389 results on '"Fong, Karen"'
Search Results
152. Characterization of organic species associated with indoor aerosol particles
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Weschler, Charles J., primary and Fong, Karen L., additional
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- 1986
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153. Active Calpain Promotes Fibrin Clot Contraction By Strengthening the Coupling of Fibrin-Bound aIIbß3 to the Platelet Cytoskeleton
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Litvinov, Rustem I., Fong, Karen Pei Yi, Kim, Oleg V., Molnar, Kathleen I., Billings, Paul C., Sternisha, Alex, Wells, James A., Weisel, John W., DeGrado, William F., and Bennett, Joel S.
- Abstract
No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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- 2018
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154. Taiwan on the rise.
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Fong, Karen
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BUSINESS travel ,CORPORATE growth ,ECONOMIC trends ,CONFERENCES & conventions - Abstract
Information on several topics discussed at the Asian MICE Forum (AMF) hosted by the Taipei International Convention Center in Taipei, Taiwan from September 17-18, 2014 is presented. Topics include the growth of the business events industry in the country, how the country can capitalise on their growth, and new trends in the industry. The event featured various attendees including Paul Woodward, David DuBois, and Martin Winter.
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- 2014
155. 6 of the best Shanghai's cultural sights, sounds and tastes.
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Fong, Karen
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HEALTH resorts - Abstract
A review is offered for several establishments located in Shanghai, China including the Peace Hotel, the Chinese Cooking Workshop, and the Four Seasons Hotel.
- Published
- 2014
156. The ancient path to modernity.
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Fong, Karen
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TRAVEL ,INTERNATIONAL airports - Abstract
The article offers travel tips for the city of Xian in China and includes recommendations on Xian Xianyang International Airport, Angsana Xian Lintong hot springs resort, and Shangri-La Hotel Xian.
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- 2014
157. Alternatives to West Lake.
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Fong, Karen
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HOTELS ,RESORTS ,CHINA description & travel - Abstract
The article offers travel tips for Hangzhou, China and includes information on its tourist attractions including parks, hotels, and resorts.
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- 2014
158. Go beyond Shanghai.
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Fong, Karen
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RESORTS - Abstract
Reviews are offered for several resorts in Shanghai, China including the Fuchun Resort and Spa, the Hilton Hangzhou Qiandao Lake Resort, and the Sheraton Qiandao Lake Resort.
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- 2014
159. The challenge of the new gTLDs.
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Fong, Karen
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INTERNET domain names ,INTERNET security ,TRADEMARKS ,BUSINESS enterprises ,SAFETY - Abstract
The article offers information on the new global top-level domains (gTLDs) launched by the nonprofit private organization Internet Corp. for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). It mentions that with the launch of domains a new protection mechanism is which include the centralised data trademark database Trademark Clearinghouse (TMCH). It highlights that brand owners are required to familiarise themselves with current list of gTLD applications.
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- 2013
160. The pros and cons of using real names as trademarks.
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Fong, Karen
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TRADEMARK licenses ,DESIGNERS ,BRAND name products ,TRADEMARK infringement - Abstract
The article offers information on the advantages and disadvantages of using real names as trademarks. American jeweller Henry Dunay states that his involvement in a dispute over the right to use his name is worse than the bankruptcy. It notes that designers opted to market their products under a distinctive trademark are free to prevent their name being used by others.
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- 2012
161. Autoradiographic Localization of Na, K-ATPase in the Mammalian Olfactory Mucosa: Influence of Aldosterone
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Fong, Karen J., Kern, Robert C., and Pitovski, Dimitri Z.
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- 1997
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162. Aldosterone regulation of Na, K-ATPase activity in the mammalian olfactory mucosa
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Fong, Karen J., Kern, Robert C., Foster, James, and Pitovski, Dimitri Z.
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- 1996
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163. Steeped in history.
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Fong, Karen
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HEALTH resorts ,HOTELS - Abstract
A review is offered for the Sofitel Legend People's Grand Hotel located in Xian, China.
- Published
- 2014
164. Cradle of China.
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Fong, Karen
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CHINA description & travel ,TERRACOTTA army (Xi'an Shi, China) ,ISLAMIC cooking - Abstract
The article offers travel tips for the city of Xian in China and includes recommendations on the Terracotta Warriors, Muslim food, and Huashan Mountain.
- Published
- 2014
165. Corticosteroids and the olfactory mucosa
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Fong, Karen, Kern, Robert C., Foster, James, and Pitovski, Dimitri
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- 1995
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166. Online courts and the future of IP litigation.
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Fong, Karen and Bamford, Tim
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ELECTRONIC courtrooms ,INTELLECTUAL property ,LAWYERS - Abstract
The article highlights the debate between Tim Bamford and Karen Fong, partners at law firm Collyer Bristow, regarding online courts as the future for intellectual property (IP) disputes. Topics of the debate include the implications of the withdrawal of Great Britain from the European Union (EU), the meaning of letter U in UPC and the issue of surrounding members of Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys (CIPA) and Institute of Trade Mark Attorneys (ITMA) calling themselves attorney.
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- 2016
167. Multicenter point prevalence evaluation of the utilization and safety of drug therapies for COVID-19 at the onset of the pandemic timeline in the United States.
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Rhodes, Nathaniel J, Dairem, Atheer, Moore, William J, Shah, Anooj, Postelnick, Michael J, Badowski, Melissa E, Michienzi, Sarah M, Borkowski, Jaime L, Polisetty, Radhika S, Fong, Karen, Spivak, Emily S, Beardsley, James R, Hale, Cory M, Pallotta, Andrea M, Srinivas, Pavithra, and Schulz, Lucas T
- Subjects
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PREVENTION of drug side effects , *RESEARCH , *HOSPITALS , *INTERLEUKINS , *COVID-19 , *COMBINATION drug therapy , *SCIENTIFIC observation , *ACADEMIC medical centers , *ASTHMA , *HUMAN research subjects , *CROSS-sectional method , *TOCILIZUMAB , *ANTIVIRAL agents , *MEDICAL cooperation , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE , *STATISTICAL sampling , *ODDS ratio , *COVID-19 pandemic , *CHEMICAL inhibitors - Abstract
Key points In a multicenter point-prevalence study, we found that the rate of supportive care was high; among those receiving COVID-19 drug therapies, adverse reactions occurred in 12% of patients. Purpose There are currently no FDA-approved medications for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). At the onset of the pandemic, off-label medication use was supported by limited or no clinical data. We sought to characterize experimental COVID-19 therapies and identify safety signals during this period. Methods We conducted a noninterventional, multicenter, point prevalence study of patients hospitalized with suspected/confirmed COVID-19. Clinical and treatment characteristics within a 24-hour window were evaluated in a random sample of up to 30 patients per site. The primary objective was to describe COVID-19–targeted therapies. The secondary objective was to describe adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Results A total of 352 patients treated for COVID-19 at 15 US hospitals From April 18 to May 8, 2020, were included in the study. Most patients were treated at academic medical centers (53.4%) or community hospitals (42.6%). Sixty-seven patients (19%) were receiving drug therapy in addition to supportive care. Drug therapies used included hydroxychloroquine (69%), remdesivir (10%), and interleukin-6 antagonists (9%). Five patients (7.5%) were receiving combination therapy. The rate of use of COVID-19–directed drug therapy was higher in patients with vs patients without a history of asthma (14.9% vs 7%, P = 0.037) and in patients enrolled in clinical trials (26.9% vs 3.2%, P < 0.001). Among those receiving drug therapy, 8 patients (12%) experienced an ADR, and ADRs were recognized at a higher rate in patients enrolled in clinical trials (62.5% vs 22%; odds ratio, 5.9; P = 0.028). Conclusion While we observed high rates of supportive care for patients with COVID-19, we also found that ADRs were common among patients receiving drug therapy, including those enrolled in clinical trials. Comprehensive systems are needed to identify and mitigate ADRs associated with experimental COVID-19 treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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168. May the law be with you.
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Fong, Karen
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COPYRIGHT infringement , *INTELLECTUAL property (International law) , *INTERNATIONAL law - Abstract
The article discusses the battle between Lucasfilm Ltd. and the model maker Andrew Ainsworth in Great Britain on latter's production of Stormtrooper helmet which is a replica of the armour worn in Lucas' epic films. It notes the enforceability of U.S. judgments against Ainsworth. It mentions that the Great Britain courts have been reluctant to hear cases involving infringement of overseas intellectual property (IP) rights which the Lucasfilm asserts to be against the U.S. copyright claim.
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- 2009
169. Crimes of fashion.
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Fong, Karen and Grek, Tom
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INTELLECTUAL property , *COPYRIGHT , *FASHION design , *FASHION designers , *ACTIONS & defenses (Law) , *COMMERCIAL law , *RECESSIONS , *RETAIL industry - Abstract
The article examines how the high street has seen rival retailers going head-to-head concerning designs on basic items which provides the industry an increase sense of security over its intellectual property (IP). According to the article, there is growing trend in litigation against copiers due to changes in the fashion industry and law. It stated that designers and retailers are taking action to safeguard their brands due to the economic downturn.
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- 2009
170. Molecular priming of Lyn by GPVI enables an immune receptor to adopt a hemostatic role.
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Schmaier, Alec A., Zhiying Zou, Kazlauskas, Arunas, Emert-SedIak, Lori, Fong, Karen P., Neeves, Keith B., MaIoney, Sean F., Diamond, Scott L., Kunapuli, Satya P., Ware, Jerry, Brass, Lawrence F., Smithgall, Thomas E., Saksela, Kalle, and Kahn, Mark L.
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BLOOD platelet activation , *BLOOD vessels , *WOUNDS & injuries , *IMMUNOREGULATION , *COLLAGEN , *CELL receptors , *GLYCOPROTEINS - Abstract
The immune receptor signaling pathway is used by nonimmune cells, but the molecular adaptations that underlie its functional diversification are not known. Circulating platelets use the immune receptor homologue glycoprotein VI (GPVI) to respond to collagen exposed at sites of vessel injury. In contrast to immune cell responses, platelet activation must take place within seconds to successfully form thrombi in flowing blood. Here, we show that the GPVI receptor utilizes a unique intracellular proline-rich domain (PRD) to accelerate platelet activation, a requirement for efficient platelet adhesion to collagen under flow. The GPVI PRD specifically binds the Src-family kinase Lyn and directly activates it, presumably through SH3 displacement. In resting platelets, Lyn is constitutively bound to GPVI in an activated state and platelets lacking Lyn exhibit defective collagen adhesion like that of platelets with GPVI receptors lacking the PRD. These findings define a molecular priming mechanism that enables an immune-type receptor to adopt a hemostatic function. These studies also demonstrate that active kinases can constitutively associate with immune-type receptors without initiating signal transduction before receptor ligation, consistent with a recent molecular model of immune receptor signaling in which receptor ligation is required to bring active kinases to their receptor substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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171. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on accredited programs and graduates who sat for the American Society for Clinical Pathology Board of Certification examination: graduates' perspective.
- Author
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Duzan D, Fong K, Freeman VS, Goodyear N, Nadder TS, Spiczka A, Taff T, and Tanabe P
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- Humans, United States epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, SARS-CoV-2, Accreditation, Pathology, Clinical education, Pathology, Clinical standards, Pandemics, Male, Female, COVID-19 epidemiology, Certification statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Objective: Students in health profession education programs were severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic at both didactic and clinical training levels. The purpose for this American Society for Clinical Pathology Board of Certification (ASCP BOC) study was to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on graduates. This study represents the perspectives of laboratory professional graduates who sat for the BOC certification in their respective professional disciplines., Methods: A survey was sent to all graduates from the National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Science (NAACLS), Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools (ABHES), and Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) accredited programs who sat for the ASCP BOC examination in 2020 and 2021 to determine the impact of COVID-19 on laboratory professional graduates during the pandemic., Results: A total of 180 graduates responded to the survey. The majority of graduates indicated that at least 1 didactic program component was shifted to an online system during the pandemic and that both clinical and nonclinical student laboratories were affected. Although program completion for most graduates was not delayed, one-third of graduates delayed taking their respective BOC exam. Due to the lack of knowledge application through practical hands-on laboratory experience in their educational programs, graduates reported feeling a lack of readiness with regards to preparing for the national certification examination as well as for employment., Conclusion: The study results showed the pandemic greatly impacted the education experience and readiness for the ASCP BOC examinations for graduates. Factors such as the absence of in-person learning and hands-on experience-both crucial aspects in laboratory training-and the ripple effects as a result of the pandemic, such as job loss, financial constraints, and health concerns, contributed to the decreased quality of education for graduates., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Society for Clinical Pathology. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)
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- 2024
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172. Diagnostic testing and antibiotic utilization among inpatients evaluated for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia.
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Wimmer MR, Griffin M, Peterson-Weber A, Schulz LT, Hamel AG, Schwei RJ, Fong K, Burgess DR, Brett M, Hale CM, Holubar M, Jain R, Larry R, Spivak ES, Newland H, Njoku J, Postelnick M, Walraven C, and Pulia MS
- Subjects
- Humans, Inpatients, SARS-CoV-2, Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures, Anti-Bacterial Agents, COVID-19 Testing, COVID-19, Pneumonia
- Abstract
We evaluated diagnostic test and antibiotic utilization among 252 patients from 11 US hospitals who were evaluated for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia during the severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) omicron variant pandemic wave. In our cohort, antibiotic use remained high (62%) among SARS-CoV-2-positive patients and even higher among those who underwent procalcitonin testing (68%).
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- 2024
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173. How does the antimicrobial stewardship provider role affect prospective audit and feedback acceptance for restricted antibiotics in a Canadian tertiary-care center?
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Hammond KM, Kabbani D, Doucette KE, Smith SW, Lau C, Bains S, Fong K, Stewart J, and Chen JZ
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- Humans, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Feedback, Canada, Antimicrobial Stewardship, Anti-Infective Agents
- Abstract
Of 731 restricted antimicrobial prescriptions subject to antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) prospective audit and feedback (PAF) over a 3-year period, 598 PAF recommendations (82%) were fully accepted. Physician auditors had an increased odds of PAF recommendation acceptance, reinforcing the complementary role of the ASP physician in the multidisciplinary ASP team.
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- 2024
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174. Transition to Oral Antibiotic Therapy for Hospitalized Adults With Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infections.
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Engers DW, Tamma PD, Fiawoo S, Fong K, Jariwala R, Jenkins TC, Kendall RE, Lee JH, McCreary EK, Patel PK, Shihadeh KC, Slish J, Van Schooneveld TC, and Malani AN
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- Male, Adult, Humans, Aged, Cohort Studies, Retrospective Studies, Fluoroquinolones, Anti-Bacterial Agents adverse effects, Sepsis drug therapy
- Abstract
Importance: Management of gram-negative bloodstream infections (GN-BSIs) with oral antibiotics is highly variable., Objective: To examine the transition from intravenous (IV) to oral antibiotics, including selection, timing, and associated clinical and microbial characteristics, among hospitalized patients with GN-BSIs., Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 4581 hospitalized adults with GN-BSIs at 24 US hospitals between January 1 and December 31, 2019. Patients were excluded if they died within 72 hours. Patients were excluded from the oral therapy group if transition occurred after day 7. Statistical analysis was conducted from July 2022 to October 2023., Exposures: Administration of antibiotics for GN-BSIs., Main Outcomes and Measures: Baseline characteristics and clinical parameters reflecting severity of illness were evaluated in groups receiving oral and IV therapy. The prevalence of transition from IV to oral antibiotics by day 7, median day of transition, sources of infection, and oral antibiotic selection were assessed., Results: Of a total of 4581 episodes with GN-BSIs (median age, 67 years [IQR, 55-77 years]; 2389 men [52.2%]), 1969 patients (43.0%) receiving IV antibiotics were transitioned to oral antibiotics by day 7. Patients maintained on IV therapy were more likely than those transitioned to oral therapy to be immunosuppressed (833 of 2612 [31.9%] vs 485 of 1969 [24.6%]; P < .001), require intensive care unit admission (1033 of 2612 [39.5%] vs 334 of 1969 [17.0%]; P < .001), have fever or hypotension as of day 5 (423 of 2612 [16.2%] vs 49 of 1969 [2.5%]; P < .001), require kidney replacement therapy (280 of 2612 [10.7%] vs 63 of 1969 [3.2%]; P < .001), and less likely to have source control within 7 days (1852 of 2612 [70.9%] vs 1577 of 1969 [80.1%]; P < .001). Transitioning patients from IV to oral therapy by day 7 was highly variable across hospitals, ranging from 25.8% (66 of 256) to 65.9% (27 of 41). A total of 4109 patients (89.7%) achieved clinical stability within 5 days. For the 3429 episodes (74.9%) with successful source control by day 7, the median day of source control was day 2 (IQR, 1-3 days) for the oral group and day 2 (IQR, 1-4 days) for the IV group (P < .001). Common infection sources among patients administered oral therapy were the urinary tract (1277 of 1969 [64.9%]), hepatobiliary (239 of 1969 [12.1%]), and intra-abdominal (194 of 1969 [9.9%]). The median day of oral transition was 5 (IQR, 4-6 days). Total duration of antibiotic treatment was significantly shorter among the oral group than the IV group (median, 11 days [IQR, 9-14 days] vs median, 13 days [IQR, 8-16 days]; P < .001]. Fluoroquinolones (62.2% [1224 of 1969]), followed by β-lactams (28.3% [558 of 1969]) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (11.5% [227 of 1969]), were the most commonly prescribed oral antibiotics., Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of 4581 episodes of GN-BSIs, transition to oral antibiotic therapy by day 7 occurred in fewer than half of episodes, principally with fluoroquinolones, although this practice varied significantly between hospitals. There may have been additional opportunities for earlier and more frequent oral antibiotic transitions because most patients demonstrated clinical stability by day 5.
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- 2024
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175. Positivity of repeat nasal MRSA PCR screening: a single-center experience.
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Earl A, Greenlee S, Fong K, Imlay H, and Spivak ES
- Abstract
Repeating nasal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) within 14 days may increase healthcare costs and inform anti-MRSA antibiotic therapy without known benefit. Within an inpatient admission, our retrospective, single-center evaluation found that conversion from negative to positive on repeat nasal MRSA PCR screen was uncommon (2%)., Competing Interests: All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article., (© The Author(s) 2023.)
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- 2023
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176. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on accredited programs and graduates who sat for the American Society for Clinical Pathology-Board of Certification Examination: program directors' perspective.
- Author
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Duzan D, Fong K, Freeman VS, Goodyear N, Nadder TS, Spiczka A, Taff T, and Tanabe P
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- Humans, United States epidemiology, Pandemics, Certification, Accreditation, COVID-19 epidemiology, Pathology, Clinical
- Abstract
Objective: Health professions education programs were severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic at clinical and didactic training levels. The purpose for this American Society for Clinical Pathology-Board of Certification (BOC) study was to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the graduates who sat for BOC certification in their respective professional disciplines from the perspective of program directors (PDs). A separate article will be published on the graduates' perspective., Methods: A survey was sent to all PDs from the National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Science, Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools, and Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs, accredited programs whose graduates are certified by the BOC, to determine the impact of COVID-19 on healthcare graduates and education programs during the pandemic., Results: A total of 201 PDs responded. All programs consistently reported that the pandemic had a negative impact on their students' BOC pass rate and scores. When asked what educational formats were used, all groups used virtual live lectures and recorded lectures. University programs were found to use more online student laboratories and simulation laboratory sessions than the hospital programs, affecting the psychomotor skills of their students., Conclusion: The results indicated that the effects from the COVID-19 pandemic were related to the inherent differences between hospital and university programs. This study revealed that the pandemic affected university programs more than hospital programs., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Society for Clinical Pathology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
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- 2023
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177. Diplomate in Medical Laboratory Immunology Certification Examination: A New Chapter for Medical Laboratory Immunology.
- Author
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Khanolkar A, Spiczka A, Bonfield TL, Alexander TS, Schmitz JL, Boras D, Fong K, Nandiwada SL, Miller GC, and Tebo AE
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- Humans, Laboratories, Certification
- Abstract
It is indeed a privilege to be an immunologist in what is arguably the golden age of immunology. From astounding advances in fundamental knowledge to groundbreaking immunotherapeutic offerings, immunology has carved out an enviable niche for itself in basic science and clinical medicine. The need and the vital importance of appropriate education, training, and certification in clinical immunology was recognized by the World Health Organization as far back as 1972. In the United States, Ph.D. scientists with board certification in medical laboratory immunology have served as directors of high-complexity Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments- and College of American Pathologists-certified clinical immunology laboratories since 1977. From 1977 to 2017, board certification for medical laboratory immunology was administered by the American Society for Microbiology through the American Board of Medical Laboratory Immunology examination. The American Board of Medical Laboratory Immunology examination was phased out in 2017, and in the fall of 2019, the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) Board of Certification (BOC) examination committee took on the responsibility of developing a new doctoral-level certification examination for medical laboratory immunology. This transition to the ASCP BOC represents a well-deserved and much-needed recognition of the rapid advances in and the highly specialized nature of medical laboratory immunology and its ever-increasing relevance to patient care. This new ASCP BOC certification is called the Diplomate in Medical Laboratory Immunology, and, as of April 1, 2023, it is now available to potential examinees. In this report, we describe the examination, eligibility routes, and potential career pathways for successful diplomates., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors.)
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- 2023
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178. Antimicrobial stewardship, procalcitonin testing, and rapid blood-culture identification to optimize sepsis care in critically ill adult patients: A quality improvement initiative.
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Sligl WI, Chen JZ, Wang X, Boehm C, Fong K, Crick K, Garrido Clua M, Codan C, Dingle TC, Gregson D, Prosser C, Sadrzadeh H, Yan C, Chen G, Tse-Chang A, Garros D, Doig CJ, Zygun D, Opgenorth D, Conly JM, and Bagshaw SM
- Abstract
We examined the effect of an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP), procalcitonin testing and rapid blood-culture identification on hospital mortality in a prospective quality improvement project in critically ill septic adults. Secondarily, we have reported antimicrobial guideline concordance, acceptance of ASP interventions, and antimicrobial and health-resource utilization., Competing Interests: All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article. The corresponding author has no conflicts of interest. ICMJE Disclosure Forms to be completed by all authors if accepted for publication., (© The Author(s) 2023.)
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- 2023
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179. The American Society for Clinical Pathology's 2021 Wage Survey of Medical Laboratories in the United States.
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Garcia E, Kundu I, and Fong K
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- Humans, United States, Laboratories, Salaries and Fringe Benefits, Surveys and Questionnaires, Pathology, Clinical, COVID-19
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Objectives: To inform the pathology and laboratory field of the most recent national wage data. Historically, the results of this biennial survey have served as a basis for additional research on laboratory recruitment, retention, education, marketing, certification, and advocacy., Methods: The 2021 Wage Survey was conducted through collaboration between the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) Institute of Science, Technology, and Policy in Washington, DC, and the ASCP Board of Certification in Chicago, IL., Results: Compared with 2019, results show that mean hourly wage for staff-level personnel increased for only two occupations-cytologist and medical laboratory scientist/medical technologist/clinical laboratory scientist-after adjusting for inflation. Geographically, laboratory professionals from urban areas continue to earn more than their rural counterparts. Most respondents reported no change in their salaries during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic., Conclusions: The pandemic had a significant effect on staffing, workload, and work-life balance of many laboratory professionals. Even with the salary increases reported from the results of this survey, it is evident that the increases have not kept up with the current inflation. Focus on visibility, recruitment and retention, and diversity are essential to develop long- and short-term solutions., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Society for Clinical Pathology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
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- 2022
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180. ASCP Board of Certification Survey of Medical Laboratory Science Education 2020: Faculty.
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Brown K, Duzan D, Fong K, Freeman VS, Genzen J, Goodyear N, Harrington SM, Taff T, and Tanabe PA
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- Humans, United States, Faculty, Surveys and Questionnaires, Medical Laboratory Science education, Certification
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- 2022
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181. ASCP Board of Certification Survey of Medical Laboratory Science Education 2020: Programs.
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Brown K, Duzan D, Fong K, Freeman VS, Genzen J, Goodyear N, Harrington SM, Taff T, and Tanabe PA
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- Humans, United States, Surveys and Questionnaires, Specialty Boards, Medical Laboratory Science education, Certification
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- 2022
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182. Prophage Diversity Across Salmonella and Verotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Agricultural Niches of British Columbia, Canada.
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Fong K, Lu YT, Brenner T, Falardeau J, and Wang S
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Prophages have long been regarded as an important contributor to the evolution of Salmonella and Verotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC), members of the Enterobacteriaceae that cause millions of cases of foodborne illness in North America. In S . Typhimurium, prophages provide many of the genes required for invasion; similarly, in VTEC, the Verotoxin-encoding genes are located in cryptic prophages. The ability of prophages to quickly acquire and lose genes have driven their rapid evolution, leading to highly diversified populations of phages that can infect distantly-related bacterial hosts. To defend against foreign genetic materials (i.e., phages), bacteria have evolved Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) immunity, consisting of variable spacer regions that match short nucleic acid sequences of invaders previously encountered. The number of spacer regions varies widely amongst Enterobacteriaceae , and there is currently no clear consensus if the accumulation of spacers is linked to genomic prophage abundance. Given the immense prophage diversity and contribution to bacterial host phenotypes, we analyzed the prophage sequences within 118 strains of Salmonella and VTEC, 117 of which are of agricultural origin. Overall, 130 unique prophage sequences were identified and they were found to be remarkably diverse with <50% nucleotide similarity, particularly with the Gifsy-1 group which was identified in several Salmonella serovars and interestingly, a strain of VTEC. Additionally, we identified a novel plasmid-like phage that carried antibiotic resistance and bacteriocin resistance genes. The strains analyzed carried at least six distinct spacers which did not possess homology to prophages identified in the same genome. In fact, only a fraction of all identified spacers (14%) possessed significant homology to known prophages. Regression models did not discern a correlation between spacer and prophage abundance in our strains, although the relatively high number of spacers in our strains (an average of 27 in Salmonella and 19 in VTEC) suggest that high rates of infection may occur in agricultural niches and be a contributing driver in bacterial evolution. Cumulatively, these results shed insight into prophage diversity of Salmonella and VTEC, which will have further implications when informing development of phage therapies against these foodborne pathogens., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Fong, Lu, Brenner, Falardeau and Wang.)
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- 2022
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183. The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the antimicrobial stewardship pharmacist workforce: A multicenter survey.
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Wimmer MR, Schulz LT, Hamel AG, Schwei RJ, Fong K, Burgess DR, Brett M, Hale CM, Holubar M, Jain R, Larry R, Spivak ES, Newland H, Njoku J, Postelnick M, Walraven C, and Pulia MS
- Abstract
Objective: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has required healthcare systems and hospitals to rapidly modify standard practice, including antimicrobial stewardship services. Our study examines the impact of COVID-19 on the antimicrobial stewardship pharmacist., Design: A survey was distributed nationally to all healthcare improvement company members., Participants: Pharmacist participants were mostly leaders of antimicrobial stewardship programs distributed evenly across the United States and representing urban, suburban, and rural health-system practice sites., Results: Participants reported relative increases in time spent completing tasks related to medication access and preauthorization (300%; P = .018) and administrative meeting time (34%; P = .067) during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before the pandemic. Time spent rounding, making interventions, performing pharmacokinetic services, and medication reconciliation decreased., Conclusion: A shift away from clinical activities may negatively affect the utilization of antimicrobials., (© The Author(s) 2022.)
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- 2022
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184. A novel role for endoplasmic reticulum protein 46 (ERp46) in platelet function and arterial thrombosis in mice.
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Zhou J, Wu Y, Rauova L, Koma G, Wang L, Poncz M, Li H, Liu T, Fong KP, Bennett JS, Kunapuli SP, and Essex DW
- Subjects
- Animals, Endoplasmic Reticulum metabolism, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex metabolism, Hemostasis, Thioredoxins metabolism, Thrombosis genetics, Thrombosis metabolism
- Abstract
Although several members of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family support thrombosis, other PDI family members with the CXYC motif remain uninvestigated. ERp46 has 3 CGHC redox-active sites and a radically different molecular architecture than other PDIs. Expression of ERp46 on the platelet surface increased with thrombin stimulation. An anti-ERp46 antibody inhibited platelet aggregation, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release, and αIIbβ3 activation. ERp46 protein potentiated αIIbβ3 activation, platelet aggregation, and ATP release, whereas inactive ERp46 inhibited these processes. ERp46 knockout mice had prolonged tail-bleeding times and decreased platelet accumulation in thrombosis models that was rescued by infusion of ERp46. ERp46-deficient platelets had decreased αIIbβ3 activation, platelet aggregation, ATP release, and P-selectin expression. The defects were reversed by wild-type ERp46 and partially reversed by ERp46 containing any of the 3 active sites. Platelet aggregation stimulated by an αIIbβ3-activating peptide was inhibited by the anti-ERp46 antibody and was decreased in ERp46-deficient platelets. ERp46 bound tightly to αIIbβ3 by surface plasmon resonance but poorly to platelets lacking αIIbβ3 and physically associated with αIIbβ3 upon platelet activation. ERp46 mediated clot retraction and platelet spreading. ERp46 more strongly reduced disulfide bonds in the β3 subunit than other PDIs and in contrast to PDI, generated thiols in β3 independently of fibrinogen. ERp46 cleaved the Cys473-Cys503 disulfide bond in β3, implicating a target for ERp46. Finally, ERp46-deficient platelets have decreased thiols in β3, implying that ERp46 cleaves disulfide bonds in platelets. In conclusion, ERp46 is critical for platelet function and thrombosis and facilitates αIIbβ3 activation by targeting disulfide bonds., (© 2022 by The American Society of Hematology.)
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- 2022
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185. The efficacy of different sanitizers against MS2 bacteriophage introduced onto plastic or stainless steel surfaces.
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Chen L, Lee WJ, Ma Y, Jang SS, Fong K, and Wang S
- Abstract
The virucidal activities of 11 prepared disinfectant solutions (active ingredients of household sanitizers) and 10 household sanitizers against bacteriophage MS2 on plastic and stainless steel surfaces were studied. Among the prepared sanitizers, 70-90% ethanol and ethanol-based disinfectants resulted in 1-2.5 log PFU/mL reductions on both surfaces. The 70% isopropanol and isopropanol-based formula reduced MS2 by 0.7-1.5 log PFU/mL on both surfaces. Other disinfectants, containing 0.1% benzalkonium chloride (BAC), 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, or 4% acetic acid, showed significant ( P < 0.05) lower log reductions (-0.17-0.55 log PFU/mL) compared with other treatments. At room temperature, the virucidal activities of 70% ethanol on plastic (1.46-1.64 log PFU/mL reductions) and stainless steel (0.84-0.93 log PFU/mL reductions) surfaces were not significantly ( P > 0.05) affected by the treatment time (30-600 s). However, 85% ethanol-treated groups showed significant ( P < 0.05) higher log reductions in 60 and 600 s treated groups (1.69-2.24 log PFU/mL) compared with those in 30 s treated groups (0.92-1.32 log PFU/mL). Their virucidal activities were further examined at low temperatures (4 and 8 °C). We observed that the surface inactivation efficacies were not affected by the low temperatures. In addition, the virucidal activities of household sanitizers revealed that sanitizers with 1.84% (pH = 12.5, ∼17,500 ppm free-chlorine concentrations) or 3% (pH = 13.1, ∼38,100 ppm free-chlorine concentrations) sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) reduced 4.15-6.23 log PFU/mL MS2 on hard surfaces after 60 s contact time. Furthermore, an approximately 1.5 log PFU/mL reduction was observed in groups treated by sanitizer H (active ingredients: 58% ethanol + 0.1% quaternary ammonium compound). Household products with BAC or organic acid resulted in -0.28-0.33 log reductions on two surfaces after 30 or 60 s treatment. Therefore, the use of ethanol and NaClO-based products should be considered as a potential surface decontamination strategy in the food industry., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Crown Copyright © 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V.)
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- 2022
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186. Cleavage of talin by calpain promotes platelet-mediated fibrin clot contraction.
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Fong KP, Molnar KS, Agard N, Litvinov RI, Kim OV, Wells JA, Weisel JW, DeGrado WF, and Bennett JS
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- Binding Sites, Calpain, Fibrin, Humans, Talin metabolism, Thrombosis
- Abstract
Blood clot contraction is driven by traction forces generated by the platelet cytoskeleton that are transmitted to fibrin fibers via the integrin αIIbβ3. Here we show that clot contraction is impaired by inhibitors of the platelet cytosolic protease calpain. We used subtiligase-mediated labeling of amino termini and mass spectrometry to identify proteolytically cleaved platelet proteins involved in clot contraction. Of 32 calpain-cleaved proteins after TRAP stimulation, 14 were cytoskeletal, most prominently talin and vinculin. A complex of talin and vinculin constitutes a mechanosensitive clutch connecting integrins bound to the extracellular matrix with the actin cytoskeleton. Accordingly, we focused on talin and vinculin. Talin is composed of an N-terminal head domain and a C-terminal rod domain organized into a series of 4- and 5-helix bundles. The bundles contain 11 vinculin binding sites (VBSs), each of which is an α-helix packed into a bundle interior and requiring structural rearrangement to initiate vinculin binding. We detected 8 calpain-mediated cleavages in talin, 2 previously identified in unstructured regions and 6 in α-helical regions in proximity to a VBS. There is evidence in vitro that applying mechanical force across talin enables vinculin binding to the talin rod. However, we found that inhibiting platelet cytoskeletal contraction had no effect on talin cleavage, indicating that talin cleavage by calpain in platelets does not require cytoskeleton-generated tensile force. Therefore, it is likely that calpain acts in the later stages of clot retraction through focal adhesion disassembly., (© 2021 by The American Society of Hematology. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), permitting only noncommercial, nonderivative use with attribution. All other rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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187. How Broad Is Enough: The Host Range of Bacteriophages and Its Impact on the Agri-Food Sector.
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Fong K, Wong CWY, Wang S, and Delaquis P
- Abstract
Novel bacteriophages (phages) possessing a broad host range are consistently and routinely reported, yet there is presently no consensus on the definition of "broad host range." As phages are increasingly being used in the development of methods for the detection and biocontrol of human pathogens, it is important to address the limitations associated with the host range. For instance, unanticipated host range breadth may result in the detection of nonpathogenic targets, thereby increasing the false-positive rate. Moreover, a broad host range is generally favored in biocontrol applications despite the risk of undesirable ancillary effects against nontarget species. Here, we discuss the research progress, applications, and implications of broad host range phages with a focus on tailed broad host range phages infecting human pathogens of concern in the Agri-Food sector., Competing Interests: No competing financial interests exist., (© Karen Fong et al. 2021; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.)
- Published
- 2021
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188. Visualization of Platelet Integrins via Two-Photon Microscopy Using Anti-transmembrane Domain Peptides Containing a Blue Fluorescent Amino Acid.
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Fong KP, Ahmed IA, Mravic M, Jo H, Kim OV, Litvinov RI, Weisel JW, DeGrado WF, Gai F, and Bennett JS
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- Amino Acids metabolism, Blood Platelets metabolism, Cell Membrane metabolism, Integrins physiology, Peptides chemical synthesis, Peptides chemistry, Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex metabolism, Protein Binding physiology, Protein Domains physiology, Tryptophan chemical synthesis, Tryptophan chemistry, Integrins metabolism, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton methods, Tryptophan analogs & derivatives
- Abstract
The fluorescent reporters commonly used to visualize proteins can perturb both protein structure and function. Recently, we found that 4-cyanotryptophan (4CN-Trp), a blue fluorescent amino acid, is suitable for one-photon imaging applications. Here, we demonstrate its utility in two-photon fluorescence microscopy by using it to image integrins on cell surfaces. Specifically, we used solid-phase peptide synthesis to generate CHAMP peptides labeled with 4-cyanoindole (4CNI) at their N-termini to image integrins on cell surfaces. CHAMP (computed helical anti-membrane protein) peptides spontaneously insert into membrane bilayers to target integrin transmembrane domains and cause integrin activation. We found that 4CNI labeling did not perturb the ability of CHAMP peptides to insert into membranes, bind to integrins, or cause integrin activation. We then used two-photon fluorescence microscopy to image 4CNI-containing integrins on the surface of platelets. Compared to a 4CNI-labeled scrambled peptide that uniformly decorated cell surfaces, 4CNI-labeled CHAMP peptides were present in discrete blue foci. To confirm that these foci represented CN peptide-containing integrins, we co-stained platelets with integrin-specific fluorescent monoclonal antibodies and found that CN peptide and antibody fluorescence coincided. Because 4CNI can readily be biosynthetically incorporated into proteins with little if any effect on protein structure and function, it provides a facile way to directly monitor protein behavior and protein-protein interactions in cellular environments. In addition, these results clearly demonstrate that the two-photon excitation cross section of 4CN-Trp is sufficiently large to make it a useful two-photon fluorescence reporter for biological applications.
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- 2021
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189. Call for improvement in medical school training in genetics: results of a national survey.
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Haspel RL, Genzen JR, Wagner J, Fong K, and Wilcox RL
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- Curriculum, Genomics education, Humans, Schools, Medical, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Internship and Residency, Physicians
- Abstract
Purpose: To assess, from the student perspective, medical school training in genetics and genomics., Methods: In 2019, the Undergraduate Training in Genomics (UTRIG) Working Group developed genetics-related survey and knowledge questions for the RISE-FIRST, an exam administered to postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) pathology residents in the United States during their first months of training. Survey questions focused on perceived knowledge in genetics and the structure and quality of training with responses compared with those in control areas., Results: There were 401 PGY1 pathology residents who took the 2019 RISE-FIRST (65% of those in the United States). There was significantly lower perceived understanding of genetics compared with nongenetics topics. Respondents also reported less time spent learning genetics and lower quality training compared with control areas. Only 53% indicated an interaction during medical school with a medical geneticist. Residents also did not perform as well on the UTRIG-developed knowledge questions than those in other areas of pathology., Conclusion: The RISE-FIRST is a useful tool in assessing the current state of medical school training in genetics. This needs assessment may serve as a call to action to improve medical school genetics education and promote greater understanding of the role of genetics professionals in patient care.
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- 2021
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190. Antibiotic Resistance in Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Surface Waters and Sediments in a Mixed Use Urban Agricultural Landscape.
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Ma Y, Chen J, Fong K, Nadya S, Allen K, Laing C, Ziebell K, Topp E, Carroll LM, Wiedmann M, Delaquis P, and Wang S
- Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (AR) phenotypes and acquired resistance determinants (ARDs) detected by in silico analysis of genome sequences were examined in 55 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates representing diverse serotypes recovered from surfaces waters and sediments in a mixed use urban/agricultural landscape in British Columbia, Canada. The isolates displayed decreased susceptibility to florfenicol (65.5%), chloramphenicol (7.3%), tetracycline (52.7%), ampicillin (49.1%), streptomycin (34.5%), kanamycin (20.0%), gentamycin (10.9%), amikacin (1.8%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (21.8%), ceftiofur (18.2%), ceftriaxone (3.6%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (12.7%), and cefoxitin (3.6%). All surface water and sediment isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, ertapenem, imipenem and meropenem. Eight isolates (14.6%) were multidrug resistant. ARDs conferring resistance to phenicols ( floR ), trimethoprim ( dfrA ), sulfonamides ( sul1/2 ), tetracyclines ( tetA/B ), and aminoglycosides ( aadA and aph ) were detected. Additionally, narrow-spectrum β-lactamase bla TEM-1b and extended-spectrum AmpC β-lactamase (cephalosporinase) bla CMY-2 were detected in the genomes, as were replicons from plasmid incompatibility groups IncFII, IncB/O/K/Z, IncQ1, IncX1, IncY and Col156. A comparison with surveillance data revealed that AR phenotypes and ARDs were comparable to those reported in generic E. coli from food animals. Aquatic environments in the region are potential reservoirs for the maintenance and transmission of antibiotic resistant STEC, associated ARDs and their plasmids.
- Published
- 2021
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191. Validation of a Community-Acquired Pneumonia Score To Improve Empiric Antibiotic Selection at an Academic Medical Center.
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Oliver MB, Fong K, Certain L, Spivak ES, and Timbrook TT
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- Academic Medical Centers, Adult, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Humans, Retrospective Studies, Community-Acquired Infections diagnosis, Community-Acquired Infections drug therapy, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pneumonia diagnosis, Pneumonia drug therapy
- Abstract
The 2019 American Thoracic Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) guidelines recommend that drug-resistant pathogens (DRP) be empirically covered if locally validated risk factors are present. This retrospective case-control validation study evaluated the performance of the drug resistance in pneumonia (DRIP) clinical prediction score. Two hundred seventeen adult patients with ICD-10 (https://www.who.int/classifications/classification-of-diseases) pneumonia diagnosis, positive confirmed microbiologic data, and clinical signs and symptoms were included. A DRIP score of ≥4 was used to assess model performance. Logistic regression was used to select for significant predictors and create a modified DRIP score, which was evaluated to define clinical application. The DRIP score predicted pneumonia due to a DRP with a sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 73%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 0.82). From regression analysis, prior infection with a DRP and antibiotics in the last 60 days, yielding scores of 2 points and 1 point, respectively, remained local risk factors in predicting drug-resistant pneumonia. Sensitivity (47%) and specificity (94%) were maximized at a threshold of ≥2 in the modified DRIP model. Therefore, prior infection with a DRP remained the only clinically relevant predictor for drug-resistant pneumonia. The original DRIP score demonstrated a decreased performance in our patient population and behaved similarly to other clinical prediction models. Empiric CAP therapy without anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and antipseudomonal coverage should be considered for noncritically ill patients without a drug resistant pathogen infection in the past year. Our data support the necessity of local validation to authenticate clinical risk predictors for drug-resistant pneumonia., (Copyright © 2021 American Society for Microbiology.)
- Published
- 2021
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192. Multicenter point-prevalence evaluation of the utilization and safety of drug therapies for COVID-19.
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Rhodes NJ, Dairem A, Moore W, Shah A, Postelnick MJ, Badowski ME, Michienzi SM, Borkowski JL, Polisetty RS, Fong K, Spivek ES, Beardsley JR, Hale CM, Pallotta AM, Srinivas P, and Schulz LT
- Abstract
Background: There are currently no FDA-approved medications for the treatment of COVID-19. At the onset of the pandemic, off-label medication use was supported by limited or no clinical data. We sought to characterize experimental COVID-19 therapies and identify safety signals during this period., Methods: We conducted a non-interventional, multicenter, point prevalence study of patients hospitalized with suspected/confirmed COVID-19. Clinical and treatment characteristics within a 24-hour window were evaluated in a random sample of up to 30 patients per site. The primary objective was to describe COVID-19 targeted therapies. The secondary objective was to describe adverse drug reactions (ADRs)., Results: A total of 352 patients from 15 US hospitals were included. Most patients were treated at academic medical centers (53.4%) or community hospitals (42.6%). Sixty-seven patients (19%) were receiving drug therapy in addition to supportive care. Drug therapies included hydroxychloroquine (69%), remdesivir (10%), and interleukin-6 inhibitors (9%). Five patients (7.5%) were receiving combination therapy. Patients with a history of asthma (14.9% vs. 7%, p=0.037) and those enrolled in clinical trials (26.9% vs. 3.2%, p<0.001) were more likely to receive therapy. Among those receiving COVID-19 therapy, eight patients (12%) experienced an ADR, and ADRs were more commonly recognized in patients enrolled in clinical trials (62.5% vs 22%, OR=5.9, p=0.028)., Conclusions: While we observed high rates of supportive care for patients with COVID-19, we also found that ADRs were common among patients receiving drug therapy including in clinical trials. Comprehensive systems are needed to identify and mitigate ADRs associated with experimental COVID-19 therapies.
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- 2020
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193. A Dynamic Method for Broad-Spectrum Bacteriophage Cocktail Formulation Against Poultry-Associated Salmonella enterica .
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Brenner T, Fong K, Lee S, and Wang S
- Abstract
Background: Poultry products are the largest food category linked to salmonellosis in Canada. Bacteriophages (phages) have been proposed as a novel antimicrobial in the poultry industry due to their documented ubiquity, efficacy, and safety benefits. Materials and Methods: A library of 78 lytic phages was rapidly screened against 50 prominent poultry-associated Salmonella enterica isolates procured from British Columbia, Canada. Results: A phage cocktail was successfully formulated using only three sewage-isolated phages (SE4, SE13, and SE20) to achieve broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy across all S. enterica serovars. Highly promising phages were also characterized using one-step growth curves and transmission electron microscopy. Conclusion: Relative host efficiency is a new agar-based semiquantitative metric developed here for the rapid comparison of different phages against a panel of known bacterial targets., Competing Interests: No competing financial interests exist., (Copyright 2020, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers.)
- Published
- 2020
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194. Eligibility, Enrollment, and Completion of Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation Following Stroke Rehabilitation: What Are the Barriers?
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Marzolini S, Fong K, Jagroop D, Neirinckx J, Liu J, Reyes R, Grace SL, Oh P, and Colella TJF
- Subjects
- Aged, Ambulatory Care, Cardiac Rehabilitation methods, Eligibility Determination, Female, Health Care Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mobility Limitation, Multivariate Analysis, Ontario, Patient Compliance statistics & numerical data, Patient Participation statistics & numerical data, Patient Selection, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Socioeconomic Factors, Cardiac Rehabilitation statistics & numerical data, Exercise Therapy statistics & numerical data, Health Services Accessibility statistics & numerical data, Stroke Rehabilitation statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: People after stroke benefit from comprehensive secondary prevention programs including cardiac rehabilitation (CR), yet there is little understanding of eligibility for exercise and barriers to use., Objective: The aim of this study was to examine eligibility for CR; enrollment, adherence, and completion; and factors affecting use., Design: This was a prospective study of 116 consecutive people enrolled in a single outpatient stroke rehabilitation (OSR) program located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada., Methods: Questionnaires were completed by treating physical therapists for consecutive participants receiving OSR and included reasons for CR ineligibility, reasons for declining participation, demographics, and functional level. CR eligibility criteria included the ability to walk ≥100 m (no time restriction) and the ability to exercise at home independently or with assistance. People with or without hemiplegic gait were eligible for adapted or traditional CR, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine factors associated with use indicators., Results: Of 116 participants receiving OSR, 82 (70.7%) were eligible for CR; 2 became eligible later. Sixty (71.4%) enrolled in CR and 49 (81.7%) completed CR, attending 87.1% (SD = 16.6%) of prescribed sessions. The primary reasons for ineligibility included being nonambulatory or having poor ambulation (52.9%; 18/34 patients) and having severe cognitive deficits and no home exercise support (20.6%; 7/34). Frequently cited reasons for declining CR were moving or travel out of country (17.2%; 5/29 reasons), lack of interest (13.8%; 4/29), transportation issues (10.3%; 3/29), and desiring a break from therapy (10.3%; 3/29). In a multivariate analysis, people who declined CR were more likely to be women, have poorer attendance at OSR, and not diabetic. Compared with traditional CR, stroke-adapted CR resulted in superior attendance (66.1% [SD = 22.9%] vs 87.1% [SD = 16.6%], respectively) and completion (66.7% vs 89.7%, respectively). The primary reasons for dropping out were medical (45%) and moving (27%)., Limitations: Generalizability to other programs is limited, and other, unmeasured factors may have affected outcomes., Conclusions: An OSR-CR partnership provided an effective continuum of care, with approximately 75% of eligible people participating and more than 80% completing. However, just over 1 of 4 eligible people declined participation; therefore, strategies should target lack of interest, transportation, women, and people without diabetes. An alternative program model is needed for people who have severe ambulatory or cognitive deficits and no home exercise support., (© 2019 American Physical Therapy Association.)
- Published
- 2020
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195. Inactivation of Salmonella enterica on post-harvest cantaloupe and lettuce by a lytic bacteriophage cocktail.
- Author
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Wong CWY, Delaquis P, Goodridge L, Lévesque RC, Fong K, and Wang S
- Abstract
Salmonella enterica ( S. enterica ) is a causative agent of multiple outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with fresh produce, including pre-cut melon and leafy vegetables. Current industrial antimicrobial interventions have been shown to reduce microbial populations by <90%. Consequently, bacteriophages have been suggested as an alternative to chemical sanitizers. Seven S. enterica strains from four serovars (10
5 CFU/mL) were separately inoculated onto excised pieces of Romaine lettuce leaf and cantaloupe flesh treated with a five-strain bacteriophage cocktail 24 h before S. enterica inoculation. S. enterica , total aerobic populations and water activity were measured immediately after inoculation and after 1 and 2 days of incubation at 8 °C. The efficacy of the bacteriophage cocktail varied between strains. Populations of S. enterica Enteritidis strain S3, S. Javiana S203, S. Javiana S200 were reduced by > 3 log CFU/g and S. Newport S2 by 1 log CFU/g on both lettuce and cantaloupe tissues at all sampling times. In contrast, populations of strains S. Thompson S193 and S194 were reduced by 2 log CFU/g on day 0 on lettuce, but were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the controls thereafter, S. Newport S195 populations were reduced on lettuce by 1 log CFU/g on day 0 and no reductions were found on cantaloupe tissue. Both aerobic populations and water activity were higher on cantaloupe than on lettuce. The water activity of lettuce decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from 0.845 ± 0.027 on day 0-0.494 ± 0.022 on day 1, but that of cantaloupe remained between 0.977 and 0.993 from day 0-2. The results of this study showed that bacteriophages can reduce S. enterica populations on lettuce and cantaloupe tissues but that the magnitude of the effect was strain-dependent., (© 2019 The Authors.)- Published
- 2019
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196. Diversity and Host Specificity Revealed by Biological Characterization and Whole Genome Sequencing of Bacteriophages Infecting Salmonella enterica .
- Author
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Fong K, Tremblay DM, Delaquis P, Goodridge L, Levesque RC, Moineau S, Suttle CA, and Wang S
- Subjects
- British Columbia, DNA, Viral genetics, Genomics, Geography, Phylogeny, Salmonella Phages classification, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Virulence, Genetic Variation, Genome, Viral, Host Specificity, Salmonella Phages genetics, Salmonella enterica virology, Whole Genome Sequencing
- Abstract
Phages infecting members of the opportunistic human pathogen, Salmonella enterica , are widespread in natural environments and offer a potential source of agents that could be used for controlling populations of this bacterium; yet, relatively little is known about these phages. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of 45 phages of Salmonella enterica from disparate geographic locations within British Columbia, Canada. Host-range profiling revealed host-specific patterns of susceptibility and resistance, with several phages identified that have a broad-host range (i.e., able to lyse >40% of bacterial hosts tested). One phage in particular, SE13, is able to lyse 51 out of the 61 Salmonella strains tested. Comparative genomic analyses also revealed an abundance of sequence diversity in the sequenced phages. Alignment of the genomes grouped the phages into 12 clusters with three singletons. Phages within certain clusters exhibited extraordinarily high genome homology (>98% nucleotide identity), yet between clusters, genomes exhibited a span of diversity (<50% nucleotide identity). Alignment of the major capsid protein also supported the clustering pattern observed with alignment of the whole genomes. We further observed associations between genomic relatedness and the site of isolation, as well as genetic elements related to DNA metabolism and host virulence. Our data support the knowledge framework for phage diversity and phage-host interactions that are required for developing phage-based applications for various sectors, including biocontrol, detection and typing., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
- Published
- 2019
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197. Modulating Integrin αIIbβ3 Activity through Mutagenesis of Allosterically Regulated Intersubunit Contacts.
- Author
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Tan SK, Fong KP, Polizzi NF, Sternisha A, Slusky JSG, Yoon K, DeGrado WF, and Bennett JS
- Subjects
- Alanine chemistry, Alanine genetics, Alanine metabolism, Allosteric Regulation physiology, Animals, CHO Cells, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Humans, Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex genetics, Protein Binding physiology, Protein Structure, Secondary, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Protein Subunits chemistry, Protein Subunits genetics, Protein Subunits metabolism, Mutagenesis physiology, Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex chemistry, Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex metabolism
- Abstract
Integrin αIIbβ3, a transmembrane heterodimer, mediates platelet aggregation when it switches from an inactive to an active ligand-binding conformation following platelet stimulation. Central to regulating αIIbβ3 activity is the interaction between the αIIb and β3 extracellular stalks, which form a tight heterodimer in the inactive state and dissociate in the active state. Here, we demonstrate that alanine replacements of sensitive positions in the heterodimer stalk interface destabilize the inactive conformation sufficiently to cause constitutive αIIbβ3 activation. To determine the structural basis for this effect, we performed a structural bioinformatics analysis and found that perturbing intersubunit contacts with favorable interaction geometry through substitutions to alanine quantitatively accounted for the degree of constitutive αIIbβ3 activation. This mutational study directly assesses the relationship between favorable interaction geometry at mutation-sensitive positions and the functional activity of those mutants, giving rise to a simple model that highlights the importance of interaction geometry in contributing to the stability between protein-protein interactions.
- Published
- 2019
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198. A Syst-OMICS Approach to Ensuring Food Safety and Reducing the Economic Burden of Salmonellosis.
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Emond-Rheault JG, Jeukens J, Freschi L, Kukavica-Ibrulj I, Boyle B, Dupont MJ, Colavecchio A, Barrere V, Cadieux B, Arya G, Bekal S, Berry C, Burnett E, Cavestri C, Chapin TK, Crouse A, Daigle F, Danyluk MD, Delaquis P, Dewar K, Doualla-Bell F, Fliss I, Fong K, Fournier E, Franz E, Garduno R, Gill A, Gruenheid S, Harris L, Huang CB, Huang H, Johnson R, Joly Y, Kerhoas M, Kong N, Lapointe G, Larivière L, Loignon S, Malo D, Moineau S, Mottawea W, Mukhopadhyay K, Nadon C, Nash J, Ngueng Feze I, Ogunremi D, Perets A, Pilar AV, Reimer AR, Robertson J, Rohde J, Sanderson KE, Song L, Stephan R, Tamber S, Thomassin P, Tremblay D, Usongo V, Vincent C, Wang S, Weadge JT, Wiedmann M, Wijnands L, Wilson ED, Wittum T, Yoshida C, Youfsi K, Zhu L, Weimer BC, Goodridge L, and Levesque RC
- Abstract
The Salmonella Syst-OMICS consortium is sequencing 4,500 Salmonella genomes and building an analysis pipeline for the study of Salmonella genome evolution, antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. Metadata, including phenotypic as well as genomic data, for isolates of the collection are provided through the Salmonella Foodborne Syst-OMICS database (SalFoS), at https://salfos.ibis.ulaval.ca/. Here, we present our strategy and the analysis of the first 3,377 genomes. Our data will be used to draw potential links between strains found in fresh produce, humans, animals and the environment. The ultimate goals are to understand how Salmonella evolves over time, improve the accuracy of diagnostic methods, develop control methods in the field, and identify prognostic markers for evidence-based decisions in epidemiology and surveillance.
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- 2017
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199. Directly Activating the Integrin αIIbβ3 Initiates Outside-In Signaling by Causing αIIbβ3 Clustering.
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Fong KP, Zhu H, Span LM, Moore DT, Yoon K, Tamura R, Yin H, DeGrado WF, and Bennett JS
- Subjects
- CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase, Humans, Immunoblotting, Immunoprecipitation, Peptide Fragments pharmacology, Phosphorylation, Platelet Activation, Platelet Aggregation, Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex chemistry, Blood Platelets metabolism, Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex metabolism, Syk Kinase metabolism, src-Family Kinases metabolism
- Abstract
αIIbβ3 activation in platelets is followed by activation of the tyrosine kinase c-Src associated with the carboxyl terminus of the β3 cytosolic tail. Exogenous peptides designed to interact with the αIIb transmembrane (TM) domain activate single αIIbβ3 molecules in platelets by binding to the αIIb TM domain and causing separation of the αIIbβ3 TM domain heterodimer. Here we asked whether directly activating single αIIbβ3 molecules in platelets using the designed peptide anti-αIIb TM also initiates αIIbβ3-mediated outside-in signaling by causing activation of β3-associated c-Src. Anti-αIIb TM caused activation of β3-associated c-Src and the kinase Syk, but not the kinase FAK, under conditions that precluded extracellular ligand binding to αIIbβ3. c-Src and Syk are activated by trans-autophosphorylation, suggesting that activation of individual αIIbβ3 molecules can initiate αIIbβ3 clustering in the absence of ligand binding. Consistent with this possibility, incubating platelets with anti-αIIb TM resulted in the redistribution of αIIbβ3 from a homogenous ring located at the periphery of discoid platelets into nodular densities consistent with clustered αIIbβ3. Thus, these studies indicate that not only is resting αIIbβ3 poised to undergo a conformational change that exposes its ligand-binding site, but it is poised to rapidly assemble into intracellular signal-generating complexes as well., (© 2016 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.)
- Published
- 2016
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200. Determining the Internal Validity of the Inventory of Reading Occupations: An Assessment Tool of Children's Reading Participation.
- Author
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Grajo LC, Candler C, Bowyer P, Schultz S, Thomson J, and Fong K
- Abstract
The Inventory of Reading Occupations (IRO) is an assessment tool of children's reading participation. In this study, we used Rasch methods to determine the internal validity of the IRO. Participants included 192 typical and struggling readers from kindergarten to third grade from five different states in the United States. We analyzed the fit of each of the items in the 17 reading categories, the test items in the three dimensions of reading participation, and the contexts of reading in the IRO. Analysis indicated that the IRO items support the Rasch model of unidimensionality. Analysis also indicated that 1 of the 30 test items can be revised to strengthen test validity. Moreover, the analysis also suggested that the IRO is more useful for first- to third-grade students. This study provides evidence of internal validity of a useful tool to assess children's reading participation., (Copyright © 2016 by the American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc.)
- Published
- 2016
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