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Since the fall of 1980, one counselor who specializes in alcoholism treatment and one who works with the hearing impaired have been meeting on a weekly basis with a group of hearing-impaired alcoholics, several of whom have remained sober for many months. The conversational languages of the hearing-impaired members range from ASL to signed English, but all are able to communicate in ASL. The purpose of this article is to share experiences in forming this outpatient treatment program for the hearing-impaired alcoholic. Problems encountered, knowledge that has been gained, and implications for further development will be discussed.

Two patentable extracts from leonardite have shown positive yield and hormone like responses on a number of controlled environment and field grown crops. In 1985, replicated field trials on processing tomatoes produced average yield increases of 10.5% over untreated controls. Trials on cotton during the same year evaluating the use of these materials with and without other growth controlling chemicals produced an average yield increase of 11.29. Unreplicated large field trials on vineyards of differing varieties produced a range of responses in total yield from 3 to 70% with an average increase of 259. In these studies the extract that contains the greatest amount of the humic substances is used as an early season soil treatment, while the other is used as a post emergence foliar spray. Based on observations of these and other studies it appears that the extracts, when used singly or in tandem, trigger a flowering response in many species of plants. The most striking and repeatable responses resulted from the combination of these two applications. There is some evidence of enhanced respiration resulting from seed treatment with a combination of the two extracts.

Two new methods for the determination of β-glucan in barley, malt, wort and beer are accepted as EBC Standard Methods for β-glucan by the Analysis Committee of the European Brewery Convention. One method (The fluorimetric method) is based upon the specific interaction of the fluorochrome Calcofluor towards high molecular weight β-glucan. The method is suitable where a high number of determinations have to be done routinely. The other method (The enzymatic method) utilizes a specific degradation of the β-glucan by purified enzymes. This method is more laborious, but it can be carried out using apparatus available in an analytical laboratory. The methods, which are described in detail, have been tested in a EBC Collaborative Test with 14 participating laboratories. Barley, malt and beer samples at 6 levels of concentration were tested for β-glucan. The collaborative test resulted in acceptable statistical values for repeatability and reproductibility for both methods. Comparison of the results from the two methods, showed that they are highly correlated and that the actual values of β-glucan content are comparable.

The effects of the bont tick Amblyomma hebraeum on the productivity of cattle need to be quantified in order to design economically optimal control programs. Liveweight gains (LWGs) of three groups of Africander steers, maintained in the same pasture and exposed to zero, medium or high numbers of larvae, nymphs and adults of the tick, were measured. Larvae and nymphs had no significant effect on LWG but adults had a large, statistically significant effect (P less than 0.05). The tick-free group had an average LWG of 20 kg more than the heavily infested group after 3.5 months. No mortality was recorded from ticks or tick-borne diseases during the experiment. There was no relationship between the number of engorging adult female ticks counted and loss of LWG of individual animals. The latter suggests that exposure to ticks as well as engorgement by female ticks causes losses. The loss per adult female that completed engorgement was estimated, by relating the LWGs of individual animals to their tick infestations, to be 4 +/- 2 g per adult female tick. An alternative estimate, made by comparing the average LWG and tick infestations of each treatment group, was equal to 10 +/- 4 g. This latter estimate includes the effect of challenge (and rejection) as well as tick feeding and so was accepted as giving the best estimate. Screw-worm fly (Chrysomya bezziana) struck an average of 7.5% of the cattle infested with ticks in any week but the effects on the productivity of the cattle were minimized by immediate treatment. There was a significant, positive correlation between the incidence of screw-worm fly strike and the numbers of adult ticks counted on the experimental animals. The results provide data for calculating losses caused by A. hebraeum in different parts of its geographical range.

Intercepted intracell flow, especially if cell includes water table recharge and a stream ((sink), can result in significant model error if not accounted for. A procedure utilizing net flow per cell (Fn) that accounts for intercepted intracell flow can be used for both steady state and transient simulations. Germane to the procedure is the determination of the ratio of area of influence of the interior sink to the area of the cell (Ai/Ac). Ai is the area in which water table recharge has the potential to be intercepted by the sink. Determining Ai/Ac requires either a detailed water table map or observation of stream conditions within the cell. A proportioning parameter M, which is equal to 1 or slightly less and is a function of cell geometry, is used to determine how much of the water that has potential for interception is intercepted by the sink within the cell. Also germane to the procedure is the determination of the flow across the streambed (Fs), which is not directly a function of cell size, due to difference in head between the water level in the stream and the potentiometric surface of the aquifer underlying the streambed. The use of Fn for steady state simulations allows simulation of water levels without utilizing head-dependent or constant head boundary conditions which tend to constrain the model-calculated water levels, an undesirable result if a comparison of measured and calculated water levels is being made. Transient simulations of streams usually utilize a head-dependent boundary condition and a leakance value to model a stream. Leakance values for each model cell can be determined from a steady state simulation, which used the net flow per cell procedure. For transient simulation, Fn would not include Fs. Also, for transient simulation it is necessary to check Fn at different time intervals because M and Ai/Ac are not constant and change with time. The procedure was used successfully in two different models of the aquifer system in the Ozarks. The use of Fn was essential to the two model studies because most model cells in both models contained water table recharge and multiple sinks.

In 1905, N. H. Darton described the geology and underground-water resources of the central Great Plains in his classic report that emphasized the importance of the Dakota aquifer to this region of the United States. Since Darton's work, many investigators have studied Dakota-aquifer hydrology with regard to development of local or statewide resources. Preliminary mapping of relatively recent fluid-level data by the U.S. Geological Survey indicates regional potentiometric trends similar to those interpreted by Darton, but altitudes substantially lower in part of the area. The classic artesian-system concept of the Dakota aquifer is not consistent with some of the data and observations of the past several decades. The simple aquifer geometry and effective lateral hydraulic continuity normally associated with that concept do not appear to characterize the Dakota aquifer regionally.

Premature induction of delivery in fetuses infused with graded doses of cortisol was brought about in 123.5 +/- 7.7 h (mean +/- SEM, n = 6) after the start of cortisol infusion. This treatment caused a rise in fetal plasma cortisol similar to that observed at normal delivery. Maternal and fetal progesterone and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone concentrations decreased to basal levels during infusion of cortisol to the fetus. Induction of premature delivery was delayed or prevented by concomitant treatment of the ewe with progestagen. Maternal intramuscular injection of 100 mg progesterone, 2 times daily, prevented delivery in four of four ewes treated during the time that cortisol was infused into the fetus (11-13 days). Maternal plasma progesterone and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone concentrations were maintained during this period, but fetal plasma progesterone concentrations decreased to the same extent as in the fetuses infused with cortisol alone. A single intramuscular injection of 250 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate to ewes on the day before commencement of infusion of cortisol to the fetus prevented delivery in four of six ewes during the time that cortisol was infused for 9, 13, 14, and 15 days, respectively. One ewe delivered a live lamb at 133.5 h and another at 147.7 h after the start of infusion of cortisol to the fetus. Maternal and fetal plasma cortisol, progesterone, and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone concentrations were similar to those observed during infusion of cortisol alone to the fetus. Although fetal cortisol concentrations rose in a similar fashion, and to a similar extent, in all three groups during infusion of cortisol to the fetus, fetal 11-desoxycortisol concentrations only rose above basal levels close to the time of delivery in cortisol-infused fetuses or, in the progestagen-treated groups, when the fetus showed signs of being stressed.

The Dakota aquifer, composed of the Dakota Sandstone and stratigraphically equivalent sandstone units of Cretaceous age, is the upper-most regional aquifer underlying the extensively developed High Plains aquifer of the midwestern United States. The concentration of dissolved solids in ground water of the Dakota aquifer ranges from less than 500 milligrams per liter in calcium bicarbonate type water in the eastern outcrop area to more than 100,000 milligrams per liter in sodium chloride type oilfield brine in the Denver Basin to the west. Preliminary maps showing the distribution of dissolved solids confirm the complex nature of the Dakota aquifer as inferred from stratigraphic and hydraulic evidence. Extensive vertical leakage through confining layers, local recharge at the truncated eastern boundary, and a barrier to recharge along the western edge of the Denver Basin are consistent with the distribution of hydraulic head and dissolved solids.

Social Impact Assessments (SIAs), prompted by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and by complementary legislation in certain states, are prepared, ostensibly, to provide expert scientific analyses of human societies; to project the probable consequences to those societies from largescale projects planned for their environments; to suggest ways to mitigate deleterious consequences; and to aid decision makers. The majority of SlAs prepared in relation to proposed energy developments have not been based on expert scientific analysis; omit crucial topics; are seldom based on primary analyses of the communities that will be affected; and often suggest ways to mitigate infrastructural problems (roads, houses and utilities) but l i t t l e else. Interests of the corporations that seek development permits are served by research houses commissioned to prepare SIAs, and by the agencies that approve the SlAs and subsequently grant permits to the corporations to commence with their energy-related projects-the interests of the community residents are not served. The responsibility of social scientists in preparing SlAs for communities that are scheduled for energy-related projects and state-of-the-art analyses of those communities are discussed.

Social indicators-constructs to assess, and to measure changes to socio-economic conditions of life for contemporary societies-are analyzed for eight Aleutian and northwestern Alaskan villages whose native residents derive their sustenance from hunting, gathering, and fishing. Because of federal, state, and oil corporation actions, these villages and others like them are changing rapidly and dramatically. The analysis proposes a structure for the changes that are occurring, and measurable factors that will "indicate" future changes. Two competing models to explain social change are evaluated-"Western Industrial" and "Underdevelopment"-although both are modified to account for the Alaskan arctic and subarctic and the importance of subsistence economies in those areas. The method employed, commonly referred to as "triangulation," comprises several methodologies, several research designs, and several data sets: autoregressive time series analysis of archival data, multivariate analysis of protocol (interview) data, and contextual and anecdotal analysis of ethnographic observations. Each method has strengths and weaknesses with the strengths of one helping to compensate for the weaknesses of another. Conclusions drawn from the analyses of these several data sets allow us to posit a set of indicators while offering several concluding hypotheses throughout our exposition. Among our conclusions is that if naturally-occurring species on which village life depends are so disrupted by man-made or man-influenced events that they cannot sustain native subsistence and commercial pursuits, the underdevelopment model, shaped to accommodate the uniqueness of the arctic, will be fulfilled. The concluding hypotheses can be tested for validity in restudies, a monitoring system is implied, and a forecasting methodology to assess impacts is suggested. Thus, the study represents a new methodology for social impact assessments (SIA).

Although wide surgical excision is the accepted treatment for thin malignant melanomas, there is reason to believe that narrower margins may be adequate. We conducted a randomized prospective study to assess the efficacy of narrow excision (excision with 1-cm margins) for primary melanomas no thicker than 2 mm. Narrow excision was performed in 305 patients, and wide excision (margins of 3 cm or more) was performed in 307 patients. The major prognostic criteria were well balanced in the two groups. The mean thickness of melanomas was 0.99 mm in the narrow-excision group and 1.02 mm in the wide-excision group. The subsequent development of metastatic disease involving regional nodes and distant organs was not different in the two groups (4.6 and 2.3 percent, respectively, in the narrow-excision group, as compared with 6.5 and 2.6 percent in the wide-excision group). Disease-free survival rates and overall survival rates (mean follow-up period, 55 months) were also similar in the two groups. Only three patients had a local recurrence as a first relapse. All had undergone narrow excision, and each had a primary melanoma with a thickness of 1 mm or more. The absence of local recurrence in the group of patients with a primary melanoma thinner than 1 mm and the very low rate of local recurrences indicate that narrow excision is a safe and effective procedure for such patients.

The major water-bearing units in the Houston district are the Chicot and Evangeline aquifer systems. Both systems consist of discontinuous layers of unconsolidated sand (aquifers) separated by clay layers. Extensive pumping has caused large declines of potentiometric surfaces in and around Houston. The declines have caused both the compaction of clay layers, which has resulted in land-surface subsidence, and the movement of salt water towards Houston. During the early 1960's, an electric analog model of the district was made. The model simulated water-level declines; but more importantly, the model indicated that the available data and conceptual model of the hydrologic system, consisting of two aquifers, were not totally adequate to allow simulation of the ground-water systems. During the early 1970's, a second electric analog was built. The second model used new data and a conceptual model consisting of two aquifer systems simulated water-level declines quite accurately, but the model was unable to accurately simulate the spatial distribution of water yielded from clay storage. A digital model was then developed during 1979 to simulate the hydrology of the district. The digital model used five layers and accurately simulated the hydraulic heads in both aquifer systems and land-surface subsidence.

There is a pattern of elements within the Anglo-American structure of thinking and reasoning which affects methods of data collection, data analysis, and systems of information dispersion with respect to studies of non-Western cultures. An argument is built in this paper which maintains that: (1) These same elements hinder some Anglo-American anthropologists from studying their own cultures. They form a pattern which begins with the selection of anthropology as a profession, the selection of a target culture, the selection of behavioral phenomena, actions, events, and occurrences for observation in the target culture, the selection of informants, and the choice of language-words and concepts-for recording, description, classification, and generalization. (2) The pattern is witnessed in some verbal descriptions and in descriptive and inferential statistics in reference to non-Western cultures and also in some book titles, course titles, textbook illustrations, cover designs, and photographs. It is witnesse...

Intracell flow is important in modeling cells that contain both sources and sinks. Special attention is needed if recharge through the water table is a source. One method of modeling multiple sources and sinks is to determine the net recharge per cell. For example, for a model cell containing both a sink and recharge through the water table, the amount of recharge should be reduced by the ratio of the area of influence of the sink within the cell to the area of the cell. The reduction is the intercepted portion of the recharge. In a multilayer model this amount is further reduced by a proportion factor, which is a function of the depth of the flow lines from the water table boundary to the internal sink. A gaining section of a stream is a typical sink. The aquifer contribution to a gaining stream can be conceptualized as having two parts; the first part is the intercepted lateral flow from the water table and the second is the flow across the streambed due to differences in head between the water level in the stream and the aquifer below. The amount intercepted is a function of the geometry of the cell, but the amount due to difference in head across the stream bed is largely independent of cell geometry. A discharging well can intercept recharge through the water table within a model cell. The net recharge to the cell would be reduced in proportion to the area of influence of the well within the cell. The area of influence generally changes with time. Thus the amount of intercepted recharge and net recharge may not be constant with time. During periods when the well is not discharging there will be no intercepted recharge even though the area of influence from previous pumping may still exist. The reduction of net recharge per cell due to internal interception of flow will result in a model-calculated mass balance less than the prototype. Additionally the “effective transmissivity” along the intercell flow paths may be altered when flow paths are occupied by intercepted recharge.

A well-designed and calibrated orifice meter is an accurate and inexpensive measuring device for flow. Endline orifices can be calibrated at work sites by solving an equation that interrelates easily measured dimensions of the orifice and outflow.

I address myself to the question of a need for an ethical code, even a decision-making ethics committee, for professional ethnologists and social anthropologists. The focus here is on only one of the relationships ethnologists have in their professional lives: their relationship with the people they study. The first concern is with a distinction between normative ethics and metaethics. The assertion that a normative ethic for ethnologists should or can be based on scientific method or principles (metaethic) is analyzed and rejected. I maintain that such a code can only be based on our understanding of human behavior in many situations and can only be evaluated by observing the conduct of the ethnologists who adhere to it (metaethic). The second concern is with the contexts in which people live. I suggest that a normative ethic for anthropologists should be assessed in light of the present social environments in which we work as well as our expectations for future environments. The third and major concern ...

This paper discusses the factors causing exceptions to rules in the social sciences in general and in social anthropology in particular. Exceptions may occur through defective classification by ethnologists. For example, the ethnologist may define the phenomena under consideration poorly. The importance of using operational definitions must therefore be stressed. He may class phenomena in the same category without making sure that their frequency of occurrence and intensity in the societies to be compared are about equal. He may class the phenomena on an all-or-none basis, whereas a more realistic model would be a continuum or a series of continua. This last is the main cause of exceptions due to defective classification. Data supplied by ethnographers may cause exceptions for a number of reasons. The informants' model may be different from the "real" social structure; so also may be the ethnographer's model, influenced as it is by his personality, by the "school" in which he has been educated, and by the...

A simplification of the two most commonly used methods of network planning and scheduling is ideally suited to the planning and evaluation of both water resources studies and construction projects. The project planning diagrams illustrate the system for scheduling of project activities and the relation of each activity to the others.

An aquifer test and analyses of water samples, showed that the anomalous water quality of a municipal well was caused by leakage from a nearby abandoned well tapping another aquifer.