenoid compound in Vellaikolumban and limonene in cv. Olour, the sesquiterpene á-gurjunene was the major compound in cv. Turpentine. Volatile profiling showed clear differences between the varieties but was similar within a variety. Among the 15 phenolic acids quantified in the leaves, P-coumaric acid, gallic acid, and ferulic acids were predominant whereas, vanillic acid, syringic acid, gentisic acid, benzoic acid, and sinapic acids were low in quantity. Phenolic acid profile did not show significant diversity among the varieties and therefore cannot be used for identification of varieties. The volatile profiling can be used for the identification and differentiation of polyembryonic mango genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change makes the climate system of a given region unpredictable and increases the risk of water-related problems. GCMs (global climate models) help in understanding future climate conditions over a given region. In this study, 12 GCMs from the CMIP6 (coupled model intercomparison project six) were evaluated and ranked based on their abilities to describe the historical observed series. The ensemble mean of bias-adjusted best five models of average annual precipitation showed an increment with an uncertainty range of (2.0–11.9) and change in the mean of 6.4% for SSP2-4.5 and (6.1–16.1) 10.6% for SSP5-8.5 in 2040–2069 relative to the historical period. Similarly, for 2070–2099, increments of (2.2–15.0) 7.9% and (11.8–29.4) 19.7% were predicted for the two scenarios, respectively. The average annual maximum temperature series showed increments of (1.3–2.0) 1.6 °C for SSP2-4.5 and (1.7–2.3) 2.0 °C for SSP5-8.5 in 2040–2069. At the same time, increments of (1.7–2.3) 2.0 °C and (2.8–3.2) 3.0 °C were predicted for 2070–2099. Furthermore, it was predicted that the average annual minimum temperature series will have increments of (1.6–2.3) 2.0 °C and (2.2–2.9) 2.5 °C for 2040–2069 and (2.1–2.7) 2.4 °C and (3.7–4.2) 4.0 °C for 2070–2099 for the two scenarios, respectively. An increase in precipitation with increased land degradation in the sub-basin results in a higher risk of flood events in the future. Improved soil and water conservation practices may minimize the adverse impacts of future climate change on the loss of agricultural productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to determine the potential of bacterial isolates from Marina beach seawater to be used as natural textile dyes and to test their antibacterial ability. The media used for culturing bacteria is a zobel synthesis medium with a mixture of seawater. The results of the isolation and extraction of color pigments obtained a red color with a characteristic wavelength of 535 nm and has a variety of chemical content results. Pigment immersion trials using 3 types of fabric, namely cotton, primisima and dobby fabric. The results of immersion with ethanolic solvent obtained optimum results for 12 hours and with the addition of mordant (Fe.H2O4S.7H2O), the color of the fabric is strong enough to withstand washing with detergent and sunlight. From the results of the study, data showed that the dyed primisima fabric gave a reduction or inhibition of the growth of E. coli bacteria by 9% while the inhibition of S. aureus bacteria was 116%. The pigment has the potential to be used as a dye for batik cloth with the provisions of optimizing to find the right reinforcement or mordant. This study has implications for the discovery of red pigment-producing bacteria from the isolation of seawater at Marina Semarang beach.

The purpose of this study is to predict future changes in precipitation in the Central Ethiopian Main Rift, which is vulnerable to climate change. The Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) model was applied to project precipitation based on five global climate models (GCMs) (EC-EARTH, MIROC-ESM, HadGEM2-ES, INM-CM4, and CCSM4) from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) under two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) in the periods of 2041–2060 compared to the baseline period of 1976–2005. The model's calibration and validation results showed that it could predict future precipitation. According to the analysis, the mean rainfall is expected to increase in January (up to 14.2%) and December (up to 27.8%) under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, respectively. However, a drop is anticipated in June (up to 8.2%) and May (up to 7%) under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, respectively. In both scenarios, summer precipitation (usually the rainy season) is predicted to fall, while winter precipitation (usually the dry season) is expected to climb. Furthermore, annual and spring precipitation forecasts are anticipated to decrease in most locations. The findings of this research will be utilized to guide future water resource management in the study region. HIGHLIGHTS The multi-model ensemble (MME) mean of CMIP5 global climate model (GCM) outputs was used to address uncertainty associated with a single GCM.; Precipitation is anticipated to decrease during the regularly wet season while increasing during the normally dry season in the years 2041–2060.; The projected mean annual, seasonal, and monthly rainfall could be used to influence future water resource management in the Central Ethiopian Main Rift.;

Investigation of the hydrological impacts of climate change at the local scale requires the use of a statistical downscaling technique. In order to use the output of a Global Circulation Model (GCM), a downscaling technique is used. In this study, statistical downscaling of monthly areal mean precipitation in the Göksun River basin in Turkey was carried out using the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Gene Expression Programming (GEP) techniques. Large-scale weather factors were used for the basin with a monthly areal mean precipitation (PM) record from 1971 to 2000 used for training and testing periods. The R2-value for precipitation in the SVM, GEP and GMDH models are 0.62, 0.59, and 0.6 respectively, for the testing periods. The results show that SVM has the best model performance of the three proposed downscaling models, however, the GEP model has the lowest AIC value. The simulated results for the Canadian GCM3 (CGCM3) A1B and A2 scenarios show a similarity in their average precipitation prediction. Generally, both these scenarios anticipate a decrease in the average monthly precipitation during the simulated periods. Therefore, the results of the future projections show that mean precipitation might decrease during the period of 2021–2100. HIGHLIGHTS An integrated hydrological model for prediction of areal mean precipitation of a river basin under climate change effect is proposed.; Statistical downscaling and GCM are utilized to estimate the climate change effects on the basin.; Goksun River basin is used as the case-study area with three precipitation stations.; Simulated results anticipate a decrease in the average monthly precipitation during the period of 2021–2100.;

• Valorization of Sapindus mukorossi 's pericarp to reveal the hidden and unrevealed applications of this underutilized tree. • Comparison of the foaming stability of the Sapindus mukorossi with the commercial detergents and washing agents to replace them in various detergent industries to facilitate sustainable development. • Analysis of the total saponin, phenol content and antioxidant properties to emphasis its importance. • Characterization using FTIR and GCMS to identify the functional groups and various compounds and eliminate the need for costly and time consuming purification and analysis procedures. • Insilico investigation to determine the pesticidal activities and therapeutic properties of Sapindus mukorossi using insilico PASS studies and SwissADME web tool. Sapindus mukorossi popularly known as soap nuts, belongs to the Sapindaceae family and contains 6–10 % of its weight in saponins. These natural soap-nuts have been used for centuries as a natural and eco-friendly alternative to conventional laundry detergents and cleaning products as it is rich in saponin and can be composted after use. The aim of this research is to study the potential of natural extracts from soap nuts using in vitro and insilico profiling of phytochemicals. Soxhlet extraction was performed to obtain the phytochemicals from the plant species. Phytochemical analysis, quantitative analysis, antioxidant assay, and foaming tests were carried out to check the presence of various phytochemicals along with their antioxidant properties. Insilico analysis to analyze their molecular structure and compounds to check their drug-likeness and pesticidal properties were performed using PASS studies and SwissADME webtool for finding new applications of soap nut which are still unrevealed. The results confirmed the presence of saponins, terpenoids, flavanoids and alkaloids. The foaming stability was also found to be 90 % which was equivalent to commercial detergents. The total saponin and phenol in extract was quantified as 139.263 ± 1.40 mg QAEs/g extract and 271.153±1.23 mg GAE/g extract respectively. The antioxidant property was estimated to be 109.691 ± 1.87 µmolTE/g DW. Characterization was done using FTIR and GCMS and based on the results the major compounds were analyzed using insilico PASS studies which revealed various beneficial properties of soap nuts like anti bacterial, insecticidal, anti helminthic etc. Moreover The physiochemical properties, lipophilicity and solubility characteristics of the plant compounds analyzed using SwissADME web tool revealed the therapeutic benefits of S. mukorossi. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative seasonal Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall forecasting has been a challenge for the climate models as it is sensitive to cloud properties, which are modulated by large-scale dynamics. Proper understanding of the role of dynamics, aerosols, and cloud microphysical processes is important for the precipitation calculation in dynamical models. The all-India averaged seasonal ISM rainfall (ISMR) from June to September had been normal or above normal, however there were large spatial variations. Some meteorological subdivisions, the majority of which lie in the Gangetic Plains, received deficient seasonal rainfall during recent years 2022 and 2010. The quantitative seasonal prediction of the spatial distribution of ISMR from global coupled models (GCMs) has also shown a hard time for accurate spatial rainfall distribution. Four monsoon years (2022, 2021, 2011, and 2010) are considered, in which the country as a whole (all India land points) was 'above normal' or 'normal'. However, in two specific years (2022 and 2010), some subdivisions received deficient rainfall (17% and 15% of the total area). We have used several datasets from the ground, and satellite observations, along with reanalysis products and computed climatology and anomalies for monsoon years of 2022 and 2010. The low-level wind and vertical velocity along with cloud microphysics played a pivotal role in the heterogeneous distribution of ISMR during 2022 and 2010 as compared to years 2021 and 2011. Here, we have demonstrated that the spatial heterogeneity of the positive and negative precipitation anomalies was consistent with cloud properties. Aerosols might have an impact on the cloud microphysical processes and modulate cloud properties and rainfall over different regions due to the availability of water vapor. Therefore, the inclusion of aerosol indirect effects in climate models is crucial for better interactions among dynamics, aerosol, and cloud microphysics. Proper representation of cloud droplet size distribution and microphysical conversion rates might be helpful for quantitative seasonal ISMR forecasting at a smaller spatial scale. • Indian summer monsoon (ISM) seasonal rainfall (unit: mm/day) during June to September (JJAS) for all-India (country as a whole) had been normal or above normal, but there are large spatial variations. Some meteorological subdivisions, the majority of which lie in the Gangetic Plains, received deficient season rainfall. • Cloud microphysics supported by dynamics played a pivotal role in the heterogeneous distribution of ISM rainfall (unit: mm/day) and study demonstrated that the spatial heterogeneity of the positive and negative anomalies of precipitation was consistent with cloud properties (cloud water, rainwater, and ice water content; unit: gm/m 2 ). [Display omitted] • The study focuses on the Monsoons in 2022 and 2010 which were above normal; however, some divisions received below normal rainfall. • Work highlighted the role of cloud properties in the 2022 and 2010 Indian monsoon rainfall anomalies. • Interaction between microphysics and dynamics is important for the DSD of cloud on ISMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experiment was done to study the interactive effects of soil nitrogen (N) amendments and elevated ozone (O 3) (N–O 3) on a medicinal plant, lemongrass [ Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steud.) (Wats.)]. The experiment used two doses of inorganic soil nitrogen (N 1 , recommended and N 2 , 1.5-times recommended dose) in open-top chambers under ambient and elevated (ambient + 15 ppb and ambient + 30 ppb) O 3 conditions. To analyze various characteristics, samples were collected at 45 and 90 days after transplantation (DAT). Additionally, at 110 days after transplantation (DAT), the metabolite contents of the leaves and essential oils were analyzed. The present study aims to investigate the mechanistic approach involving the crosstalk between antioxidant production and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in lemongrass upon N–O 3 interactions. The present experiment showed that N amendments can be an efficient measure to manage O 3 injury in plants, along with ensuring a balance between primary and secondary metabolic pathways, thus sustaining the plant defense and production of bioactive compounds, simultaneously. Under N–O 3 , not only the Halliwell asada pathway was stimulated resulting in the increased activities and concentrations of antioxidant pools; the shikimate, phenylpropanoid and mevalonic acid pathways were also invigorated, producing more number and contents of secondary metabolites (SMs), compared with plants that were not treated with N doses. This study suggests that soil nitrogen amendments will improve the therapeutic qualities of lemongrass, along with the strengthening of its antioxidant machinery, upon exposure to O 3 stress. [Display omitted] • Study explores interactive effects of soil N 2 amendments and O 3 stress on lemongrass. • O 3 stress elevates antioxidants; N 2 amendments promotes SM production. • Early stage N 2 allocation boosts antioxidants; SM production takes precedence. • N 2 availability prompts defense-SM crosstalk, establishing homeostasis equilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to explore the phytochemical constitution and biological activities of Cleome felina L.f. (Cleomaceae). C. felina (leaves, stem, and root) extracts (acetone, methanol, and water) were qualitatively assessed for phytochemical presence. Methanolic leaves extract revealed more positive phyto-compounds among all the extracts; further, methanolic leaves extract was evaluated for FTIR, EDX, GCMS, antimicrobial assay, acute toxicity, and paracetamol-induced hepatoprotective activity in Wister albino rats. FTIR and EDX analysis unveiled important functional groups and elements in the leaves. GCMS analysis of methanolic leaves extract exposed 12 active phyto-compounds: major constituents detected were 1-Butanol, 3-methyl-, formate-48.79%; 1-Decanol, 2-ethyl-13.40%; 1,6-Anhydro-β-d-talopyranose-12.49%; Ethene, 1,2-bis(methylthio)-7.22%; Decane-4.02%; 3-Methylene-7, 11-dimethyl-1-dodecene-3.085%; Amlexanox-2.50%; 1,2,3,4-Cyclopentanetetrol, (1α,2β,3β,4α)-2.07%; L-Cysteine S-sulfate-1.84%; n-Hexadecanoic acid-1.70%; and Flucarbazone-1.55%. The antimicrobial assay showed a moderate zone of inhibition against S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, and C. glabrata at 100 µL/mL concentration. Additionally, acute toxicity revealed no behavioral sign of the toxic effect. The significant results were obtained for methanolic leaves extract (low-50 and high-100 mg/kg b.wt. dose) for hepatoprotective activity, where it dramatically reduced serum blood biochemical markers (AST, ALT, ALP, Total bilirubin, and cholesterol) and exhibited elevated hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH) concentration with lipid peroxidation retardation. To conclude, C. felina methanolic leaves extract ameliorated important phytochemical compounds and showed significant antimicrobial and hepatoprotective efficacy; therefore, utilization of C. felina leaves suggested in pharmacological applications, and in numerous cosmetics, herbicides, and food industries, would be a great scope for future hepatoprotective drug designing.

Assessing the impacts of climate change and land use/land cover changes on water resources within a catchment is essential because it helps us understand how these dynamic factors affect the quantity, quality, and availability of freshwater. This knowledge is crucial for making informed decisions about water management, conservation, and adaptation strategies, especially in regions facing increasing environmental uncertainties and challenges to water resource sustainability. In Pakistan’s Kunhar River Basin (KRB), this investigation explores the potential effects of shifting land use/land cover (LULC), and climate on stream flows. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), a semi-distributed hydrological model, and the most recent Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) dataset from multiple global climate models (GCMs) were used to evaluate these effects. The temperature and precipitation data were downscaled using the CMhyd software; for both shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP2 and SSP5), the top-performing GCM out of four was required to produce downscaled precipitation and temperature predictions while taking future land use characteristics into account. The output from the chosen GCM indicated that by the conclusion of the 21st century, relative to the reference period (1985–2014), the study area’s average monthly precipitation, highest temperature, and lowest temperature will be increasing. Precipitation is anticipated to increase between 2015 and 2100 by 20.5% and 29.1% according to the SSP2 and SSP5 scenarios, respectively. This study’s findings, which emphasize the need for project planners and managers taking into account the effects of climate and land cover changes in their management techniques, show that climate change can have a significant impact on the changing seasons of flows in the Kunhar River basin.

Climate change has implications for water resources by increasing temperature, shifting precipitation patterns and altering the timing of snowfall and glacier melt, leading to shifts in the seasonality of river flows. Here, the Soil & Water Assessment Tool was run using downscaled precipitation and temperature projections from five global climate models (GCMs) and their multi-model mean to estimate the potential impact of climate change on water balance components in sub-basins of the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) under two emission (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and future (2020–2050 and 2070–2100) scenarios. Warming of above 6 °C relative to baseline (1974–2004) is projected for the UIB by the end of the century (2070–2100), but the spread of annual precipitation projections among GCMs is large (+16 to −28%), and even larger for seasonal precipitation (+91 to −48%). Compared to the baseline, an increase in summer precipitation (RCP8.5: +36.7%) and a decrease in winter precipitation were projected (RCP8.5: −16.9%), with an increase in average annual water yield from the nival–glacial regime and river flow peaking 1 month earlier. We conclude that predicted warming during winter and spring could substantially affect the seasonal river flows, with important implications for water supplies. HIGHLIGHTS In the future, warming during winter could increase the proportion of rainfall compared to snowfall.; The streamflow from the Upper Indus River Basin is likely to increase in the future.; The early melting of snow during spring will greatly affect the timing of peak flows (earlier and less) from the sub-basins of the Upper Indus Basin.; The predicted changes in peak flows would have implications for hydroelectricity, industry and downstream irrigation.;

Ficus palmata Forssk. (Moraceae family) is medicinally valuable plant that is mostly used as folk medicine for the treatment of different diseases. Phytochemical composition was evaluated by preliminary phytochemical investigation, GCMS analysis, and total bioactive contents (TPC and TFC). The antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, antimicrobial, thrombolytic and anticancer activities were performed for biological evaluation. The extract exhibited the maximum total phenolic (49.24 ± 1.21 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid contents (29.9 ± 1.13 mg QE/g) which may be correlated to higher antioxidant potential of extract. The GCMS investigation identified the presence of 27 phytocompounds of different classes related to aldehydes, esters of fatty acids, triterpenes, steroids, triterpenoid. The extract possessed the strong α-glucosidase (73.4 ± 4.65 %) and moderate α-amylase inhibition activity (47.1 ± 3.29 %). Significant results were observed in case of antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial activities. F. palmata extract inhibited the growth of HepG2 cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The extract also exhibited moderate in vitro thrombolytic activity. In addition, the phytocompounds identified by GCMS were subjected to in silico molecular docking studies to analyze the binding affinity between phytocompounds and enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase). Moreover, the best docked compounds were selected for ADMET studies which provide information about pharmacokinetics, physicochemical properties, drug-likeness, and toxicity of identified phytocompounds. The outcome of our research revealed that ethanolic extract of F. palmata possessed good antidiabetic, antimicrobial, thrombolytic and anticancer potential. This plant should be further explored to isolate the bioactive compounds for new drug development.