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Interference elimination is a key aspect of planning and operating wireless networks. Using frequency duplex links is a common practice, where the communication is done via two channels separated in frequency. An optimization problem is how to allocate the channels in the frequency duplex in order to reduce or completely eliminate the interference might occur between links. In a previous paper we revealed the unexpected difference between this problem and polarization setting if the sharpness of the applied beam widths is relaxed in such microwave networks. In this paper we extend the graph theory based approach of this problem and generalize the special cases of the previous study.

As part of a trial to improve the fatty acid profile, vitamin E content and shelf-life of rabbit meat, this work studied the effects of level and source of vitamin E dietary addition on growth and carcass traits in NZW rabbits. A 10.6 MJ/kg digestible energy diet without added oil and with 60 mg/kg synthetic vitamin E ( dl -α-tocopheryl-acetate) served as a control (C). Five other diets were 4% oil-enriched, i.e. with 2% sunflower and 2% linseed oils and so having slightly higher digestible energy contents (11.4 MJ/kg) than the C feed. In three oil-rich diets, only synthetic (S) vitamin E was used at 60, 150 or 300 mg/kg concentration (diet 60-S, 150-S or 300-S, respectively). In two oil-rich diets, 60 mg/kg synthetic plus 90 mg/kg or 240 mg/kg natural (N) vitamin E (a fatty acid distillate, i.e. d -α-tocopherol) were used to reach the 150 mg/kg (diet 150-SN) or 300 mg/kg (diet 300-SN) level of added vitamin E contents. In each group, 11 litters of 7 to 9 kits were studied in the pre-weaning period from 21 to 35 days and post-weaning to harvest at 84 days (n = 46–50). Litter and doe performance were poorer in the 300-SN rabbits than with lower levels of vitamin E. Compared to the C rabbits, the 35–84-day mortality was significantly higher only in the 60-S rabbits. The 84-day final weight of the 300-S and 300-SN rabbits was higher than the controls (2745 and 2733 vs 2594 g, P = 0.049). The 35–84-day feed conversion of the C rabbits was poorer than any other rabbits (3.3 vs 3.0–3.1, P = 0.001). Carcass traits were assessed with sub-samples of 15 rabbits per group and were differently affected by both the level and origin of added vitamin E. Chilled and reference carcass weights ( P = 0.001) and dressing out percentages ( P = 0.001) were higher in the 60-S and 150-S than in the C, 300-S and 150-SN rabbits. Considering all traits studied, the 150 mg/kg synthetic vitamin E dietary addition was best for maximising production. However, the effects on meat quality and shelf-life should also be considered to give correct practical advices. Our results confirm the importance of both the level and source of vitamin E when it is used as a dietary additive in oil-enriched diets.

As part of an experiment aiming to modify the meat fatty acid profile, this work studied the growth and carcass traits as affected by various dietary ratios of sunflower oil and linseed oil. A diet without added oil served as a control (C). Four other diets were equally 4% oil-enriched but they differed in the incorporation ratios of sunflower oil (S) to linseed oil (L), i.e. 4% S to 0% L (diet 4%S), 3% S to 1% L (diet 3:1%SL), 2% S to 2% L (diet 2:2%SL) and 0% S to 4% L (diet 4%L). The oil-rich diets had slightly higher digestible energy contents (11.4 vs 10.6 MJ/kg) than the C feed. In each group 10 litters of 7 to 9 Pannon White kits per litter were studied in the pre-weaning period from 21 to 35 days old. Growth and slaughter traits were assessed with 50 and 30 rabbits per group, respectively. No significant effects of diets were found on litter and doe performances. The only significant differences in growth performance of the C, 4%S, 3:1%SL, 2:2%SL and 4%L rabbits were for the 35–49 day feed intake (88, 86, 84, 84 and 83 g per day, respectively, P = 0.046), the 35–84 day growth rate (36, 38, 37, 35 and 37 g/day, P = 0.034) and the 84-day body weight (2608, 2703, 2664, 2565 and 2628 g, respectively, P = 0.022). There were several significant differences in carcass traits including the weight of reference carcass (1357, 1391, 1388, 1380 and 1369 g, respectively, P = 0.004) and left longisimus dorsi meat (78, 79, 81, 81 and 76 g, respectively, P = 0.046) of rabbits. The diets had major effects on the L*, a* and b* colour values (lightness, redness and yellowness) of meat and fat. Carcass colour of the C and 4%S rabbits was closer and the 4%L rabbits was further from the European consumer's preference of light coloured, less red and slightly yellow rabbit meat. Our result reveals the importance of age and body weight at slaughter. Taking the growth and slaughter performances and, the recent belief of human health benefits from lower n − 6/ n − 3 FAs dietary ratios into account, the 2:2%SL diet seems most appropriate if the interests of the raisers, meat processors and buyers are considered equally.

This study focused on the effects on subsequent reproductive traits of females and development of the current litter as a result of different contact between the rabbit doe and its progeny when a temporary doe–litter separation was used for biostimulation. Immediately after parturition and adjusting to eight young per litter, multiparous Pannon White rabbit does ( n = 400) were divided into five groups based on parity, doe condition, and weight of litter and the kits. Rabbits in the control group (C) nursed freely up to weaning at 35 days of age. In the group following local farm practice (F) using a metal-plate for separation, females nursed once a day (8 am to 9 am) for the first 14 days of lactation and freely afterwards. In three biostimulation groups, there was a change from free to once a day nursing before insemination (i.e. controlled nursing at 8, 9 and 10 days) provided with a wire-mesh separation (BW: permits visual, olfactory, and acoustic contact); using a metal-plate for separation (BM: no visual but possible olfactory, acoustic and vibration contact); or with taking the litter with the nest-tray 5 m away from the doe's cage (BN: there is no contact at all) and returning to free nursing just after AI (at 11 days in the morning) up to weaning. The type of separation exerted a significant influence on oestrus and subsequent kindling of does. Comparing C, F, BW, BM and BN groups, sexual receptivity (30.4, 45.4, 24.0, 25.6, 43.0%, respectively; P P P P = 0.392) and kits born alive per litter (9.25, 9.65, 9.59, 9.83, 9.03, respectively; P = 0.607) were not affected, but newborn kit weight was numerically less in the BW group (69.7, 67.5, 65.5, 67.6, 67.3 g, respectively; P = 0.166). Growth rates of current progeny up to weaning were higher and identical in C and BM but less in F and BN groups (27.5, 25.6, 27.1, 27.3, 26.7 g/day, respectively; P = 0.001). However, the total weight of 70-day-old rabbits per doe did not differ significantly (17.51, 17.53, 17.54, 16.81, 15.81 kg, respectively; P = 0.271). On the whole, the production of the F, BM and BN groups was superior to that of the control and BW groups since subsequent kindling results improved without a significant reduction in slaughter rabbits per doe from current litters.

The paper gives an overview of the most relevant aspects of mobile crowdsensing that are already utilized by the society. The paper focuses on the best practices applied in smart cities today, and how they rely on technology enablers of today's vertical silos and future's horizontal approaches. We introduce a path for transforming the current vertical solutions of today containing separated solutions in various domains into a horizontal, unified architecture and ecosystem, giving a way to novel technology and business opportunities.

In this paper, the application questions of Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocols in the all-IP based protected Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) access networks is investigated. The basic problem here is how the OSPF administrative weights should be adjusted in an adequate way, resulting near-optimal overall network performance both in nominal network operation and in case of single link failures. Currently, there are known algorithms which are able to solve the topology planning and dimensioning related problems of UMTS access networks, but they do not consider the special properties of the OSPF protocol. We formulate the problem as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) task. Furthermore, we propose an advanced heuristic algorithm and compare its results with the ILP solution and other existing algorithms.

The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) will play a very important role in the telecommunication market of the near future. Due to the wide range of services and the increased transmission capacity, UMTS will become one of the most important access network types. The proposed topology of the UMTS terrestrial access network is tree-like, but the high amount of carried traffic requires a more reliable network structure. We introduce two types of heuristic algorithms to solve this problem, and we plan network topologies having a low magnitude of traffic loss in case of failures. One of our algorithms solves the problem by modifying the tree-topology, while others expand the network by inserting additional links. We show how to find a good compromise between topology refinement and network expansion in the case of realistic network scenarios, and we confirm our results by detailed tests.

This chapter examines the possibility to analyze and compare human activities in an urban environment based on the detection of mobile phone usage patterns. Thanks to an unprecedented collection of counter data recording the number of calls, SMS, and data transfers resolved both in time and space, we confirm the connection between temporal activity profile and land usage in three global cities: New York, London, and Hong Kong. By comparing whole cities’ typical patterns, we provide insights on how cultural, technological, and economical factors shape human dynamics. At a more local scale, we use clustering analysis to identify locations with similar patterns within a city. Our research reveals a universal structure of cities, with core financial centers all sharing similar activity patterns and commercial or residential areas with more city-specific patterns. These findings hint that as the economy becomes more global, common patterns emerge in business areas of different cities across the globe, while the impact of local conditions still remains recognizable on the level of routine people activity.

This work studied whether the expected better subsequent reproduction for permanent controlled nursing versus free nursing could be further improved by a caloric biostimulation with temporary fasting and re-feeding of does before artificial insemination (AI) and how it influences the development of current litters. A total of 240 females were randomly assigned at first day of lactation to one of three groups each with 80 does in a balanced manner according to the number of kits, litter weight, newborn kit weight after adjusting to 8 rabbits per litter, doe body weight and parity. Rabbits in the control group (C) were fed ad libitum and nursed freely up to weaning at 35 days of age. In the group of local farm practice (F) females also received a diet ad libitum but controlled nursing was used. That meant once a day nursing for the first 14 days of lactation (8 am to 9 am) with using a metalsheet for doe–litter separation and free nursing afterwards. In the biostimulated group (B) does were subjected to a 24-h fasting between days 8 and 9 (i.e. only drinking was possible between 10 am Monday and 10 am Tuesday) with a 48–50 h ad libitum refeeding before AI (at 11 days, between 10 am and 12 am Thursday) and similar controlled nursing regime to F group. This biostimulation reduced the ratio of does having turgid vulva by 16.9% (46.7 vs. 63.6 and 48.1% for the B, F and C groups, respectively; Pb0.05) and the kindling rate by 6.8% (78.7 vs. 85.5 and 71.1%; Pb0.05) when compared with merely controlled nursing (F). However, biostimulation tended (P=0.152) to increase the total-born by one kit per litter (11.2 vs. 10.2 and 10.3). Individual kit weights and litter weights at weaning were reduced in response to controlled nursing (944, 966 vs. 1033 g; P=0.001 and 7179, 7451 vs. 7900 g; P=0.001). Biostimulation led to 17% lower total weight of 70-day-old rabbits per doe (14.54 vs. 17.53, 17.51 kg; P=0.009) compared to F and C groups due to poorer 35–70 day growth (36.1 vs. 40.5, 40.8 g/day; P=0.001) and higher mortality than for C group (12.3 vs. 7.9%; Pb0.01). In conclusion, this biostimulation worsened the subsequent reproductive performance of does and the development of current litter. Further research is required about the presumable interaction between the nursing system and feeding strategy of does.

In a world of continuous growth of economies and global population eco-sustainability is of outmost relevance. Especially, mobile broadband networks are facing an exponential growing traffic volume and so the sustainability of these networks comes into focus. The recently completed European funded Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) project EARTH has studied the impact of traffic growth on mobile broadband network energy consumption and carbon footprint, pioneering this field. This chapter summarizes the key insights of EARTH on questions like ”How does the exploding traffic impact the sustainability?”, ”How can energy efficiency be rated and predicted?”, ”What are the key solutions to improve the energy efficiency and how to efficiently integrate such solutions?” The results are representing the foundation of the maturing scientific engineering discipline of Energy Efficient Wireless Access, targeting the standardisation in IETF and 3GPP, strongly influencing academic research trends, and will soon be reflected in products and deployments of the European telecommunications industry.

Presenting state-of-the-art research on green radio communications and networking technology by leaders in the field, this book is invaluable for researchers and professionals working in wireless communication.

With the explosion of wireless communications in number of users and data rates, the reduction of network power consumption becomes more and more critical. This is especially true for base stations which represent a dominant share of the total power in cellular networks. In order to study power reduction techniques, a convenient power model is required, providing estimates of the power consumption in different scenarios. This paper proposes such a model, accurate but simple to use. It evaluates the base station power consumption for different types of cells supporting the 3GPP LTE standard. It is flexible enough to enable comparisons between state-of-the-art and advanced configurations, and an easy adaptation to various scenarios. The model is based on a combination of base station components and sub-components as well as power scaling rules as functions of the main system parameters. © 2012 IEEE.

Wireless indoor positioning has been a popular research topic for years because it provides the basis for a broad domain of location-based applications. Especially the usage of WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) technology is widespread to build an indoor positioning system due to the reuse of existing and almost ubiquitous WLAN infrastructure worldwide lowering the costs. However, these WLAN systems were not originally designed for positioning services, thus the provided accuracy might be low. The accuracy can be increased by the careful placement of WLAN access points to cover the given area appropriately. In this paper, we propose a method based on simulated annealing to find the optimal number and placement of WLAN access points for indoor positioning and show its investigation using simulations.

In the last decade RFID technology has become widespread. It can be found in various fields of our daily life. Due to the rapid development more and more security problems were raised. Since tags have limited memory and very low computational capacity a so-called lightweight authentication is needed. Several protocols have been proposed to resolve security and privacy issues in RFID systems. However, the earlier suggested algorithms do not satisfy all of the security requirements.

This paper discusses how energy consumption can be significantly reduced in mobile networks by introducing discontinuous transmission (DTX) on the base station side. By introducing DTX on the downlink, or cell DTX, we show that it is possible to achieve significant energy reductions in an LTE network. Cell DTX is most efficient when the traffic load is low in a cell but even when realistic traffic statistics are considered the gains are impressive. The technology potential for a metropolitan area is shown to be 90% reduced energy consumption compared to no use of cell DTX. The paper also discusses different drives for the increased focus on energy efficient network operation and also provides insights on the impact of cell DTX from a life cycle assessment perspective.

In order to quantify the energy savings in wireless networks, the power consumption of the entire system needs to be captured and an appropriate energy efficiency evaluation framework must be defined. In this paper, the necessary enhancements over existing performance evaluation frameworks are discussed, such that the energy efficiency of the entire network comprising component, node and network level contributions can be quantified. The most important addendums over existing frameworks include a sophisticated power model for various base station (BS) types, which maps the RF output power radiated at the antenna elements to the total supply power of a BS site. We also consider an approach to quantify the energy efficiency of large geographical areas by using the existing small scale deployment models along with long term traffic models. Finally, the proposed evaluation framework is applied to quantify the energy efficiency of the downlink of a 3GPP LTE radio access network.

Currently, the vast majority of mobile subscribers rely on second-generation mobile technologies, but service providers are investing into aggressive rollouts of mobile broadband networks to deliver a fully-featured wireless Internet. While the main focus in research has been put on enhancing the capacity of this kind of networks, very little has been done regarding their energy efficiency. On the other hand, rising energy cost and growing awareness of climate issues require a shift of focus. The EARTH (Energy Aware Radio and neTworking tecHnologies) project addresses this by investigating and proposing effective mechanisms to drastically reduce energy wastage and improve energy efficiency of mobile broadband communication systems, without compromising system capacity and users’ perceived quality of service. In this paper we sketch the main research approaches taken within the project. First, the methodologies to evaluate the energy efficiency of cellular networks, as well as the respective energy efficiency metrics are presented. Afterwards, the proposed solutions are described; within EARTH a holistic approach is being used so that advances in radio components, radio network technologies and advanced network management protocols are exploited jointly, resulting in combined gains that enable an expected power consumption reduction by 50%.

In order to quantify the energy efficiency of a wireless network, the power consumption of the entire system needs to be captured. In this article, the necessary extensions with respect to existing performance evaluation frameworks are discussed. The most important addenda of the proposed energy efficiency evaluation framework (E3F) are a sophisticated power model for various base station types, as well as large-scale long-term traffic models. The BS power model maps the RF output power radiated at the antenna elements to the total supply power of a BS site. The proposed traffic model emulates the spatial distribution of the traffic demands over large geographical regions, including urban and rural areas, as well as temporal variations between peak and off-peak hours. Finally, the E3F is applied to quantify the energy efficiency of the downlink of a 3GPP LTE radio access network.

Mobile communications are increasingly contributing to global energy consumption. The EARTH (Energy Aware Radio and neTworking tecHnologies) project tackles the important issue of reducing CO emissions by enhancing the energy efficiency of cellular mobile networks. EARTH is a holistic approach to develop a new generation of energy efficient products, components, deployment strategies and energy-aware network management solutions. In this paper the holistic EARTH approach to energy efficient mobile communication systems is introduced. Performance metrics are studied to assess the theoretical bounds of energy efficiency as well as the practical achievable limits. A vast potential for energy savings lies in the operation of radio base stations. In particular, base stations consume a considerable amount of the available power budget even when operating at low load. Energy efficient radio resource management (RRM) strategies need to take into account slowly changing daily load patterns, as well as highly dynamic traffic fluctuations. Moreover, various deployment strategies are examined focusing on their potential to reduce energy consumption, whilst providing uncompromised coverage and user experience. This includes heterogeneous networks with a sophisticated mix of different cell sizes, which may be further enhanced by energy efficient relaying and base station cooperation technologies. Finally, scenarios leveraging the capability of advanced terminals to operate on multiple radio access technologies (RAT) are discussed with respect to their energy savings potential. ©2010 IEEE.

[EN] To study the effect of nursing method on reproduction, 232 primiparous and multiparous lactating Pannon White and NZW rabbit does were distributed proportionately among four experimental groups: FF: free nursing from kindling until weaning; FC: free nursing from day 1 to 7 and controlled nursing from day 8 to 17; CF: controlled nursing from day 1 to 7 and free nursing from day 8 to 17; CC: controlled nursing from day 1 to 17. After the 17th day of lactation, free nursing was used in all groups until weaning at 35 days of age. In controlled nursing the females could visit the nest box between 8 and 9 a.m. every day. Artificial inseminations (AI, n = 482) with 42d intervals were performed on day 10 post partum, within 15 minutes after nursing. The results of three consecutive kindlings were evaluated. In conclusion, it is not recommended to follow controlled nursing between 1-17th days of lactation because productivity traits were relatively poorer than in the other groups. The change from controlled to free nursing before AI did not increase productivity parameters. Conversely, the switch over from free to controlled nursing did increase the number of 21 day-old young per insemination (3.0, 4.2, 3.4 and 3.1 for FF, FC, CF and CC, respectively, P, Financial support for the research was obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture and Regional Development (project no. KF-173/4/00).

The widespread usage of new telecommunication technologies implies the demand on payment via Internet since the ’90s. First, these solutions were applied only by pioneer users, while average men still chose traditional payment methods such as payment by cash, cheque, or bank transfer. In the latest decade, the notable improvement of mobile communications allowed the provision of customized services. A new payment method has appeared which is called mobilepayment. Consequently, increasing number of banks provide access to their services via mobile equipment. Reliable network security is an essential prerequisite for the expansion of the rapidly growing world of electronic payment. Public key infrastructure (PKI) offers the capabilities needed to provide this security. Establishing trust in a wireless public key infrastructure (WPKI) is crucial for the success of applications that will exploit the opportunities created by handheld wireless devices. This trust is based on the reliability of the technology but also on a carefully implemented system of laws, policies, standards, and procedures. The development of trusted electronic transactions is motivated by legislation. The EU adopted a legislative framework to guarantee the security and acceptance of electronic signatures in 1999. The U.S. adopted legislation for the recognition of electronic signatures in national and global trade in June 2000 (Sievers, 2000). This article deals with mobile payment and mobile banking services and focuses particularly on the mobile side of the system. First, we introduce the technological background necessary for developing m-services, and we define the m-payment reference model. After that, the differences between chip-card and software based implementations will be presented. Finally, we conclude the article and summarize the main terms used in the article.

With the fast improvements of broadband technologies, more and more demanding services can be accessed. Broadband access is supported by a range of wireless and wireline technologies. Well known representatives are WLAN and UMTS for wireless and xDSL for wireline access. However, the highly varying nature of wireless channels and the crosstalk behavior of the DSL channel are typical traits, and most challenging to combat. Moreover, the stringent requirements of real-time applications require enhancements in service delivery. The tremendous interest in communication has driven the deployment of new access systems. Hence, for the End-to-End point of view, the service delivery multifarious due to the heterogeneity of the underlying transport network. Therefore, to enable a transport independent path set-up, application and network properties that may influence the user-perceived quality need to be unified. Thereby, media scalability plays a key role. Recently, cross-layer communication is getting acceptance as a method that efficiently increases the system performance. Unlike previous works that mainly addressed the issue of application based feedback, we focus on the information that the application can provide to guide the network for local stream management. We present the necessary set of Application Layer information for scalable audiovisual streams to offer individual QoS, at lowermost packet overhead. Finally, we show the sustainable gain in system performance based on a DSL use-case.

Our earlier studies have shown that some steroids increase myeloperoxidase enzyme (MPO) release from human granulocytes, and that MPO plasma levels are significantly lower in postclimacteric people. Moreover, we have proven that MPO inhibits production of atherogenic free radical superoxide anion and MPO-inhibitors increase superoxide release. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of MPO-inhibitors on the early phase of aortic atherosclerosis, namely the extent of intimal plaques and the thickening of the medial layer. Adult male rabbits were fed with lipid rich food (cholesterol: 1.3%, peanut oil: 8%) for 8 weeks. During this period MPO-inhibitors were also given (4-aminobenzoicacid-hydrazide/ABAH/-13.3 mg/kg/day or indometacin-5 mg/kg/day). All animals developed intimal lipid plaques (raised fatty streaks). The relative plaque-covered areas of the aortas were compared and the media thickness of the aorta was measured on plaque-free as well as plaque-containing areas. The medial smooth muscle density and peroxidase activity of the aortic media were also determined. The media thickness increased (p

Absliocl - Telecommunications, computer Scimccs and media of today scem to converge to an IP network. Not only IP baekhunc will be used but also IP access networks. At the ramf time there is an increasing need far mehilily. MobilelP can not provide fast handavers in an always-on scenario. Therefore IP micro mobility solutions are needed. IP micro mobility networks have several special requirements. Thry haw to provide fast handavers and Speckdl routing is needed. Most of the IP micro mobility solutions are bawd upon a tree topology network. The most important wcakness of the tree topology nrhvorks is vulnerability. .4ftcr introducing a reliabilily model for micro mobility networks and an algorithm to compute the reliability of tree topology micro

In this paper we propose a heuristic planning algorithm for optimizing tree-topology access networks. Our suggested method is able to plan a multi-constrained and capacitated subnetwork tree with a previously dedicated root node. The algorithm is a combination of an adaptive version of the simulated annealing meta-heuristic and a local improvement strategy. We use the proposed method to solve the optimization problem of UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) access networks. Beside the description of the model and the algorithm we present a detailed performance analysis of our proposed method using different network configurations and traffic demands. Tests show that our proposed algorithm provides solutions very close to the global optimum and because of its computational efficiency it is usable for planning practical size networks. It is also important to note that our method can be easily adapted for similar planning tasks in case of many other technological backgrounds.