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A new boron–dipyrromethene-based lysosome tracker, Lyso-NIR, is facilely synthesized. Besides the intensive near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence and high photostability, Lyso-NIR shows the capability to stably localize in lysosomes, which is independent of the local pH. Lyso-NIR does not have the problematic alkalization effect suffered by the commonly used lysotrackers; thus, it shows ignorable cytotoxicity and slightly affects normal physiological functions of lysosomes. The above advantages of Lyso-NIR make it feasible to track lysosomes’ dynamic changes in a relatively long time during the full cellular processes such as apoptosis, heavy metal stimulation, and endocytosis, as is demonstrated in this work. Moreover, Lyso-NIR’s narrow NIR emission at 740 nm with a full width at half-maximum smaller than 50 nm makes it easy to avoid the crosstalk with the emissions from other common fluorescent probes, which strengthens Lyso-NIR’s competitiveness as a standard lysosome tracker for multicolor bioimaging.

Rough mills embody the process of cutting up kiln-dried lumber to components used by discrete wood products manufacturers to manufacture products like furniture, kitchen cabinets, flooring, or other items. Rough mills traditionally have either ripped the lumber first (e.g., the lumber is first cut into strips lengthwise) then cut the strips to the required part lengths or they crosscut the lumber first to part lengths (e.g., cutting the lumber to shorter, full width segments) then ripped the segments to the required part widths. Both processes offer advantages and disadvantages and, depending on the input lumber geometry (e.g., size) and the cutting bill requirements (e.g., the size of the resulting components) may result in higher yield for individual cases. Using ROMI 4.1, a rough mill simulator that simulates real-world rough mills and can combine rip and chop operations, this study investigated the potential benefits from using such a dual system. Findings suggest that cutting bills requiring small parts when cutting from lower quality lumber produce better yield when a rip-first approach is used, while cutting bills asking for wide and long parts perform better when material is chopped first. However, in every case, yield can still be improved when the decision to rip or to chop first is made on each individual board.

A formula for estimating the statistical uncertainty of peak positions, determined by individual profile fitting, has been derived. The magnitude of the statistical uncertainty is given by (sum of peak profile intensities)−1/2× (full width at half-maximum) ×F×G×Q× (goodness-of-fit index). The factorFdepends on the shape of the diffraction profile; it becomes smaller by 40% when the profile shape changes from Lorentzian to Gaussian. The factorGrepresents the parameter correlation between the peak position and the parameter for profile asymmetry; it becomes unity when the profile shape is symmetric or the parameter for profile asymmetry is fixed during the least-squares fitting. The factorQdepends on the peak-to-background ratio. The formula was experimentally verified by using diffraction data sets for CeO2and Si powders. The statistical uncertainty is essentially based on the counting statistics and profile width. Therefore, the peak position of a strong and sharp peak in the low-angle region can be determined more precisely than that of a weak and broadened peak in the high-angle region. The formula provides a guideline for optimizing experimental parameters for required precision.

The main reason for the initial determinations of illite crystallinity (IC) was to support the exploration for liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. The application in 1960 of the Weaver Sharpness Ratio to core materials of a borehole from eastern France indicated that it was not a reliable tool for identifying well-crystallized illite. This ratio was later replaced by the Full Width at Half-Maximum (FWHM), the value of which decreases regularly and consistently towards greenschist facies. The use of FWHM allowed a precise definition of the anchimetamorphic zone between the upper diagenesis and the epimetamorphism. Afterwards, analysis of weak-to-intermediate diagenetic sequences showed that illite crystallinity decreases together with the amount of swelling interlayers in mixed-layer clay minerals. Technological improvements, such as computing and modelling of X-ray diffraction patterns, increased the analytical precision relative to measurements of the plain FWHM. Consequently, illite crystallinity went back to its initial use, namely detection of the transitions between diagenesis, anchi- and epi-metamorphism in smectite-free lithologies, where it can be used as a stratigraphic and mineralogic marker of alteration stages. La ‘cristallinite de l’illite’ a ete developpee vers 1960 pour repondre aux besoins de l’exploration des hydrocarbures. Les recherches etaient focalisees sur la detection du metamorphisme de faible intensite (Low Grade Metamorphism). La technique du ‘Sharpness Ratio’ (Weaver, 1960), peu precise pour detecter les illites bien cristallisees, fut remplacee par la mesure de la largeur du pic a mi-hauteur (Full Width at Half-Maximum: FWHM) dont la decroissance reguliere a permis de definir une zone anchimetamorphique entre la diagenese profonde et l’epimetamorphisme. Dans les domaines de diagenese faible a moyenne, la cristallinite de l’illite decroit comme le nombre de feuillets gonflants des interstratifies illite-smectite. Les progres technologiques, telles la digitalisation integrale et la modelisation des signaux de diffraction X, apportent des reponses plus precises. La ‘cristallinite’ revient a son but premier: la detection des passages entre diagenese profonde, anchi- et epimetamorphisme lors de l’etude de sequences sedimentaires depourvues de smectites, et elle peut etre alors utilisee comme marqueur stratigraphique et mineralogique.

A new concept of compact neutron camera with directional neutron detector arrays is proposed for nuclear fusion experiment. The basic performance of the directional neutron detector is made clear through experiment for a prototype detector with 14MeV neutrons and design consideration of the detector specification to optimize its directionality. The results show that the angle resolution defined as a full width of neutron incident angles at a half maximum of detector counts would reach up to around 4 degrees at minimum around 45 degrees neutron incidence to the detector axis. The concept for a compact neutron camera is also given by making good use of an array of the optimized directional neutron detectors.

We have investigated the photoluminescence (PL) and growth properties of self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QD) grown on (211)A-oriented GaAs substrate in a low coverage region. At the onset of the QD formation in the Stranski–Krastanov mode, structures of QD on (211)A substrate were quite different from those on (100) substrate. The uniformity of size distribution was better and the density was higher than that grown on (100) substrate. We found a PL peak at 1.32 eV when the InAs coverage was 1.57 ML. Another PL peak gradually appeared at 1.37–1.42 eV with increasing InAs coverage. The peaks at 1.32 and 1.37–1.42 eV were attributed to the emission from a defect-related QD and a typical QD, respectively. When the InAs coverage exceeded 1.89 ML, the QD density decreased with increasing InAs coverage, due to the coalescence of QD. The samples studied here showed PL spectra having a larger intensity and narrower full width at half-maximum compared with that grown on (100) substrate.

The importance of the surface coverage in the behavior of chemically modified electrodes and its effect on different electrochemical parameters such as the peak potential separation ΔEp, the potential of full width at half peak height Efwhm and the apparent electrochemical rate constant k°, is discussed. The influence of the morphology of the surface of the electrode on the value of surface coverage is also demonstrated.

The Canal reputedly built on the orders of the Persian King Xerxes across a narrow isthmus in northern Greece to allow his fleet access into the Aegean in advance of the Persian invasion of Greece in the early fifth century BC must have been a remarkable engineering operation for its time. Yet apart from a depression in the central sector of the isthmus, almost nothing of this canal is visible today, nor are there visible remains of building structures and harbour installations; what information there is about it comes from accounts by ancient writers, notably Herodotus, and nineteenth century travellers. This paper describes the results of a large programme of survey aimed at detecting this putative, now buried structure and ascertaining whether or not it was a canal across the full width (2 km) of the isthmus. Following a detailed topographic survey, resistivity soundings and ground-penetrating radar were carried out principally in the central sector of the canal; the latter detected successive infillings of the canal but neither its original sides nor its bottom. Seismic refraction and reflection measurements, on the other hand, provided decisive evidence for the canal's existence in the central sector, with strong support coming from the analysis of sediment cores: its depth there is 14–15 m below the present ground surface, with top and bottom widths of 25–35 and at most 20 m respectively. The canal's northerly course has been defined but less confidently, whereas to the south the picture still appears incomplete. The canal may indeed have been built across the full 2 km, but the alternative hypothesis that it connected with the sea at only one end and that there was a (short) slipway at the other end cannot be dismissed. Whichever model is correct, a crucial finding from the sediment analysis is that the lifetime of the canal was short. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) in the gyrencephalic cat brain was detected with diffusion-weighted echoplanar (DWEP) magnetic resonance imaging (4-8/min for 1-2 hours) using a horizontal imaging plane through the suprasylvian (SG) and marginal gyri. A t-statistic mapping technique allowed a quantitative characterization of the passage of events through single-image pixels (0.15 mm(2)), thus providing a resolution unavailable to previous studies in which time-dependent changes instead were derived from averaging data over relatively large ROIs. Using the enhanced analysis, CSD events initiated by KCl could be quantified for the first time as primary or secondary according to their spatial and temporal features. Primary events covered 26.2 +/- 9.9 mm(2)of cortical surface (mean +/- SD, n = 7 experiments) and propagated rapidly (3.5 +/- 0.65 mm * min(-1)) with a hemispherical geometry. In contrast, the subsequent secondary events were multiple, spatially restricted (covering 7.6 +/- 4.6 mm(2), P < 0.005), slower in propagation (2.6 +/- 0.41 mm * min(-1), P < 0.012), and often confined to the originating gyrus (26 out of 59 events). However, both event types were associated with significantly reduced apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs; from 800 to approximately 660 x 10(-6) mm(2)* s(-1), P < 0.05) that were similar for both primary (21 +/- 5.1%) and secondary waves (18 +/- 7. 7%) and that had similar durations (full width at half-maximal height: 86 +/- 17 vs. 79 +/- 20 seconds, respectively). These findings associate CSD for the first time with two categories of ADC disturbance that are similar in amplitude and duration but that differ in spatial extent, velocity, and extensiveness of spread.

Silicon films with a low defect concentration have been formed on a sapphire substrate using the process of solid-phase recrystallization. The method of X-ray rocking curves has been used in order to assess the crystalline quality of the silicon-on-sapphire structures. The values of the full width at half-maximum of intensity (FWHM) show that a silicon layer with the thickness d = 1000–2500 A and with high crystalline quality is formed as a result of implantation of oxygen ions (with the energy of 130 keV and the dose of 1 × 1015 cm−2) with subsequent annealing (for 30 min at 550°C and for 1 h at 1000°C).

At present, the definition of the depth resolution, Δz, recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and by committee E 42 of the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM-E42), is given by the distance over which the change between 16% and 84% of the intensity of the profile at a sharp interface is measured. This definition has a precise physical meaning only for a Gaussian shape of the depth resolution function. With the advances in high-resolution depth profiling during the past decade and the increasing demand for profile reconstruction with monolayer accuracy, the often strongly asymmetric depth resolution functions cannot be represented by Δz with sufficient accuracy. Using the mixing-roughness-information depth (MRI) model for the calculation of sputter depth profiles, it is shown that, for the same Δz, different resolution functions can be obtained with different full width at half-maximum (FWHM) values. The consequences for profiles of delta layers, single layers and multilayers are outlined. Although an exact characterization of the depth resolution in general needs three parameters, characterization with one parameter superior to Δz is the inverse maximum slope of an interface profile or the FWHM of the according depth resolution function.

Raman seattering from the (111) surface of a single-crystal PtGa 2 sample was measured at 300 K. The first-order spectrum yields energy for the k 0 optical phonon mode of 118 cm -1 . The full width at half intensity was found to be 3 cm -1 . The second-order Raman seattering band was observed at 236 cm -1 . These values are compared with those obtained from the isostructural compounds AuAl 2 , AuGa 2 , and AuIn 2 .

An experimental investigation was conducted to characterize the post-repair fatigue crack growth behavior in 6.350 mm thick 2024-T3 aluminum panels repaired with the asymmetrically bonded full width boron/epoxy composite patch. Three patch lengths and two patch-to-panel stiffness ratios were examined. Repairs were found to provide at least a four to five times improvement in the fatigue life over the unrepaired baseline (cracked) specimens. The effects of various parameters of the patch repair on fatigue crack growth rate behavior, thermally induced curvature due to the one-sided bonded repair of the thick panel, debond characteristics and fatigue life were characterized. Also, these characteristics of a repaired thick panel (6.35 mm) were compared with those of the repaired thin panel (3.175 mm).

We propose a novel superluminescent diode (SLD) with a quantum dot (QD) active layer, which should give a wider output spectrum than a conventional quantum well SLD. The device makes use of inhomogeneous broadness of gain spectrum resulting from size inhomogeneity of self-assembled quantum dots grown by Stranski– Krastanow mode. Taking a design made out in the InxGa1-xAs/GaAs system for example, the spectrum characteristics of the device are simulated realistically, 100–200 nm full width of half maximum of output spectrum can be obtained. The dependence of the output spectrum on In composition, size distribution and injection current of the dots active region is also elaborated.

Colloidal PbS nanocrystals (NCs) emitting in the 1100−1800 nm range have been synthesized. Introduction of trioctylphosphine into the reaction plays a crucial role in synthesizing highly photoluminescent and nearly monodisperse PbS NCs with a full width at half-maximum of the photoluminescence peak as low as 49 meV and a quantum yield as high as 80%.

We describe a useful technique for removing the dissected appendix after laparoscopic appendectomy. This technique allows laparoscopic appendectomy to be completed with a single 10-mm and two 5-mm ports using only one 10-mm telescope. In this technique the dissected appendix is tied with an endoloop and then the end of this loop is railroaded through the umbilical port that will allow the appendix to be pulled (or fished) through the umbilical port. The advantage of this technique over older techniques is that it uses the full width of the 10 mm port, which makes it suitable for almost all cases with no chance of appendicular fragmentation during retrieval. The technique is safe, inexpensive, and does not need the use of retrieval bags.

Electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni foils were studied by high-resolution X-ray diffractometry. The full width at half-maximum and Fourier coefficients were found to vary rather anisotropically as a function of diffraction order. The modified Williamson–Hall plot and the modified Warren–Averbach analysis, developed recently by taking into account the dislocation contrast in peak broadening, have been applied to interpret this anisotropic behaviour in terms of grain size, dislocation densities and twin boundaries. The average grain size has been found to range between 50 and 12 nm, in good agreement with transmission electron microscopy observations. The average dislocation density has been found to be 4.9 (5) × 1015 m−2 and the dislocations are of the screw character.

Human metaphase chromosomes were dissected using an atomic force microscope (AFM) in ambient condi- tions and in buffer. Cutting with z-modulation in air yielded precise cuts at loading forces F> 17 mN with a full width at maximum depth of 90 nm. After dissection, the chromosomal material adhered to the tip to be used for further biochemi- cal processing. In liquids, we measured the effects of different types of buffer solution on swelling of the chromosomes and their elastic behaviour.

In step-scan diffraction measurements, the diffraction angle 2θ is an observation with standard uncertainty u(2θ). By the law of uncertainty propagation, u(2θ), typically 0.001 < u(2θ) < 0.004°, affects the standard uncertainty u_{\rm total}(y) of the intensity y at each step 2\theta_i, depending on the local slope y'_i = \left. {{\rm d}y}/{{\rm d}(2\theta)}\right|_{2\theta_{i}}, by u_{\rm total}^2(y_i) = u^2_{\rm Poisson}+[y'_iu(2\theta)]^2, where u_{\rm Poisson} = ({y_i})^{1/2} is the conventional Poisson statistics. For the intensity y at 2θ of steepest slope, u_{\rm total}(y) is given by u_{\rm total}^2(y) = u^2_{\rm Poisson}(1+v^2), where v = 2u(2\theta){y_0}^{1/2}/h is the ratio of y'_iu(2\theta) and u_{\rm Poisson}, y_0 is the peak intensity and h the full width at half-maximum of the profile. The error of the intensities at individual steps modifies also the standard uncertainty of the integrated intensity: u_{\rm total}^2(\rm Int) = u^2_{\rm Poisson}({\rm Int}) (1+ {v^2}/{2}). As v depends on y_0^{1/2}/h, it is evident that the importance of the correction increases with increasing count rates and decreasing line width. In most practical cases, y'_iu(2\theta) contributes a multiple of Poisson statistics to the standard uncertainty of intensity. It will be shown that with a realistic weighting scheme the \chi^2 as well as the Durbin–Watson test become more meaningful.

The interferograms measured on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman (FT-Raman) spectrometers are routinely apodised before the Fourier transform is carried out. The effects of finite resolution and different apodisation functions on synthetic bands of known Lorentz-Gauss character have been investigated. (The apodisation functions chosen were those commonly available on commercial FTIR and FT-Raman spectrometers). The effects are dramatic, the ratio of resolution/(true bandwidth) required to obtain less than 10% distortion (as judged by the peak height and width) in the band varied from 1 for boxcar to less than 0.2 for Norton-Beer (strong). Increasing Gaussian character of the band results in initially (i.e. at high resolution) the band being less altered by resolution and apodisation than a pure Lorentzian band. As the resolution is degraded, the band is more strongly affected. These results are explained in terms of the effect of truncation and distortion of the Fourier transform of the bandshape. A comparison of calculated and experimental results gave good agreement for the 1216 cm−1 band of chloroform in deuterochloroform. The experimental results also showed an increasing degree of Gaussian character as the resolution became comparable with the full width at half height of the band.

A detection system based on a monochromator for visible bremsstrahlung measurements is constructed. A new line-free spectral portion and stray light level, which affect the Zeff measurements considerably, are carefully investigated under different discharge conditions. The results show that the contribution of line emissions to the continuum for this system does not exceed 10%. It can be further reduced to 3% if an interference filter with a full width at half-maximum of 500 A is applied.

The hot infrared transitions of C2D6 from the υ4(A1u ) to the υ4 + υ6(A2g ) and υ4 + υ8(E g ) vibrational states, observed from 960 to 1180 cm−1, have been rotationally analysed on a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrum (full width at half-maximum about 0·0030 cm−1). The vibration-rotation interactions affecting the upper vibrational states are very similar to those of the corresponding cold system. A strong x,y Coriolis interaction between υ4 + υ6 and υ4 + υ8, with K-level crossing, generates large displacements of the rotational components of both vibrational states, tuning them to additional local resonances in several spectral regions. Thus l resonances with Δl = ±2, Δk = ±1 occur within υ4 + υ8. A x,y Coriolis-type resonance between υ4 + υ8(−l,K − 1) and υ3 + 2υ4(K) occurs at K = 11,12,13, and a further coupling of υ4 + υ8(+l,K + 1) and υ3 + 2υ4(K + 3) is most effective at K = 11 and 12. These resonances induce torsional splittings on the perturbed levels of υ4 + υ8 and allow us to determine th...

We present the results of 6 years of spectroscopic monitoring of the Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 335. Each year, the observations span 5¨7 months at a nominal sampling rate of one observation per week. Analysis of the spectroscopic observations shows clear coordinated variability in the continuum and in the broad Hb and He II j4686 emission lines. The principal goal of this monitoring program is to measure the time delay between the continuum variations and the corresponding responses of the broad Hb and He II emission lines. We derive time delays of D17 days for Hb and D2 days for He II. From the spectral time series we construct average, root mean square, and diUerence spectra, which show that the broad Hb variations are con—ned to the core of the broad emission lines, whereas the He II varia- tions take place across the full width of the pro—le. The He II emission line is about twice as broad as the Hb line. Comparison of the He II and Hb lags and line widths indicates that the BLR has a radially strati—ed ionization structure and that the highest velocity gas is closest to the continuum source. We also —nd no evidence for correlation between the line pro—le variations and the continuum and emission- line —ux variations, as has been found in other cases. Rather, the line pro—le variations seem to imply dynamical changes in the BLR. Subject headings: galaxies: activegalaxies: individual (Markarian 335) ¨ galaxies: Seyfert

ZnSe crystals have been grown by the travelling heater method (THM) with PbCl 2 as solvent. Our investigations have shown that ZnSe crystals could be obtained with high crystalline perfection referred to a full width at the half maximum (FWHM) down to 20 arcsec of double crystal rocking curves measured at chemically polished (100)-oriented surfaces. Solvent growth techniques like THM should have a remarkable potential for ZnSe bulk growth if the capture of solute as inclusion and precipitation can be avoided.

The shape coefficient of a curve, which is defined as the ratio of its full width at half-maximum intensity to integral width, is a measure of variation in shape. From the definitions of the pseudo-Voigt, Pearson VII and Voigt functions used in X-ray diffractometry, three shape-converting formulae are deduced. Numerical solution helps to establish a numerical model for interconverting the shapes of the pseudo-Voigt, Pearson VII and Voigt functions. Assessment of the error level and some comments on the shape of the pseudo-Voigt and Pearson VII functions are thereby made.

The present study demonstrates the creation of artificial luciferases (ALuc) for bioassays, inspired by a sequence alignment of copepod luciferases. Extraction of the consensus amino acids from the alignment enabled us to generate a series of ALucs with unique optical properties and sequential identities that are clearly different from those of any existing copepod luciferase. For example, some ALucs exhibited heat stability, dramatically prolonged optical intensities, broad full width at half-maximum, and strong optical intensities. The practical suitability of the luciferases as an optical readout was examined in diverse bioassays, including mammalian two-hybrid assays, live cell imaging, single-chain probes, bioluminescent capsules, and bioluminescent antibodies. We further determine the physical properties of ALucs through bioinformatic analysis and finally discuss detailed issues on the unique properties of ALucs. The present study shows how to create the artificial enzymes with excellent optical properties for bioassays and encourages researchers to fabricate their own unique artificial enzymes with designed properties and functionalities.

The ion source test facility ELISE ("Extraction from a Large Ion Source Experiment") has recently being built at IPP Garching (Germany) and is operational since December 2012. ELISE is an important intermediate step in the R&D roadmap that the European domestic agency Fusion for Energy has defined for the ITER neutral beam injectors. This new test facility for a large radio-frequency ion source builds up on the experience gained during many years of successful operation of smaller testbeds at IPP. Purpose of ELISE is to extract a negative ion beam, at ITER relevant parameters, by means of an ion source with the full width (1 m) and half the height of the ITER source. ELISE is designed to generate plasma for up to 1 h and extract a H- or D- beam at up to 60 kV. Available power supplies allow beam pulses of 10 s every 150 s. Although ELISE is designed to be as close as possible to the ITER source, technical solutions have been implemented that allow considerable experimental flexibility. Focus was put on easier diagnostic access and ease of maintenance. The results gained during the construction and operation of ELISE are delivering very important informations to support the design and operation of the neutral beam test facility PRIMA to be built in Padua (Italy). This paper gives an overview of the project, presents experiences made during commissioning and shows results obtained so far.

Previous experimental research at Delft University of Technology indicated an increased shear capacity of slabs under concentrated loads as a function of decreasing distance to the adjacent line support. Expressions have been derived for this increase, including the definition of an appropriate effective width. However, it is unknown if the uniformly distributed loads on solid slab bridges, e.g. due to dead loads, that act over the full width can be combined with the effects of concentrated loads acting only over the associated effective width at the support. To study this problem, additional experiments have been carried out at Delft University of Technology, in which a combination of loads consisting of a concentrated load close to the support and a line load over the full slab width are applied. The experimental results prove that the superposition principle applies to combinations of concentrated loads and distributed loads.

Methods 21 patients post primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST elevation myocardial infarction were prospectively enrolled and each had 3 MRI scans on a 1.5T GE Signa Excite scanner at 48 hours, 3 weeks and 6 months post infarction. A T1-weighted IR-GRE sequence was used for late gadolinium enhancement assessment of infarcted myocardium. Core infarct size (CIS) and gray zone (GZ) volumes were quantified using the full width at half-maximum technique and were expressed in grams. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance was used to assess for changes in CIS and GZ evolution over the three time frames. Data is presented as means ± standard deviation at the 48 hour, 3 week and 6 month time frames respectively.

A method for automatic computer selection of single peaks in semiconductor detector γ-spectra is presented. The ratio of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) to the full width at tenth maximum (FWTM) is used as the primary criterion. Then, parameters of the function FWHM vs γ-ray energy for all selected peaks are computed. This function is used for secondary verification of correctness of the first choice. The proposed method is tested on an artificially constructed spectrum.

Suitable correction factors are incorporated in the measurement of shift in resonance frequency and full width at half-maximum in the cavity perturbation technique when the sample is inserted partially into the cavity. The present approach is observed to be more accurate compared to the available theories and it does not have limitations concerning the shape of the sample. Several standard samples are taken for the present measurement and compared with the full insertion method. Some of the samples are partially inserted into the cavity step by step and the experimental results are compared with the present approach and that of Lehndroff. ? 1996 American Institute of Physics.

Polyethylenterephtarate (PET) films with deposited Al or SiOx thin films are utilized for a wide variety of package materials. The interfacial interaction between PET films and vapor deposited thin films was investigated using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). We studied some influences of the vapor deposition process on the surfaces of PET films, using commercial samples. In order to get the information at the interface between vapor deposited thin films and PET films, analysis of PET surface structures was carried out by breaking samples in the vicinity of the interface. The XPS data, the full width of half maximum (FWHM) of C-C bonding peaks and the changes in the peak area of functional groups obtained by means of peak separation, suggested that the surface structure of PET films was influenced by vapor deposition process, and Si-C bonding was formed at the interface.

We report a compact cavity-dumped Q-switched Er:YAG laser that produces pulses with 4.5 ns full width at half-maximum duration and 10 mJ energy. To the best of our knowledge, the resulting 2 MW peak power is the highest reported to date from a 1645 nm Er:YAG laser.

By adding an absentee layer on the top of the metallic layer, the figure of merit (FOM) of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor with Kretschmann configuration was enhanced, without changing the resonance angle and the reflectance at the resonance angle. Comparing with a traditional SPR sensor, the FOM of the SPR sensor with an absentee layer composed of either 1367 nm thick KCl or 235 nm thick Sisub3/subNsub4/subcan be improved by 5.53% or 11.41%, respectively. The enhancement of the FOM should be attributed to the faster decrease of the full width at half-maximum than the sensitivity after an absentee layer was applied in the SPR sensor.

Electron and X-ray diffraction patterns were taken from four different Ni1-xPtx alloys, with x=0.25, 0.35, 0.44 and 0.50, to understand the existence and shape of the diffuse intensity, which gives us information about structural fluctuations. A peculiar shape of diffuse scattering has been observed at 100 and 110 and their equivalent positions in the patterns, the shape of the diffuse intensity at the 100 position changing with Pt content in the alloys. The shape of the diffuse intensity at the 100 position for the x=0.25 alloy is rod-like, but the shape is nearly spherical for the x=0.50 alloy. The X-ray diffuse scattering intensities were measured from the x=0.50 single-crystal alloy at room temperature, and the Warren-Cowley short-range order parameters were determined after analysing the data. The correlation length has been deduced to be about 19 AA from estimating the inverse of the full width at half-maximum of the diffuse peak.

Experimental evidence for the existence of orbitally excited B meson states is presented in an analysis of the Bπ and B*π distribution of Q = m(B**) - m(B(*)) - m(π) using Z0decay data taken with the DELPHI detector at LEP. The mean Q-value of the decays B**→ B(*)π is measured to be 284 ± 5 (stat.) ± 15 (syst.) MeV/c2, and the Gaussian width of the signal is 79 ± 5 (stat.) ± 8 (syst.) MeV/c2. This signal can be described as a single resonance of mass m = 5732 ± 5 (stat.) ± 20 (syst.) MeV/c2and full width Γ = 145 ± 28 MeV/c2. The observed shape is also consistent with the production of several broad and narrow states as predicted by the quark model and partly observed in the D-meson sector. The production rate of B**per b-jet is found to be 0.27 ± 0.02 (stat.) ± 0.06 (syst.). © 1995.

This paper presents a laboratory technique for measurement of reflected waves by a submerged horizontal plate. A simple method is proposed to decompose the composite wave record obtained from the wave reflection experiments in the wave flume. The data collected were used to compute the reflected wave height by means of two and three probe methods proposed by other investigators and compared with the directly computed reflected wave using the measured incident wave. The experiment was carried out for a horizontal plate of 1 m length spanning the full width of the flume with wave periods ranging from 0.8 to 1.8 sec with 0.1 sec increments and wave heights of 5, 10 and 15 cm. The methods using two and three probes with phase measurement yield better results than the three probe method without phase measurement, and in general they have a wider range of application. The method using three probes without the phase measurement generally fails due to numerical instability of the scheme. The results obtained by the proposed method are compared with the two and three probe methods and a comparative analysis of the four methods is presented and discussed.

The dualistic transmission model of F-P etalon for angle and frequency has been built to analysis and build the relationship of transmission variation with angle and frequency. In the experiment, the transmission variations with frequency under different angles have been researched with the frequency rapid tunable fiber laser to gain the peak transmission, full width at half height, and relative sensitivity of transmission spectra. By comparing the experimental results and theory analysis, the uniformity of above parameters has been proved. The result of this paper can be used to design F-P etalon.

We collect and resolve spectrally and temporally the photoluminescence of single CdSe nanoplatelets. The emission intensity of single nanoplatelets at room temperature shows ON and OFF periods with a usual blinking statistics, while at 20 K, their emission intensity can be extremely stable in time. At room temperature, the emission spectra of single nanoplatelets are similar to ensemble measurements with a full width at half-maximum of 40 meV. At 20 K, we obtain a resolution-limited spectral line width (

For the first time, we report that a single crystal of (K-crypt)2Bi2 containing [Bi2]2+ displays ultra-broad near-infrared photoluminescence (PL) peaking at around 1190 nm and having a full width at the half maximum of 212 nm, stemming from the inherent electronic transitions of [Bi2]2+.The results not only add to the number of charged Bi species with luminescence, but also deepen the understanding of Bi-related near-infrared emission behavior and lead to the reconsideration of the fundamentally important issue of Bi-related PL mechanisms in some material systems such as bulk glasses, fibers, and conventional optical crystals.

This paper presents a narrow spectral filter based on a monolithic material system. Guided-mode resonance is achieved by embedding a periodic array of air holes within a similar-index material. Microvoids created in the lowindex substrate during deposition of the waveguide give a relatively high index contrast for guided-mode resonance. One and two-dimensional gratings are used to examine polarization dependence of the device. Theoretical and experimental results are provided, demonstrating a roughly six nanometer resonance at the full width half-maximum for both geometries.

We demonstrate the code-division multiplexed (CDM) readout of eight transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters. The energy resolution is 3.0 eV (full width at half-maximum) or better at 5.9 keV, with a best resolution of 2.3 eV and a mean of 2.6 eV over the seven modulated detectors. The flux-summing CDM system is described and compared with similar time-division multiplexed (TDM) readout. We show that the sqrt(Npixels) multiplexing disadvantage associated with TDM is not present in CDM. This demonstration establishes CDM as both a simple route to higher performance in existing TDM microcalorimetric experiments and a long-term approach to reaching higher multiplexing factors., To be published in Applied Physics Letters

High-pressure behavior of tetramethylsilane, one of the Group IVa hydrides, was investigated by Raman scattering measurements at pressures up to 142 GPa and room temperature. Our results revealed the phase transitions at 0.6, 9, and 16 GPa from both the mode frequency shifts with pressure and the changes of the full width half maxima of these modes. These transitions were suggested to result from the changes in the inter- and intra-molecular bonding of this material. We also observed two other possible phase transitions at 49-69 GPa and 96 GPa. No indication of metallization in tetramethylsilane was found with stepwise compression to 142 GPa.

The chapter begins with the basic concept of sizing spun cotton and filament yarns. Yarn’s hairiness considered to be the most serious hazard in weaving single spun yarns in their unsized state is illustrated with full width weaving trials carried out on single unsized cotton and single unsized singed cotton yarns. It then covers the characteristics of different size materials as well as of a good size mixture. The chapter then deals with the importance of sizing weaving curve and the effect of size on adhesion between fibres in yarn structure. Sizing machines using cylinders drying and hot-air drying are illustrated in detail along with the factors that affect the percentage of size applied to a warp. The chapter finally covers briefly the automation controls of modern sizing machines.

We present Submillimeter Array observations of the young stellar object IRAS 04579+4703 in the 1.3 mm continuum and in the 12CO(2-1), 13CO(2-1) and C18O(2-1) lines. The 1.3 mm continuum image reveals a flattened structure with a mass of 13 Msun. The 12CO(2-1) line map and position-velocity (PV) diagram, together with the broad wing (full width=30 km/s of 12CO(2-1)) line, clearly show that there is an outflow motion, which originates from an embedded massive YSO in this region. The lengths of the blue-shifted and red-shifted lobes are 0.14 pc and 0.13 pc respectively. The total gas mass, average dynamical timescale and mass entrainment rate of the outflow are 1.8 Msun, 1.7*10^4 yr and 1.1*10^(-4) Msun/yr, respectively. The flattened morphology of the continuum source perpendicular to the outflow direction, and the velocity gradient seen in the spectra of C18O(2-1) taken from different locations along the major axis of the continuum source, suggest the presence of an accretion disk in this region., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, accepted by A&A Letters

A novel preionization technique which uses a surface corona discharge to produce preionization electrons for the controlled low jitter breakdown of a main corona‐gap preionizer is described. The pre‐preionization scheme has been used to reliably preionize a long optical pulse (450 ns full width at half‐maximum) XeCl laser. The laser excitation circuit is a new version of the overshoot mode of magnetic‐spiker sustainer excitation specifically designed to be simple, reliable, and capable of high repetition rate operation.

Studies have been conducted to determine the feasibility of using the collisional cooling technique as a means of reducing energy spreads and emittances of sputter-generated negative-ion beams. A gas-filled rf-quadrupole ion cooler, equipped with provisions for decelerating ion beams to sufficiently low energies prior to cooling and reaccelerating them to high energies following the cooling process, has been designed and used to cool O− and F− ion beams with initial energy spreads, ΔE>10 eV to final energy spreads, ΔE∼2 eV full width half-maximum. Overall transmission efficiencies of ∼14% for F− beams have been obtained. Experimental results show that electron detachment is the major loss mechanism for negative ions.

An all-fiber tunable bandpass filter (TBPF) based on cascaded twin-core fiber (TCF) is theoretically analyzed and experimentally demonstrated. The spectrum of this proposed TBPF can be easily adjusted by bending, twisting, stretching, or changing the length of TCF to achieve the required filter parameters. In the example of a TBPF fabricated with TCF, the center wavelength can be tuned from 1540.8 to 1557.8 nm, while the full width at half-maximum bandwidth of the filter maintains around 6.5 nm.