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152. Tracking Ebola through cellphone, internet of things and Blockchain technology

Author

Angella Magdalene George, Abu Bakarr Fofanah, John L McBrayer, Momodu Massaquoi, Jia Bainga Kangbai, Sulaiman M, Peter Bai Jame, and Abdulai Briama

Subjects
Data records, Blockchain, Ebola vaccine, business.industry, viruses, Internet privacy, virus diseases, Human population dynamics, Upload, Materials Chemistry, The Internet, business, Internet of Things, Contact tracing
Abstract

Objective: In the absence of any approved therapeutics and vaccines to treat or prevent Ebola infection, managing Ebola outbreak largely depends on early case detection and surveillance, real-time communication of surveillance data, and Ebola case management. Here we assessed the possibility of uploading data obtained by Internet of Internet device that monitors cellphone company’s Call Data Records (CDR), national demographic census, national transportation system and Ebola vaccine production databases on a Blockchain platform to conduct real-time Ebola contact tracing, transmission pattern surveillance and vaccine delivery. Results: Mobility data obtained by Internet of Things (IoT) from CDR from cellphone companies, national transportation system, and census demographic data can be integrated into a Blockchain platform to provide real-time Ebola surveillance and contact-tracing. While cellphone data provides a unique opportunity to quantify human mobility, Blockchain system magnifies such opportunity by making the data accessible to many actors in real-time. By mounting data from CDR, national population census, national transport system and Ebola vaccine production database on a Blockchain platform will provide additional lens in our understanding of the role played by human population dynamics in the spread as well and containment of Ebola during outbreaks

Published
2018

153. ICT Usage/Habits for Teaching and Learning at Njala University

Author

Abdul Joseph Fofanah

Subjects
education.field_of_study, Medical education, Data collection, business.industry, Section (typography), Population, Digital media, Cronbach's alpha, Information and Communications Technology, parasitic diseases, Respondent, The Internet, business, education, Psychology
Abstract

The study provides, a ‘Survey Questionnaire’ that was developed to investigate ICT usage/habits, perceived ICT competency, and related ICT issues that affect University students and Lecturers at Njala University. A descriptive survey method was used because it allows the researcher to pose a series of questions to willing participants, summarize their responses with percentages, frequency counts, or more rigorous statistics, and draw inferences about a particular population from the responses of the selected sample size. The main focus of this research is to ascertain Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Lab Usage/Habits at COMAHS. More specifically, this research aims at assessing the user habits of digital media, primarily computers, tablets, smart phones and internet in order to facilitate teaching and learning at this tertiary institution. The primary data collection instrument for the study is going to be a survey questionnaire: Students and Lecturers ICT Lab ‘Usage/Habit’ and Perceived Competencies inventory adapted from Bassey et al. (2007). The questionnaire was structured into nine sections. Section A elicited demographic details such a department, gender, age, and academic level of the respondents. Section B examined the level of ICT usage habits of respondents. Section C required the respondents to rate their perceived ICT access to computers. Section D required the respondents to rate ICT usage and ICT tools. Section E examined the level of sustainability and availability of ICT resources. Section F required the respondents to rate or assessed the significance of ICT. Section G required the respondents to rate the use of ICT at home and other places. Section H required the respondent to rate the use of ICT and activities NOT related and RELATED to University work. And Section I examined the ICT for learning as key platform for educational development. The reliability of the instrument was calculated using the Cronbach's alpha formula. The data collected was mainly presented by the use of quantitative statistical methods. Data from the open-ended questions were analyzed by indicating the magnitude of responses viz-a-viz the total number of respondents to a particular option in a question. The responses from the structured questions were computed into frequency counts, percentages and charts. All the responses were summarized and tabulated for easy presentation, analysis and interpretation. However, the researcher further provides some recommendations that will facilitate the implementation of the research work.

Published
2018

154. Multi-sector Approaches to Reduce Child under-5 Stunting: a Cross-sectional Study of Child Stunting and Underweight in Southern Ethiopia

Author

Lisa Chowdhury, Wellington Jogo, Sabrina M. Butteris, Mariama Fofanah, Heidi Busse, and Riley Balikian

Subjects
Sustainable development, business.industry, Cross-sectional study, Millennium Development Goals, medicine.disease, Malnutrition, Environmental health, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Income level, medicine, medicine.symptom, Underweight, business, Wasting, Multi sectoral
Abstract

Background: Undernutrition is a major cause of child morbidity and mortality worldwide. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) used a single indicator –prevalence of children under 5 years who are underweight –to measure nutritional deficiencies. However, the causes of undernutrition are complex and multi-sectoral and are difficult to capture in this single measure. Recognizing this, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) encourage countries to apply integrated approaches to address child undernutrition. Rates of undernutrition, stunting, and wasting remain high in Ethiopia, despite growing income levels and national economic development. This …

Published
2018

155. Community Engagement during outbreak response: standards, approaches, and lessons from the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone

Author

Bedson, Jamie, primary, Jalloh, Mohamed F., additional, Pedi, Danielle, additional, Bah, Saiku M., additional, Owen, Katharine, additional, Oniba, Allan, additional, Sangarie, Musa, additional, Fofanah, James, additional, Jalloh, Mohamed B., additional, Sengeh, Paul, additional, Skrip, Laura A., additional, Althouse, Benjamin M, additional, and Hébert-Dufresne, Laurent, additional

Published
2019
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156. A Student Reflective Account.

Author

Fofanah, Martha

Abstract

The author reflects on race-related health inequalities in the United Kingdom (UK) and analyzes how midwives can provide communication, competence and compassionate care to women of ethnic minorities to reduce health inequalities. She describes the practice of midwifery and provision of maternal services using Gibb's Model. She evaluates her professionalism in responding to a pregnant patient who was in labor by considering cultural sensitivities.

Published
2022

157. A food-based approach to reduce vitamin a deficiency in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study of maternal nutrition and health indicators

Author

Heidi Busse, Mariama Fofanah, M Ptak, and Henok Kurabachew

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Food security, business.industry, Public health, Nutrition, orange fleshed sweet potato, behavior change, Ethiopia, medicine.disease, Micronutrient, Health indicator, Biotechnology, Vitamin A deficiency, 03 medical and health sciences, Agriculture, Environmental health, medicine, Rural area, business, Socioeconomic status
Abstract

One micronutrient essential for proper growth and development is Vitamin A. Children and pregnant women are most susceptible to vitamin A deficiency (VAD) because of the higher intake requirements needed during critical growth periods. Vitamin A deficiency is a serious but preventable public health problem in Ethiopia. In 2012, the International Potato Center (CIP) partnered with the University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW) and local stakeholders in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia, to address the issue of VAD among rural SNNPR households by increasing production and consumption of orange fleshed sweet potatoes (OFSP). This paper presents a cross-sectional analysis of vitamin A knowledge, consumption practices, and OFSP agronomic practices from surveys conducted among households who participated in a food-based intervention. The study population consisted of 150 mothers from rural households in five districts in the Sidama and Wolayta zones in the SNNPR. Data were collected during April and May 2013 by trained enumerators in the local language using structured questionnaires. Surveys were adapted from validated instruments, and included questions about household socioeconomic characteristics, agricultural practices, dietary diversity, food security, and general health for women between 20-60 years and children between 6-59 months. Among respondents, 63% of mothers reported knowledge about vitamin A, with responses varying by geographic location. Among those who reported knowledge about vitamin A, 8% identified OFSP as a source, 1% had consumed OFSP in the past 7 days, and 0% reported that they ever prepared OFSP with an animal- or vegetable-based fat. Vitamin A-related health issues reported by mothers include night-blindness (32%), measles (32%) and malaria (72%). Given that existing knowledge, behaviors and production levels of vitamin A rich foods (including OFSP) are limited within the SNNPR study population and vary by geographic location, an integrated, food-based approach to address VAD may be relevant in this context to sustainably support improved health and livelihoods. Key words : Nutrition, orange fleshed sweet potato, behavior change, Ethiopia

Published
2017

158. Hepatitis B and C in Tonkolili Province, Sierra Leone

Author

Tom M Gresnigt, Martin P. Grobusch, Abu B Fofanah, Noemi García-Tardón, AII - Infectious diseases, APH - Global Health, Infectious diseases, APH - Aging & Later Life, and Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity

Subjects
Adult, Male, Vaccination Coverage, business.industry, 030231 tropical medicine, Infant, Newborn, HIV Infections, General Medicine, Hepatitis B, medicine.disease, Hepatitis C, Sierra leone, Sierra Leone, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, Humans, Mass Screening, Female, 030212 general & internal medicine, Socioeconomics, business
Published
2017

159. Participatory Assessment of Factors Influencing Nutrition and Livelihoods in Rural Ethiopia: Implications for Measuring Impacts of Multisector Nutrition Programs

Author

Mariama Fofanah, S Schulz, E Kiflom, Haile Tesfay, Wellington Jogo, M Hadush, and Heidi Busse

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Adult, Male, Rural Population, Geography, Planning and Development, Psychological intervention, Nutritional Status, Qualitative property, Ecological systems theory, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Socioeconomics, Family Characteristics, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, Food security, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Malnutrition, Citizen journalism, Agriculture, Focus Groups, Livelihood, Focus group, Female, Ethiopia, business, Food Science, Program Evaluation
Abstract

Agricultural interventions more effectively improve nutrition when they are adapted to local contexts and engage multiple sectors. However, evidence is limited for how to design and measure the impacts of such interventions. We piloted a participatory methodology to collect community feedback to inform the design and selection of measures for a multisector nutrition intervention in Ethiopia. Study participants were purposively recruited from 6 rural districts in Tigray and the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ regions. Qualitative data were collected from 12 focus group discussions with smallholder farmers (men and women) participating in a nutrition-sensitive agriculture intervention. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) combined with an ecological systems model informed the survey tool and analyses. Analyses revealed 3 key findings. First, there were regional differences in how communities defined assets important for nutrition. Second, when asked to prioritize which assets were most important, communities selected every SLA capital category; however, the types of assets within each category differed by region. Third, the most commonly reported barriers to good nutrition were traditional feeding behaviors (eg, men eating before women) and lack of nutrition knowledge. How households use assets to enhance nutrition is influenced by diverse and dynamic cultural, social, economic, and ecological factors. The participatory methods piloted in this study present a novel approach to identify contextually relevant household, community, and institutional assets used to support food and nutrition security.

Published
2017

160. Baseline health conditions in selected communities of northern Sierra Leone as revealed by the health impact assessment of a biofuel project

Author

Hamid Turay, Astrid M. Knoblauch, Mary H. Hodges, Mirko S. Winkler, Manso M. Koroma, Aurélie A. Righetti, Jürg Utzinger, Mark J. Divall, and Ibrahim Fofanah

Subjects
Adult, Male, Rural Population, Veterinary medicine, Health (social science), Adolescent, Health Status, Nutritional Status, Biology, Child Nutrition Disorders, Sierra Leone, Sierra leone, Young Adult, Ascariasis, Environmental health, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic, Malaria, Falciparum, Child, Malnutrition, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Anemia, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Anthropometry, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Schistosomiasis mansoni, Cross-Sectional Studies, Biofuels, Child, Preschool, Community health, Regression Analysis, Trichuris trichiura, Female, Health Impact Assessment, Ascaris lumbricoides, Underweight, medicine.symptom, Health impact assessment
Abstract

As biofuel projects may be associated with positive and negative effects on people's health and wellbeing, a health impact assessment was performed for the Addax Bioenergy Sierra Leone (ABSL) project. We present data from the baseline health survey, which will provide a point of departure for future monitoring and evaluation activities.; In December 2010, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in eight potentially affected communities. A broad set of clinical and parasitological indicators were assessed using standardised, quality-controlled procedures, including anthropometry and prevalence of anaemia, Plasmodium falciparum and helminth infections.; Complete datasets were obtained from 1221 individuals of 194 households and eight schools. Of children aged >5 years (n=586), 41.8% were stunted, 23.2% were underweight and 4.8% were wasted. Very high prevalences of anaemia and P. falciparum were found in children aged 6-59 months (n=571; 86.1% and 74.0%, respectively). Overall, 73.7% of women of reproductive age (n=395) were anaemic. In school-aged children (n=240), 27.9% had light- to moderate-intensity hookworm infections, whereas Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Schistosoma mansoni were rare (>3% each).; The detailed description of the baseline health conditions, in combination with future health surveys, will deepen the understanding of how a biofuel project impacts on community health in a rural setting in sub-Saharan Africa.

Published
2014

164. Current status of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Beyla and Macenta Prefectures, Forest Guinea

Author

Hodges, Mary, Koroma, Manso M., Baldé, Mamadou S., Turay, Hamid, Fofanah, Ibrahim, Divall, Mark J., Winkler, Mirko S., Zhang, Yaobi, Hodges, Mary, Koroma, Manso M., Baldé, Mamadou S., Turay, Hamid, Fofanah, Ibrahim, Divall, Mark J., Winkler, Mirko S., and Zhang, Yaobi

Abstract

A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in children aged 9-14 years in Beyla and Macenta Prefectures, Forest Guinea. Stool samples were examined by Kato-Katz and urine samples were examined by the centrifugation method. The overall prevalence and intensity of infection was 66.2% and 462.4 eggs per gram of faeces (epg) for Schistosoma mansoni, 21.0% and 17.8 eggs per 10ml of urine for S. haematobium, 51.2% and 507.5 epg for hookworm, 8.1% and 89.1 epg for Ascaris lumbricoides and 2.4% and 16.7 epg for Trichuris trichiura. The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis (S. mansoni and/or S. haematobium) was 70.7%. The prevalence of schistosomiasis was similar to those reported in the 1990s in the region; however, the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths has since fallen. These findings illustrate the need for schistosomiasis control in Guinea

Published
2017

165. Assessing citizen adoption of e-Government initiatives in Gambia: A validation of the technology acceptance model in information systems success

Author

Deron Liang, Seedy S. Fofanah, and Fengyi Lin

Subjects
Sociology and Political Science, business.industry, Information technology, ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING, Library and Information Sciences, Public relations, Information and Communications Technology, Accountability, Information system, Technology acceptance model, The Internet, Information and communication technologies for development, business, Law, Government operations
Abstract

The technology acceptance model (TAM) has been used extensively to explain and predict users' acceptance of corporate information technology (IT). With the advancement in IT and the expanding popularity of internet applications in Gambia, e-Government has been a priority factor in rendering government services and in making information more accessible to citizens. This study shows how the TAM and e-Government initiatives would positively impact the Gambian government, despite the cultural differences within the country. This study developed a successful model of the Gambian e-Government system to assist Gambians with more efficient and cost-effective government operations. The study results reveal that the core constructs of the TAM have strong influences on user-intention towards e-Government products. This implies that the Gambian government can potentially utilize this study's TAM findings in other contextual settings to design and promote further implementation of e-Government systems.

Published
2011

168. Postwar Reconstruction: Sustainability Approach using Hamming Distance and Analytic Hierarchy Process Concepts: A Case Study of Sierra Leone

Author

Mohamed Al-Hussein, Hassan Safouhi, John Bundu Fofanah, and Bouferguene Ahmed

Subjects
Sociology and Political Science, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Computer science, Geography, Planning and Development, Sustainability, Analytic hierarchy process, Hamming distance, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Mathematical economics, Sierra leone
Published
2007

169. Current status of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Beyla and Macenta Prefectures, Forest Guinea

Author

Hamid Turay, Manso M. Koroma, Mamadou S. Baldé, Mark J. Divall, Mary H. Hodges, Mirko S. Winkler, Yaobi Zhang, and Ibrahim Fofanah

Subjects
Male, Veterinary medicine, Adolescent, Helminthiasis, Schistosomiasis, Feces, Hookworm Infections, Soil, parasitic diseases, Prevalence, medicine, Humans, Helminths, Child, Parasite Egg Count, Eggs per gram, biology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Soil-transmitted helminthiasis, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Trichuris trichiura, Female, Guinea, Parasitology, Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoides
Abstract

A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in children aged 9-14 years in Beyla and Macenta Prefectures, Forest Guinea. Stool samples were examined by Kato-Katz and urine samples were examined by the centrifugation method. The overall prevalence and intensity of infection was 66.2% and 462.4 eggs per gram of faeces (epg) for Schistosoma mansoni, 21.0% and 17.8 eggs per 10ml of urine for S. haematobium, 51.2% and 507.5 epg for hookworm, 8.1% and 89.1 epg for Ascaris lumbricoides and 2.4% and 16.7 epg for Trichuris trichiura. The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis (S. mansoni and/or S. haematobium) was 70.7%. The prevalence of schistosomiasis was similar to those reported in the 1990s in the region; however, the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths has since fallen. These findings illustrate the need for schistosomiasis control in Guinea.

Published
2011

172. Performance of turbo coded BPSK for an aeronautical channel

Author

Arlene Cole-Rhodes, Richard A. Dean, and Ibrahim Fofanah

Subjects
Computer science, business.industry, Data_CODINGANDINFORMATIONTHEORY, Turbo equalizer, Convolutional code, Electronic engineering, Turbo code, Fading, business, Decoding methods, Multipath propagation, Computer Science::Information Theory, Computer network, Communication channel, Phase-shift keying
Abstract

In this paper, we present the results of using a turbo decoder to retrieve a serially encoded data stream, which has been transmitted over a multipath channel. The transmitted data streams are Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulated signals, which are encoded using two rate one-half (1/2) recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) encoders, and then transmitted over the channel. An aeronautical channel is very fast fading and time varying, and it has been modeled as an FIR filter with complex channel gains determined by Doppler and the multipath. At the receiver, we utilize turbo decoding to estimate the effect of the channel on the transmitted data. Simulation results are provided comparing the bit error rates of Turbo decoded BPSK to that of un-coded BPSK sent over an A WGN and a time-invariant multipath channel.

Published
2013

173. Genetic Engineering for Bioenergy Crops

Author

Diego Morales, Puthiyaparambil C. Josekutty, Fatima Fofanah, Behnam Tabatabai, Deepkamal N. Karelia, Vilas A. Tonapi, Shobha Potlakayala, Sarah Ryan, Rebekah Templin, Alankar Vaidya, Sairam Rudrabhatla, Nilkamal Karelia, and Vaman Rao

Subjects
Agricultural science, Bioenergy, Environmental science
Published
2012

174. Population growth patterns forPhenacoccus manihotiMat‐Ferr on cassava in Sierra Leone

Author

M. Fofanah and B. D. James

Subjects
Wet season, education.field_of_study, biology, Population, biology.organism_classification, Sierra leone, Phenacoccus manihoti, Horticulture, Agronomy, Insect Science, Dry season, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, PEST analysis, Mealybug, education, Agronomy and Crop Science, General Environmental Science, Ferrisia virgata
Abstract

The population growth pattern of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat‐Ferr was studied over two population cycles of the pest in Freetown, Sierra Leone. The numbers and rate of dispersal of the insect were higher and the damage it produced more severe in the dry season than in the rainy season. During the rainy season the mealybug population consisted mainly of adults. Even though rain is an important known abiotic natural control factor for the pest the decline in the insect's numbers started before the rainy season. This was attributed to reduction in the carrying capacity of the habitat. The indigenous natural enemies adopted the pest as a food source but did not control its population growth. The other mealybugs observed on the crop, P. madeirensis (Green) and Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) were economically insignificant.

Published
1992

189. Africa: Sierra Leone: Kabbah Sweeps Polls

Author

Fofanah, Foday B.

Subjects
Sierra Leone People's Party -- Elections, Sierra Leone People's Party -- Political activity, Elections, Sierra Leone -- Elections, Sierra Leone -- Political activity
Published
2002

190. Growing up as Guerrillas

Author

Fofanah, Foday B.

Subjects
Child soldiers -- Behavior, Guerrillas -- Colombia
Published
2001

191. Kabbah stays on

Author

Fofanah, Foday B.

Subjects
Presidents -- Political activity, Sierra Leone -- Political aspects
Published
2001

193. Melodies from Home.

Author

Fofanah, Kemurl Mustapha Abdul

Subjects
MELODY
Published
2017

195. Population growth patterns for Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr on cassava in Sierra Leone

Author

James, B. D. and Fofanah, M.

Abstract

The population growth pattern of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr was studied over two population cycles of the pest in Freetown, Sierra Leone. The numbers and rate of dispersal of the insect were higher and the damage it produced more severe in the dry season than in the rainy season. During the rainy season the mealybug population consisted mainly of adults. Even though rain is an important known abiotic natural control factor for the pest the decline in the insect's numbers started before the rainy season. This was attributed to reduction in the carrying capacity of the habitat. The indigenous natural enemies adopted the pest as a food source but did not control its population growth. The other mealybugs observed on the crop, P. madeirensis (Green) and Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) were economically insignificant.

Published
1992
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196. Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

Author

ForestPlots.net, Blundo, Cecilia, Carilla, Julieta, Grau, Ricardo, Malizia, Agustina, Malizia, Lucio, Osinaga-Acosta, Oriana, Bird, Michael, Bradford, Matt, Catchpole, Damien, Ford, Andrew, Graham, Andrew, Hilbert, David, Kemp, Jeanette, Laurance, Susan, Laurance, William, Ishida, Francoise Yoko, Marshall, Andrew, Waite, Catherine, Woell, Hannsjoerg, Bastin, Jean-Francois, Bauters, Marijn, Beeckman, Hans, Boeckx, Pfascal, Bogaert, Jan, De Canniere, Charles, de Haulleville, Thales, Doucet, Jean-Louis, Hardy, Olivier, Hubau, Wannes, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Verbeeck, Hans, Vleminckx, Jason, Brewer, Steven W., Alarcón, Alfredo, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arets, Eric, Arroyo, Luzmila, Chavez, Ezequiel, Fredericksen, Todd, Villaroel, René Guillén, Sibauty, Gloria Gutierrez, Killeen, Timothy, Licona, Juan Carlos, Lleigue, John, Mendoza, Casimiro, Murakami, Samaria, Gutierrez, Alexander Parada, Pardo, Guido, Peña-Claros, Marielos, Poorter, Lourens, Toledo, Marisol, Cayo, Jeanneth Villalobos, Viscarra, Laura Jessica, Vos, Vincent, Ahumada, Jorge, Almeida, Everton, Almeida, Jarcilene, de Oliveira, Edmar Almeida, da Cruz, Wesley Alves, de Oliveira, Atila Alves, Carvalho, Fabrício Alvim, Obermuller, Flávio Amorim, Andrade, Ana, Carvalho, Fernanda Antunes, Vieira, Simone Aparecida, Aquino, Ana Carla, Aragão, Luiz, Araújo, Ana Claudia, Assis, Marco Antonio, Gomes, Jose Ataliba Mantelli Aboin, Baccaro, Fabrício, de Camargo, Plínio Barbosa, Barni, Paulo, Barroso, Jorcely, Bernacci, Luis Carlos, Bordin, Kauane, de Medeiros, Marcelo Brilhante, Broggio, Igor, Camargo, José Luís, Cardoso, Domingos, Carniello, Maria Antonia, Rochelle, Andre Luis Casarin, Castilho, Carolina, Castro, Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias, Castro, Wendeson, Ribeiro, Sabina Cerruto, Costa, Flávia, de Oliveira, Rodrigo Costa, Coutinho, Italo, Cunha, John, da Costa, Lola, da Costa Ferreira, Lucia, da Costa Silva, Richarlly, da Graça Zacarias Simbine, Marta, de Andrade Kamimura, Vitor, de Lima, Haroldo Cavalcante, de Oliveira Melo, Lia, de Queiroz, Luciano, de Sousa Lima, José Romualdo, do Espírito Santo, Mário, Domingues, Tomas, dos Santos Prestes, Nayane Cristina, Carneiro, Steffan Eduardo Silva, Elias, Fernando, Eliseu, Gabriel, Emilio, Thaise, Farrapo, Camila Laís, Fernandes, Letícia, Ferreira, Gustavo, Ferreira, Joice, Ferreira, Leandro, Ferreira, Socorro, Simon, Marcelo Fragomeni, Freitas, Maria Aparecida, García, Queila S., Manzatto, Angelo Gilberto, Graça, Paulo, Guilherme, Frederico, Hase, Eduardo, Higuchi, Niro, Iguatemy, Mariana, Barbosa, Reinaldo Imbrozio, Jaramillo, Margarita, Joly, Carlos, Klipel, Joice, do Amaral, Iêda Leão, Levis, Carolina, Lima, Antonio S., Dan, Maurício Lima, Lopes, Aline, Madeiros, Herison, Magnusson, William E., dos Santos, Rubens Manoel, Marimon, Beatriz, Junior, Ben Hur Marimon, Grillo, Roberta Marotti Martelletti, Martinelli, Luiz, Reis, Simone Matias, Medeiros, Salomão, Meira-Junior, Milton, Metzker, Thiago, Morandi, Paulo, do Nascimento, Natanael Moreira, Moura, Magna, Müller, Sandra Cristina, Nagy, Laszlo, Nascimento, Henrique, Nascimento, Marcelo, Lima, Adriano Nogueira, de Araújo, Raimunda Oliveira, Silva, Jhonathan Oliveira, Pansonato, Marcelo, Sabino, Gabriel Pavan, de Abreu, Karla Maria Pedra, Rodrigues, Pablo José Francisco Pena, Piedade, Maria, Rodrigues, Domingos, Rodrigues Pinto, José Roberto, Quesada, Carlos, Ramos, Eliana, Ramos, Rafael, Rodrigues, Priscyla, de Sousa, Thaiane Rodrigues, Salomão, Rafael, Santana, Flávia, Scaranello, Marcos, Bergamin, Rodrigo Scarton, Schietti, Juliana, Schöngart, Jochen, Schwartz, Gustavo, Silva, Natalino, Silveira, Marcos, Seixas, Cristiana Simão, Simbine, Marta, Souza, Ana Claudia, Souza, Priscila, Souza, Rodolfo, Sposito, Tereza, Junior, Edson Stefani, do Vale, Julio Daniel, Vieira, Ima Célia Guimarães, Villela, Dora, Vital, Marcos, Xaud, Haron, Zanini, Katia, Zartman, Charles Eugene, Ideris, Nur Khalish Hafizhah, Metali, Faizah binti Hj, Salim, Kamariah Abu, Saparudin, Muhd Shahruney, Serudin, Rafizah Mat, Sukri, Rahayu Sukmaria, Begne, Serge, Chuyong, George, Djuikouo, Marie Noel, Gonmadje, Christelle, Simo-Droissart, Murielle, Sonké, Bonaventure, Taedoumg, Hermann, Zemagho, Lise, Thomas, Sean, Baya, Fidèle, Saiz, Gustavo, Espejo, Javier Silva, Chen, Dexiang, Hamilton, Alan, Li, Yide, Luo, Tushou, Niu, Shukui, Xu, Han, Zhou, Zhang, Álvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Escobar, Juan Carlos Andrés, Arellano-Peña, Henry, Duarte, Jaime Cabezas, Calderón, Jhon, Bravo, Lina Maria Corrales, Cuadrado, Borish, Cuadros, Hermes, Duque, Alvaro, Duque, Luisa Fernanda, Espinosa, Sandra Milena, Franke-Ante, Rebeca, García, Hernando, Gómez, Alejandro, González-M., Roy, Idárraga-Piedrahíta, Álvaro, Jimenez, Eliana, Jurado, Rubén, Oviedo, Wilmar López, López-Camacho, René, Cruz, Omar Aurelio Melo, Polo, Irina Mendoza, Paky, Edwin, Pérez, Karen, Pijachi, Angel, Pizano, Camila, Prieto, Adriana, Ramos, Laura, Correa, Zorayda Restrepo, Richardson, James, Rodríguez, Elkin, Rodriguez M., Gina M., Rudas, Agustín, Stevenson, Pablo, Chudomelová, Markéta, Dancak, Martin, Hédl, Radim, Lhota, Stanislav, Svatek, Martin, Mukinzi, Jacques, Ewango, Corneille, Hart, Terese, Yakusu, Emmanuel Kasongo, Lisingo, Janvier, Makana, Jean-Remy, Mbayu, Faustin, Toirambe, Benjamin, Mukendi, John Tshibamba, Kvist, Lars, Nebel, Gustav, Báez, Selene, Céron, Carlos, Griffith, Daniel M., Andino, Juan Ernesto Guevara, Neill, David, Palacios, Walter, Peñuela-Mora, Maria Cristina, Rivas-Torres, Gonzalo, Villa, Gorky, Demissie, Sheleme, Gole, Tadesse, Gonfa, Techane, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Baisie, Michel, Bénédet, Fabrice, Betian, Wemo, Bezard, Vincent, Bonal, Damien, Chave, Jerôme, Droissart, Vincent, Gourlet-Fleury, Sylvie, Hladik, Annette, Labrière, Nicolas, Naisso, Pétrus, Réjou-Méchain, Maxime, Sist, Plinio, Blanc, Lilian, Burban, Benoit, Derroire, Géraldine, Dourdain, Aurélie, Stahl, Clement, Bengone, Natacha Nssi, Chezeaux, Eric, Ondo, Fidèle Evouna, Medjibe, Vincent, Mihindou, Vianet, White, Lee, Culmsee, Heike, Rangel, Cristabel Durán, Horna, Viviana, Wittmann, Florian, Adu-Bredu, Stephen, Affum-Baffoe, Kofi, Foli, Ernest, Balinga, Michael, Roopsind, Anand, Singh, James, Thomas, Raquel, Zagt, Roderick, Murthy, Indu K., Kartawinata, Kuswata, Mirmanto, Edi, Priyadi, Hari, Samsoedin, Ismayadi, Sunderland, Terry, Yassir, Ishak, Rovero, Francesco, Vinceti, Barbara, Hérault, Bruno, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Daniels, Armandu, Tuagben, Darlington, Woods, John T., Fitriadi, Muhammad, Karolus, Alexander, Khoon, Kho Lip, Majalap, Noreen, Maycock, Colin, Nilus, Reuben, Tan, Sylvester, Sitoe, Almeida, Coronado G., Indiana, Ojo, Lucas, de Assis, Rafael, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Sheil, Douglas, Pezo, Karen Arévalo, Verde, Hans Buttgenbach, Moscoso, Victor Chama, Oroche, Jimmy Cesar Cordova, Valverde, Fernando Cornejo, Medina, Massiel Corrales, Cardozo, Nallaret Davila, de Rutte Corzo, Jano, del Aguila Pasquel, Jhon, Llampazo, Gerardo Flores, Freitas, Luis, Cabrera, Darcy Galiano, Villacorta, Roosevelt García, Cabrera, Karina Garcia, Soria, Diego García, Saboya, Leticia Gatica, Rios, Julio Miguel Grandez, Pizango, Gabriel Hidalgo, Coronado, Eurídice Honorio, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Isau, Huasco, Walter Huaraca, Aedo, Yuri Tomas Huillca, Peña, Jose Luis Marcelo, Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo, Rodriguez, Vanesa Moreano, Vargas, Percy Núñez, Ramos, Sonia Cesarina Palacios, Camacho, Nadir Pallqui, Cruz, Antonio Peña, Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez, Huaymacari, José Reyna, Rodriguez, Carlos Reynel, Paredes, Marcos Antonio Ríos, Bayona, Lily Rodriguez, del Pilar Rojas Gonzales, Rocio, Peña, Maria Elena Rojas, Revilla, Norma Salinas, Shareva, Yahn Carlos Soto, Trujillo, Raul Tupayachi, Gamarra, Luis Valenzuela, Martinez, Rodolfo Vasquez, Arenas, Jim Vega, Amani, Christian, Ifo, Suspense Averti, Bocko, Yannick, Boundja, Patrick, Ekoungoulou, Romeo, Hockemba, Mireille, Nzala, Donatien, Fofanah, Alusine, Taylor, David, Bañares-de Dios, Guillermo, Cayuela, Luis, la Cerda, Íñigo Granzow-de, Macía, Manuel, Stropp, Juliana, Playfair, Maureen, Wortel, Verginia, Gardner, Toby, Muscarella, Robert, Rutishauser, Ervan, Chao, Kuo-Jung, Munishi, Pantaleo, Bánki, Olaf, Bongers, Frans, Boot, Rene, Fredriksson, Gabriella, Reitsma, Jan, ter Steege, Hans, van Andel, Tinde, van de Meer, Peter, van der Hout, Peter, van Nieuwstadt, Mark, van Ulft, Bert, Veenendaal, Elmar, Vernimmen, Ronald, Zuidema, Pieter, Zwerts, Joeri, Akite, Perpetra, Bitariho, Robert, Chapman, Colin, Gerald, Eilu, Leal, Miguel, Mucunguzi, Patrick, Abernethy, Katharine, Alexiades, Miguel, Baker, Timothy R., Banda, Karina, Banin, Lindsay, Barlow, Jos, Bennett, Amy, Berenguer, Erika, Berry, Nicholas, Bird, Neil M., Blackburn, George A., Brearley, Francis, Brienen, Roel, Burslem, David, Carvalho, Lidiany, Cho, Percival, Coelho, Fernanda, Collins, Murray, Coomes, David, Cuni-Sanchez, Aida, Dargie, Greta, Dexter, Kyle, Disney, Mat, Draper, Freddie, Duan, Muying, Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane, Ewers, Robert, Fadrique, Belen, Fauset, Sophie, Feldpausch, Ted R., França, Filipe, Galbraith, David, Gilpin, Martin, Gloor, Emanuel, Grace, John, Hamer, Keith, Harris, David, Jeffery, Kath, Jucker, Tommaso, Kalamandeen, Michelle, Klitgaard, Bente, Levesley, Aurora, Lewis, Simon L., Lindsell, Jeremy, Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Lovett, Jon, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marthews, Toby, McIntosh, Emma, Melgaço, Karina, Milliken, William, Mitchard, Edward, Moonlight, Peter, Moore, Sam, Morel, Alexandra, Peacock, Julie, Peh, Kelvin S.-H., Pendry, Colin, Pennington, R. Toby, de Oliveira Pereira, Luciana, Peres, Carlos, Phillips, Oliver L., Pickavance, Georgia, Pugh, Thomas, Qie, Lan, Riutta, Terhi, Roucoux, Katherine, Ryan, Casey, Sarkinen, Tiina, Valeria, Camila Silva, Spracklen, Dominick, Stas, Suzanne, Sullivan, Martin, Swaine, Michael, Talbot, Joey, Taplin, James, van der Heijden, Geertje, Vedovato, Laura, Willcock, Simon, Williams, Mathew, Alves, Luciana, Loayza, Patricia Alvarez, Arellano, Gabriel, Asa, Cheryl, Ashton, Peter, Asner, Gregory, Brncic, Terry, Brown, Foster, Burnham, Robyn, Clark, Connie, Comiskey, James, Damasco, Gabriel, Davies, Stuart, Di Fiore, Tony, Erwin, Terry, Farfan-Rios, William, Hall, Jefferson, Kenfack, David, Lovejoy, Thomas, Martin, Roberta, Montiel, Olga Martha, Pipoly, John, Pitman, Nigel, Poulsen, John, Primack, Richard, Silman, Miles, Steininger, Marc, Swamy, Varun, Terborgh, John, Thomas, Duncan, Umunay, Peter, Uriarte, Maria, Torre, Emilio Vilanova, Wang, Ophelia, Young, Kenneth, Aymard C., Gerardo A., Hernández, Lionel, Fernández, Rafael Herrera, Ramírez-Angulo, Hirma, Salcedo, Pedro, Sanoja, Elio, Serrano, Julio, Torres-Lezama, Armando, Le, Tinh Cong, Le, Trai Trong, Tran, Hieu Dang, ForestPlots.net, Blundo, Cecilia, Carilla, Julieta, Grau, Ricardo, Malizia, Agustina, Malizia, Lucio, Osinaga-Acosta, Oriana, Bird, Michael, Bradford, Matt, Catchpole, Damien, Ford, Andrew, Graham, Andrew, Hilbert, David, Kemp, Jeanette, Laurance, Susan, Laurance, William, Ishida, Francoise Yoko, Marshall, Andrew, Waite, Catherine, Woell, Hannsjoerg, Bastin, Jean-Francois, Bauters, Marijn, Beeckman, Hans, Boeckx, Pfascal, Bogaert, Jan, De Canniere, Charles, de Haulleville, Thales, Doucet, Jean-Louis, Hardy, Olivier, Hubau, Wannes, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Verbeeck, Hans, Vleminckx, Jason, Brewer, Steven W., Alarcón, Alfredo, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Arets, Eric, Arroyo, Luzmila, Chavez, Ezequiel, Fredericksen, Todd, Villaroel, René Guillén, Sibauty, Gloria Gutierrez, Killeen, Timothy, Licona, Juan Carlos, Lleigue, John, Mendoza, Casimiro, Murakami, Samaria, Gutierrez, Alexander Parada, Pardo, Guido, Peña-Claros, Marielos, Poorter, Lourens, Toledo, Marisol, Cayo, Jeanneth Villalobos, Viscarra, Laura Jessica, Vos, Vincent, Ahumada, Jorge, Almeida, Everton, Almeida, Jarcilene, de Oliveira, Edmar Almeida, da Cruz, Wesley Alves, de Oliveira, Atila Alves, Carvalho, Fabrício Alvim, Obermuller, Flávio Amorim, Andrade, Ana, Carvalho, Fernanda Antunes, Vieira, Simone Aparecida, Aquino, Ana Carla, Aragão, Luiz, Araújo, Ana Claudia, Assis, Marco Antonio, Gomes, Jose Ataliba Mantelli Aboin, Baccaro, Fabrício, de Camargo, Plínio Barbosa, Barni, Paulo, Barroso, Jorcely, Bernacci, Luis Carlos, Bordin, Kauane, de Medeiros, Marcelo Brilhante, Broggio, Igor, Camargo, José Luís, Cardoso, Domingos, Carniello, Maria Antonia, Rochelle, Andre Luis Casarin, Castilho, Carolina, Castro, Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias, Castro, Wendeson, Ribeiro, Sabina Cerruto, Costa, Flávia, de Oliveira, Rodrigo Costa, Coutinho, Italo, Cunha, John, da Costa, Lola, da Costa Ferreira, Lucia, da Costa Silva, Richarlly, da Graça Zacarias Simbine, Marta, de Andrade Kamimura, Vitor, de Lima, Haroldo Cavalcante, de Oliveira Melo, Lia, de Queiroz, Luciano, de Sousa Lima, José Romualdo, do Espírito Santo, Mário, Domingues, Tomas, dos Santos Prestes, Nayane Cristina, Carneiro, Steffan Eduardo Silva, Elias, Fernando, Eliseu, Gabriel, Emilio, Thaise, Farrapo, Camila Laís, Fernandes, Letícia, Ferreira, Gustavo, Ferreira, Joice, Ferreira, Leandro, Ferreira, Socorro, Simon, Marcelo Fragomeni, Freitas, Maria Aparecida, García, Queila S., Manzatto, Angelo Gilberto, Graça, Paulo, Guilherme, Frederico, Hase, Eduardo, Higuchi, Niro, Iguatemy, Mariana, Barbosa, Reinaldo Imbrozio, Jaramillo, Margarita, Joly, Carlos, Klipel, Joice, do Amaral, Iêda Leão, Levis, Carolina, Lima, Antonio S., Dan, Maurício Lima, Lopes, Aline, Madeiros, Herison, Magnusson, William E., dos Santos, Rubens Manoel, Marimon, Beatriz, Junior, Ben Hur Marimon, Grillo, Roberta Marotti Martelletti, Martinelli, Luiz, Reis, Simone Matias, Medeiros, Salomão, Meira-Junior, Milton, Metzker, Thiago, Morandi, Paulo, do Nascimento, Natanael Moreira, Moura, Magna, Müller, Sandra Cristina, Nagy, Laszlo, Nascimento, Henrique, Nascimento, Marcelo, Lima, Adriano Nogueira, de Araújo, Raimunda Oliveira, Silva, Jhonathan Oliveira, Pansonato, Marcelo, Sabino, Gabriel Pavan, de Abreu, Karla Maria Pedra, Rodrigues, Pablo José Francisco Pena, Piedade, Maria, Rodrigues, Domingos, Rodrigues Pinto, José Roberto, Quesada, Carlos, Ramos, Eliana, Ramos, Rafael, Rodrigues, Priscyla, de Sousa, Thaiane Rodrigues, Salomão, Rafael, Santana, Flávia, Scaranello, Marcos, Bergamin, Rodrigo Scarton, Schietti, Juliana, Schöngart, Jochen, Schwartz, Gustavo, Silva, Natalino, Silveira, Marcos, Seixas, Cristiana Simão, Simbine, Marta, Souza, Ana Claudia, Souza, Priscila, Souza, Rodolfo, Sposito, Tereza, Junior, Edson Stefani, do Vale, Julio Daniel, Vieira, Ima Célia Guimarães, Villela, Dora, Vital, Marcos, Xaud, Haron, Zanini, Katia, Zartman, Charles Eugene, Ideris, Nur Khalish Hafizhah, Metali, Faizah binti Hj, Salim, Kamariah Abu, Saparudin, Muhd Shahruney, Serudin, Rafizah Mat, Sukri, Rahayu Sukmaria, Begne, Serge, Chuyong, George, Djuikouo, Marie Noel, Gonmadje, Christelle, Simo-Droissart, Murielle, Sonké, Bonaventure, Taedoumg, Hermann, Zemagho, Lise, Thomas, Sean, Baya, Fidèle, Saiz, Gustavo, Espejo, Javier Silva, Chen, Dexiang, Hamilton, Alan, Li, Yide, Luo, Tushou, Niu, Shukui, Xu, Han, Zhou, Zhang, Álvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Escobar, Juan Carlos Andrés, Arellano-Peña, Henry, Duarte, Jaime Cabezas, Calderón, Jhon, Bravo, Lina Maria Corrales, Cuadrado, Borish, Cuadros, Hermes, Duque, Alvaro, Duque, Luisa Fernanda, Espinosa, Sandra Milena, Franke-Ante, Rebeca, García, Hernando, Gómez, Alejandro, González-M., Roy, Idárraga-Piedrahíta, Álvaro, Jimenez, Eliana, Jurado, Rubén, Oviedo, Wilmar López, López-Camacho, René, Cruz, Omar Aurelio Melo, Polo, Irina Mendoza, Paky, Edwin, Pérez, Karen, Pijachi, Angel, Pizano, Camila, Prieto, Adriana, Ramos, Laura, Correa, Zorayda Restrepo, Richardson, James, Rodríguez, Elkin, Rodriguez M., Gina M., Rudas, Agustín, Stevenson, Pablo, Chudomelová, Markéta, Dancak, Martin, Hédl, Radim, Lhota, Stanislav, Svatek, Martin, Mukinzi, Jacques, Ewango, Corneille, Hart, Terese, Yakusu, Emmanuel Kasongo, Lisingo, Janvier, Makana, Jean-Remy, Mbayu, Faustin, Toirambe, Benjamin, Mukendi, John Tshibamba, Kvist, Lars, Nebel, Gustav, Báez, Selene, Céron, Carlos, Griffith, Daniel M., Andino, Juan Ernesto Guevara, Neill, David, Palacios, Walter, Peñuela-Mora, Maria Cristina, Rivas-Torres, Gonzalo, Villa, Gorky, Demissie, Sheleme, Gole, Tadesse, Gonfa, Techane, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Baisie, Michel, Bénédet, Fabrice, Betian, Wemo, Bezard, Vincent, Bonal, Damien, Chave, Jerôme, Droissart, Vincent, Gourlet-Fleury, Sylvie, Hladik, Annette, Labrière, Nicolas, Naisso, Pétrus, Réjou-Méchain, Maxime, Sist, Plinio, Blanc, Lilian, Burban, Benoit, Derroire, Géraldine, Dourdain, Aurélie, Stahl, Clement, Bengone, Natacha Nssi, Chezeaux, Eric, Ondo, Fidèle Evouna, Medjibe, Vincent, Mihindou, Vianet, White, Lee, Culmsee, Heike, Rangel, Cristabel Durán, Horna, Viviana, Wittmann, Florian, Adu-Bredu, Stephen, Affum-Baffoe, Kofi, Foli, Ernest, Balinga, Michael, Roopsind, Anand, Singh, James, Thomas, Raquel, Zagt, Roderick, Murthy, Indu K., Kartawinata, Kuswata, Mirmanto, Edi, Priyadi, Hari, Samsoedin, Ismayadi, Sunderland, Terry, Yassir, Ishak, Rovero, Francesco, Vinceti, Barbara, Hérault, Bruno, Aiba, Shin-Ichiro, Kitayama, Kanehiro, Daniels, Armandu, Tuagben, Darlington, Woods, John T., Fitriadi, Muhammad, Karolus, Alexander, Khoon, Kho Lip, Majalap, Noreen, Maycock, Colin, Nilus, Reuben, Tan, Sylvester, Sitoe, Almeida, Coronado G., Indiana, Ojo, Lucas, de Assis, Rafael, Poulsen, Axel Dalberg, Sheil, Douglas, Pezo, Karen Arévalo, Verde, Hans Buttgenbach, Moscoso, Victor Chama, Oroche, Jimmy Cesar Cordova, Valverde, Fernando Cornejo, Medina, Massiel Corrales, Cardozo, Nallaret Davila, de Rutte Corzo, Jano, del Aguila Pasquel, Jhon, Llampazo, Gerardo Flores, Freitas, Luis, Cabrera, Darcy Galiano, Villacorta, Roosevelt García, Cabrera, Karina Garcia, Soria, Diego García, Saboya, Leticia Gatica, Rios, Julio Miguel Grandez, Pizango, Gabriel Hidalgo, Coronado, Eurídice Honorio, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Isau, Huasco, Walter Huaraca, Aedo, Yuri Tomas Huillca, Peña, Jose Luis Marcelo, Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo, Rodriguez, Vanesa Moreano, Vargas, Percy Núñez, Ramos, Sonia Cesarina Palacios, Camacho, Nadir Pallqui, Cruz, Antonio Peña, Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez, Huaymacari, José Reyna, Rodriguez, Carlos Reynel, Paredes, Marcos Antonio Ríos, Bayona, Lily Rodriguez, del Pilar Rojas Gonzales, Rocio, Peña, Maria Elena Rojas, Revilla, Norma Salinas, Shareva, Yahn Carlos Soto, Trujillo, Raul Tupayachi, Gamarra, Luis Valenzuela, Martinez, Rodolfo Vasquez, Arenas, Jim Vega, Amani, Christian, Ifo, 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Toby, de Oliveira Pereira, Luciana, Peres, Carlos, Phillips, Oliver L., Pickavance, Georgia, Pugh, Thomas, Qie, Lan, Riutta, Terhi, Roucoux, Katherine, Ryan, Casey, Sarkinen, Tiina, Valeria, Camila Silva, Spracklen, Dominick, Stas, Suzanne, Sullivan, Martin, Swaine, Michael, Talbot, Joey, Taplin, James, van der Heijden, Geertje, Vedovato, Laura, Willcock, Simon, Williams, Mathew, Alves, Luciana, Loayza, Patricia Alvarez, Arellano, Gabriel, Asa, Cheryl, Ashton, Peter, Asner, Gregory, Brncic, Terry, Brown, Foster, Burnham, Robyn, Clark, Connie, Comiskey, James, Damasco, Gabriel, Davies, Stuart, Di Fiore, Tony, Erwin, Terry, Farfan-Rios, William, Hall, Jefferson, Kenfack, David, Lovejoy, Thomas, Martin, Roberta, Montiel, Olga Martha, Pipoly, John, Pitman, Nigel, Poulsen, John, Primack, Richard, Silman, Miles, Steininger, Marc, Swamy, Varun, Terborgh, John, Thomas, Duncan, Umunay, Peter, Uriarte, Maria, Torre, Emilio Vilanova, Wang, Ophelia, Young, Kenneth, Aymard C., Gerardo A., Hernández, Lionel, Fernández, Rafael Herrera, Ramírez-Angulo, Hirma, Salcedo, Pedro, Sanoja, Elio, Serrano, Julio, Torres-Lezama, Armando, Le, Tinh Cong, Le, Trai Trong, and Tran, Hieu Dang

Abstract

Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest sc

197. Asynchronous Carbon Sink Saturation in African and Amazonian Tropical Forests

Author

Hubau, Wannes, Lewis, Simon, Phillips, Oliver, Affum-Baffoe, Kofi, Beeckman, Hans, Cuní-Sanchez, Aida, Daniels, Armandu, Ewango, Corneille, Fauset, Sophie, Mukinzi, Jacques, Sheil, Douglas, Sonké, Bonaventure, Sullivan, Martin, Sunderland, Terry, Taedoumg, Hermann, Thomas, Sean, White, Lee, Abernethy, Katharine, Adu-Bredu, Stephen, Amani, Christian, Baker, Timothy, Banin, Lindsay, Baya, Fidèle, Begne, Serge, Bennett, Amy, Benedet, Fabrice, Bitariho, Robert, Bocko, Yannick, Boeckx, Pascal, Boundja, Patrick, Brienen, Roel, Brncic, Terry, Chezeaux, Eric, Chuyong, George, Clark, Connie, Collins, Murray, Comiskey, James, Coomes, David, Dargie, Greta, Haulleville, Thales, Djuikouo, Marie, Doucet, Jean-Louis, Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane, Feldpausch, Ted, Fofanah, Alusine, Foli, Ernest, Gilpin, Martin, Gloor, Emanuel, Gonmadje, Christelle, Gourlet-Fleury, Sylvie, Hall, Jefferson, Hamilton, Alan, Harris, David, Hart, Terese, Hockemba, Mireille, Hladik, Annette, Ifo, Suspense, Jeffery, Kathryn, Jucker, Tommaso, Yakusu, Emmanuel, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Koch, Alexander, Leal, Miguel, Levesley, Aurora, Lindsell, Jeremy, Lisingo, Janvier, Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Lovett, Jon, Makana, Jean-Remy, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marshall, Andrew, Martin, Jim, Martin, Emanuel, Mbayu, Faustin, Medjibe, Vincent, Mihindou, Vianet, Mitchard, Edward, Moore, Sam, Munishi, Pantaleo, Bengone, Natacha, Ojo, Lucas, Ondo, Fidèle, Peh, Kelvin, Pickavance, Georgia, Poulsen, Axel, Poulsen, John, Qie, Lan, Reitsma, Jan, Rovero, Francesco, Swaine, Michael, Talbot, Joey, Taplin, James, Taylor, David, Thomas, Duncan, Toirambe, Benjamin, Mukendi, John, Tuagben, Darlington, Umunay, Peter, Van Der Heijden, Geertje, Verbeeck, Hans, Vleminckx, Jason, Willcock, Simon, Woell, Hannsjoerg, Woods, John, Zemagho, Lise, Hubau, Wannes, Lewis, Simon, Phillips, Oliver, Affum-Baffoe, Kofi, Beeckman, Hans, Cuní-Sanchez, Aida, Daniels, Armandu, Ewango, Corneille, Fauset, Sophie, Mukinzi, Jacques, Sheil, Douglas, Sonké, Bonaventure, Sullivan, Martin, Sunderland, Terry, Taedoumg, Hermann, Thomas, Sean, White, Lee, Abernethy, Katharine, Adu-Bredu, Stephen, Amani, Christian, Baker, Timothy, Banin, Lindsay, Baya, Fidèle, Begne, Serge, Bennett, Amy, Benedet, Fabrice, Bitariho, Robert, Bocko, Yannick, Boeckx, Pascal, Boundja, Patrick, Brienen, Roel, Brncic, Terry, Chezeaux, Eric, Chuyong, George, Clark, Connie, Collins, Murray, Comiskey, James, Coomes, David, Dargie, Greta, Haulleville, Thales, Djuikouo, Marie, Doucet, Jean-Louis, Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane, Feldpausch, Ted, Fofanah, Alusine, Foli, Ernest, Gilpin, Martin, Gloor, Emanuel, Gonmadje, Christelle, Gourlet-Fleury, Sylvie, Hall, Jefferson, Hamilton, Alan, Harris, David, Hart, Terese, Hockemba, Mireille, Hladik, Annette, Ifo, Suspense, Jeffery, Kathryn, Jucker, Tommaso, Yakusu, Emmanuel, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kenfack, David, Koch, Alexander, Leal, Miguel, Levesley, Aurora, Lindsell, Jeremy, Lisingo, Janvier, Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Lovett, Jon, Makana, Jean-Remy, Malhi, Yadvinder, Marshall, Andrew, Martin, Jim, Martin, Emanuel, Mbayu, Faustin, Medjibe, Vincent, Mihindou, Vianet, Mitchard, Edward, Moore, Sam, Munishi, Pantaleo, Bengone, Natacha, Ojo, Lucas, Ondo, Fidèle, Peh, Kelvin, Pickavance, Georgia, Poulsen, Axel, Poulsen, John, Qie, Lan, Reitsma, Jan, Rovero, Francesco, Swaine, Michael, Talbot, Joey, Taplin, James, Taylor, David, Thomas, Duncan, Toirambe, Benjamin, Mukendi, John, Tuagben, Darlington, Umunay, Peter, Van Der Heijden, Geertje, Verbeeck, Hans, Vleminckx, Jason, Willcock, Simon, Woell, Hannsjoerg, Woods, John, and Zemagho, Lise

Abstract

Structurally intact tropical forests sequestered ~50% of global terrestrial carbon uptake over the 1990s and early 2000s, removing ~15% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions1-3. Climate-driven vegetation models typically predict that this tropical forest ‘carbon sink’ will continue for decades4,5. Here, we assess trends in the carbon sink using 244 structurally intact African tropical forests spanning 11 countries, we compare them with 321 published plots from Amazonia and investigate the underlying drivers of the trends. The carbon sink in live aboveground biomass in intact African tropical forests has been stable for the three decades to 2015, at 0.66 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 (95% CI:0.53-0.79), in contrast to the long-term decline in Amazonian forests6. Thus, the carbon sink responses of Earth’s two largest expanses of tropical forest have diverged. The difference is largely driven by carbon losses from tree mortality, with no detectable multi-decadal trend in Africa and a long-term increase in Amazonia. Both continents show increasing tree growth, consistent with the expected net effect of rising atmospheric CO2 and air temperature7-9. Despite the past stability of the African carbon sink, our data suggest a post-2010 increase in carbon losses, delayed compared to Amazonia, indicating asynchronous carbon sink saturation on the two continents. A statistical model including CO2, temperature, drought and forest dynamics accounts for the observed trends and indicates a long-term future decline in the African sink, while the Amazonian sink continues to rapidly weaken. Overall, the uptake of carbon into Earth’s intact tropical forests peaked in the 1990s. Given that the global terrestrial carbon sink is increasing in size, observations indicating greater recent carbon uptake into the Northern hemisphere landmass10 reinforce our conclusion that the intact tropical forest carbon sink has already saturated. This tropical forest sink saturation and ongoing decline has consequences for pol

198. Current status of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Beyla and Macenta Prefectures, Forest Guinea

Author

Hodges, Mary, Koroma, Manso M., Baldé, Mamadou S., Turay, Hamid, Fofanah, Ibrahim, Divall, Mark J., Winkler, Mirko S., Zhang, Yaobi, Hodges, Mary, Koroma, Manso M., Baldé, Mamadou S., Turay, Hamid, Fofanah, Ibrahim, Divall, Mark J., Winkler, Mirko S., and Zhang, Yaobi

Abstract

A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in children aged 9-14 years in Beyla and Macenta Prefectures, Forest Guinea. Stool samples were examined by Kato-Katz and urine samples were examined by the centrifugation method. The overall prevalence and intensity of infection was 66.2% and 462.4 eggs per gram of faeces (epg) for Schistosoma mansoni, 21.0% and 17.8 eggs per 10ml of urine for S. haematobium, 51.2% and 507.5 epg for hookworm, 8.1% and 89.1 epg for Ascaris lumbricoides and 2.4% and 16.7 epg for Trichuris trichiura. The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis (S. mansoni and/or S. haematobium) was 70.7%. The prevalence of schistosomiasis was similar to those reported in the 1990s in the region; however, the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths has since fallen. These findings illustrate the need for schistosomiasis control in Guinea

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